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Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All USU Press Publications USU Press 2001 Newe Hupia: Shoshoni Poetry Songs Beverly Crum Earl Crum Jon P. Dayley Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs Part of the Creative Writing Commons, and the Indigenous Studies Commons Recommended Citation Crum, B., Crum, E., & Dayley, J. P. (2001). Newe Hupia: Shoshoni poetry songs. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the USU Press at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All USU Press Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEWE HUPIA SHOSHONI POETRY SONGS NEWE HUPIA SHOSHONI POETRY SONGS Beverly Crum Earl Crum Jon P. Dayley Utah State University Press Logan, Utah ISBN 0-87421-466-1 (E-BOOK) Copyright © 2001 by Beverly Crum, Earl Crum, and Jon P. Dayley Utah State University Press Logan, Utah 84322-7800 Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper 080706050403020112345678 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crum, Beverly. Newe Hupia : Shoshoni poetry songs / Beverly Crum, Earl Crum, Jon P. Dayley. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-87421-413-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) — 0-87421-433-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Shoshoni poetry—History and criticism. 2. Shoshoni Indians—Songs and music. I. Crum, Earl, 1923– II. Dayley, Jon P.(Jon Phillip), 1944– III. Title. PM2321 .Z77 C78 2001 897'.45–dc21 2001006301 To the many Newe hupiakantee ‘Shoshoni singers’ who have already nekkamaihku ‘gone dancing’ (i.e., passed away). They have been our teachers. Their generosity has enabled us to make this collection of poetry songs possible. Contents Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Works Cited 24 Audio Compact Disc inside back cover Songs 27 CD Track NATAYAA SONGS 28 1 Totsantsi ‘Cleansing’, Earl Crum 28 2 Ainkappata ‘Red Currants’, Earl Crum 30 3 Puisenna ‘Green Aspen’, Earl Crum 32 ROUND DANCE SONGS 34 4 Sai Paa Hupia ‘Boat and Water Song’, Beverly Crum 34 5 Waseppittsian Nahupia ‘Song of the Mountain Sheep’, Earl Crum 36 6 Tahmani Hupia ‘Spring Song’, Earl Crum 38 7 Hunnita Ma’ai A’ninna Nahupia ‘Red Ants and Black Ants Song’, Earl Crum 40 8 Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia ‘Song of the Buck Deer’, Earl Crum 42 9 Pia Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia ‘Stag Song’, Earl Crum 45 10 Yepani Hupia ‘Fall Song’, Earl Crum 47 11 Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia ‘Song of the Buck Antelope’, Earl Crum 49 12 Tekaitennan Nahupia ‘Song of the Hunter’, Earl Crum 55 13 Ainkam Pehyen Nahupia ‘Song of the Red Duck’, Earl Crum 60 14 Pia Kuittsunnan Nahupia ‘Song of the Big Buffalo’, Earl Crum 62 15 Huittsaannan Nahupia ‘Song of the Sage Hen’, Earl Crum 64 16 Hoakkantennan Nahupia ‘Song of the Warrior’, Beverly Crum 68 17 Tuittsi’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Young Man’, Earl Crum 70 18 Upi Katete ‘There She Sits’, Beverly Crum 73 19 Piatetsii’an Nahupia ‘Song of Wild Rice’, Earl Crum 75 20 Toyakaitennan Nahupia ‘Thunder Song’, Earl Crum 77 21 Pa’emah Hupia ‘Rain Song’, Earl Crum 79 22 Tempitta Nemittan Nahupia ‘Song of the Rock Walker’, Earl Crum 81 23 Tsaan Napuni Tamme Sokopi ‘How Beautiful Is Our Land’, Beverly Crum 83 24 Pia Isan Nahupia ‘Wolf Song’, Beverly Crum 86 25 Kamme Hupia ‘Jackrabbit Song’, Earl Crum 88 26 Pimmaa Tuintsi ‘Young Calves’, Earl Crum 91 27 Oyon Tempi ‘Every Rock’, Earl Crum 93 28 Tooppehan Nahupia ‘Cloud Song’, Earl Crum 99 29 Pia Pakenappeh ‘Heavy Fog’, Earl Crum 101 30 Pasiwakkatetem Manteh ‘To the Sand Dunes’, Earl Crum 104 31 Yuwannan Totompeentsi ‘Heat Wave’, Earl Crum 106 32 Pui Aipin Tempi Tenapoo ‘Marks of Blue Chalky Clay’, Earl Crum 109 33 Payampa Yampa Tuu ‘Through the Wild Carrot Fields’, Earl Crum 111 34 Tahma Okwaiteentsi ‘Spring Floods’, Earl Crum 113 35 Pakenappeh ‘Fog’, Earl Crum 115 36 Tekaimmi’a ‘Going Hunting’, Earl Crum 117 37 Puiwoo ‘Little Green Fish’, Earl Crum 119 38 Pia Potto(n) ‘Big Grinding Stone’, Earl Crum 121 39 Saai Pakantsukkih ‘Tule Blackbirds’, Earl Crum 123 40 Tosa Weyempih ‘White Buffalo Berry’, Earl Crum 126 41 Tuuppantsuku ‘Dark Mink’, Earl Crum 128 42 Pia Wantsi ‘Tall Grass’, Earl Crum 130 43 Pantei Hupia ‘Killdeer Song’, Beverly Crum 132 AIPUNTU SONGS 134 44 Tukani Hupia ‘Night Song’, Earl Crum 134 45 Hiim Patatsiinna ‘Something Is Shining’, Earl Crum 136 46 Tammem Piineen Temapaiappeh ‘What Our Mothers Have Made’, Beverly Crum 138 47 Nean Temapaiappeh ‘What I Have Made’, Beverly Crum 140 MEDICINE OR PRAYER SONGS 142 48 Hupia Waimpentsi ‘Song Woman’, Beverly Crum 142 49 Tuun Nekentannan Tuattsi’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Child of a Dark Goose’, Beverly Crum and Earl Crum 144 50 Nanisuntehai Hupia ‘Prayer Song’, Earl Crum 148 51 Tuukkwi’naa’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Golden Eagle’, Beverly Crum 150 BEAR DANCE SONG 152 52 Tamme Yampa Sateettsi ‘Our Wild Carrot Pet’, Beverly Crum 152 CONTEMPORARY SONGS 154 53 Nattahsu’u Hupia ‘Medicine Song’, Earl Crum 154 54 Natsiwenne Hupia ‘Flag Song’, Beverly Crum 159 Music 161 Glossary 167 Introduction 168 Shoshoni to English 170 English to Shoshoni 227 Illustrations The authors and other Shoshoni language teachers 3 Early twentieth century day time dance 6 Dance at the Ruby Valley Fandango, 1972 7 Winnowing baskets in use 18 Jode Jake and Jim Crum with recently killed buck deer 43 Antelope 51 Beverly Crum with children at tribal Head Start center 56 Flock of sage hen 66 Lone sage hen 67 Grove of quaking aspen 85 Jim Crum with rabbits he hunted 89 Tule blackbird 124 Acknowledgments Many people have contributed to make this collection of Newe hupia ‘Shoshoni poetry songs’ possible. First, we would like to thank the Shoshoni people who kept reminding us of how important it is to preserve our songs in written form and on CD. We are indebted to the late Wick R. Miller, who developed the writing system that we use for writing Shoshoni (see Crum and Miller 1987; Crum and Dayley 1993). We want to thank Johann Helton for recording the poetry songs on CD and Jon Fransen, the audio engineer who remixed and edited the final copy of the CD. We would like to give our deepest gratitude to Ken Kuchler, music director and conductor of the Wasatch Community Symphony Orchestra in Salt Lake City, who, working with Earl Crum, put a number of the songs in this collection to musical notation. Two of the songs here, along with other Native American songs, were played by members of the orchestra in a concert in Salt Lake City in May 2000. We thank Professor Charles Greenhaw at the Great Basin College in Elko, Nevada, for giving us an initial critique of the manuscript and encour- aging us to continue. We also thank several anonymous readers for their many helpful suggestions. Finally, we want to thank members of our families for their patience and encouragement during the long process of putting this book together. Jon Dayley would especially like to thank his wife Dana Logan for her sup- port in this effort. xi Abbreviations adj adjective np noun phrase adv adverb o object aux auxiliary verb ø no objective case suffix conj conjunction obj object/objective case dem demonstrative p postposition distrib distributive pass passive dl dual perf perfective dub dubitative pl plural dur durative poss possessive emph emphatic prfx prefix excl exclusive pro pronoun flex flexible q yes/no question particle hab habitual quant quantifier incl inclusive quote quotative particle incorp object incorporating verb rcprcl reciprocal instr instrumental rel relative inter interrogative rflx reflexive intrjct interjection sg singular iv intransitive verb state stative link linking sub subordinate, subordinating loc locative subj subject/subjective case n noun top toponym neg negative tv transitive verb no number v verb Introduction This work is a collection of Newe hupia ‘Shoshoni poetry songs’, which celebrate the traditional Shoshoni hunting and gathering lifeway and world view. For centuries the ancestors of the Shoshoni lived in the Great Basin and surrounding areas of what is now the western United States, moving seasonally from place to place harvesting various roots, berries, grains, pinenuts, herbs, and game animals. The poetry songs are rich in describing this way of life, which is intimately connected to the natural world. Today, Shoshoni people still sing these songs celebrating the traditional lifeway. From the Shoshoni perspective, nearly everything in life and nature is sacred and worthy of being put to song. Thus, many songs are about specific details of nature such as animals, plants, and geographical and meteorologi- cal phenomena. They are also about traditional human activities such as hunting game and gathering and preparing foods, as well as spiritual prac- tices and themes. On the one hand, the poetry songs are a traditional art form for the enjoyment of all who sing and hear them. On the other hand, they are used to help people learn about the specific details of nature, which are extremely important for people living in a hunting and gathering lifeway. The themes of Shoshoni poetry songs are often not what either songs or poetry might be about in the modern Western tradition. The beauty of the lyrics of the songs lies in their simplicity and their power to capture details of nature and human existence that some of us may overlook or not pay much attention to. The poetry songs offer us a fresh look at the world, making the familiar vivid and alive. They give us insight and invoke clear imagery of the ordinary yet wondrous world we live in, expressing the expe- rience of seeing the world as it is.
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