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A Review of Rabbit Diseases in Egypt

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A Review of Rabbit Diseases in Egypt Hamed A Mohammed et al.: A Review of Rabbit Diseases in Egypt A REVIEW OF RABBIT DISEASES IN EGYPT Hamed A Mohammed 1, Eid AAM 2 and El-Bakrey RMM 2 1Department of Animal Medicine 2Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt [email protected] (Makalah masuk 16 Agustus 2013 – Diterima 4 November 2013) ABSTRACT Promising approaches of the Egyptian governmental as well as non-governmental society to rabbit industry to overcome the unemployment of youth in the society required more efforts from scientific institutes to help in development of such industry . Epidemiological studies are of outmost importance to highlight disease nature and to help in meantime implement of successful preventive and control measures . The aim of this paper is to review the situation of rabbit diseases of economic impact in Egypt (1952 to 2013). The review will highlight the viral infection of rabbit hemorrhagic disease, bacterial disease of colibacillosis, clostridiosis, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, staphylococcosis and listeriosis and parasitic infection of coccidiosis and mange. Key words: Rabbit, disease, bacteria, viral infection ABSTRAK TINJAUAN PENYAKIT KELINCI DI MESIR Pendekatan yang menjanjikan dari pemerintah Mesir maupun non-pemerintah untuk industri kelinci dalam mengatasi pengangguran anak muda di masyarakat memerlukan lebih banyak upaya dari lembaga ilmiah untuk membantu pengembangan industri tersebut. Studi epidemiologis merupakan hal penting untuk menyoroti sifat penyakit dan membantu keberhasilan penerapan langkah-langkah pencegahan dan pengendaliannya. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk meninjau situasi penyakit kelinci yang memberikan dampak ekonomi di Mesir (1952-2013). Tinjauan ini akan menyoroti infeksi virus penyakit hemorrhagic kelinci, penyakit bakteri colibacillosis, clostridiosis, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, staphylococcosis dan listeriosis, serta infeksi parasit dari coccidiosis dan kudis. Kata kunci: Kelinci, penyakit, bakteri, infeksi virus INTRODUCTION agents resulting in various disease problems and economic loss (Ghanem and Ismail 1992; Eid and There is a strong and continuing interest in the Ibraheem 2006). development of rabbit industry in Egypt. Rabbit Obviously the disease problem of rabbits differs industry as one of the small livestock has a unique greatly according to the age of the animal and the commercial that can play a role in solving the shortage system of management. The interest of rabbit diseases in the meat after poultry industry. returns to (1062-1161) when Ibn Zohr in Arabia, was The most breeds that are reared in Egyptian rabbit the first to mention that the cause of skin itch was a farms are floundering, Belgian, French, Erks, Hi-plus, minute animalcule known as scab (Hegazi 1978). Native, New Zealand, Chinchilla, Gabali and The losses from death around weaning in Moshtohor. The system of housing of rabbits was industrial rabbit are very high compared with other battery and ground breeding systems (Khelfa et al. animals. There are many diseases facing young age of 2012). rabbits (pre and post weaning age). Enteritis is one of Rabbit farming enterprises in Egypt are still the major problems facing rabbitaries in Egypt, causing unstable because they have experienced serious high mortalities. problems and the great attention is directed to the Enteritis in rabbits may caused by parasitic and diseases causing economic losses to this industry (Saif- bacterial organism and they are the commonly recorded Edin et al. 1994; Diab et al. 2003). in Egypt. Clostridium species, Escherichia coli, Rabbits as other animals are exposed to several Staphylococcus aureus , and Salmonella species usually infection (bacterial, viral, parasitic and mycotic) and were isolated from young rabbits (Eid and Ibraheem non-infection (toxins, stress, genetic and metabolic) 2006). The bacterial isolates were more common at the 185 WARTAZOA Vol. 23 No. 4 Th. 2013 early weaning period rather than suckling period, Haiba et al. (1955) studied the incidence of altough may be found in adults. This may be attributed parasites in farm animals. Their results revealed to stress at weaning and change of diet leading to coccidiosis occurred in 75.8% of the examined increase ceacal pH (Bekheet 1983; Shahin et al. 2011). animals. While, there is no or little investigation about the viral The first comprehensive clinical report of the diseases causing enteritis in rabbits (such as corona and faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University (1960- rotaviruses) in Egypt. 1963) demonstrated that coccidiosis was one of the It is important to consider that Egyptian scientist's both diseases (mange and coccidia) that only found in goal is the establishment of potential impact in rabbits during that period. Coccidiosis was also the improving rabbit industry. Many efforts are done over common disease in 1964 and 1965 as mentioned in the the years relevant to epidemiological studies of rabbit annual reports (Hegazi 1978). Coccidiosis with a diseases as well as vaccine production and medication special reference to hepatic type still in the debate since trials (Abd El Motelib et al. 1998; Khodeir and Daoud 1985 until now. 2002; Hamed and Youssef 2013). The poor hygienic condition increased the This paper will review the diseases that threaten incidence of coccidiosis and was found higher in young rabbit industry in Egypt (1952-2013) in the light of ages rather than in adults. This may due to the available national literature. immunity to previous infestation lack of in young rabbits up to 8 weeks of age (Saad 1970). Seasonal incidence studies revealed that the hepatic coccidiosis PARASITIC INFECTION reached its maximum rate during June and July with its peak in August after which it declined till it reached to Coccidiosis its minimum in November and December (Hamed 1988). Ahmed (1952) recorded five species of Emeria in Treatment of hepatic coccidiosis with toltrazoril rabbits to cause coccidiosis.The Emeria stiedae was the during early stages of infection prevents the appearance cause of hepatic coccidiosis and Emeria magna, of most clinical signs on rabbits (Mohamed 1997). Abd Emeria media, Emeria perforans, Emeria irresidua, El Rahman (1979) studied the effect of three Emeria exigua were the cause of intestinal coccidiosis. anticoccidial drugs in naturally infected rabbits with The incidence of intestinal coccidiosis was higher than hepatic coccidiosis, the result concluded that darvisul hepatic coccidiosis. He observed that the hepatic (diaverdine and sulpha quinoxaline) in 0.25 ml/kg body coccidiosis was more prevalent in 6-8 weeks of age weight dose for 8 days as well as whityns than in adult rabbits. (pyrimethamine and sulpha quinoxaline) on 0.07ml/kg In 1981, six species of Emeria sp were detected in body weight for 9 days are effective to treat of hepatic fecal smears of rabbits in Dakahlia state, consisted of coccidiosis. one hepatic, E. stiedae and five intestinal , E. Kutkat et al. (1998) immunized rabbits against perforams, E. media, E. magna, E. irresidua and E. liver coccidiosis by subcutaneous inoculation with 1 ml exigus (El Masry 1983). The hepatic coccidiosis was of sporulated E stiedae antigen extract which partially manifested by rough hair, mild diarrhea, emaciation, protected rabbits against hepatic coccidiosis as constipation, hepatomegaly and enlarged abdomen, estimated by the percent of protection as well as while postmortem lesions are enlarged liver, multiple reduction of oocyst number output post-challenge. abscesses, enlarged gall bladder and ascitis. However, In naturally affected rabbits, Fahmy et al. (1985) intestinal coccidiosis induced profuse watery diarrhea, and Ibraheem (1999) recorded that emaciation and feces mixed with mucus and/or blood, dehydration and bloody diarrhea soiled the perianal region and hind death, while postmortem lesions are enteritis; multiple quarters. On necropsy, enlarged liver with grayish greyish areas in the intestinal wall and white milky like white spots of irregular size and shape and congestion material contents. of intestinal mucosa with presence of a mount of The endogenous cycle of the E. magna was yellowish bloody exudates were observed. Moreover, investigated in germ free rabbits using light and ascites was seen in experimentally infected rabbits with electron microscopy. Visible pathological lesions were E. stiedae . The gall bladder was enlarged and distended observed at 7 days in ileum which was amply pale and with biliary secretion and the kidneys were enlarged thick segmented mucosa. The first oocystic shedding in and congested as well (Mekawy 1997). feces were seen at 152 hours (Ahmed 1983). (Taha Helmy (2002), evaluated the counter immune 1952) reported that sporulation of E. stiedae sporocysts electrophoresis CIEP and ELISA for serodiagnosis of took place outside the host independent of the host. E. stiedae in experimentally infected rabbits. He However, it depended on environmental temperature succeeded to detect antibodies against E. stiedae as and relative humidity. early as 9th day of infection which peaked at day 10 186 Hamed A Mohammed et al.: A Review of Rabbit Diseases in Egypt using ELISA with gradual decrease up to 30 days. Experimental infection of rabbit male and female While CIEP was positive from 5 days up to 30 days with Toxoplasma gondii revealed that infection of post infection. He concluded that CIEP is easier, more female at first third of pregnancy showed early rapid and sensitive for diagnosis
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