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Back Matter (PDF) Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables A-frame, trench support 117–119, 122, 128 Atherfield Clay Formation 35, 36, 37, 44 Admiral Hipper, German heavy cruiser 282 Atlantic shipping 282 aerial attack, Malta 203, 216–217 Atlantic Wall, Norway 21, 24, 83–107 aerial attack, World War I 168, 201 army units, German/Austrian 83–84 aerial photographic intelligence geology 84–86 procedure 278–279 military geologists and rank 86–106 World War I 147 workforce 16, 99, 105 World War II 11, 22, 275–294 atomic bomb 291 aggregate 24 Austere Landing Site Program World War I 151, 158, 161, 165, 168, 196 military planning 19 World War II 191, 193, 197 Australian Mining Corps 7 Agincourt, trafficability problems 297 Austrian military geologists, World War II 83–107 air force geologists, Norway 86, 89–98, 105 Austrian State Archives 134 air raid, World War I 168 Austrian Tunnelling Method 106 airfield construction 191–192, 195 Austro-Hungarian military geologists 5, 11, 21, 22 Faroe Islands 187–188 Austro-Hungarian tunnelling 131, 133, 136, 140 Gibraltar 186–187 Malta 218, 221 Bailey, E.B., geologist 216, 222 airfields 173, 180, 183 Bailey’s Dam 272–273 immobilization 225, 227 ballast pit, aggregate source 165 protection, pipe mines 225 Banc Noir quarry 158–159, 160, 161–162, 169 UK World War II 226 Banks, N.P. (US Union general) 267, 268, 270–272 al-Salam hospital, ambush 261–262 Barrois, C., geologist 5 Alaska Terrain and Permafrost Section Bartella, tunnel complex 246, 247, 255 military geology, planning 18–19 bastions, artillery positions 43 Aldershot Command Shelter 207, 210 Battery Weed see Fort Richmond Aldershot, quarry company recruitment 155, 170 Battle of Britain 174 Algeria, quarrying companies 179–181 Battle of Mansfield 272 Allen, P., aerial photo interpreter 292, 293, 294 Bavaria, tunnelling units 140, 145, 147 Allied Central Interpretation Unit 276, 278 Bazwaia, tunnel complex 247, 254, 255 geologists and geoscientists 293, 294 beach gravel 36 Allied landings, 1944 190 beach landings 13, 289 American Civil War (1861–65) 65–68, 70 Beaulieu quarry 157–158, 160, 168–170 topography and geomorphology 22, 267–273 bombing 166 American coastal defence, 1816 to 1867 Belarus, cross-country mobility map 302 First to Third System forts 63 Belgium, quarrying companies withdrawal 193–194 pre-Revolutionary War 61–62, 65 Bernard, S., French military engineer 63 Third System Forts 63–80 Bismarck, German battleship 282 American military geologists 7–9, 15–16, 18–19 Blaenau Ffestiniog, recruitment 176 American War of Independence 62 Blecquenecques quarry 160, 170 amphibious assault 209, 223 Blitz 174 USA eastern seaboard 62–63, 70 blockhouses, Tudor defences 48 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 288, 292 Boesinghe, trenches 121–123 Antonine Wall 32 bogged-down vehicles 298, 301, 304 archaeology bomb disposal 174 Lympne Fort 31, 37–41 bomb-proof shelters 201, 205 Western Front trenches 120–128 bombing, liquefaction 92, 93 archives 134, 202 Bonaparte, Napoleon 2–3 Bangor University 169 borehole, drilling technology 54–55 German Federal Archive 134 early, offshore 54, 58 Heringen 16, 87 Boston, defences 63–67 Quarrying Companies 151–152, 173 Boulogne, technical map 167, 168 see also UK National Archives and War Diaries Boulonnais, geology 151, 157, 158 Arctic convoys, Soviet Union 185 Bracklesham Group, aquifer 55–57 armistice, 1918 167, 170 breastwork 118, 119, 123 armistice, 1940 174, 210 breathing apparatus 147 Artois 109, 111 brick-built fort, nineteenth century 71, 76–78, 79 Asnelles-sur-Mer, beach landings 13 brick-lined tunnel 233–234, 237–238 308 INDEX Brighton, Operation Sea Lion 17 cross-country mobility prediction 18, 19, 23, 297–305 Britannia, Roman defences 24, 32, 33 Curragh, quarrying company 169 British Expeditionary Force 4, 7, 12, 201 headquarters in France 205 D-Day, 1944 see Normandy D-Day infrastructure repair 22 D’Arcy Exploration Company 226–227 Western Front World War I 152–153 Darbishire, C.S., Royal Engineers 156, 168–169 World War II 173 David, T.W.E., military geologist 7 British Geological Survey, Ordnance funding 4 David, V., aerial photo interpreter 281 British military geologists 3–5, 7, 12–15, 18, 53–54 demobilization, quarrymen 167, 193–194 aerial photographic interpretation 275, 279–294 Devonian limestone, tunnelling 208 British Petroleum 226, 292 Devonian, roadstone resource 157, 159, 163 British Society for the History of Science 286 Dolgellau, anti-tank defences 208–209 Brooks, A.H., US military geologist 8–9 Dolomieu, Déodat de brownstone 70, 71 Napoleon’s expeditionary force 2 Buchan, S., hydrogeologist 210 Dora 1 and 2, German naval base 103 Bulgaria, Eastern Front 131 Douie, C. 126, 127, 128 Burma, road stone quarrying 228 drainage in trenches 118–121, 125–126 drilling 89, 96 Cairnryan, military port 174, 178 techniques 54, 58 Caledonian Orogenic Belt 84 drumlins 63–66 caliphate, tunnelling programme 241, 256–258, 262 dug-outs 6, 21, 109, 113, 201 Camden Expedition, American Civil War 272 dune belt (coastal), Western Front 111, 112 camouflage, Mosul tunnel entrances 246, 248, 252 Dutch navy invasion [1667] 225 camouflet 134, 135, 145 dyke, quartz monzonite 237–238 Canadian pipe mines 224–225 Cape Ann granite, Rockport 65, 66 Eakring, drilling training 226–227 Carboniferous, roadstone resource 157, 159, 163 East India Company, military geologists 4 carnot wall 73, 77 East Rail Line, Hong Kong 233, 234, 238 Casagrande, A., US Army Engineer Corps 104–105 Eastern Front, World War I 22, I31–148 Casagrande, L., Organisation Todt 99, 104–105 map 133 casualties, World War I 147 Edgeworth David, T.W., military geologist 5, 151, 152, quarrymen 166 161, 163 casualties, American Civil War 267 Egypt, exceptional service award 284 Red River campaign 271 Egypt, Napoleonic invasion 2–4 Central Interpretation Unit, development 276, 278 electrical resistivity, expert opinion report 89 Central Ordnance Depot, Bicester 188–190, 195, electro-osmotic stabilization 103, 104 197, 228 Elliott, J., Lympne reconstruction 37, 39, 40 Central Powers, Eastern Front 131, 134, 147 Endicott System/Program 67, 70, 77 chalk 111–113, 115–116, 126–129 enfilade fire 113, 115, 116 military tunnelling 205, 207–209 engineering geology road metal 164 Hong Kong railway tunnel 234–239 sound propagation 145 World War I, Western Front 109–129 Charlesfort 61 World War II, Atlantic Wall 89–98 Chatham naval dockyard 202, 225 environmental protection, Germany 19 chemin de ronde 73, 77 equilibrium interface 51 clay plain, Ypres 111, 128 equipment and transport 194 clay, liquefaction 86 Eastern Front, German 147 clay, sound propagation 145 World War I 120 climate, Medieval warm period 44 World War II quarrying company 176–177, 179, 181, Clipstone camp 155, 168 191, 196–197 coal miners 202, 228 World War II tunnelling company 213, 214–215 coastal fortification 20–21, 34–35 see also improvised tunnel-boring machines coastal site, water supply 47–48, 53–58 European Field Program, planning, military geology 19 Cold War (1947–91) 18–19 evacuation (1940) British Expeditionary Force 201, Commission of Sciences and Arts 2 205, 210 communication trenches 115 evacuation from Norway (1940) 210, 211 compressive strength 93, 96 excavations 21–22 concrete 91–92, 97–98, 165 Mosul 243–255, 257 shelter/trench 125–126 report guidelines 92–95, 96 cone index/vehicle cone index (CI/VCI) 297, 299, Excavator Company Royal Engineers in Gibraltar 186 302–304 expert opinion reports Corps des Mines 2 technical requirements 93, 95 cotton raid, Red River battle 271 World War II 88–89, 91,92–98 Cotton, F.S., photographer 276, 277 Ezidi hostages, tunnel labour 243, 246 INDEX 309 Falcon, N.L., photo interpreter 286, 293, 294 France, northern 204 Falklands Islands, briefing map 23 Germany 193 Fan Bay Deep Shelter 208 Gibraltar 216, 217–218 Faroe Islands, airfield and boat base 187–188, 195, 196 Iraq 242, 244, 245 Faslane, military port 174 Libya, trafficability 303 Fatha Formation, Iraq 241–242, 246, 247, 249 Red River Valley 269 tunnelling rate 254 technical legend 167 faults in tunnels 216, 237–238 United Kingdom 174, 178, 184, 206 Fennoscandian Shield 84, 85 Geological Society of London, founding members 3–4 Ferques Inlier 157, 159, 160, 161, 170 Geological Survey of India, military personnel 12, field companies 225–227 15, 275 Finland, military command 83, 84 Geological Survey of Ireland, military funding 4 fire in warfare 115, 259–260 geologist, advice in combat 115, 128–129 fire trench, construction 117 geologist, military deployment 181–183 flame barrage defence, UK 223–224, 227, 228 Geologists’ Pool 288 Flanders 109, 116, 121 geology, mine warfare 141–145 geology 111–113 geology, search for tunnels 143, 145, 256 fleet battle, Red River 271–272 geology, tunnel site investigation 262 flint gravel 160, 161, 163–164 geology, use in trench warfare 109, 110–113, 121–128 flint, in trenches 128 geomorphology and river battles 267–273 flooding, trench warfare 113, 125–126 geophysical surveys 12, 40 flying boat base, Faroes 187–188 geoscientists, World War II, Norway 90–91, 105, 106 Fort Barrancas 73–75, 80 geotechnical findings 40, 43 Fort Blockhouse 52,53 German/English terms 106–107 Fort Clinch, Amelia Island 72–73, 80 Lympne landslip 37 Fort Fareham 58 maps and reports 8, 9–10 Fort Gaines, Dauphin Island 76–77, 80 World War II, Norway 89, 91–98 Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn 70, 80 German defences, Ver-sur-Mer 289 Fort Independence, Castle Island 65,80 German Federal Archive 134 Fort Lafayette, Brooklyn 69–71 German military geologists 3, 9–11, 16–19, 22 Fort Massachusetts, Ship
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