Aric W. Dutelle

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Aric W. Dutelle, MFS Associate Professor © Jones &Forensic Bartlett InvestigationLearning, LLC Program Coordinator© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Department of Criminal Justice University of Wisconsin-Platteville

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NOT FOR SALECo ORpyright DISTRIBUTION © 2014 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an AscendNOT Learning FOR Company SALE OR DISTRIBUTION All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. An Introduction to© Crime Jones Scene Investigation, & Bartlett Second Learning, Edition is an independent LLC publication and has not been© authorized,Jones sponsored,& Bartlett Learning, LLC or otherwise approvedNOT by theFOR owners SALE of the trademarks OR DISTRIBUTION or service marks referenced in this product. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Some images in this book feature models. These models do not necessarily endorse, represent, or participate in the activities represented in the images. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the Subject Matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal © Jonesadvice or other & Bartlett expert assistance Learning, is required, theLLC service of a competent professional© person Jones should & be Bartlettsought. Learning, LLC NOTProduction FOR CreditsSALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Publisher: Cathleen Sether Composition: diacriTech Acquisitions Editor: Sean Connelly Cover Design: Scott Moden Editorial Assistant: Caitlin Murphy Rights & Photo Research Assistant: Ashley Dos Santos Editorial Assistant: Audrey Schwinn Cover Image: © Andy Piatt/ShutterStock, Inc. Production Manager: Tracey McCrea Printing and Binding: Courier Companies © Jones & BartlettMarketing Learning, Manager: Lindsay LLC White © JonesCover Printing: & Bartlett Courier Companies Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEManufacturing OR DISTRIBUTION and Inventory Control Supervisor: Amy BacusNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION To order this product, use ISBN: 978-1-284-02065-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dutelle, Aric W. An introduction to crime scene investigation / Aric W. Dutelle. — 2nd ed. p. cm. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4496-4542-7NOT FOR (pbk.) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. Crime scenes. 2. Crime scene searches. 3. Criminal investigation. 4. Evidence, Criminal. I. Title. HV8073.D875 2014 363.25—dc23 2012034919 © Jones6048 & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTPrinted FOR in the SALE United States OR of DISTRIBUTION America NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Dedication © JonesThis & Bartlettbook is Learning,dedicated LLCto my parents, Gary and© Jones Sherry & Dutelle. Bartlett ItLearning, is with LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION your guidance, and because of your love and support, that I have found my path.

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© Jones & chapterBartlett Learning, 1 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION An introduction to crime Scene investigation 5 chapter 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORthe DISTRIBUTION cSi effect NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 33 chapter 3 ethics ©in Jones crime & BartlettScene investigationLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett53 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION chapter 4 Duties of the First Responder to the crime Scene 69 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEchapter OR DISTRIBUTION5 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Specialized Personnel and Safety considerations 89 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,chapter LLC 6 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Methodical Approach to Processing the crime Scene 111 chapter 7 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the ForensicNOT FOR Laboratory SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE145 OR DISTRIBUTION

iv Brief Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Section II Physical Evidence 167 © Jones C&hapter Bartlett 8Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Fingerprint Evidence 169 Chapter 9 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALET ORrace DISTRIBUTION Evidence NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION205 Chapter 10 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Blood andNOT Biological FOR SALE E ORvidence DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR233 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 11

© JonesBloodstain & Bartlett Pattern Learning, Analy LLCsis © Jones & Bartlett Learning,261 LLC NOT FORC SALEhapter OR 12 DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Impression Evidence 291 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Chapter LLC 13 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Firearms and Ballistic Evidence 317

Chapter© Jones 14 & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Drug EvidenceNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR353 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Brief Contents v © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Chapter© Jones 15 & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Digital Evidence 401

© JonesSection & Bartlett III Learning,Specialized LLC Investigations© Jones & Bartlett Learning,425 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 16 Death Investigation 427 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONChapter 17 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Arson and Explosive Investigation 459 Chapter© Jones 18 & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Special Scene Considerations 477 Appendix A © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT CFORrime SALE Scene OR DISTRIBUTIONInvestigation Historical TNOTimeline FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION502 Appendix B © Jones & BartlettForensic Learning, Databases LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 508 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Appendix C Crime Scene Equipment 514 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC AppendixNOT FOR DSALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Examples of Evidence Collection Kits 516 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

vi Brief Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Appendix© Jones E & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Processing the Scene of Mass Fatality Incidents 518 Appendix F © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTProfessional FOR SALE OR O rganizationsDISTRIBUTION Pertaining toNOT Crime FOR Scene SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Investigation 524

Brief Contents vii © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Preface ...... xix Paul Leland Kirk (1902–1970) 11 Introduction ...... xxi Training and Education/Professional © JonesAcknowledgments & Bartlett Learning,...... LLC...... xxiv Development© Jones . . . &. . Bartlett...... Learning,...... 11 LLC NOT ReviewersFOR SALE . . . .OR . . . DISTRIBUTION...... xxv What Is aNOT Crime FOR Scene? SALE...... OR . . . DISTRIBUTION...... 14 About the Author ...... xxvi Types of Evidence ...... 14 Testimonial Evidence 14 Real or Physical Evidence 15 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesValue & of Bartlett Physical EvidenceLearning, . . .LLC ...... 16 NOT FOR SALE ORSection DISTRIBUTION i crime Scene NOT FORIt CanSALE Prove OR That DISTRIBUTION a Crime Has Been Committed or Establish Key investigation 3 Elements of a Crime 16 It Can Establish the Identity of Persons chapter 1 Associated with the Crime 16 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC It Can Place the Suspect© in Jones Contact with& Bartlett Learning, LLC An introductionNOT FOR SALE to crime OR DISTRIBUTION the Victim or with theNOT Crime FOR Scene SALE 16 OR DISTRIBUTION Scene investigation 5 It Can Exonerate the Innocent 17 Learning Objectives ...... 4 It Can Corroborate the Victim’s Key Terms ...... 5 Testimony 17 © JonesWhat & Is BartlettCrime Scene Learning, Investigation? LLC ...... 6 A Suspect© Jones Confronted & Bartlett with Physical Learning, LLC NOT Who FOR Is SALE Responsible OR DISTRIBUTION for Crime Scene EvidenceNOT MayFOR Make SALE Admissions OR DISTRIBUTION or Investigation? ...... 6 Even Confess 17 First Responder 7 Court Decisions Have Made Physical Detective/Investigator 7 Evidence More Important 18 Crime Scene Investigator/Crime Scene Juries Expect Physical Evidence 18 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Technician LLC © 7 Jones Negative & Bartlett Evidence Learning, (Absence ofLLC Physical NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCriminalist/Forensic Scientist NOT 8 FOR SALEEvidence) OR Also DISTRIBUTION May Provide Useful The Courts 8 Information (Such as Fraudulent Objectives of Crime Scene Investigation . . .8 Reporting) 18 History of Crime Scene Investigation . . . . . 9 Scientifi c Crime Scene Investigation ...... 18 Song Ci© (1186–1249) Jones & Bartlett Learning, 9 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Collection and Preservation of Physical Sir RobertNOT Peel FOR (1788–1850) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Auguste Ambroise Tardieu (1818–1879) 9 Evidence ...... 20 Allan Pinkerton (1819–1884) 10 Legal Duty to Preserve Evidence ...... 24 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) 10 What and How Much to Collect ...... 26 Hans Gross (1847–1915) 10 Chain of Custody ...... 27 © Jones Edmond& Bartlett Locard Learning, (1877–1966) LLC 10 Teamwork © . Jones...... & . .Bartlett ...... Learning, ...... 27 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

viii Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Attributes of ©a Successful Jones & Crime Bartlett Scene Learning, LLCRefresher Trainings ��© Jones & Bartlett47 Learning, LLC InvestigatorNOT �� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION28 Caseload��NOT FOR SALE47 OR DISTRIBUTION Intuition �� 28 Informing the Public ��47 Eye for Detail �� 28 Educated Personnel�� 48 Good Communication Skills �� 28 Wrap Up ��49 Knowledge of Methods for Locating and Chapter Summary �� 49 © JonesPreserving & Bartlett Evidence Learning,�� LLC 28 Review Questions© Jones�� & Bartlett Learning,49 LLC NOT FOREnjoyment SALE of Continuing OR DISTRIBUTION Case StudiesNOT�� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION50 Education�� 28 References�� 50 Mistakes and Errors �� 29 Wrap Up �� 30 © Jones & Bartlett ChaLearning,pter Summary LLC �� 30© Jones &C hapterBartlett Learning,3 LLC NOT FOR SALE ORRev DISTRIBUTIONiew Questions �� 30NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Case Studies ��31 Ethics in Crime Scene References��31 Investigation 53 Learning Objectives �� 52 Chapter© Jones 2 & Bartlett Learning, KeyLLC Terms ��© Jones & Bartlett53 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONWhat Are Ethics? ��NOT FOR SALE54 OR DISTRIBUTION Revisiting the Basics ��54 The CSI Effect 33 Ethics Involves What? �� 55 Learning Objectives �� 32 The Road to Unethical Key Terms �� 33 Behavior �� 55 Introduction ��34 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Ethics in Crime© Jones Scene & Bartlett Learning, LLC Birth of a Problem �� 35 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION InvestigationNOT ��FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION56 Defining the CSI Effect �� 36 Expert Witnesses �� 60 Impact of the CSI Effect �� 37 History of Expert Testimony in Impact on the Courts �� 37 U.S. Courts ��60 Influence on Jurors �� 39 The Frye Test �� 60 © Jones & BartlettProsecutors Learning, Feeling LLC the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Federal Rules of Evidence ��61 Pressure ��40 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORThe DSALEaubert StandardOR DISTRIBUTION ��61 Defense Attorneys and the Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael�� 62 CSI Effect �� 41 Qualifying an Expert Witness �� 62 Impact on Law Enforcement �� 42 Issues with Ethics in Forensics and Impact on Crime Labs �� 42 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCCrime Scene Work ��© Jones & Bartlett63 Learning, LLC The CSI Effect on Education �� 43 Wrap Up �� 65 Influence on NOTthe Criminal FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Summary �� 65 Mind �� 45 Review Questions �� 65 Overcoming the CSI Myths �� 45 Case Studies �� 66 Overcoming the CSI Effect in Law References�� 66 © JonesEnforcement & Bartlett �� Learning, LLC 47 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Contents ix © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ChapterNOT FOR 4 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Duties of the First Specialized Personnel and Responder to the Crime Safety Considerations 89 © JonesScene & Bartlett Learning, LLC 69 Learning© Objectives Jones &�� Bartlett Learning,88 LLC NOT LearningFOR SALE Objectives OR DISTRIBUTION ��68 Key TermsNOT �� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION89 Key Terms ��69 Investigative Personnel ��90 The First Responder �� 70 Crime Scene Investigator/Crime Scene Determining Jurisdiction �� 70 Technician �� 93 © Jones & BartlettApp Learning,roaching the LLC Scene �� 70© Jones &Ide Bartlettntification Learning, (ID) Officers LLC�� 93 Forensic Surveyors �� 93 NOT FOR SALE ORAct ionsDISTRIBUTION of the First Responder upon NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Arrival �� 71 Forensic Photographers�� 93 Maximize the Safety of Forensic Scientist/Criminalist �� 93 the Scene �� 71 Medical Examiner/Coroner�� 93 Guide EMS to the Injured and Preserve Forensic Nurse �� 93 the Scene© Jones �� & Bartlett Learning,71 LLC District Attorney ��© Jones & Bartlett94 Learning, LLC ProtectNOT the Integrity FOR ofSALE the OR DISTRIBUTIONHazardous Materials NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Crime Scene�� 72 Specialists �� 94 Defining Crime Scene Scope and Forensic Engineers �� 94 Establishing a Perimeter �� 73 Firearms Examiners �� 94 K-9 Officers �� 94 © JonesExclusion & Bartlett of Official Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Federal Authorities �� 94 NOT FORVisitors SALE �� OR DISTRIBUTION 75 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Identification and Protection of Crime Scene Investigation Processing Transient Evidence �� 76 Models ��94 Initial Scene Documentation ��77 Local or Traditional Model �� 94 Processing Cases Involving Crime Scene Investigator/Crime Scene © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Multiple Scenes LLC �� 78© Jones & BartlettTechnician Learning,Model �� LLC 95 NOT FOR SALE ORSce nesDISTRIBUTION Involving Death �� 78NOT FORCri SALEme Lab OR Model DISTRIBUTION �� 95 Scenes Involving Firearms and The Team Model�� 100 Ammunition �� 79 Crime Scene Safety Concerns �� 100 Dealing with Media ��80 Personal Protective Equipment ��101 PPE Levels ��101 First Response© Jones Overview & Bartlett �� Learning,81 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Wrap Up ��86 Common Crime Scene–Related NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Summary �� 86 Pathogens �� 104 Review Questions �� 86 Human Immunodeficiency Virus References�� 87 and Acquired Immunodeficiency Deficiency Virus �� 104 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

x Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Hepatitis©�� Jones & Bartlett Learning,106 LLCWrap Up ��© Jones & 142Bartlett Learning, LLC TuberculosisNOT �� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION106 Chapter Summary ��NOT FOR SALE142 OR DISTRIBUTION Crime Scene Precautionary Steps to Review Questions ��142 Reduce Risk �� 106 References��143 Steps to Take for Exposure to Blood/ Body Fluids �� 107 Chapter 7 © JonesWrap Up & ��Bartlett Learning, LLC 108 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORChapter SALE Summary OR �� DISTRIBUTION108 The ForensicNOT FOR Laboratory SALE OR DISTRIBUTION145 Review Questions �� 108 Learning Objectives �� 144 References�� 109 Key Terms �� 145 History of the Forensic Laboratory �� 146 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Chapter LLC 6 © JonesGrowth & of Bartlett the Modern Learning, Crime LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORLaboratory SALE ��OR DISTRIBUTION 147 Methodical Approach Types of Forensic Laboratories �� 148 to Processing the Federal ��148 Crime Scene 111 State�� 149 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCLocal/Regional ��© Jones & 149Bartlett Learning, LLC Learning Objectives �� 110 Private �� 149 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Key Terms �� 111 Services Offered �� 154 Methodical Approach to Crime Scene Organization of Forensic Laboratories �� 155 Processing �� 112 Firearms/Ballistics �� 156 Documenting the Crime Scene �� 112 Toxicology/Chemistry/Drug Analysis �� 156 © JonesWritten &Documentation/Reports Bartlett Learning, ��LLC 113 Trace ��© Jones & Bartlett Learning,156 LLC NOT FORTaking SALE Notes ��OR DISTRIBUTION114 Biology/Serology/DNANOT FOR SALE �� OR DISTRIBUTION156 Photographic Ranges and Perspectives�� 120 Document�� 157 Photo Logs �� 122 Photography �� 157 Order of Taking Photographs �� 124 Fingerprints �� 157 Guidelines for Crime Scene Tire Track/Footwear/Toolmark © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Photography LLC�� 124 © Jones &Impressions Bartlett �� Learning, LLC 157 NOT FOR SALE ORCr DISTRIBUTIONime Scene Videography �� 125 NOT FORPolygraph/Voice SALE OR Stress DISTRIBUTION Analysis Unit �� 157 Sketching and Mapping the Scene �� 126 Crime Scene Field Response �� 157 Sketching �� 126 Functions of a Criminalist �� 158 Crime Scene Mapping�� 129 Investigator�� 158 Searching the Crime Scene �� 135 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCEducator��© Jones & 158Bartlett Learning, LLC Factors Impacting Search Methods �� 136 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONStudent��NOT FOR SALE159 OR DISTRIBUTION Types of Crime Scene Search Patterns�� 137 Requesting Aid �� 159 Collecting, Packaging, and Preserving Submitting Evidence to the Physical Evidence �� 139 Laboratory �� 159 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Accreditation© Jones of Crime & Laboratories Bartlett Learning, �� 161 LLC Latent Fingerprints��© Jones & Bartlett175 Learning, LLC The AmericanNOT FOR Society SALE of Crime OR Lab DISTRIBUTION Searching for and ProcessingNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Latent Prints ��176 Board ��162 Physical Methods ��177 Certification of Personnel �� 162 Chemical Methods ��179 American Board of Criminalistics ��162 Special Illumination �� 182 © JonesI nternational& Bartlett Association Learning, for LLC Combined© Jones Approach & Bartlett�� Learning,182 LLC NOT FOR IdentificationSALE OR ��DISTRIBUTION 163 PreservingNOT and FORPackaging SALE OR DISTRIBUTION American Academy of Forensic Latent Prints �� 184 Sciences �� 163 Classification of Fingerprints �� 188 Wrap Up �� 164 Henry System �� 188 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Chapter Summary LLC �� 164© Jones &Na Bartletttional Crime Learning, Information LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONReview Questions �� 164NOT FOR SALECenter-Fingerprint OR DISTRIBUTION Classification References�� 165 (NCIC-FPC) �� 188 ACE-V �� 193 Analysis �� 193 Section II Physical Comparison �� 194 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Evaluation ��© Jones & Bartlett194 Learning, LLC EvidenceNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION167 Verification��NOT FOR SALE194 OR DISTRIBUTION Automated Fingerprint Identification Chapter 8 System �� 194 Palm Prints �� 196 © JonesFingerprint & Bartlett Learning,Evidence LLC 169 Preparing© Fingerprint Jones & CardsBartlett �� Learning,197 LLC Learning Objectives �� 168 Taking Record Fingerprints�� 197 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Key Terms �� 169 Scientific Working Group on Friction History of Fingerprints �� 170 Ridge Analysis, Study, and Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) ��170 Technology ��200 Alphonse Bertillon (1853–1914) ��170 Wrap Up �� 201 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Sir William LLCJ. Herschel (1833–1917)��170© Jones &Ch Bartlettapter Summary Learning, �� LLC 201 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHenry Faulds (1843–1930) ��171NOT FORRe SALEview Questions OR DISTRIBUTION�� 201 Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911) ��171 References�� 202 Sir Edward Henry (1850–1931) ��171 Juan Vucetich (1855–1925) ��171 What Are Fingerprints? �� 172 Chapter 9 Structure© Jonesof Fingerprints & Bartlett�� Learning,172 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CompositionNOT ofFOR Fingerprints SALE �� OR DISTRIBUTION172 Trace Evidence NOT FOR SALE205 OR DISTRIBUTION Types of Fingerprints ��174 Learning Objectives ��204 Plastic Fingerprints��174 Key Terms �� 205 Patent Fingerprints��175 Introduction to Trace Evidence ��206 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

xii Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Probability/ProductNOT FOR Rule ��SALE OR DISTRIBUTION206 Chapter 10 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bayesian Statistics �� 207 Collection of Trace Evidence ��208 Blood and Biological Glass Evidence �� 210 Fracture Analysis ��211 Evidence 233 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Learning Objectives© Jones �� & Bartlett Learning,232 LLC Collecting and Packaging Key Terms �� 233 NOT FORGlass SALE Evidence OR�� DISTRIBUTION213 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Biological Evidence ��234 Paint Evidence �� 214 Blood Evidence ��234 Paint Evidence Analysis ��214 Presumptive Tests for Blood�� 234 Soil Evidence �� 215 Confirmatory Tests�� 237 © Jones & Bartlett CoLearning,llecting and LLCPackaging Soil © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Blood Typing�� 238 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONEvidence ��217 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) �� 239 Hair Evidence �� 217 DNA Structure �� 239 Animal Hairs �� 221 Mitochondrial DNA ��241 Body Area Determination �� 222 Value of DNA Evidence��241 Racial Determination �� 222 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCCODIS ��© Jones &244 Bartlett Learning, LLC Age and Sex �� 222 Collection of Blood Evidence ��245 SignificanceNOT of FORHair Evidence SALE �� OR DISTRIBUTION223 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Liquid Blood �� 246 Collection of Hair and Fiber Dried or Moist Bloodstain Recovery �� 246 Standards�� 223 Evidence Collection �� 248 Collection of Questioned Hair Contamination and Preservation �� 248 © Jonesand & BartlettFibers �� Learning, LLC 223 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Other Biological Fluids �� 249 Collecting and Packaging Hair NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Semen ��NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION251 Evidence �� 223 Saliva �� 253 Hair Evidence Analysis�� 224 Other Types of Biological Evidence �� 253 Fiber Evidence �� 225 Preservation of Dried Biological Natural Fibers �� 227 Evidence ��254 © Jones & Bartlett Man-Learning,Made Fibers LLC�� 228 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Sexual Assault ��254 NOT FOR SALE ORFib DISTRIBUTIONer Color �� 228 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Additional Considerations for Processing Fiber Evidence Analysis �� 228 the Scene �� 256 Collecting and Packaging Wrap Up �� 257 Fiber Evidence �� 229 Chapter Summary �� 257 Wrap Up ��230 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCReview Questions ��© Jones & 257Bartlett Learning, LLC Chapter Summary �� 230 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCase Studies ��NOT FOR SALE257 OR DISTRIBUTION Review Questions �� 230 References�� 258 Case Studies �� 231 References�� 231 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Contents xiii © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ChapterNOT FOR 11 SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONWhere Can Footwear ImpressionsNOT FOR Be SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Found?�� 295 Bloodstain Pattern Why Is Footwear Impression Evidence Overlooked? �� 296 Analysis 261 Is Footwear Evidence Undervalued or © JonesLearning & Bartlett Objectives Learning, �� LLC 260 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Misunderstood? �� 296 Key Terms �� 261 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ReviewingNOT the FOR Basics SALE�� OR DISTRIBUTION298 History of Bloodstain Pattern Chemical Development of Impressions �� 301 Analysis �� 262 Computerized Footwear Databases�� 301 Properties of Human Blood ��264 Collection of Footwear Impression Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation �� 265 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & BartlettEvidence �� Learning, LLC 303 Bloodstain Shape �� 266 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORThe Value SALE of aOR Footwear DISTRIBUTION Impression ��304 Angle of Impact�� 268 Tire Impressions ��306 Stringing a Scene ��270 Recovery of Tire Evidence�� 307 Effect of Height on Bloodstain Size��270 Toolmarks ��308 Types of Bloodstains �� 272 Recovery of Toolmarks �� 308 Passive© Bloodstains Jones &�� Bartlett Learning,272 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Casting of Toolmarks �� 308 Transfer Bloodstains ��274 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONRecovery of Tools ��NOT FOR SALE310 OR DISTRIBUTION Projected Bloodstain Patterns ��276 Bitemark Evidence ��310 Miscellaneous Bloodstains�� 282 Processing Bitemark Evidence��310 Target Surface Considerations ��284 Ligature/Binding Impressions �� 312 Documentation of Bloodstain © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Processing© Jones Ligature & ImpressionsBartlett Learning, ��312 LLC Evidence ��284 Fabric Impressions �� 313 NOT WraFORp UpSALE �� OR DISTRIBUTION 288 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Processing Fabric Impressions��313 Chapter Summary �� 288 Wrap Up ��314 Review Questions �� 288 Chapter Summary ��314 Case Studies �� 289 Review Questions ��314 References�� 289 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &Re ferencesBartlett�� Learning, LLC 315 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Impression Evidence 291 Firearms and Ballistic Learning Objectives �� 290 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCEvidence © Jones & 317Bartlett Learning, LLC Key TermsNOT �� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION291 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION What Is Impression Evidence? �� 292 Learning Objectives ��316 Comparative Examination �� 292 Key Terms ��317 Types of Impression Evidence �� 292 Introduction to Firearms �� 318 Footwear Impression Handguns��318 © JonesEvidence & Bartlett �� Learning, LLC 293 Rifles© �� Jones & Bartlett Learning,319 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

xiv Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Rifled Firearms© Jones �� & Bartlett Learning,320 LLCDrug-Related Evidence in Crime© Jones Scene & Bartlett Learning, LLC Smoothbore FirearmsNOT FOR �� SALE OR DISTRIBUTION323 Investigation ��NOT FOR SALE354 OR DISTRIBUTION Firing Components of Modern The Controlled Substances Act �� 354 Firearms �� 324 Drug Scheduling �� 354 Characteristics and Components of Introduction to Drug Classes �� 355 Modern Ammunition �� 325 Narcotics �� 358 © JonesBallistics & �� Bartlett Learning, LLC 326 Stimulants© Jones�� & Bartlett Learning,363 LLC NOTFirearms FOR IdentificationSALE OR DISTRIBUTION �� 327 DepressantsNOT �� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION368 Examination of Weapons �� 327 Cannabis ��371 Examination of Bullets �� 328 Hallucinogens ��374 Test Firing for Comparison �� 330 Inhalants �� 381 © Jones & Bartlett BuLearning,llet Comparisons LLC�� 330 © JonesSt eroids& Bartlett �� Learning, LLC 381 NOT FOR SALE OREx DISTRIBUTIONamination of Cartridge Cases �� 331 NOTCu FORrrent SALEand Future OR Drug DISTRIBUTION Serial Number Restoration �� 333 Trends �� 383 National Integrated Ballistic Information Evolution of the World Drug Problem ��384 Network �� 335 How Is Drug Production Changing? ��384 Collection and Preservation of Firearms Crime Scene Search �� 385 Evidence© �� Jones & Bartlett Learning,338 CoLLCllection and Preservation ©of JonesDrug & Bartlett Learning, LLC Marking of AmmunitionNOT FOR andSALE OR DISTRIBUTIONEvidence ��NOT FOR SALE385 OR DISTRIBUTION Components �� 343 Forensic Analysis of Controlled Visualizing Gunshot Substances �� 385 Residue ��344 Botanical Analysis �� 389 © JonesReconstruction & Bartlett of Shooting-Related Learning, LLC Chemical© AnalysisJones �� & Bartlett Learning,389 LLC Incidents ��344 Screening Tests �� 389 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bullet Path Determination �� 345 Preparing Materials for Evaluating and Documenting Zones of Field Testing�� 392 Possibility�� 346 Confirmatory Tests�� 392 Range-of-Fire Estimation from Powder Wrap Up �� 397 © Jones & Bartlett andLearning, Pellet Patterns LLC �� 347 © JonesCh &apter Bartlett Summary Learning, �� LLC 397 NOT FOR SALEWra ORp DISTRIBUTIONUp ��349 NOT FORReview SALE Questions OR DISTRIBUTION�� 397 Chapter Summary �� 349 References�� 398 Review Questions �� 349 Case Studies �� 350 Chapter 15 References�� 350 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONDigital Evidence NOT FOR401 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 14 Learning Objectives ��400 Key Terms �� 401 Drug Evidence 353 Introduction to Digital Evidence ��402 Learning Objectives �� 352 Criminal Use of Digital Equipment ��402 © JonesKey Terms & Bartlett �� Learning, LLC 353 Digital Evidence© Jones �� & Bartlett Learning,402 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Handling Digital© Jones Evidence & Bartlett at Learning, LLCSection III Specialized© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the SceneNOT �� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION403 Investigations NOT FOR SALE425 OR DISTRIBUTION Electronic Devices: Types, Description, and Potential Evidence ��404 Computer Systems �� 405 Chapter 16 Storage Devices�� 405 © JonesHa &ndheld Bartlett Devices Learning,�� LLC 406 Death© I nvestigationJones & Bartlett Learning,427 LLC NOT FORPe ripheralSALE Devices OR DISTRIBUTION �� 407 LearningNOT Objectives FOR �� SALE OR DISTRIBUTION426 Computer Networks �� 409 Key Terms �� 427 Other Potential Sources of Introduction to Death Digital Evidence�� 409 Investigation �� 428 Investigative Tools and Equipment ��409 Challenges in the Investigation �� 428 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesHom &icide Bartlett �� Learning, LLC 428 NOT FOR SALE ORTools DISTRIBUTION and Materials for Collecting Digital NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Evidence ��409 Suicide versus Homicide �� 429 Securing and Evaluating Preliminary Investigation �� 429 the Scene ��410 Forensic Pathology �� 430 Evidence Collection ��411 Manner of Death �� 431 Safeguarding© Jones Data �� & Bartlett Learning,412 LLCCause of Death ��© Jones & Bartlett431 Learning, LLC All ComputerNOT FORHardware SALE Should OR DISTRIBUTIONThe Forensic Autopsy ��NOT FOR SALE431 OR DISTRIBUTION Be Seized ��414 Time of Death Determination �� 432 All Computer Software and Disks Hypostasis/Postmortem Lividity/Livor Should Be Seized ��414 Mortis �� 432 Rigor Mortis �� 434 © JonesAl &l ManualsBartlett and Learning, Pieces of Paper LLC Found © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Near the Computer Should Cadaveric Spasm �� 435 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Be Seized ��414 Algor Mortis �� 435 Computers, Components, Vitreous Draw �� 436 and Devices �� 414 Appearance of the Eyes �� 437 Packaging, Transportation, and Storage Stomach Contents �� 437 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,of Digital Evidence LLC �� 415© JonesDecomposition & Bartlett �� Learning, LLC 437 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPackaging Procedures ��415NOT FORPu SALEtrefaction OR �� DISTRIBUTION 438 Transporting the Evidence��417 Insect Activity�� 438 Cell Phones and Global Mummification�� 441 Positioning Systems �� 418 Adipocere �� 441 Tracking Technology �� 419 Evidence Suggesting a Change in the Wrap Up ��© Jones & Bartlett Learning,421 LLC Victim’s Normal Routine© Jones �� & Bartlett441 Learning, LLC ChapterNOT Summary FOR �� SALE OR DISTRIBUTION421 Taphonomy ��NOT FOR SALE444 OR DISTRIBUTION Review Questions �� 421 Antemortem Trauma ��444 Case Studies �� 422 Postmortem Trauma ��445 References�� 422 Perimortem Trauma ��445 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

xvi Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Sharp-Force© JonesInjuries ��& Bartlett Learning,445 LLCEvidence Collection��© Jones & 473Bartlett Learning, LLC Blunt-ForceNOT Injury FOR�� SALE OR DISTRIBUTION446 Wrap Up ��NOT FOR SALE474 OR DISTRIBUTION Other Blunt-Force Trauma Injuries �� 448 Chapter Summary ��474 Chemical Trauma Injuries �� 450 Review Questions ��474 Thermal Trauma Injuries �� 450 References��475 Electrical Trauma Injuries �� 451 © JonesAsphyxia-Related & Bartlett Deaths Learning, �� LLC 451 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORDrowning SALE�� OR DISTRIBUTION451 ChapterNOT FOR 18 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Manual Strangulation and Hanging ��451 Homicide, Suicide, or Accidental? �� 452 Special Scene Deaths Due to Drug Overdose �� 452 Considerations 477 © Jones & BartlettPublic Learning, Assistance LLCin Death © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Investigations �� 452 Learning Objectives �� 476 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Wrap Up �� 455 Key Terms �� 477 Chapter Summary �� 455 Underwater Crime Scene Review Questions �� 455 Response �� 478 References�� 456 Underwater Investigative Teams ��478 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCWhy Is an Investigative Dive© JonesTeam & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONNecessary? ��NOT FOR SALE478 OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 17 Where Is Investigative Diving Used? ��479 Arson and Explosive Who Should Comprise the Team? �� 480 Investigation 459 Team Design�� 482 © JonesLearning & Objectives Bartlett ��Learning, LLC 458 Assembling,© Jones Equipping, & Bartlett and Training Learning, LLC NOTKe yFOR Terms SALE �� OR DISTRIBUTION459 the TeNOTam �� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION484 Investigating Arson ��460 Personnel Requirements and Who Is Responsible for Investigation Training �� 485 of Arson? ��460 Processing and Documenting an © Jones & BartlettArson Learning, Evidence �� LLC 464 © Jones &Underwater Bartlett Scene Learning, �� LLC 485 Searching for and Marking NOT FOR SALE ORM otivesDISTRIBUTION for Arson �� 464 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Incendiary Evidence �� 466 Evidence �� 486 Collecting Evidence�� 466 Photographing in the Underwater Investigating Explosions ��468 Environment �� 486 Categories of Explosives �� 469 Suggestions for Adapting to Underwater Explosive Investigation© Jones �� & Bartlett Learning,469 LLC Environmental Issues ��© Jones & 491Bartlett Learning, LLC PredetonationNOT�� FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION470 Evidence Recovery ��NOT FOR SALE491 OR DISTRIBUTION Postdetonation ��470 Not Everything Is Submerged �� 492 Scene Search��470 Underwater Investigation Safety �� 493 Zones and Perimeters ��471 Buried Remains ��494 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Contents xvii © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Locating© BuriedJones Remains & Bartlett �� Learning,494 LLC Appendix D© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TurningNOT to Specialized FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Organizations �� 494 Examples of Evidence Effect of Burial Depth �� 495 Processing Locations Involving Buried Collection Kits 516 Remains�� 495 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Appendix© Jones & BartlettE Learning, LLC NOT FORSk etchingSALE and OR Mapping DISTRIBUTION the Scene �� 498 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Wrap Up ��499 Chapter Summary �� 499 Processing the Scene Review Questions �� 499 of Mass Fatality References�� 500 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesIncidents & Bartlett Learning, LLC 518 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Appendix A Appendix F Crime Scene Investigation Professional Organizations Historical Timeline 502 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCPertaining to Crime© Jones Scene & Bartlett Learning, LLC AppendixNOT FOR SALEB OR DISTRIBUTIONInvestigation NOT FOR SALE524 OR DISTRIBUTION Forensic Databases 508 Index 526 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEAppendix OR DISTRIBUTION C NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Crime Scene Equipment 514

xviii Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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It is not the critic who counts, not the man who roles and be properly trained and educated in points out how the strong man stumbled, or order to properly execute and perform them. © Joneswhere the & doer Bartlett of deeds Learning, could have doneLLC better There must© be Jones standardized & Bartlett terminology, Learning, LLC NOTThe FOR credit SALEbelongs toOR the DISTRIBUTION man who is actually in agreed uponNOT best FORpractices, SALE and OR acceptance DISTRIBUTION the arena, whose face is marred by the dust and of a lack of certainty. There is no “us” and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs “them” anymore. If the system is to work it and comes short again and again, who knows must function together, not separately. © Jones & Bartlettthe greatLearning, enthusiasms, LLC the great devotions © Jones Just & asBartlett a person Learning, who studies LLC the topic of NOT FOR SALEand OR spends DISTRIBUTION himself in a worthy course, who at NOTcriminal FOR SALE justice doesOR notDISTRIBUTION go out into the world the best, knows in the end the triumph of high and become employed as a criminal-justicer, achievement, and who, at worst, if he fails, at simply because someone reads a text on, or least fails while daring greatly, so that his place studies the topic of criminal justice, crime shall never be with those cold and timid souls scene investigation does not in any manner who know neither© Jones victory & or Bartlett defeat Learning, implyLLC that he or she will become© Jones employed & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR—Theodore SALE OR Roosevelt DISTRIBUTIONas a crime scene investigator.NOT This FORtext is SALE not OR DISTRIBUTION (Paris Sorbonne, 1910) meant to be a policy and procedure manual for In assembling this second edition, I have a specifi c career fi eld or job. It is intended to attempted to keep, and update as necessary, be an overview of the investigatory process as © Joneswhat was & reported Bartlett as Learning,being of use andLLC benefi t it relates to ©the Jones crime scene & Bartlett and the Learning,evidence LLC NOTwithin FOR the SALE confi nesOR of DISTRIBUTIONtraining and education. collected therein.NOT However,FOR SALE it is impossibleOR DISTRIBUTION to Of equal importance, I have also attempted to discuss crime scene−related evidence with- incorporate changes and to make additions out also discussing the forensic potential of in areas that were constructively criticized evidence. In order to determine the forensic within the fi rst edition. potential of evidence, one must be educated © Jones & Bartlett InLearning, presenting LLCtheir 13 recommendations, © Joneson what & information Bartlett Learning, can be gleaned LLC from per- NOT FOR SALEassembled OR DISTRIBUTION within “Strengthening Forensic NOTforming FOR SALEanalyses OR of the DISTRIBUTION evidence. This necessi- Science in the United States: A Path Forward,” tates discussion of basic forensic science appli- the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) rec- cations and analytical techniques, pertaining ognized that forensic science and investiga- to each area of physical evidence. tion must work hand in hand. They cannot Pertaining to science, this text is not in- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC be completely separate fi elds with no overlap. tended to be a forensic science/criminalistics They must functionNOT FORas a cohesive SALE unit.OR Inves-DISTRIBUTIONtext. There are several amazingNOT texts FOR on SALE the OR DISTRIBUTION tigators, crime scene personnel, and those market pertaining to the in-depth natural sci- tasked with analyzing the evidence docu- ence foundation associated with the analysis mented, collected, and preserved from the of physical evidence. This text is intended to © Jonesscene of & the Bartlett crime, must Learning, all understand LLC their educate the© reader Jones about & Bartlett the methodologies Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Preface xix © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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employed at a crime scene associated with topic of how to properly process a crime scene. documentation, collection, and preservation The police academy provided a thorough © Jonesof physical & Bartlett evidence, Learning, while also LLC educating education© on Jones search & and Bartlett seizure Learning, law, arrest LLC NOT theFOR reader SALE on the OR forensic DISTRIBUTION value of evidence. control techniques,NOT FOR firearms, SALE ORuse ofDISTRIBUTION force, and How else can personnel know what to col- driving tactics. However, the block of time lect as evidence if they are not aware of the devoted to the processing and documentation potential forensic value? However, it is not a of crime scenes was typically less than 1 day, © Jones & Bartlettrealistic Learning, possibility LLC to include both in-depth© Jones8 hours, & Bartlett in duration. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORscience DISTRIBUTION and processing methodologies withinNOT FORAs SALE the reader OR ofDISTRIBUTION this text will find, and as one text, or else it would be well over 800 I discovered during my time in law enforce- pages in length. Therefore, this is intended to ment, it is not simply crime scene technicians be a foundational text on the topic of crime or crime scene investigators who must be edu- scene investigation including the collection of cated about the methodologies and theories physical evidence.© Jones Those & Bartlett carrying Learning,on within LLCrelating to crime scene investigation.© Jones &It isBartlett also Learning, LLC the field ofNOT study FOR will SALEeventually OR study DISTRIBUTION areas necessary for police officers,NOT police FOR adminis SALE- OR DISTRIBUTION presented within this text in greater depth. tration, medical personnel, forensic scientists, For instance, criminal investigation and and a great many others to understand such criminalistics are courses of study in and of matters. © Jonesthemselves. & Bartlett Learning, LLC It is my© Joneshope that & the Bartlett reader will Learning, find this LLC NOT FORTherefore, SALE OR while DISTRIBUTION not presented with text appropriateNOT FOR as a reference SALE andOR educational DISTRIBUTION enough science for some, and too much resource for the topic of crime scene investi- science for others, this edition was assem- gation, assuming no prior knowledge of the bled to address the lack of a foundational, topic, and assembled to be both easy to fol- non-assuming text, which contains the low and easy to instruct from. As you will © Jones & Bartlettinf Learning,ormation and LLC pedagogical components© Jonesnote & upon Bartlett reading Learning, through the LLC text, I have NOT FOR SALE ORnecessary DISTRIBUTION to reach the individuals who willNOT FORattempted SALE to assembleOR DISTRIBUTION a cadre of very knowl- be responsible for the transformation of the edgeable and extremely experienced individu- forensic field the NAS report brought to the als to contribute to and assist with ensuring world’s attention. that this text is both timely and accurate. I will It was my experience as a new patrol leave it to the reader to determine if I have hit © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC officer that a large chasm existed about the my mark. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

xx Preface © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Several notable introductory texts on crime misconceptions are addressed in Chapter 2, scene investigation exist; unfortunately, the which deals with the so-called CSI effect . © Jonesmajority & are Bartlett written for Learning, those who are LLC involved This text© alsoJones provides & Bartlett the reader Learning, with LLC NOTin someFOR capacity SALE ORin the DISTRIBUTION fi eld, and thus con- a historicalNOT perspective FOR SALE on crime OR DISTRIBUTION scene tain a great deal of assumed knowledge. There investigation. By understanding how we got are over 400 academic programs within the to where we are today, the reader will have United States (in undergraduate, graduate, a better appreciation of, and an understand- © Jones & Bartlettand secondaryLearning, education) LLC that have a need © Jonesing for, & theBartlett complexities Learning, and LLCdifficulties NOT FOR SALEfor OR a textDISTRIBUTION presenting a foundation of crime NOT relating FOR SALEto the topic. OR DISTRIBUTIONIf one is to be educated scene investigation. This need inspired me to and to understand what crime scene investi- cease use of texts that assumed too much for gation is, it is necessary to cover more than the level of my students, and to instead write the simple “how-to’s” relating to such mat- one that is more appropriate. This text is writ- ters. Therefore, in addition to the methods, ten with the assumption© Jones that& Bartlett the reader Learning, is new motives,LLC and motions needed© Jones to secure & theBartlett Learning, LLC to the fi eld NOTof crime FOR scene SALE investigation OR DISTRIBUTION and crime scene, the text also coversNOT an FOR overview SALE OR DISTRIBUTION crime scene processing. of the investigative process as well as the ethi- An Introduction to Crime Scene Investiga- cal considerations applying to such matters. tion is written to be a foundational reference Also, because it is imperative that personnel © Jonesfor the investigative& Bartlett Learning,process as it LLC relates to understand© the Jones forensic & potentialBartlett associated Learning, LLC NOTcrime FOR scene SALE processing OR DISTRIBUTION methods and proce- with physicalNOT evidence FOR in SALE order to OR know DISTRIBUTION what dures. The reader will fi nd that the focus is to document, collect, and preserve, funda- on the day-to-day aspects of crime scene pro- mental forensic science discussions associ- cessing. The text describes the methodologies ated with physical evidence examination and employed by crime scene personnel, details analysis are also covered. Discussions about © Jones & Bartlettthe stepsLearning, in the process,LLC and explains how © Jonescrime scene& Bartlett procedures, Learning, detailed LLC fi gures, and NOT FOR SALEto OR decide DISTRIBUTION on the order of the methods. My NOTreal-life FOR examples SALE OR enhance DISTRIBUTION the reader’s under- hope is that this text will help to eliminate the standing and demonstrate precisely how to warped impressions of crime scene personnel’s apply the techniques and tools of the trade. duties created by modern forensic television An Introduction to Crime Scene Investi- and movie dramas, and will help the reader gation provides those in training and those © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC to identify the various interrelated compo- attending community colleges, universities, nents of the investigativeNOT FOR process. SALE Such OR publicDISTRIBUTION and police academies with a trueNOT introductory FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Introduction xxi © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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text that is written for those with no assumed the beginning of each chapter to alert knowledge in the area and for those who are readers to specific terms they should © Joneseither & not Bartlett in or are Learning, new to the field. LLC My hope understand.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT isFOR that thisSALE text willOR beDISTRIBUTION considered an essential • ReviewNOT FORQuestions. SALE Knowledge OR DISTRIBUTION and source of foundational development, proper skills must be reinforced. Review protocols, and best practices used in a suc- questions are provided for student cessful crime scene investigation. self-study options and for use by © Jones & Bartlett Learning,This text was LLC assembled using a pragmatic,© Jones & Bartlettinstructors Learning, who are developing LLC writ- NOT FOR SALE ORcritical, DISTRIBUTION and multidisciplinary approach. ThisNOT FOR SALEten assignments OR DISTRIBUTION and examinations. text recognizes that many of the concepts and • “Ripped from the Headlines” Current methods relating to the field of crime scene Event Examples. In an effort to apply investigation are likely to be unfamiliar. For the theory and guidelines addressed this reason, special instructional devices and within the text, examples of real- learning strategies© Jones are & utilizedBartlett throughout, Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC world incidents involving the content including:NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION are discussed in the chapters. This • Learning Objectives. The learning application to real-world situations objectives are listed at the beginning will enable the reader to better grasp of each chapter. Emphasis is placed the concepts presented. on active learning rather than passive © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • “©Case-in-Point” Jones & Bartlett Examples. Learning, In addition LLC learning. The hope is that the reader NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION toNOT current FOR events, SALE there OR are DISTRIBUTION case sce- gains knowledge of how to apply the narios and summations to assist the concepts and material, and not simply reader in further comprehension of retains the information temporarily the presented material. with plans to regurgitate it on a test. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,The learning LLC objectives concentrate© Jones &• Bartlett“View from Learning, an Expert” LLC Insights. As a NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONon the acquisition of knowledge andNOT FOR SALEway toOR further DISTRIBUTION the real-world infor- foundations needed to understand, mation that the reader is exposed to compare, contrast, define, explain, within the text, chapters also include predict, estimate, evaluate, plan, and insights from a forensic expert in apply. the field of study discussed in each © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC chapter. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • KeyNOT Terms. FOR If one SALE is to study OR DISTRIBUTIONthe field NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of crime scene investigation, it is nec- • Case Studies. At the conclusion of essary to become familiar with the many of the chapters are case studies terminology and vocabulary associ- that challenge the reader to seek out ated with it. Key terms are listed at additional information from outside © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

xxii Introduction © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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sources to assist them with a more A comprehensive student companion in-depth comprehension of the pre- Website, hosting downloadable Word © Jones &sented Bartlett material. Learning, LLC Searches, Flashcards,© Jones a &Glossary, Bartlett Crosswords, Learning, LLC NOT FOR• References. SALE OR Each DISTRIBUTION chapter is supple- and Case StudyNOT Weblinks, FOR SALE is available OR DISTRIBUTION online mented with references pertaining at go.jblearning.com/CrimeSceneInvestiga- to the key areas addressed within the tion2. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines and a Test chapter. Bank have also been created for instructor use. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Introduction xxiii © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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There are a number of people who I would investigation. You each have exciting careers like to thank for their selfless assistance ahead of you. © Joneswith this& Bartlett text, without Learning, whose assistance LLC this Stacie© Byers, Jones without & Bartlett whom I wouldLearning, likely LLC NOT workFOR would SALE fall OR incredibly DISTRIBUTION short of hitting have madeNOT more FOR than SALE a few OR embarrassing DISTRIBUTION the mark. errors throughout this text. I greatly appreci- I wish to thank: ated you fi tting time into your hectic schedule Those who contributed their knowledge to review and provide feedback on the entire © Jones & Bartlettand Learning, expertise toLLC the various chapter inserts© Jonestext. & Your Bartlett experience Learning, and professionalism LLC NOT FOR SALE OR entitled DISTRIBUTION “View from an Expert:” CarmineNOT FORwhere SALE editing ORand proofreadingDISTRIBUTION are concerned Artone, Ronald Becker, Thomas Blackwell, and your ability to look at the content from an Diana Johnson, Dale Kapla, Brent Kohls, “outsider’s” standpoint were invaluable to me. Mike Krapfl , Timothy Kupferschmid, Gary I am fortunate to call you a friend. Lind, Herbert McDonell, Marie-Helen Maras, I also wish to thank Caitlin Murphy, Sean Brendan Nytes,© Jones Sarah & Owen, Bartlett Randy Learning, Taylor, LLCConnelly, Cathleen Sether,© Jones Tracey McCrea,& Bartlett Learning, LLC and Sandy NOTWeiss. FOR Your insight SALE and OR experiences DISTRIBUTION Ashley Dos Santos, DanielleNOT Schaeffer, FOR AudreySALE OR DISTRIBUTION added greatly to the depth of the chapters and Schwinn, and the entire editorial, production, will allow the reader to gain additional views and marketing staff at Jones & Bartlett Learn- into the subject matter. ing. Thank you for giving me the opportunity, © JonesThe & Bartlett numerous Learning, students and LLC alumni of assisting ©me Jones with the & production, Bartlett Learning,and helping LLC NOT theFOR University SALE ORof Wisconsin-Platteville DISTRIBUTION who to create NOTwhat IFOR hope willSALE be aOR work DISTRIBUTION that will contributed to the text: Sarah Bedish, Ellie fi ll a void in professional education. Bruchez, Dana Gevelinger, Erica Lawler, Lastly, I wish to thank my family and Angela Lonski, Joseph LeFevre, Gabbie Mears, friends for their love and support. My passion Elizabeth A. Sedgwick, and Nicholas Vesper. for writing often takes me away from those © Jones & BartlettYour Learning, contributions LLC help the content of this© Jonesthat & I loveBartlett and that Learning, love me. I appreciateLLC your NOT FOR SALE ORtext DISTRIBUTION to leap off of the pages and give the read-NOT FORunderstanding SALE OR and DISTRIBUTION support with yet another ers visual insight into the world of crime scene endeavor.

xxiv Acknowledgments © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Thank you to the following reviewers for their valuable input in the revision of this text: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC M. George Eichenberg , Tarleton State NOT FORUniversity SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Andra Lewis-Krick , University of North Texas Jerry Loar , Walters State Community © Jones & Bartlett Learning,College, LLCRetired Special Agent of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe FBI NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION James F. Nardozzi, Post University David F. Nicholson , Missouri Western State University © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Terry L. Pippin , College of Southern NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nevada Robert Skowron , Virginia Commonwealth University, and Captain, Chesterfi eld County Police Department © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Sally Welch, Marygrove College NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Reviewers xxv © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Aric Dutelle has been involved in law enforce- In addition to his university obligations, ment for over a decade. During this time, he since 2006, the author has been a forensic © Joneshas held & Bartlett positions Learning,as a police offi LLC cer, deputy instructor © for Jones the U.S. & Department Bartlett Learning, of Justice’s LLC NOT sheriff,FOR SALE crime sceneOR DISTRIBUTION technician, and reserve InternationalNOT Criminal FOR SALE Investigation OR DISTRIBUTION Training medico-legal investigator. He has a Master of Assistance Program (ICITAP), specializing in Forensic Sciences (MFS) degree, and is a POST- and providing training in crime scene pro- certifi ed law enforcement offi cer. Since 2004, cessing methodologies and techniques around © Jones & Bartletthe Learning, has taught crimeLLC scene-related courses ©at Jonesthe globe.& Bartlett He continues Learning, to be actively LLC involved NOT FOR SALE ORthe DISTRIBUTIONUniversity of Wisconsin– Platteville. HeNOT FORin training, SALE consulting,OR DISTRIBUTION and assisting law is currently an Associate Professor and the enforcement agencies with criminal investi- Forensic Investigation Program Coordinator gations and crime scene processing around within the Department of Criminal Justice. the United States and internationally. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

xxvi About the Author © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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