Shifting Images of Wilderness in American Literature

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Shifting Images of Wilderness in American Literature University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--English English 2015 Narrating Rewilding: Shifting Images of Wilderness in American Literature Aaron Andrew Cloyd University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Cloyd, Aaron Andrew, "Narrating Rewilding: Shifting Images of Wilderness in American Literature" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--English. 25. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/english_etds/25 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the English at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--English by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Aaron Andrew Cloyd, Student Dr. Randall Roorda, Major Professor Dr. Andy Doolen, Director of Graduate Studies NARRATING REWILDING: SHIFTING IMAGES OF WILDERNESS IN AMERICAN LITERATURE _________________________________ DISSERTATION __________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Aaron Andrew Cloyd Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Randall Roorda, Associate Professor of English Lexington, Kentucky 2015 Copyright © Aaron Andrew Cloyd 2015 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION NARRATING REWILDING: SHIFTING IMAGES OF WILDERNESS IN AMERICAN LITERATURE Narrating Rewilding analyzes interactions between imaginative writings and environmental histories to ask how novels and creative nonfiction contribute to conversations of wilderness rewilding. I identify aspects of rewilding in Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses, Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping, and Terry Tempest Williams’s Refuge within a context of William Cronon’s and James Feldman’s works of environmental history, and I argue that the selected imaginative works offer alternative ramifications of rewilding by questioning Cronon’s and Feldman’s anthropocentric basis. While Cronon and Feldman argue that a rewilding wilderness expresses interconnections between human history and expressions of nature, and that a return of wild aspects benefits human understanding and interaction within wilderness areas, in these imaginative writings, wildernesses are sites that flatten hierarchies between natural elements and human aspects, places where characters languish. They are lands deeply layered with both natural and cultural histories, but aspects of the past often remain beyond reach. Rewilding in these wildernesses equates with damage and loss. Taken together, I argue that these narratives of wilderness rewilding augment one another, creating a dialog where Cronon’s and Feldman’s discourses of environmental recovery and of human gain inform corresponding imaginative writings but are also challenged by models of lament and loss. This restructured approach to wilderness rewilding offers a widened range of potential responses to an ever-changing, ever- rewilding wilderness. KEYWORDS: American Literature, Wilderness, Rewilding, Environmental Writing, Ecocriticism Aaron Andrew Cloyd Student’s Signature October 5, 2015 Date NARRATING REWILDING: SHIFTING IMAGES OF WILDERNESS IN AMERICAN LITERATURE By Aaron Andrew Cloyd Randall Roorda, PhD Director of Dissertation Andy Doolen, PhD Director of Graduate Studies October 5, 2015 DEDICATION For Lisa – my love, my heart For Nathaniel – my joy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe much gratitude to Randall Roorda: dissertation director, model professor, and friend. My writing echoes with our many conversations, and my teaching reflects your mentoring. Thank you for your persistent, but kind guidance. I am also grateful to Armando Prats, Michelle Sizemore, Karl Raitz, and John Watkins. Your insightful questions gave shape to much of this project. Thank you for encouragement throughout my time at the University of Kentucky. This dissertation is rooted in support from Margaret Johnson, Doug Schaak, and Domani Pothen. Your caring attention toward my master’s thesis and seminar papers helped convince me that I should continue. To Jenna Goldsmith, Eric Casero, and Pat Herald: thank you for conversations, for lunches, and for spaces to rehearse ideas. For my family, thank you for patiently listening, for insisting that completion was possible when I doubted. Your warmth and joy were consistent lights throughout. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................iii Chapter One: Introduction: Reweaving Wilderness Rewilding...........................................1 Imaging Wilderness Interactions.............................................................................3 Uses of “Rewilding”..............................................................................................10 Semantics and Modes of Rewilding......................................................................13 Chapter Outlines....................................................................................................15 Conclusion.............................................................................................................18 Chapter Two: (Re)Defining Wilderness in Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses...................................................................................19 Extrinsic and Intrinsic............................................................................................21 A Wilderness of Attention and Diction.......................................................25 A Wilderness of Interrelation......................................................................28 Additional Sites of Value.......................................................................................32 From Hierarchical to Rhizomatic..........................................................................37 Optical Democracy......................................................................................42 Explicating Import.................................................................................................46 Chapter Three: (Re)Visioning Wilderness and History in Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping........................................................................54 Wilderness and Atemporality…………………………………………………….57 Historicizing the Ahistorical..................................................................................62 Shaping Wilderness Relations...............................................................................67 Narrating that Which Lies Beneath……..…………....….……………………….77 Chapter Four: (Re)Casting Rewilding in Terry Tempest Williams’s Refuge…..........…..84 Presentation and Presence of Wilderness..............................................................86 The Great Salt Lake: A Watery Wilderness..........................................................93 Acts of Attribution and Appropriation...................................................................99 Rewilding: Locations of Loss..............................................................................105 Rewilding: Adaption and the Wilderness Within................................................110 Posturing in Sites of Rewilding...........................................................................115 Works Cited.....................................................................................................................118 Vita...................................................................................................................................128 iv Chapter One Introduction: Reweaving Wilderness Rewilding Oak trees define parking regulations on Stone Avenue in Lexington, Kentucky. Most mornings I pass this arborescent colonnade on my walk to the University, undulating over pieces of sidewalk that roots have puckered along the seams. From the narrow strip of land between road and sidewalk, broad
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