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DIÁSPORAS, MIGRACIONES Y EXILIOS EN EL MUNDO MAYA Monografías 8

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DIÁSPORAS, MIGRACIONES Y EXILIOS EN EL MUNDO MAYA Monografías 8 DIÁSPORAS, MIGRACIONES Y EXILIOS EN EL MUNDO MAYA MONOGRAFÍAS 8 SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ESTUDIOS MAYAS CENTRO PENINSULAR EN HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Mario Humberto Ruz Joan García Targa Andrés Ciudad Ruiz (editores) Diásporas, migraciones y exilios en el mundo maya SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ESTUDIOS MAYAS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Mérida, 2009 SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ESTUDIOS MAYAS Dep. Historia de América II (Antropología de América) Facultad de Geografía e Historia Universidad Complutense Madrid 28040 Teléfono: (34) 91394-5785. Fax: (34) 91394-5808 Correo-e: [email protected] http://www.ucm.es/info/america2/seem.htm CENTRO PENINSULAR EN HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES Ex Sanatorio Rendón Peniche Calle 43 s.n., col. Industrial Mérida, Yucatán, C.P. 97150 Tels. 01 (999) 9 22 84 46 al 48 Fax: 01 (999) 9 22 84 46 http://www.cephcis.unam.mx ISBN 978-607-02-0612-2 Primera edición: 2009 D.R. © 2009, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México, D.F. Impreso y hecho en México ÍNDICE Presentación . 9 Joan García Targa Tres milenios de movilidad maya. A modo de preámbulo . 13 Mario Humberto Ruz Migraciones y llegadas: mito, historia y propaganda en los relatos mayas prehispánicos en las tierras bajas . 57 Alfonso Lacadena y Andrés Ciudad Ruiz A cuestas con sus dioses: implicaciones religiosas de las migra- ciones mayas . 79 Ana García Barrios y Rogelio Valencia Rivera Interacción y adaptación cultural de una migración de ideas: El clásico medio y su influencia en el norte de Yucatán . 103 Carmen Varela Torrecilla, Beatriz Quintal Suaste y Raúl Morales Uh Emigraciones y nuevos asentamientos en el clásico tardío. Una visión desde la arqueología y la arquitectura . 133 Cristina Vidal Lorenzo y Gaspar Muñoz Cosme Una aproximación a la historia del origen lingüístico de los huaxtecos o teenek . 151 Lorenzo Ochoa Salas Políticas de concentración y dispersión en el Yucatán colonial: modelos de estudio . 171 Joan García Targa Migración y sobrevivencia. Los mayas ante las hambrunas en el Yucatán colonial . 189 Paola Peniche Moreno Desplazamientos y exilios mayas en la Guatemala Decimonónica 207 Arturo Taracena Arriola Movimientos poblacionales en la Huasteca maya . 223 . Ana Bella Pérez Castro La interconexión de la migración interna e internacional de las 255 migrantes mayas guatemaltecas y mexicanas . Ana María Chávez Galindo y Antonio Landa Guevara 275 Turismo y migración en el mundo maya . Magalí Daltabuit Godás 289 Cancún y la riviera maya: migración y turismo . Ligia Aurora Sierra Sosa Religión, diáspora y migración: los ch’oles en Yucatán, los mames 309 en Estados Unidos . Enrique Javier Rodríguez Balam 327 La migración en voces y tierras mayas: historias hacia la historia Valentina Vapnarsky Etnosistemas e inmigración: de la coexistencia al diálogo inter- 353 cultural. Una mirada desde y sobre cataluña . Joan Manuel Cabezas PRESENTACIÓN Joan García Targa Hablar de movimientos de población es referirse a uno de los procesos más ha- bituales de la historia de las culturas, sean mesoamericanas, europeas, africanas u otras; pasadas, presentes o futuras. En este sentido, es un tema vigente que en el caso de los países latinoamericanos se hace palpable en los movimientos internos dentro del propio continente, y externos hacia el europeo y la Nor- teamérica anglosajona. La presencia de personas de procedencia geográfica, cultural, religiosa e ideológica diversa es uno de los rasgos que se asocian a la rutina diaria cuando caminamos por las calles de nuestras ciudades. El continente europeo y España son ejemplo de ese mosaico cultural en el que confluye gente de origen geográfico, lenguajes y tradiciones muy diversas que buscan mejorar sus condiciones de vida en unos países que en teoría les ofrecen mejores condiciones que los suyos de origen. Sitges, a unos 40 kms al sur de Barcelona, es un reflejo de esa realidad actual, con un proceso de convivencia llevado a cabo de forma integradora desde hace muchos años, dando acogida a todos esos colectivos que han ido llegando e integrándose a la trama ciudadana local. Fue precisamente por esa norma- lidad cotidiana y por la experiencia demostrada desde hace años en temas organizativos y de gestión de congresos y encuentros de toda índole, que se propuso la realización de la VII Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas en Sitges. El proceso de organización del encuentro y de búsqueda de los apoyos institucionales y patrocinios para llevarlo a cabo fue complejo, alargándose dos años, hasta tener lugar entre los días 5 y 8 de noviembre de 2007. Para ello fue de vital importancia la implicación del Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, que tiene su sede en Mérida, Yucatán. 10 JOAN GARCÍA TARGA El Simposio Diásporas, migraciones y exilios en el mundo maya se planteó como objetivo analizar los procesos de movilidad poblacional en el área maya desde diferentes perspectivas y a lo largo del tiempo. En este sentido, las dieciséis ponencias presentadas se ordenaron en tres grupos en función de la tempo- ralidad analizada. Después de la conferencia inaugural, en la que se presentó un repaso sinté- tico del hecho migratorio en la zona maya desde una perspectiva diacrónica, las primeras cinco ponencias analizaban diferentes vertientes del tema migra- torio prehispánico desde los enfoques arqueológicos, epigráficos, lingüísticos, iconográficos y arquitectónicos. El período colonial estuvo representando por dos ponencias que abordaron los drásticos movimientos de población acon- tecidos con la llegada de los conquistadores españoles y la afectación directa de las crisis alimenticias sobre la población indígena del norte de Yucatán. El tercer grupo de ponencias abordó los procesos de cambio desde la indepen- dencia de México y Guatemala hasta la actualidad, analizando migraciones internas y externas (en este caso a los Estados Unidos), así como el impacto del turismo y las nuevas actividades productivas sobre la población indígena maya. Clausuró la Mesa una conferencia sobre el lenguaje como transmisor de valores culturales relacionados con los movimientos de población maya a lo largo del tiempo. Dado que estas reuniones de la SEEM pretenden siempre vincular al mundo americano a investigadores que puedan ofrecer una perspectiva diferente a la mesoamericanista, a fin de enriquecer los análisis comparativos, en esta ocasión tuvo lugar una reflexión en voz alta sobre los planteamientos teóricos y la rea- lidad práctica de los procesos migratorios europeos. Específicamente Cataluña sirvió para contrastar el análisis de la tradición maya, pasada, presente y futura. Llegados a este punto, deseamos agradecer la implicación del Ayuntamiento de Sitges como institución que desde un primer momento apostó por esta iniciativa, cediendo espacios patrimoniales para los actos de inauguración y clausura, así como el personal técnico y la infraestructura para las sesiones de trabajo, además de asumir las visitas a la población y facilitar el buen desarrollo del simposio. Igualmente al Consorcio del Patrimonio de Sitges, el cual colaboró en los trabajos organizativos y en las visitas a los museos. Reconocemos cumplidamente la colaboración del Consulado General de México en Barcelona, que aceptó con entusiasmo nuestra invitación para coadyuvar al encuentro, y se implicó en la búsqueda de recursos y la difu- PRESENTACIÓN 11 sión de la actividad en España y México. En el apartado de instituciones públicas y entidades culturales privadas cabe destacar también el patrocinio de la Diputación de Barcelona, concretamente el Area d’Igualtat i Ciutadania. Servei de Polítiques de Diversitat i Ciutadanies, así como de l’Associació d’Amics del Museu Barbier Mueller. Asimismo agradecemos el apoyo e interés de Victys Tech (telefonía Móvil Vodafone, Vilanova y la Geltrú), de la Inmobiliaria y constructora Fincas Montmar (Sant Pere de Ribes) y la empresa constructora Roca Gómez (Vilanova y la Geltrú). Nuestra mayor gratitud a organizaciones y entidades que colaboraron activamente en el buen desarrollo de la actividad: Sitges Convention Bureau, Casa América Cataluña, Casa Torres, Societat Catalana d’Arqueologia, Caja de Ahorros de Navarra en su sede local, la Biblioteca Santiago Rusiñol y el Hotel El Xalet. Un reconocimiento especial a Mónica Porta García, Isabel Eroles Soler, Nuria Gonzalvo y Blanca Geribert por su colaboración en trabajos de orga- nización y gestión, así como por la grata visita guiada por Sitges durante el último día, y a Josefa Iglesia Ponce de León por su apoyo en la revisión de las últimas pruebas. Finalmente a todos los ponentes, llegados de diferentes partes de España (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat Rovira Virgili de Tarragona, Universidad de Valencia), Francia (Universidad de París y CNRS), y de diversas instituciones mexicanas: Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológi- cas y Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias (todos tres de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), la Universidad de Quintana Roo y el Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, Unidad Peninsular. TRES MILENIOS DE MOVILIDAD MAYA. A MODO DE PREÁMBULO Mario Humberto Ruz UNAM, México A lo largo de los treinta siglos que los especialistas le atribuyen como cultura diferenciada, la maya ha sabido de continuos y complejos procesos de mo- vilización, tan diversos en naturaleza, extensión y consecuencias como era de esperar de una constelación de cerca de treinta pueblos que componen ese universo cultural y congregan a cerca de ocho millones de individuos a lo largo de aproximadamente 400 mil km2, divididos hoy entre cuatro países de origen (Belice, Guatemala, Honduras y México), a los cuales se suman ahora al menos dos más de destino: Canadá y los Estados Unidos. Aunque transitar desde Alaska hasta las fronteras meridionales de Mesoamérica ha de haber sido largo y tortuoso, fue sin duda menos aciago que intentar cruzar ahora, en sentido inverso, los linderos que separan al Tercer Mundo del Primero.
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