Back Matter (PDF)

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables

A-frame, trench support 117–119, 122, 128 Atherfield Clay Formation 35, 36, 37, 44 Admiral Hipper, German heavy cruiser 282 Atlantic shipping 282 aerial attack, Malta 203, 216–217 Atlantic Wall, Norway 21, 24, 83–107 aerial attack, World War I 168, 201 army units, German/Austrian 83–84 aerial photographic intelligence geology 84–86 procedure 278–279 military geologists and rank 86–106 World War I 147 workforce 16, 99, 105 World War II 11, 22, 275–294 atomic bomb 291 aggregate 24 Austere Landing Site Program World War I 151, 158, 161, 165, 168, 196 military planning 19 World War II 191, 193, 197 Australian Mining Corps 7 Agincourt, trafficability problems 297 Austrian military geologists, World War II 83–107 air force geologists, Norway 86, 89–98, 105 Austrian State Archives 134 air raid, World War I 168 Austrian Tunnelling Method 106 airfield construction 191–192, 195 Austro-Hungarian military geologists 5, 11, 21, 22 Faroe Islands 187–188 Austro-Hungarian tunnelling 131, 133, 136, 140 Gibraltar 186–187 Malta 218, 221 Bailey, E.B., geologist 216, 222 airfields 173, 180, 183 Bailey’s Dam 272–273 immobilization 225, 227 ballast pit, aggregate source 165 protection, pipe mines 225 Banc Noir quarry 158–159, 160, 161–162, 169 UK World War II 226 Banks, N.P. (US Union general) 267, 268, 270–272 al-Salam hospital, ambush 261–262 Barrois, C., geologist 5 Alaska Terrain and Permafrost Section Bartella, tunnel complex 246, 247, 255 military geology, planning 18–19 bastions, artillery positions 43 Aldershot Command Shelter 207, 210 Battery Weed see Fort Richmond Aldershot, quarry company recruitment 155, 170 Battle of Britain 174 Algeria, quarrying companies 179–181 Battle of Mansfield 272 Allen, P., aerial photo interpreter 292, 293, 294 Bavaria, tunnelling units 140, 145, 147 Allied Central Interpretation Unit 276, 278 Bazwaia, tunnel complex 247, 254, 255 geologists and geoscientists 293, 294 beach gravel 36 Allied landings, 1944 190 beach landings 13, 289 American Civil War (1861–65) 65–68, 70 Beaulieu quarry 157–158, 160, 168–170 topography and geomorphology 22, 267–273 bombing 166 American coastal defence, 1816 to 1867 Belarus, cross-country mobility map 302 First to Third System forts 63 Belgium, quarrying companies withdrawal 193–194 pre-Revolutionary War 61–62, 65 Bernard, S., French military engineer 63 Third System Forts 63–80 Bismarck, German battleship 282 American military geologists 7–9, 15–16, 18–19 Blaenau Ffestiniog, recruitment 176 American War of Independence 62 Blecquenecques quarry 160, 170 amphibious assault 209, 223 Blitz 174 USA eastern seaboard 62–63, 70 blockhouses, Tudor defences 48 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 288, 292 Boesinghe, trenches 121–123 Antonine Wall 32 bogged-down vehicles 298, 301, 304 archaeology bomb disposal 174 Lympne Fort 31, 37–41 bomb-proof shelters 201, 205 Western Front trenches 120–128 bombing, liquefaction 92, 93 archives 134, 202 Bonaparte, Napoleon 2–3 Bangor University 169 borehole, drilling technology 54–55 German Federal Archive 134 early, offshore 54, 58 Heringen 16, 87 Boston, defences 63–67 Quarrying Companies 151–152, 173 Boulogne, technical map 167, 168 see also UK National Archives and War Diaries Boulonnais, geology 151, 157, 158 Arctic convoys, Soviet Union 185 Bracklesham Group, aquifer 55–57 armistice, 1918 167, 170 breastwork 118, 119, 123 armistice, 1940 174, 210 breathing apparatus 147 Artois 109, 111 brick-built fort, nineteenth century 71, 76–78, 79 Asnelles-sur-Mer, beach landings 13 brick-lined tunnel 233–234, 237–238 308 INDEX

Brighton, Operation Sea Lion 17 cross-country mobility prediction 18, 19, 23, 297–305 Britannia, Roman defences 24, 32, 33 Curragh, quarrying company 169 British Expeditionary Force 4, 7, 12, 201 headquarters in France 205 D-Day, 1944 see Normandy D-Day infrastructure repair 22 D’Arcy Exploration Company 226–227 Western Front World War I 152–153 Darbishire, C.S., Royal Engineers 156, 168–169 World War II 173 David, T.W.E., military geologist 7 British Geological Survey, Ordnance funding 4 David, V., aerial photo interpreter 281 British military geologists 3–5, 7, 12–15, 18, 53–54 demobilization, quarrymen 167, 193–194 aerial photographic interpretation 275, 279–294 Devonian limestone, tunnelling 208 British Petroleum 226, 292 Devonian, roadstone resource 157, 159, 163 British Society for the History of Science 286 Dolgellau, anti-tank defences 208–209 Brooks, A.H., US military geologist 8–9 Dolomieu, Déodat de brownstone 70, 71 Napoleon’s expeditionary force 2 Buchan, S., hydrogeologist 210 Dora 1 and 2, German naval base 103 Bulgaria, Eastern Front 131 Douie, C. 126, 127, 128 Burma, road stone quarrying 228 drainage in trenches 118–121, 125–126 drilling 89, 96 Cairnryan, military port 174, 178 techniques 54, 58 Caledonian Orogenic Belt 84 drumlins 63–66 caliphate, tunnelling programme 241, 256–258, 262 dug-outs 6, 21, 109, 113, 201 Camden Expedition, American Civil War 272 dune belt (coastal), Western Front 111, 112 camouflage, Mosul tunnel entrances 246, 248, 252 Dutch navy invasion [1667] 225 camouflet 134, 135, 145 dyke, quartz monzonite 237–238 Canadian pipe mines 224–225 Cape Ann granite, Rockport 65, 66 Eakring, drilling training 226–227 Carboniferous, roadstone resource 157, 159, 163 East India Company, military geologists 4 carnot wall 73, 77 East Rail Line, Hong Kong 233, 234, 238 Casagrande, A., US Army Engineer Corps 104–105 Eastern Front, World War I 22, I31–148 Casagrande, L., Organisation Todt 99, 104–105 map 133 casualties, World War I 147 Edgeworth David, T.W., military geologist 5, 151, 152, quarrymen 166 161, 163 casualties, American Civil War 267 Egypt, exceptional service award 284 Red River campaign 271 Egypt, Napoleonic invasion 2–4 Central Interpretation Unit, development 276, 278 electrical resistivity, expert opinion report 89 Central Ordnance Depot, Bicester 188–190, 195, electro-osmotic stabilization 103, 104 197, 228 Elliott, J., Lympne reconstruction 37, 39, 40 Central Powers, Eastern Front 131, 134, 147 Endicott System/Program 67, 70, 77 chalk 111–113, 115–116, 126–129 enfilade fire 113, 115, 116 military tunnelling 205, 207–209 engineering geology road metal 164 Hong Kong railway tunnel 234–239 sound propagation 145 World War I, Western Front 109–129 Charlesfort 61 World War II, Atlantic Wall 89–98 Chatham naval dockyard 202, 225 environmental protection, Germany 19 chemin de ronde 73, 77 equilibrium interface 51 clay plain, Ypres 111, 128 equipment and transport 194 clay, liquefaction 86 Eastern Front, German 147 clay, sound propagation 145 World War I 120 climate, Medieval warm period 44 World War II quarrying company 176–177, 179, 181, Clipstone camp 155, 168 191, 196–197 coal miners 202, 228 World War II tunnelling company 213, 214–215 coastal fortification 20–21, 34–35 see also improvised tunnel-boring machines coastal site, water supply 47–48, 53–58 European Field Program, planning, military geology 19 Cold War (1947–91) 18–19 evacuation (1940) British Expeditionary Force 201, Commission of Sciences and Arts 2 205, 210 communication trenches 115 evacuation from Norway (1940) 210, 211 compressive strength 93, 96 excavations 21–22 concrete 91–92, 97–98, 165 Mosul 243–255, 257 shelter/trench 125–126 report guidelines 92–95, 96 cone index/vehicle cone index (CI/VCI) 297, 299, Excavator Company Royal Engineers in Gibraltar 186 302–304 expert opinion reports Corps des Mines 2 technical requirements 93, 95 cotton raid, Red River battle 271 World War II 88–89, 91,92–98 Cotton, F.S., photographer 276, 277 Ezidi hostages, tunnel labour 243, 246 INDEX 309

Falcon, N.L., photo interpreter 286, 293, 294 France, northern 204 Falklands Islands, briefing map 23 Germany 193 Fan Bay Deep Shelter 208 Gibraltar 216, 217–218 Faroe Islands, airfield and boat base 187–188, 195, 196 Iraq 242, 244, 245 Faslane, military port 174 Libya, trafficability 303 Fatha Formation, Iraq 241–242, 246, 247, 249 Red River Valley 269 tunnelling rate 254 technical legend 167 faults in tunnels 216, 237–238 United Kingdom 174, 178, 184, 206 Fennoscandian Shield 84, 85 Geological Society of London, founding members 3–4 Ferques Inlier 157, 159, 160, 161, 170 Geological Survey of India, military personnel 12, field companies 225–227 15, 275 Finland, military command 83, 84 Geological Survey of Ireland, military funding 4 fire in warfare 115, 259–260 geologist, advice in combat 115, 128–129 fire trench, construction 117 geologist, military deployment 181–183 flame barrage defence, UK 223–224, 227, 228 Geologists’ Pool 288 Flanders 109, 116, 121 geology, mine warfare 141–145 geology 111–113 geology, search for tunnels 143, 145, 256 fleet battle, Red River 271–272 geology, tunnel site investigation 262 flint gravel 160, 161, 163–164 geology, use in trench warfare 109, 110–113, 121–128 flint, in trenches 128 geomorphology and river battles 267–273 flooding, trench warfare 113, 125–126 geophysical surveys 12, 40 flying boat base, Faroes 187–188 geoscientists, World War II, Norway 90–91, 105, 106 Fort Barrancas 73–75, 80 geotechnical findings 40, 43 Fort Blockhouse 52,53 German/English terms 106–107 Fort Clinch, Amelia Island 72–73, 80 Lympne landslip 37 Fort Fareham 58 maps and reports 8, 9–10 Fort Gaines, Dauphin Island 76–77, 80 World War II, Norway 89, 91–98 Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn 70, 80 German defences, Ver-sur-Mer 289 Fort Independence, Castle Island 65,80 German Federal Archive 134 Fort Lafayette, Brooklyn 69–71 German military geologists 3, 9–11, 16–19, 22 Fort Massachusetts, Ship Island 77–79, 80 resource determination 24 Fort McRee 74 trafficability research 300–302, 303 Fort Morgan, Mobile Bay 76, 77,80 World War I, Eastern Front 131–148 Fort Pickens 74–75, 80 World War II, Norway 83–107 Fort Pulaski, Cockspur Island 70–72, 80 German, invasion planning 17,18 Fort Richmond, Staten Island 69, 70, 80 Germany, Quarrying Companies Royal Engineers Fort Thompkins 69, 70, 80 193–194 Fort Tilden 68 German, trench 118, 123–126 Fort Wadsworth 70, 80 Gibraltar Fort Warren, Georges Island 66–67, 80 airfield construction 186–187, 195 Fort Winthrop 65–66 quarry output 197 fortification 20, 23 tunnelling companies 201, 210–216, 228 American Third System 21, 61–80 tunnels 212, 213 Norway 99, 103 water supply 47–48 Saxon Shore, England 32–34 Gibraltar Inn quarry 188, 189, 190 Fortifications Board 63, 67 glacial deposits 68–70, 79, 86 fortified site, Tudor 20,48 glacial lakes, USA 69 Fortress Engineer Commands 83, 84, 88, 89, 98 glaciated coastline, eastern USA 61 forts, SE England 48 Glen Rocky, water distillation plant 212 Fosse Way, Gibraltar 214 Gosport Lines 52 Fovant Camp, demobilization 167 granite 153 weathering 99–100, 101, 236 gallery, Landguard Fort 51,58 Grant, U.S. (US Union general) 270–272 Garelochhead, Port No 1 178, 228 graves, Mosul 241, 243, 245, 262 gas attack 155 Great Red River Raft see Red River Raft gas, underground excavation 141, 147 Greig, A.L., military geologist 216, 217 generation station, underground 222 ground conditions and combat 113–116, 117 Gent Formation 112, 124 groundwater 20 geological guidance, tunnelling companies 205–210, coastal defence supply 47–58 215–216, 222–223 Orkney 227 geological maps, military use 198, 301 thematic maps 10, 141, 143 Belarus, soils 302 trafficability 300 Eastern Front 142 tunnelling 205, 208–210 Faroes 188 Gruner, J.S. (1766–1824) military geologist 3 310 INDEX

Guernsey, quarrymen recruitment 169, 170 Japan–Russian war 134–136 Gulf of Mexico, defences 62,73–79 Japan, World War II 194, 195, 233, 291 Judaydah al Mufti, tunnel complex 246 Hadrian’s Wall 20, 23, 32 hand digging 184, 185, 197 Karemlash, tunnel complex 246, 248, 255, 258 Mosul tunnels 243, 247, 248, 251, 253, 257, 262 kar̄
ez technique, tunnel alignment 243, 248 Harbour Hill, moraine 68,69–70 karst, Mosul 243, 245 Harwich Formation, aquifer 49 Kemmel Sands 124–125, 126 Haut Banc quarry 157, 160, 161–162, 169 Kent, P.E., petroleum geologist 288, 293, 294 Heringen Collection, archives 16, 87 King, W.B.R., military geologist 5,7,12, 15, 293, 294 Heston Flight 276, 277 Quarry Company World War I 151–152, 161, 163, 168 hill forts, Bronze and Iron age 20 Quarry Company World War II 205, 210 history, military geology 1–24 King’s Well, construction 49 Holocene, barrier islands 73, 74, 76, 77 Kirtlington quarry 188, 189, 190 Holocene, sea-level rise 65, 72 Kortrijk Formation, Flanders 112, 122 Hong Kong, geology map 14, 298, 301 Kowloon Canton Railway 233 Hong Kong, Old Beacon Hill Railway 22, 233–239 Kranz, W., military geologist 9, 12, 110, 136–137 Horse Sand Fort, water supply borehole 54–55 Kraus, E., military geologist 87 hostages, tunnel labour 243, 246 Kriegsgeologen 137 houses used for spoil storage 252–253, 255–256, 261 Kriegsverwaltung 86 Hungarian, military geologists 137 Kuckelkorn, L.J.M., military geologist 301–302, 303 hurricane damage to forts 71, 75, 78, 80 Kurdish Peshmerga, tunnel warfare 241, 245–246, Hutchison, J., Lympne Fort archaeology 40, 41 254–255, 259–261 hydrogeology 7, 20, 222–223 military aspects 243, 273 La Boisselle, trenches 126–128 Hythe Formation 35, 37, 41 land cover and trafficability 299 Landguard Fort, water supply 49–51, 58 imperial units 174, 202 landmine 224 improvised explosive device landslip 36, 44, 158 in tunnels 258, 261, 263 geotechnical study 37, 91–92, 94 vehicle-borne 249 Roman fort, Lympne 31–38 improvised small tunnel-boring machines 247–248, movement history 38–44 250, 262 Lebanon, tunnel network 258 spoil characteristics 251–252 Lessines, porphyry quarry 165, 193, 194 improvised tracked tunnel-boring machines Libya, trafficability maps 301, 303 248–260, 262 limestone, strategic importance 4 motors 250–251, 253–256 Lindisfarne Castle 20 improvised tunnel-boring machines 246–247 Linton, D.L., photo interpreter 281–284, 293, 294 Imtarfa Hospital 220 liquefaction 86, 91–92 industrial installations, aerial photo detection 285, 291 Little Ice Age 44 Injara Formation, Iraq 241–242, 246–249, 247, loam, sound propagation 145 248, 249 Loch Ewe 197 tunnelling rate 254 loess 113, 144, 145, 146 innovations, World War I 151–153, 173 trafficability 300 Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 202–203 London Clay Formation 57–58 Inter-Service Topographical Department 12–15 aquifer 53–54 International Conferences on Military Geosciences 1 London Gazette, record of rank 280, 282, 284 International Society for Rock Mechanics 106 longshore drift 65, 74, 76, 77–78 International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Lonquéty quarry 159, 160 Engineering 105 Louden quarry, Garelochhead 178 invasion threat, UK 17, 18, 209, 224–225, 228 Lympne Roman fort, landslip 31–44 Iran, aerial photographic mapping 286–287 nineteenth-century archaeology 37–39, 40 Iranian Oil Company 226–227, 288 twentieth-century archaeology 40–41 Iraqi Army, tunnel warfare 241, 245–246, 254–255, 259–261 MacCulloch, J., geologist, military funding 4 Ireland, Northern 183–186, 195–196 Macfadyen, W.A., geologist 181–182 Ireland, Republic of 209, 224 magnetic declination, expert opinion report 89 iron-ore railway, Norway, route protection 83 Malta, tunnelling companies 201, 216–223 Islamic State, tunnel network 241–263 manuals, military advice 109, 121, 128, 136 isostatic adjustment, Norway 86 British 113–117, 120 Italian Campaign 195, 197, 210, 228 Stellungsbau 113, 120, 124, 125 military geology 5, 11 Marquise–Rinxent quarries 156, 169–170, 193, 195 Italy, Quarrying Company, Royal Engineers geology 157–163 181–183 output 160, 166 INDEX 311 masonry and brick forts, USA 73–77, 79–80 Native American archaeology 65 masonry and earth and forts, USA 63, 65 NATO mobility maps 302–303 masonry fort 69–70, 72 Next Generation 305 mass movement 91, 94 Reference Mobility Model 304–305 see also landslip New York City defences Mather and Platt, drilling technology 54, 58 nineteenth century 63, 67–70 McNaughton, A., pipe mines 225 Newmarket, underground shelter 209 Medmenham Club 292 No Man’s Land 115, 126–128, 139 Medmenham RAF station 276–279, 281, 287, 288 No Man’s Land Fort, water supply 55 Messerschmitt, underground factory 291, 292 Norman fortification 20 Messines, trench architecture 123–126 Normandy D-Day landing 12, 13 military control, water supply 47–48 road repair 190–193 military engineers deployment, World War II 173–199 terrain study 288, 289 Austria and Italy 181–183 North African Campaign 179–180 England, Central Ordnance Depot 188–190 North Korea, tunnel network 255, 258 Europe, NW 190–195 Northern Ireland, quarrying 183–184, 185–186, 195 Faroe Islands 187–188 output 196 Gibraltar 186–187 Norway, German fortifications 18, 21 Northern Ireland 183–184 Notitia Dignitatum 33–34 NW Africa 179–181 Nuclear-Test Detection Program 19 recruitment and role 173–174 Scotland 174, 176–179, 185–186 oil exploration 226–227 military geologists, World War I oil field, fire destruction 259–260 Eastern Front, German 136–137, 139, 147 oil installation, aerial identification 290 Western Front, British 151 oil shale development, Germany 291 military geologists, World War II Old Beacon Hill Railway, Hong Kong British 198 construction and use 233–234 German 87–98 geology 237–238 Military Geology Unit, US Geological Survey 15, 18–19 site investigation 238–239 military geology, historical overview 1–24 tunnel support 234–237 nineteenth century 2–5 Ordnance Survey, UK 22 The Cold War (1947–91) 18–19 Organisation Todt, paramilitary construction 98–106 World War I (1914–18) 5–11 agency command structure 98, 99, 100 World War II (1939–45) 11–18 German motorway development 87 military geology, principal applications 19–23 Ørland peninsula, World War II report 95–98 military history, USA coastal forts 79 output, Quarry Companies military innovative design/development 57, 63 World War I 160, 165–166, 196 World War I 151–153 World War II 179, 181–189, 193–197 military tunnelling, Iraq 243, 245–246, 247–248 output, Tunnelling Companies living accommodation 258–259, 261 Gibraltar 214, 215 mine warfare, World War I 124 Malta 221–222 Eastern Front 131–148 Øysand, geological map 100, 102 mining, metal 99 Mississippi River defence 77–79 Pacific Field Program, military geology 18 moat defence 71, 72 Page, T.H., military ‘hydrogeologist’ 48–51, 57–58 Mobile Bay, defences 75–77 Palmerston Forts/Folly 53 Mogila Hill, mine crater 145, 146 Paniselian sediments 112, 116, 119, 124, 126 Molesend Way, Gibraltar 229 pavé (cobblestone) 165 moraine 68–70, 79 Peenemünde site 285, 286 Moselle, geology and trenches 8 Penmaenmawr, road stone 153, 168 Mosul, tunnelling warfare 241–263 Pensacola Bay defences 73–75 motorway development, Germany 87 permafrost, chalk 127, 128 Mountsorrel, quarrymen recruitment 168, 169 Perrières quarry 193 Mufti, suicide attack 260 personnel, WWII quarrying company 174, 175, 176–177, Müller, L., engineering geologist 105–106 180–182, 196 munitions search, post-conflict 262 Gibraltar deployment 211, 212 Murmansk railway 83 Petroleum Warfare Department 223 Murmansk, battleship watch 281 Photographic Development Unit 276–277, 279, 280 Mylne, R.W., hydrogeologist 58 Picardy 109, 126–128 geology 111–113 Napoleonic expeditionary force to Egypt 2 trenches 121 Napoleonic France 2–3 pierre de fosse 163, 165 Narvik 83, 88, 106 pill-box fortification 168 National Trunk Road, Norway 99 pipe mines 224–225, 227, 228 312 INDEX porphyry, Lessines 165, 193 map 22, 24, 165 Port Arthur (China) siege 134–136 road metal 161, 163 Portlock, J.E., military geologist 4, 5,53–54 water 48, 54, 91 Portsea Lines 52 revetment in trenches 115, 116–120, 125, 126, 128 Portsmouth dockyard, nineteenth-century defences 51–53 Richter, K., military engineer 89, 90, 92 Portus Lemanis 33,34 Richter, M., military geologist 90,97 Potsdam, archives 134 Rivet, stone working by hand 180–181 prisoners of war 191 Roach Smith, C., archaeologist 38–40, 42 camp construction 183 road stone acquisition World War I 153–161 hostages 243, 245, 246 roads, World War II infrastructure 173, 180 quarrymen 165, 167, 169, 179, 180 Robertson, D., military engineer 176 Prussia, tunnelling units 140, 145, 147 rock fractures and porosity 141 Prussian military geologists 3, 22 rock mechanics 93, 96, 105–106 expert opinion report 89 qanat technique, water supply 243 strength 96, 141 quarries, N France 157–166, 288 Terzaghi, classification 234–235 Quarry Group, demobilization 193–194 Roman fort, Lympne 20, 31–44 Quarrying Companies Royal Engineers World War I 24, archaeology 37–41 243, 245, 246 coastal fortifications 32–34 British Expeditionary Force 152–153, 195 geology 34–36 innovations 151–152, 173 history of conquest 31–32 output and operation 165–166 landsliding 41–43, 44 recruitment and demobilization 155–157, 166–170 Roman geotechnical understanding 31, 43 sand and gravel pits 163–165 Romanian forces, Eastern Front 131, 133 stone quarries 153–163 Romney Marsh 34–35, 36 Quarrying Companies Royal Engineers World War II 22 route denial 224, 258, 261 archives 173 Hong Kong 22, 233 Belgium and Germany 193–194 route protection, Norway 83 Central Ordnance Depot 188–190 Royal Air Force deployment to Algeria, Tunisia 179–181 aerial photographic development units 277 deployment to Italy, Austria 181–183 airfields, Malta 218 equipment and personnel 175–177, 195–199 Royal Canadian Engineers 212, 214, 225, 228 Faroe Islands 187–188 Royal Engineers Museum, archives 202 Gibraltar 186–187 Royal Engineers, post-war legacy 197–198 Normandy landings 190–193 Royal Engineers, regional deployment 195 Northern Ireland 183–184, 185, 186 Royal Navy base, Gibraltar Scotland 174, 176–179, 185–186 history of tunnelling, 1713–1956 210, 211 Quaternary sand and gravel 163–165 Royal Navy dockyard, Malta 221–222 quick clay 86, 91–92, 94 Russian forces, Eastern Front 131–134, 147 Russian military geologists 5, 23 radiocarbon dating, Roman site 37, 44 Russian–Japanese mine warfare 134–136 Railway Tunnelling Company 202 Ruston Bucyrus shovel 179, 196 rank, military geologists, American 8, 270–271 rank, military geologists, British 4, 7, 12 salt/freshwater equilibrium interface 50–51 photo interpreters 280, 282, 285, 287, 289, 294 saltmarsh, fort site 70–71 quarry companies 154–156, 163–164, 189 Salzburg Circle 106 tunnelling engineers 202–203, 205, 220 sandbag use 116–118, 123 rank, military geologists, German 16, 19, 137, 138 sappers 139, 140, 154–155 in Norway 86–87 sapping see trenching rate of hand digging 141, 253 sarsens 163, 165 rate of trench digging 115 satellite imagery 19, 243, 245, 252 rate of tunnelling 136, 141, 209 satellite surveillance 256, 262 Gibraltar 212, 214–215 Savanna River, defence 70, 71 Mosul 253–255, 258 Saxon Shore forts 32–34, 37, 41, 43–44 Reading Formation, aquifer 53, 58 Schadler, J., geologist 100–103 recruitment, quarrying companies 173, 174, 176, 176–179 Scone Street, trench 128 Red River Raft Scotland age and origin 267–269 military ports 174, 176–179 American Civil War campaign 269–273 quarry output 185–186 geology 269 scree, working technique 186, 187, 197 Reigate, underground shelter 207–209 security and stability 262 resolution of military data 305 Setchell, J., Royal Engineers 175, 183–184, 185–186, resources 137, 139, 168 189, 194 aggregate 97–98 sett-makers 168 INDEX 313

Sheerness, naval dockyard Technical Military Geology Group 87 water supply 48–49 Technical War Administration Officer 86 well construction 49–51, 57–58 telegraphy 139 Shepway Cross 37 terminology, German technical and military shingle beach 44 terms 87, 106, 107 Ship Island, Mississippi 77–79 terrain evaluation 15, 16, 18–19, 22–24 Shotton, F.W., military geologist 12, 191, 222 D-Day landings 288, 289, 294 Shreve, H.M., US army 268 German Atlantic Wall 89, 105 Sicily, invasion 220, 228 maps 301–302, 303 siege defences 43 roughness/trafficability 299, 300 siege of Malta (1940–42) 216–217, 220 Terzaghi rock-mass classification 234–235, 238 silicosis 89 Thames estuary, historic defences 48–51 Simon, L., micropalaeontologist 290–291, 294 The Roughs 34, 35, 37, 42 Sinjar tunnel complex 243, 246 thematic maps, military use 12, 13, 14, 18, 165 Skipton 174, 178, 197 German Eastern Front 141–143 slag 153, 160–161 terrain evaluation 22–24 slope stability 20, 116–121, 128 USA 182 snag boat technology, raft removal 268–269 World War I 6,7,10 soil mechanics 98 thickness, protection 93, 95, 96 development 104–105 Thomas, H.H. 293, 294 trafficability 297, 299–302, 303 pioneer photo interpreter 284–286 solution features 243 Tigris terraces 243 Somme battlefield 110, 114, 116, 126–127, 129 timber piles, Roman fort 41–43 geology 111–113 Tirpitz, battleship watch 281, 282 sound propagation 141, 143, 145 Todt, F., engineer 87, 98 Spanish–American War 65, 66, 72, 73 topographical maps, military resource 22 Special Intelligence US army, geoscientists 19 topography and combat 113 specific gravity, salt water 51 trench warfare 116–120 Spit Bank Fort, borehole 55, 56, 57 Totten, J., engineer 63 Spit Head forts 52–57 toxic chemicals, post-conflict 262 spoil analysis and logistics, Mosul 251–253, 257 trafficability 12, 15, 88, 139 recognition, aerial photographs 147 trafficability prediction 297–305 spoil, reuse 165, 262 Cold War 302–305 spoil, storage in houses 252–253, 255–256, 261 parameters 299–300 St André quarry 157, 160, 161 World War I 297, 300 St Eval, coastal command station 282 World War II 300–302 St Helen’s Fort, water supply borehole 55, 58 training, tunnelling companies 226–227 St Margaret’s Bay, flame defence 224 training/education, military geology 4–5, 9 St Margaret’s Bay, underground shelter 206–208 transatlantic cable, protection 224 Statue of Liberty 63 transport, equipment and plant 194, 196–197, 247–251 stone working by hand 184, 185, 243, 251 transport, quarrying companies 155 stone, illegal transport 168 Trefor 168 Strasbourg Fortress 9 trench construction 24 stress/tension 99–100, 101 World War I 21–22, 115–120 Stukeley, W. 37–39, 42, 43 trench foot 120, 122 Stutfall Castle 34, 36, 37–38 trench warfare Suez Canal 220–221 Russo-Japanese War 136 sulphur 243 World War I 109–110, 113–115 plant fire 260 trenching techniques, Japanese War 134–136 superficial deposits 97–98, 144, 146 Trondheim, naval/submarine base 103, 104 surveillance, shipping 282 Trusheim, F., military geologist 16 Swift, J., US military engineer 63 Tunbridge Wells underground shelter 209 Swiss military geologists 3 Tunisia, quarrying companies 179–180 synthetic oil plant, aerial identification 290–291 tunnel alignment 248 Syria and Iraq, tunnel design 257, 260, 261 tunnel entrance camouflage 252–253, 255–256, 259, 261 Syria and Iraq, tunnel warfare 262 tunnel spoil see spoil tunnel warfare, sites 132, 245 tank, obstacles 224–225 tunnel, bomb damage 239 tanks, trafficability 300–301 tunnel, Gibraltar 186–187 tasks tunnelling 21–22, 24 German army World War I 139 expert opinion reports 89 quarrying companies 174, 177, 195 sound propagation 143, 145 tunnelling companies 216, 219, 223 techniques 106, 263 Taylor, R. (US Confederate army) 267 see also rate of tunnelling 314 INDEX

Tunnelling Companies Royal Engineers War Diaries, Quarrying Companies group, deployment 7, 125, 128, 151, 190 World War I, Western Front 151–152, 160, 166, 1st, France, 1940 202–205 168–170 1st, Malta 1941–45 216–223 World War II 174, 177, 179, 181, 183, 186, 189, 196 1st, UK 1940–43 205–210 War Diaries, Tunnelling Companies 2nd, France 1940 201, 205, 227 World War II 206, 208, 210, 214, 219–222, 225, 228 3rd, Gibraltar, 1940–45 210–216 War Diaries, UK National Archives, Kew 151, 173–174 4th, UK 1941–42 223–227 World War I 198–199 tunnelling engineers, operations 203–206 World War II 202, 229–230 tunnelling, Mosul 241–263 War of the Quadruple Alliance 73 equipment used 247–251 warship technology 52, 53 fighting 258–262 water inflow, tunnel 233, 237–239 geology 241–243, 244 water mining 56 military use and provision 243, 245–246 water supply 12, 137, 139 organization and logistics 256–258 Civil Government Malta 221–222 post-conflict reconstruction 262–263 to coastal defences 47–58 rate/geology 253–255 military resource 19–20 search/detection 255–256, 259 water table 10, 205, 208–210 spoil removal 251–253, 257 see also groundwater tunnels, use in warfare 126–128, 132, 133, 245, Weald Clay Formation 35, 37, 43, 44 258–262 weather, trafficability 297, 299–300, 305 Turkish, mine warfare 136, 140 weathering, granite 236, 237–238 well construction, Sheerness 49–51, 57–58 U-boat bunker, Trondheim 103, 105 Wembley, aerial photo interpretation 282, 285, 286 UK National Archives, Kew 151, 173, 174, 202, 279 Wembley, Aircraft Operating Company 277, 280 War Diaries 198–199, 202, 229–230 West Wall 16, 24 Ukraine, Eastern Front 133, 137 Western Front 21, 22, 152 military geology 145–147 engineering geology 109–129 underground installation 24, 203, 204, 263 geology 154 aerial identification 291 trench location 110 Malta 220–221 Williams, A.R.O., Quarry Group 191, 192, 194 operational headquarters 205–209 Woodstock quarries 188, 190 underground warfare 126–128 workability, according to tools 141 Eastern Front 136–137, 139–148 World War I geology application 141–145 aircraft use 145, 147 Islamic State fighters 258–260 Castle Island fort 65 Russian–Japan war 131–136 Eastern Front 131–148 United Kingdom (UK), invasion preparation 280 trafficability prediction 297, 300 USA Military Academy 63 tunnelling companies 201 USA, invasion fortification 21 use of geology 5–11 USSR, military geology 11 Western Front 109–129 World War II V-1 flying bomb launch site 283, 285–288, 294 aerial photographic intelligence 275–294 V-2 rockets 285, 286 mine warfare 136 Vairano quarry 182, 183 Norway, army geologists 87–89 Vallée Heureuse quarry 157, 160, 161, 168, 169 Norway, military command units 83, 84 vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices 246, 262 trafficability prediction 297, 300–302 use in tunnels 259, 261 US defence 68, 70, 77 Victory in Europe 291 use of geology 11–18 quarry groups demobilization 193–194, 195 Wytschaete Sands 124 Viet Cong, tunnel network 258 von Fritsch, W.F., military strategist 294 Yorkshire, training depot 178, 197 von Raumer, K.G., military geologist 3 Ypres Clay 112, 116, 121–124 von Schmidburg, R.F., military geologist 3 trafficability problems 298, 301 Ypres Salient 119, 122, 123 Wager, L.R., aerial photo interpreter 279–281, Ypres trenches 121 293, 294 Wales, invasion defences 208–209 Zlota Góra 132, 144, 145