Newe Hupia: Shoshoni Poetry Songs

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2001

Beverly Crum

Earl Crum

Jon P. Dayley

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Recommended Citation Crum, B., Crum, E., & Dayley, J. P. (2001). Newe Hupia: Shoshoni poetry songs. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press.

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NEWE HUPIA SHOSHONI POETRY SONGS

Beverly Crum Earl Crum Jon P. Dayley

Utah State University Press Logan, Utah 84322-7800

Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper

080706050403020112345678

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Crum, Beverly. Newe Hupia : Shoshoni poetry songs / Beverly Crum, Earl Crum, Jon P. Dayley. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-87421-413-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) — 0-87421-433-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Shoshoni poetry—History and criticism. 2. Shoshoni Indians—Songs and music. I. Crum, Earl, 1923– II. Dayley, Jon P.(Jon Phillip), 1944– III. Title. PM2321 .Z77 C78 2001 897'.45–dc21 2001006301 To the many Newe hupiakantee ‘Shoshoni singers’ who have already nekkamaihku ‘gone dancing’ (i.e., passed away). They have been our teachers. Their generosity has enabled us to make this collection of poetry songs possible. Contents

Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Works Cited 24

Audio Compact Disc inside back cover

Songs 27 CD Track NATAYAA SONGS 28 1 Totsantsi ‘Cleansing’, Earl Crum 28 2 Ainkappata ‘Red Currants’, Earl Crum 30 3 Puisenna ‘Green Aspen’, Earl Crum 32

ROUND DANCE SONGS 34 4 Sai Paa Hupia ‘Boat and Water Song’, Beverly Crum 34 5 Waseppittsian Nahupia ‘Song of the Mountain Sheep’, Earl Crum 36 6 Tahmani Hupia ‘Spring Song’, Earl Crum 38 7 Hunnita Ma’ai A’ninna Nahupia ‘Red Ants and Black Ants Song’, Earl Crum 40 8 Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia ‘Song of the Buck Deer’, Earl Crum 42 9 Pia Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia ‘Stag Song’, Earl Crum 45 10 Yepani Hupia ‘Fall Song’, Earl Crum 47 11 Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia ‘Song of the Buck Antelope’, Earl Crum 49 12 Tekaitennan Nahupia ‘Song of the Hunter’, Earl Crum 55 13 Ainkam Pehyen Nahupia ‘Song of the Red Duck’, Earl Crum 60 14 Pia Kuittsunnan Nahupia ‘Song of the Big Buffalo’, Earl Crum 62 15 Huittsaannan Nahupia ‘Song of the Sage Hen’, Earl Crum 64 16 Hoakkantennan Nahupia ‘Song of the Warrior’, Beverly Crum 68 17 Tuittsi’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Young Man’, Earl Crum 70 18 Upi Katete ‘There She Sits’, Beverly Crum 73 19 Piatetsii’an Nahupia ‘Song of Wild Rice’, Earl Crum 75 20 Toyakaitennan Nahupia ‘Thunder Song’, Earl Crum 77 21 Pa’emah Hupia ‘Rain Song’, Earl Crum 79 22 Tempitta Nemittan Nahupia ‘Song of the Rock Walker’, Earl Crum 81 23 Tsaan Napuni Tamme Sokopi ‘How Beautiful Is Our Land’, Beverly Crum 83 24 Pia Isan Nahupia ‘Wolf Song’, Beverly Crum 86 25 Kamme Hupia ‘Jackrabbit Song’, Earl Crum 88 26 Pimmaa Tuintsi ‘Young Calves’, Earl Crum 91 27 Oyon Tempi ‘Every Rock’, Earl Crum 93 28 Tooppehan Nahupia ‘Cloud Song’, Earl Crum 99 29 Pia Pakenappeh ‘Heavy Fog’, Earl Crum 101 30 Pasiwakkatetem Manteh ‘To the Sand Dunes’, Earl Crum 104 31 Yuwannan Totompeentsi ‘Heat Wave’, Earl Crum 106 32 Pui Aipin Tempi Tenapoo ‘Marks of Blue Chalky Clay’, Earl Crum 109 33 Payampa Yampa Tuu ‘Through the Wild Carrot Fields’, Earl Crum 111 34 Tahma Okwaiteentsi ‘Spring Floods’, Earl Crum 113 35 Pakenappeh ‘Fog’, Earl Crum 115 36 Tekaimmi’a ‘Going Hunting’, Earl Crum 117 37 Puiwoo ‘Little Green Fish’, Earl Crum 119 38 Pia Potto(n) ‘Big Grinding Stone’, Earl Crum 121 39 Saai Pakantsukkih ‘Tule Blackbirds’, Earl Crum 123 40 Tosa Weyempih ‘White Buffalo Berry’, Earl Crum 126 41 Tuuppantsuku ‘Dark Mink’, Earl Crum 128 42 Pia Wantsi ‘Tall Grass’, Earl Crum 130 43 Pantei Hupia ‘Killdeer Song’, Beverly Crum 132

AIPUNTU SONGS 134 44 Tukani Hupia ‘Night Song’, Earl Crum 134 45 Hiim Patatsiinna ‘Something Is Shining’, Earl Crum 136 46 Tammem Piineen Temapaiappeh ‘What Our Mothers Have Made’, Beverly Crum 138 47 Nean Temapaiappeh ‘What I Have Made’, Beverly Crum 140

MEDICINE OR PRAYER SONGS 142 48 Hupia Waimpentsi ‘Song Woman’, Beverly Crum 142 49 Tuun Nekentannan Tuattsi’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Child of a Dark Goose’, Beverly Crum and Earl Crum 144 50 Nanisuntehai Hupia ‘Prayer Song’, Earl Crum 148 51 Tuukkwi’naa’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Golden Eagle’, Beverly Crum 150

BEAR DANCE SONG 152 52 Tamme Yampa Sateettsi ‘Our Wild Carrot Pet’, Beverly Crum 152

CONTEMPORARY SONGS 154 53 Nattahsu’u Hupia ‘Medicine Song’, Earl Crum 154 54 Natsiwenne Hupia ‘Flag Song’, Beverly Crum 159

Music 161

Glossary 167 Introduction 168 Shoshoni to English 170 English to Shoshoni 227 Illustrations

The authors and other Shoshoni language teachers 3 Early twentieth century day time dance 6 Dance at the Ruby Valley Fandango, 1972 7 Winnowing baskets in use 18 Jode Jake and Jim Crum with recently killed buck deer 43 Antelope 51 Beverly Crum with children at tribal Head Start center 56 Flock of sage hen 66 Lone sage hen 67 Grove of quaking aspen 85 Jim Crum with rabbits he hunted 89 Tule blackbird 124 Acknowledgments

Many people have contributed to make this collection of Newe hupia ‘Shoshoni poetry songs’ possible. First, we would like to thank the Shoshoni people who kept reminding us of how important it is to preserve our songs in written form and on CD. We are indebted to the late Wick R. Miller, who developed the writing system that we use for writing Shoshoni (see Crum and Miller 1987; Crum and Dayley 1993). We want to thank Johann Helton for recording the poetry songs on CD and Jon Fransen, the audio engineer who remixed and edited the final copy of the CD. We would like to give our deepest gratitude to Ken Kuchler, music director and conductor of the Wasatch Community Symphony Orchestra in Salt Lake City, who, working with Earl Crum, put a number of the songs in this collection to musical notation. Two of the songs here, along with other Native American songs, were played by members of the orchestra in a concert in Salt Lake City in May 2000. We thank Professor Charles Greenhaw at the Great Basin College in Elko, Nevada, for giving us an initial critique of the manuscript and encour- aging us to continue. We also thank several anonymous readers for their many helpful suggestions. Finally, we want to thank members of our families for their patience and encouragement during the long process of putting this book together. Jon Dayley would especially like to thank his wife Dana Logan for her sup- port in this effort.

xi Abbreviations

adj adjective np noun phrase adv adverb o object aux auxiliary verb ø no objective case suffix conj conjunction obj object/objective case dem demonstrative p postposition distrib distributive pass passive dl dual perf perfective dub dubitative pl plural dur durative poss possessive emph emphatic prfx prefix excl exclusive pro pronoun flex flexible q yes/no question particle hab habitual quant quantifier incl inclusive quote quotative particle incorp object incorporating verb rcprcl reciprocal instr instrumental rel relative inter interrogative rflx reflexive intrjct interjection sg singular iv intransitive verb state stative link linking sub subordinate, subordinating loc locative subj subject/subjective case n noun top toponym neg negative tv transitive verb no number v verb Introduction

This work is a collection of Newe hupia ‘Shoshoni poetry songs’, which celebrate the traditional Shoshoni hunting and gathering lifeway and world view. For centuries the ancestors of the Shoshoni lived in the Great Basin and surrounding areas of what is now the western United States, moving seasonally from place to place harvesting various roots, berries, grains, pinenuts, herbs, and game animals. The poetry songs are rich in describing this way of life, which is intimately connected to the natural world. Today, Shoshoni people still sing these songs celebrating the traditional lifeway. From the Shoshoni perspective, nearly everything in life and nature is sacred and worthy of being put to song. Thus, many songs are about specific details of nature such as animals, plants, and geographical and meteorologi- cal phenomena. They are also about traditional human activities such as hunting game and gathering and preparing foods, as well as spiritual practices and themes. On the one hand, the poetry songs are a traditional art form for the enjoyment of all who sing and hear them. On the other hand, they are used to help people learn about the specific details of nature, which are extremely important for people living in a hunting and gathering lifeway. The themes of Shoshoni poetry songs are often not what either songs or poetry might be about in the modern Western tradition. The beauty of the lyrics of the songs lies in their simplicity and their power to capture details of nature and human existence that some of us may overlook or not pay much attention to. The poetry songs offer us a fresh look at the world, making the familiar vivid and alive. They give us insight and invoke clear imagery of the ordinary yet wondrous world we live in, expressing the experience of seeing the world as it is. The poetry songs invoke imagery rather than describe it. In fact, elaborate description is avoided, and the songs use as few words as possible. Thus, the poetry songs are minimalist, simply illuminating the wonders of everyday life and celebrating its sacredness. The imagery is what is important, and so what is invoked is to some degree individual. Different singers of the same song and different people listening to it may have different interpretations. Each person has his or her own experience in the world, and so different interpretations of a given song are possible. What is important is taking

1 2 Newe Hupia delight in the wonders of nature and the world, to see it clearly as it is. The songs help one pay attention to the world and delight in it. In this regard the poetry songs are much like Japanese haiku poetry but without restrictions on numbers of lines and syllables within the line. However, Shoshoni poetry songs are different from Old World poetry in that they are always sung, never simply recited, and always sung in the context of other activities such as dancing, playing handgame (= stickgame), healing ceremonies, and other rituals. The poetry songs are sung to provide a background invoking energy and power for the other activities, so the same song may be sung over and over again during a particular dance or ceremony before another song is sung. And in some songs the same line is repeated several times for rhythmic effect. The repetition is important in order to emphasize the imagery and power the song invokes for the hearers, whether they are dancers in a dance, players gambling in handgame, or healers and patients in healing ceremonies. The songs serve an important function by invoking puha ‘supernatural power’ in whatever context they are being sung. In this way, the poetry songs play an important role in the lives of the Shoshoni people. The Newe (~ Neme) ‘Shoshoni (people)’ have a rich oral tradition which includes historical narratives and mythological stories as well as songs (see Canonge 1958; Crum 1980, 1985, 1993; Crum and Dayley 1997; Lowie 1909, 1924; Miller 1972; Smith 1993). Traditionally, older singers would teach younger people who wanted to learn the songs, and so the songs were passed down orally from generation to generation as something of especial value. Occasionally, a singer would create his or her own new song. Different singers may sing slightly different versions of the same song, and sometimes the same singer may sing slightly different versions. But as each generation of people who know the songs dies off, fewer and fewer young people have an opportunity to learn them. So, it is with a sense of urgency that we have collected and recorded them. All of the poetry songs in this work are sung by Beverly and Earl Crum, both native speakers of Western Shoshoni and traditional singers. They live on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation straddling the border between Idaho and Nevada, have been married for fifty-five years, and have three grown children. Earl was born on a hillside near Battle Mountain, Nevada, in 1923 and learned many of the songs from older relatives and friends while growing up. Earl also learned some of the songs by hearing them at dances and other social gatherings and in healing ceremonies and other rituals. In addition, Earl’s mother, the late Mabel Rodrigues, tape-recorded many Newe hupia that she had learned in her lifetime and gave them to Earl before she passed away to add to his collection. In recent years, Earl and other Shoshonis who enjoy Introduction 3

The authors and others from a training program for Shoshoni writing teachers, who keep the language alive by using it. From left to right: the late Alice Eben, Earl Crum, Beverly Crum, Sharon Maldoon, and Jon Dayley. Photograph by Lois Kane. singing the poetry songs get together to share each of their personal reper- toires of the songs. Earl has lived and worked most of his life on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation. He also has lived and worked off the reservation in various periods of his life. As a young boy he went to Stewart Indian School in Nevada. Later he served as a marine in the Pacific in World War II. Beverly Crum was born on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation in 1926. Throughout her life, she has lived both on and off the reservation. During the years on the reservation, she learned the songs from relatives and friends and at various dances and other social gatherings. Much later in life she lived in Salt Lake City pursuing an M.A. degree at the University of Utah, where she wrote her master’s thesis on Shoshoni poetry songs. For many years, both Earl and Beverly have had a keen interest in the Shoshoni language and have recorded, transcribed, and translated various oral traditions in the language, including myths and stories, histories, and poetry songs, as well as the everyday speech of elderly Shoshoni speakers. They have also spent many years teaching how to read, write, and speak Shoshoni on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation to many tribal members as well as to some non-Indians who work and live there. Their hope has always been that Newe will continue as a viable language. 4 Newe Hupia

This collection of hupia or poetry songs represents only a small fraction of the Shoshoni poetry songs known in the past and still sung today. The poetry songs presented here are a gift and legacy from the Shoshoni people to the world. They are also a means of preserving a small but important part of the Shoshoni language for future generations, for the Shoshoni people, and also for all who appreciate music, poetry, culture, and language. The songs are wonderful pieces of music, often with rhythms and melodies that differ from the classical European tradition. They can only be fully appreci- ated as pieces of sung verse, not simply printed on a page. For this reason, we have included a CD of the songs being sung in Shoshoni so readers can appreciate them as music even if they don’t understand the Shoshoni words.

Song and Dance Types

The Shoshoni tradition offers several different kinds of hupia or poetry songs. The first three songs presented here are natayaa hupia, which are sung in the ritual called natayaa performed especially before the round dance. In this ritual, an elder or several elders lead a procession of people singing the songs. The people march counterclockwise to the dance ground, which has a pinenut tree or an aspen planted in its center. Then they offer prayers to the ‘Maker of People’, Newi Manemenaippehkante, for a good harvest in the current year and for harvests to come in the future. The people then purify themselves, nampuisitai, by washing themselves and putting red ochre or white clay on their bodies. Afterwards, the round dance begins. The ceremonies during the harvesting of pinenuts are typical of combining dance with poetry songs and music. Recalling the rituals that went along with the pinenut harvesting festival, one elderly Shoshoni woman narrated the following:

Our old people used to work very hard during the warm months before the cold winter months set in. That’s the way it was with gathering pinenuts. Some years the pinenuts were plentiful; other years there were hardly any. The times when the pinenuts were plentiful, we would choose a tepattaik- wahni ‘pinenut chief’. He would tell us to purify ourselves before we went to gather the pinenuts. So with prayerful thoughts we would wash our bodies. Then we would put on pisappi ‘red ochre’ or aipi ‘white chalky clay’. We did this so the pinenuts would not be wormy, and so we would have strong healthy bodies. Only then would we go and gather the pinenuts. When we finished, our pinenut chief would ask us to get ourselves ready for the dances. Right away, the old women would grind up some of their pinenuts into flour and make pinenut pudding with it. Then, we would begin our dance with a special one called natayaa. This dance had its own Introduction 5

special songs [namely, Totsantsi ‘Cleansing’, the first song in this collection]. They would sing these songs as the old women took spoonfuls of pinenut pudding and walked circling the dance place. In this way we cele- brated the harvesting of pinenuts.

After the ritual natayaa dance, the people would join together for social dances. The dance performed most often during festive occasions was the round dance. In the round dance, men, women, and children dance in a cir- cle, intertwining their arms and holding hands while moving in short meas- ured steps to one side. As one elderly woman laughingly remarked:

Tammen nanah kwi’naa wa’ihku yotikkinna. we (incl) just bird like fly (pl) along ‘We just fly along like birds.’

Taking part in the round dance is fun and energizing, and everybody enjoys it. Songs sung during dances in general are called nekka hupia ‘dance songs’, and those sung at round dances are called nua hupia ‘movement songs’. Most of the songs we present in this work are round dance songs. Traditionally, people begin dancing in round dances in the evening and dance all night until daybreak. Throughout the night various songs are sung by different singers. During the day other activities go on, such as handgame, races, and other activities for everyone, young and old. The cel- ebration goes on for several days and nights, and on the last day people dance until noon and then begin to go home. Another kind of dance performed during the round dance is called ta aipuntu nuan nekkanna ‘this direction round dance’. This dance is different from the regular round dance in that the music is faster, the dancers hold hands and move in a peppy jog. When the singer says “aipuntu” the dancers stop and start moving in the opposite direction. The change in direction is signaled by songs called aipuntu hupia which are transitional songs that singers sing when people have been dancing for two or more hours, to change the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) in which people are dancing. The aipuntu songs give the dancers a break to relieve tired legs and hips. Aipuntu literally means ‘this way’ or ‘this direction’. An aipuntu song is sung and then the word aipuntu is repeated several times, which is the signal to turn and change directions, and then the song may be sung again several times. Another Shoshoni dance is called ta wehe’neki nekkanna ‘the rasping dance’, named in reference to the noise made by a rasping instrument which beats the rhythm for the dance. Nowadays this dance is commonly called the bear dance in English. In this dance, participants dance with a 6 Newe Hupia

An early twentieth century round dance. The Shoshoni people called this dance tan tapai nekkanna ‘the day time dance’. Beverly Crum’s sister Laura Townsend, 90 years old, said the tribal elders did this round dance on the last day after several nights of dancing. Laura remembers seeing the last performance of it when she was a small girl. partner, moving back and forth in a linear fashion. Songs sung during the bear dance are called wehe’neki hupia, literally meaning ‘rasping song’. Other traditional songs are puha hupia, literally ‘power songs’. These songs are also called nanisuntehai hupia ‘prayer songs’ or nattahsu’u hupia ‘medicine songs’ and are used in various kinds of ceremonies and healing services to invoke puha or supernatural power. Handgame songs are also traditional songs sung to invoke luck while playing handgame (or stickgame), a very old traditional gambling game among many North American groups. However, handgame songs are not represented in this selection. Finally, there are more contemporary songs that Shoshonis sing at pow- wows, which are modern nontraditional intertribal gatherings with dancing, singing, and drumming, as well as competitions for all of these. Pow-wow songs include flag songs like one presented at the end of this volume. It should be noted, however, that a few flag songs are traditional, and they might better be called banner songs since they are about banners identifying different groups of people. Other modern pow-wow songs not included here are honoring songs and songs sung during what are called the war dance in English, but called tan tase’yekinna ‘moving the feet’ in Shoshoni. These are Introduction 7

This picture was taken during the Ruby Valley Fandango in 1972. Note the changes in dance style from the tan tapai nekkanna ‘the day time dance’ some 57 years earlier. Photograph by Steve Crum. not traditional to the Western Shoshoni but rather had their origins in Native American Plains culture, then spread to many North American Indian groups in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These songs differ from traditional ones in rhythm, cadence, and lyrics. Other more contemporary songs are peyote songs sung in Native American Church services. The Native American Church movement began among the Kiowa and Comanche in Oklahoma in the 1890s and spread to most other North American Indian tribes at the end of the nineteenth century and during the first part of the twentieth century. The church was formally incorporated in 1918. Members of the Native American Church consider peyote a very sacred medicine and take it as sacrament in church ritual. Peyote songs are considered nattahsu’u hupia ‘medicine songs’ much like traditional medicine songs. One peyote song is included near the end of this book.1

The Shoshoni Language Since the hupia or poetry songs presented here are sung in Shoshoni, a few words about the language are in order. Here, we simply present a short sketch of the language in general and also mention special characteristics of the language used in poetry songs. 8 Newe Hupia

Before Europeans began colonizing western North America, Shoshoni was spoken by several thousand people in the valleys and mountains of the Great Basin area, the Snake River Plain, and the northern Rocky Mountains. Shoshoni territory included a large triangle-shaped area stretching out from a point in southeastern California through central Nevada and into southern Idaho and northern Utah and on into south- western Wyoming. There are still several thousand Shoshoni people living on Indian reservations and in towns and cities scattered throughout the same area today. However, the number of people who still speak the language fluently has been dwindling fairly rapidly in the last few decades, so there are only a few hundred people who use the language on a day-to-day basis as their first language, although a few thousand still know it to one degree or another. Shoshoni belongs to a large family of genetically related languages called Uto-Aztecan, which includes some thirty languages whose speakers aborigi- nally inhabited a vast territory stretching from the Salmon River in central Idaho, southward through the Great Basin and Southwest, into much of northern and central Mexico, and with colonies of speakers in Central America in parts of present-day Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Aztec (or Nahuatl, called Pipil in Central America) is the southernmost member of the family, and Shoshoni is the northernmost member. Other languages scattered in between are listed below. The language family gets its name from combining Ute and Aztec. Shoshoni belongs to a subbranch or subfamily of Uto-Aztecan called Numic (much like English belongs to the Germanic subbranch of the Indo-European language family). The word Numic in English is borrowed from cognate words in all the Numic languages meaning ‘Indian, person’ and the name of the language in each of the Numic languages. For example, in Shoshoni neme (~ newe) means ‘Shoshoni, Indian, person’ and also ‘the Shoshoni language’; and similarly in Panamint Shoshoni, nümü means ‘Tümpisa Shoshoni, Indian, person’ and also ‘the Tümpisa Shoshoni language’.

Uto-Aztecan Language Family Northern Division Numic Central Numic Shoshoni, Panamint (= Tümpisa Shoshoni), Comanche Western Numic Mono, Northern Paiute (= Paviotso and Bannock) Southern Numic Kawaiisu, Chemehuevi-Southern Paiute-Ute Introduction 9

Takic Serrano-Kitanemuk Cupan Luiseño-Juaneño, Gabrielino-Fernandiño, Cupeño, Cahuilla Tubatulabal Hopi Southern Division Sonoran Corachol Cora, Huichol Tarahumaran Tarahumara, Guarijio Tepiman Pima-Papago, Pima Bajo, Northern Tepehuan, Southern Tepehuan Tepecano Opatan Opata-Jova, Eudeve-Heve Mayo-Yaqui isolate Tubar isolate Aztecan Pochutec Nahua(tl)-Pipil

In terms of grammar, Shoshoni is quite different from English. Its words, especially verbs, tend to be quite complex with several morphemes or mean- ingful elements strung together agglutinatively. For example, note the complex internal structure of the verbs below, which are taken from the poetry songs:

manemenaippehkanten ‘created people’ < ma- ‘by hand’ instrumental prefix neme ‘person’ -nai ‘make, create’ incorporating verb -ppehkanten remote past compound suffix < -ppeh past participle suffix -kan stative suffix -ten habitual suffix

namapataatsikiyukwainna ‘be glazing oneself all over’ < na- reflexive prefix ma- ‘by hand’ instrumental prefix pataatsiki ‘glaze, shine’ verb -yu progressive suffix -kwain ‘all over’ directional suffix -nna general tense/aspect suffix 10 Newe Hupia

namattsiwenenemmi ‘stand by itself pointed alive’ < na- reflexive prefix ma- ‘by hand’ instrumental prefix tsi”- ‘pointed object’ instrumental prefix wene” ‘stand’ verb -nemmi ‘living’ auxiliary verb As the examples above illustrate, verbs often have prefixes indicating grammatical voice and the type of instrument with which the action is done. They also often have one or more suffixes indicating directional and adverbial notions as well as tense and aspect. And some verbs (like -nai ‘make, create’ and -pa’in ‘have’) incorporate (direct) object nouns into the verb stem (e.g., manemenaippehkanten above). With respect to sentence structure and word order, Shoshoni is much more like Japanese, Turkish, and Basque than English because the basic word order in Shoshoni is Subject + Object + Verb (sov). For example: so v Ne hunanna puinnu. ‘I saw a badger.’ I badger-o saw Andy punkunii pamakannu. ‘Andy watered the horses.’ Andy horses-o watered En nemmi manemenaippehkante. ‘You created us.’ you us (excl) by hand-people-make-remote past Not only direct objects but also indirect objects go before verbs, as the sentences below illustrate. siodov Puhakante hepitsoo’a nattahsu’unna uttunnu. doctor old lady-o medicine-o gave ‘The doctor gave the old lady some medicine.’ sdoiov Ne pii sikka ne mapaiankannu. my mother this-o me made ‘My mother made this for me.’ Shoshoni and other languages like it with basic sov word order (about 40 percent of the world’s 5,000 languages) usually have a number of syn- tactic characteristics in common which are often mirror image of their English counterparts. Thus, instead of prepositions Shoshoni has postpositions which go after nouns or noun phrases (rather than before nouns or noun phrases as prepositions do in English). For example: Introduction 11

Ne kentu kahni tukkanku tsippiha puinnu. I yesterday house under squirrel-o saw ‘I saw a squirrel under the house yesterday.’

Newe nehe munnai mi’akinna. Indian us two ahead of walk ‘An Indian was walking ahead of us two.’

Hepitsoo’an kahni kuppanten kai tottsapa’i. old lady’s house in not dirt-have ‘There isn’t any dirt in the old lady’s house.’ And auxiliary or helping verbs follow main verbs instead of preceding them, as the sentences below illustrate.

Ne ekise awe koitsoih-teki-to’i. I soon dish-o wash-start-will ‘I’ll start to wash the dishes pretty soon.’

Bill tammi tenitto’inkahan-to’i. Bill us (incl) sing for-will ‘Bill will sing for us.’ Also, subordinate clauses usually precede the main verb as well. For example:

Pei ta kahninainkanuhka sote hepitsoo tsaan nisuanna. her someone house-made for-when that old lady good express ‘The old lady expressed happiness when a house was built for her.’

Soten tainna kai pei ta wookkahteaku sukkuh mannai mi’annu. that man not him someone work-ask to-when there from went ‘That man went away from there when he wasn’t given a job.’ Even though the basic word order in Shoshoni is sov, other orders are possible. This freedom of word order is possible because nouns and pronouns, as well as adjectives modifying nouns, are inflected for grammatical case (as they are in Latin, Russian, German, and Japanese, and many other languages). In other words, from the endings on nouns and pronouns, one can always tell whether they are subjects or objects no matter what order they occur in. Therefore, word order is not as crucial in Shoshoni as it is in English. In Shoshoni nouns and pronouns are inflected for subjective, objective, and possessive cases. Compare the nouns below.

Nouns Subjective Objective Possessive newe newi newen ‘person, Indian, Shoshoni (language)’ 12 Newe Hupia pii pii’a pii’an ‘mother’ wa’ippe wa’ippe’a wa’ippe’an ‘woman’ pohopin pohopitta pohopittan ‘sagebrush’ hupia hupiai hupian ‘poetry song’ hupiakanten hupiakanti hupiakantennan ‘singer’ Nouns and pronouns are also inflected for singular, dual, and plural numbers, each with their own subjective, objective, and possessive forms. For example: Subjective Objective Possessive sg wa’ippe wa’ippe’a wa’ippe’an ‘woman’ dl wa’ippeneweh wa’ippenihi wa’ippenehen ‘two women’ pl wa’ippeneen wa’ippenii wa’ippeneen ‘women’ Some nouns have irregular or unpredictable forms in the dual or plural. For example: Subjective Objective Possessive sg tei tei’a tei’an ‘friend’ dl tetteyanneweh tetteyannihi tetteyannehen ‘two friends’ pl tetteyanneen tetteyannii tetteyanneen ‘friends’ Personal pronouns are inflected for subjective, objective, and possessive cases; singular, dual, and plural numbers; and for first, second, and third persons. For example:

Personal Pronouns Subjective Objective Possessive sg 1st ne nei ~ ne nean ~ ne 2nd en emmi ~ en en ~ emmen 3rd __ ma ~ u man ~ un dl 1st incl taweh tahi tahan 1st excl neweh nehi nehen 2nd meweh mehi mehen pl 1st incl tammen tammi ~ tai tammen 1st excl nemmen nemmi nemmen 2nd memmen memmi ~ mei memmen However, in the dual and plural numbers and in the singular subjective case, there are no third person personal pronouns per se. Rather, demonstratives are used instead. Shoshoni demonstratives are composed of a demonstrative-locative base indicating relative distance from the speaker or Introduction 13 place thought of, followed by a stem ending. Most of the demonstrative- locative bases come in two forms, one with initial s- followed by a vowel, and one with a vowel alone without s-. The bases without s- are used to introduce new or indefinite information into the discourse, or to indicate that a given discourse participant is not the topic. The forms beginning in s- are used to signal given or definite information and continuing topics. There is also another base, ma-, which indicates given and definite information like the forms beginning with s-, and it always indicates nearness. Thus, demonstratives in ma- cover the range of the si- and sai- forms. Since the forms in s- and ma- are used to track topics in discourse, they are referred to as the proximates; the forms without s- or ma- are never used to track continuing topics in discourse so they are called obviatives. For example:

Demonstrative-Locative Bases Obviative Proximate i- si- ‘this right here’ ai- sai- ‘this nearby’ o- so- ‘that’ a- sa- ‘that (yonder)’ u- su- ‘that (not visible)’ ma- ‘this’ The demonstratives are presented below. Note that there are no forms in main the singular subjective case (i.e., mate is not used and is ungrammatical).

Demonstratives Subjective Objective Possessive sg (s)iten (s)ikka (s)ikkan (s)aiten (s)aikka (s)aikkan (s)oten (s)okka (s)okkan (s)aten (s)akka (s)akkan (s)uten (s)ukka ~ (s)ukki (s)ukkan makka ~ makki makkan

dl (s)iteweh (s)itehi (s)itehen (s)aiteweh (s)aitehi (s)aitehen (s)oteweh (s)otehi (s)otehen (s)ateweh (s)atehi (s)atehen (s)uteweh (s)utehi (s)utehen matehi matehen

pl (s)iteen (s)itii (s)iteen (s)aiteen (s)aitii (s)aiteen (s)oteen (s)otii (s)oteen (s)ateen (s)atii (s)ateen 14 Newe Hupia

(s)uteen (s)utii (s)uteen matii mateen The demonstratives are used as third person pronouns, where in English we would have to use he, him, his; she, her(s); it, its; as well as they, them, and their; but in Shoshoni there are no gender distinctions, much like the plural in English. The demonstratives are also used before nouns like demonstratives in English, except that Shoshoni demonstratives must agree with the nouns they modify in case and number. The demonstratives are also used much like English articles, since Shoshoni has no definite and indefinite articles. The demonstratives beginning with s- are always definite, but the demonstratives without s- may be interpreted as definite or indefinite depending on the context, though they are never used with the immediate discourse topic. It should also be noted that in Shoshoni, nouns do not require demonstratives or some other determiner, so that nouns may often occur alone without any kind of determiner (such as articles, demonstratives, or possessives). In these cases, nouns have to be determined in context. One other characteristic feature of Shoshoni syntax different from English is that in running discourse, subjects of sentences are often omitted if they are understood in context. This is especially the case if the subject is the ongoing topic of the discourse. In Shoshoni poetry songs, the subject is often presumed as the topic even though it hasn’t been mentioned at all, so the subject is often omitted altogether because it is understood in the context of the song.

The Shoshoni Alphabet and Sound System We write Shoshoni with the following letters, all of which are from the Roman alphabet except for the last: AAIEHIKKWMNOPSTTSUWY’ The Roman alphabet is used to write many languages in the world including English, German, Spanish, Italian, Navajo, Turkish, Vietnamese, Mayan languages, and many others. In each language, the letters often rep- resent different sounds. For example, the letter p in Shoshoni represents a sound different from the p in English, which is also different from the p in Spanish. What this means is that the letters in Shoshoni have their own values and Shoshoni words are pronounced in their own way, not like in English or in any other language. The one letter that isn’t part of the Roman alphabet is ’, which represents a consonant called the glottal stop. English doesn’t write the glottal stop at all. But many languages such as Arabic and Hebrew do, and when these languages are written with Roman letters they use ’ for the glottal Introduction 15 stop. It occurs only in the middle of Shoshoni words and is like the gap where the hyphen is in English oh-oh. E.g.:

wa’ippe ‘woman’ so’o ‘cheek’ ka’i ‘forehead’ mo’o ‘hand’

The six vowels in Shoshoni, a, i, u, o, ai and e, can be short or long. If they are long, they are written double and are pronounced holding the vowel about twice as long as the corresponding short vowel. Thus, short a is pronounced like the a in English father (e.g., ata ‘uncle’), and the long aa is pronounced the same way but held twice as long (e.g., ohaa ‘baby’). The short i is pronounced as the vowel sound in English eat or peep (e.g., itsappe ‘coyote’), and long ii is pronounced the same way but held twice as long (e.g., siippeh ‘urine’). The short u is pronounced as the vowel sound in English rule or suit (e.g., punku ‘horse’), and the long uu is pronounced the same way but held twice as long (e.g., huuppi(n) ‘stick’). The short o is pronounced somewhat like the vowel sound in English horse but articulated with the tongue slightly lower and with the mouth more open (e.g., tommo ‘winter’, so’o ‘cheek’), and the long oo is pronounced the same way but held twice as long (e.g., tooppeh ‘cloud’, oo(n) ‘leg’). The Shoshoni vowel written with e is rare in English, only occurring in a few words, for example, the vowel in just, in one pronunciation of “he just left.” It is pronounced like the u except without any lip rounding (e.g., teheya ‘deer’). Long ee is pronounced the same way but held twice as long (e.g., kweettsi ‘wife’, peeppi(n) ‘blood’). The vowel written ai usually can be pronounced in two ways, either like the vowel sound in English ate or bait, or like English I or the vowel sound in bite. Some people may say ai one way one time and the other way another time, and some people may say a particular word with ai only one way while others may say it in the other way. And in different dialects of Shoshoni a given word with ai may usually be pronounced one way or the other. A few words are only spoken with the vowel as in English ate, in which case we write it with an underlined ai, and a few words seem to be pronounced only with the vowel as in English I, but most words with ai may be pronounced either way depending on the individual speaker or dialect. Like English ate Like English I Like English ate or I painkwi ‘fish’ haintseh ‘friend’ aiti ‘gun’ haiwi ‘dove’ haih ‘crow’ taipo ‘Caucasian’ aite(n) ‘this’ akai ‘salmon’ aipi(n) ‘chalky clay’

When the vowel ai is long, it is written aai as in the following words:

maaikkuh ‘OK; now’ naaiyawi ‘play handgame’ 16 Newe Hupia

Some Shoshoni words have vowel clusters. When vowels come together like this, each is pronounced the same as when alone. E.g.:

mea ‘moon’ hupia ‘poetry song’ tokoa ‘snake’ tua ‘child’ tei ‘friend’ puih ‘eye’ Many consonants (i.e., k, kw, m, n, p, t, and ts) in Shoshoni can be single or double (although h, s, w, y, and ’ are never double). When consonants are single, they can occur at the beginning or in the middle of words. When they are double, they only occur in the middle. Single consonants at the beginning of words are pronounced as in English except that k, kw, p, and t don’t have any aspiration or puff of air after them as the corresponding English consonants usually do at the beginning of words. However, in the middle of words single k, kw, p, t, and ts are normally voiced, pronounced with the vocal chords vibrating. So, in the middle of the following words, k sounds like English g, kw like English gw, p like English b, t like English d, and ts like English dz.

nankahi ‘listen’ kentu ‘yesterday’ painkwi ‘fish’ wantsi ‘buck antelope’ nampai ‘foot’ In the middle of the words above, the consonants are preceded by nasals. When k, kw, p, t, and ts are between two vowels, they are not only voiced but also softened, having a fricative or spirant quality, meaning the air is not stopped completely in their pronunciation (much like some consonants in Spanish). So, k and kw sound like Spanish g and gu between vowels, p sounds a little like English v but more like Spanish b between vowels, t more like a single Spanish r between vowels, and ts like English z. In the words below, the consonants between vowels are pronounced in this softened manner.

sokopi ‘earth’ satee ‘dog’ okwaite ‘stream’ tatsa ‘summer’ tepa” ‘pinenut’

Double consonants kk, kkw, mm, nn, pp, tt, and tts only occur in the middle of words and are pronounced much like their English counterparts but held slightly longer as double consonants are in Italian. Single m, n, w, and y are pronounced like their English correspondents at the beginning of words and in the middle, although for some speakers m between vowels is also softened and so it is pronounced with the lips slightly open, more like a nasalized w. The consonants s, t, ts, and tts change their pronunciation when following short i or long ii. Thus, after i or ii, s sounds like English sh, t like th Introduction 17 in English the, ts like English j, and tts like English ch. In the words below s, t, ts, and tts have these special pronunciations after the i.

pisippeh ‘rotten’ pitsi ‘breast’ pite ‘arrive’ kuittseh ‘throat’ Shoshoni words may end in four distinctive ways, either in (1) a final vowel, (2) a final -n, (3) a final -h, or (4) a final -”. Each of these word endings have differing effects. When words end in a final vowel, the initial consonants k, kw, p, t, and ts of following words are softened, exactly as described above when they occur between vowels in the middle of words. So, for example, when the noun-incorporating verb pa’i ‘have’ is added to words ending in a vowel (e.g., kahni ‘house’, punku ‘horse’, mukua ‘soul’, and mo’o ‘hand’), the p is softened, sounding like Spanish b between vowels. E.g.:

kahnipa’i ‘have a house’ mukuapa’i ‘have a soul’ punkupa’i ‘have a horse’ mo’opa’i ‘have a hand’

Also, when the word kuppa ‘inside, in’ follows another word ending in a vowel, its k is softened, sounding like Spanish g between vowels. E.g.:

kahni kuppa ‘inside the house’ wittua kuppa ‘in the bucket/drum’ tempai kuppa ‘in the mouth’ hupa kuppa ‘in the broth’

Similarly, when the word tukka(n) ‘under, below’ follows a word ending in a vowel, its t is softened. After i it sounds like th in English the and after other vowels like a single Spanish r between vowels. E.g.:

kahni tukka ‘under the house’ wittua tukka ‘under a bucket/drum’ tempai tukka ‘under the mouth’ punku tukka ‘under the horse’

Words ending in final -n lose the -n completely when spoken in isolation or at the end of a phrase or sentence, and also before the consonants h, s, w, and y. The final -n disappears in these situations altogether. For example, the word e(n) ‘you, your’ has a final -n, which disappears altogether in the examples below.

e ‘you, your’ e wika ‘your blanket’ e hupia ‘your song’ e yantu(n) ‘your winnowing tray’ e sappeh ‘your stomach’

The final -n appears if the word is in the middle of a phrase and if the next word begins with k, kw, n, t, or ts. E.g.:

en kahni ‘your house’ en nampeh ‘your shoe’ en kwehe ‘your wife’ en tsuhni ‘your bone’ en tami ‘your younger brother’ 18 Newe Hupia

A later use of the yantu ‘winnowing basket’ was for winnowing wheat, that is, separating the chaff from the kernels. In the early twentieth century, elderly women went from grain field to grain field on the reservation gathering leftover wheat kernels for their own use. Photograph from the Earl Crum collection.

However, the final -n becomes an m when the next word begins with m or p. E.g.:

em mo’o ‘your hand’ em papi ‘your older brother’

Also, compare the pronunciation of the word yantu(n) ‘winnowing basket’, ending in final -n. When said in isolation or at the end of a phrase or sentence, it is yantu, without the final -n. But the -n appears in yantun kuppa ‘in the winnowing basket’ and yantun tukka ‘under the winnowing basket’, and it becomes -m in yantumpa’i ‘have a winnowing basket’. When a word ends with final -h, the vowel before it is normally voiceless or whispered. In the following words the vowel before the -h is always whispered.

isampeh ‘liar’ maaikkuh ‘OK; now’ e’attsih ‘sore’ ta’wah ‘flour’ tipoh ‘table’ kwiippeh ‘smoke’

Final -h also influences the pronunciation of following k, kw, p, and t. Normally, the hk, hkw, hp, and ht combinations merge forming single voiceless fricatives. For example, when a p follows h, the two sounds merge to make a sound that is somewhat like the English f, phonetically a [o|]. So, for Introduction 19 example, when the noun-incorporating verb pa’i ‘have’ follows the words ahtahpeh, e’attsih, and tipoh, all ending in final -h, the hp combination is pronounced as [o|]. E.g.: ahtahpehpa’i ‘have a jaw’ e’attsihpa’i ‘have a sore’ tipohpa’i ‘have a table’

Similarly, h+k and h+kw become phonetically [x] and [xw], respectively. The [x] is the same as the sound spelled ch in German as in nacht ‘night’. Also, h+t becomes [OH ], the same as th in English thin, if the vowel preceding the h is i; otherwise, h+t is pronounced like a voiceless [R]. E.g.:

haih kuppa ‘in a raven’ haih tukka ‘under a raven’ e’attsih kuppa ‘in a sore’ tipoh tukka ‘under a table’

Some Shoshoni words end in final -”. This -” is not a normal consonant having a pronunciation of its own, but rather it has the effect of causing the first consonant of a following word to be doubled if it is k, kw, m, n, p, t, or ts. Thus, when pa’i ‘have’ is added to the words kuna” ‘firewood’, kwee” ‘wife’, tua” ‘son’, and tepa” ‘pinenuts’, the p of pa’i is doubled.

kunappa’i ‘have firewood’ tuappa’i ‘have a son’ kweeppa’i ‘have a wife’ tepappa’i ‘have pinenuts’

Similarly, the k of kuppa and the t of tukka are doubled after these words. E.g.:

kunakkuppa ‘inside firewood’ kunattukka ‘under firewood’ kweekkuppa ‘inside of a wife’ kweettukka ‘under a wife’ tuakkuppa ‘in a son’ tuattukka ‘under a son’ tepakkuppa ‘inside pinenuts’ tepattukka ‘under a pinenut tree’

Special Poetry Song Language The language in poetry songs may differ substantially from ordinary speech in a number of ways. Grammatically the songs are usually attenuated in that case suffixes on nouns and adjectives are often not marked, verbs usually have no or very few tense, aspect, and adverbial suffixes, and deter- miners like demonstratives are almost never used. And normal word orders may change. Thus, normal subject-object-verb order may become subject- verb-object order, or even more commonly the subject is not mentioned at all but is either understood or left for listeners to interpret for themselves. In some cases, normal noun phrase–plus-postposition order may become preposition-plus–noun phrase order, and sometimes the postposition is omitted altogether. 20 Newe Hupia

The diminutive-affectionate suffix -ttsi often used on nouns and adjectives is usually changed to -ntsi in poetry songs. It commonly indicates special emphasis denoting endearment, high esteem, reverence, affection, and warm feelings, as well as the notion of smallness. In both poetry songs and ordinary speech, Shoshonis often add the suffix to nouns to express their warm feelings for things in nature like yehne(ttsi) ‘porcupine’, yaha(ttsi) ‘ground hog’, and kwi’naa(ttsi) ‘bird’, and for domestic animals like satee(ttsi) ‘dog’ and punku(ttsi) ‘horse’. Poetry songs are also distinguished by the use of many obscure or obsolete words that are not used in ordinary speech and which many people do not know or understand, although some of the unique poetry song words may be understood in the context of the songs. However, sometimes even the singer doesn’t know their meaning. Other words like hainna, hainneh, haainna, hainah, hainai, nai, yanna, ho, and noowaineh are song words without meaning used to fill in and comple- ment the rhythm and cadence, although some are also used somewhat like mantras to bless or make sacred the situation in which they are sung. And finally, sometimes haiya wainna and also less commonly yaaya wainna are used by singers at the end of songs to bless them, making them sacred. In addition, many ordinary words used in poetry songs undergo various degrees of change in pronunciation. The most typical changes are described and illustrated below. One common change is that nasals pop into ordinary words, especially replacing the first consonant of an identical consonant cluster. For example: song word ordinary word waimpentsi < wa’ippe(ttsi) ‘woman’ tuantsi < tuattsi ‘baby, child, young’ huumpi < huuppi(n) ‘stick, wood’ waanka(n) < waakka(n) ‘at the junipers’ huintsaantsi < huittsaa(ttsi) ‘sage hen’ Often geminate or double consonants between vowels become single, and therefore voiced. For example:

potoo(n) < potto(n) ‘grinding stone’ waaka(n) < waakka(n) ‘at the junipers’ tepana < teppanna ‘on the side of’

Ss between vowels often become ts, phonetically [z]. For example:

watsempi(n) < waseppi(n) ‘mountain sheep’ totsa” < tosa” ‘white’ Glottal stops almost always disappear. For example: Introduction 21

waimpentsi < wa’ippe(ttsi) ‘woman’ patui < pato’ih ‘wade’ toi < to’ih ‘emerge, go out, come up’ pomia < pomi’ah ‘migrate’ Short vowels become long, even extra long, in syllables where the note is held. For example:

yotii(i) < yoti” ‘fly, arise (pl)’ opii < opi ‘there about’ potoo(n) < potto(n) ‘grinding stone’ Vowel clusters are often broken with semivowels intervening. For example:

wiya < wia ‘mountain pass’ mukuwa < mukua ‘soul’ All of these changes in pronunciation are used to make the song words more melodious and rhythmical. In the pages that follow, the poetry songs are first presented in the original Shoshoni, then a figurative English translation is given, followed by the Shoshoni again but this time with an interlinear literal word-by- word translation. We give both figurative and literal translations to accomplish two sometimes contradictory goals. The figurative translation is given in an attempt to capture a sense of the poetic beauty of the Shoshoni lyrics, while the interlinear word-by-word translation is given so the reader can see exactly what the Shoshoni words say literally, even if they may not make (aesthetic) sense in English. After each of the poetry songs and their translations, we then make short comments about particular aspects of the songs. After all the poetry songs are presented, there follows a Shoshoni to English glossary containing several thousand Shoshoni words with their English translations, as well as grammatical information such as parts of speech, paradigmatic forms, and irregularities. Then, an English to Shoshoni glossary is given. If readers wish to know more about the Shoshoni language, they should consult Crapo 1976, Crum and Dayley 1993, and Miller 1996. They might also consult informative works on two closely related languages: Panamint (Dayley 1989a, 1989b) and Comanche (Charney 1993; Robinson and Armagost 1990). The most important works on Shoshoni culture and ethnology are Harris 1940, Steward 1938, and Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 1986. Vennum’s article (1986) on Great Basin music is a good introduction to the kinds of music found among aboriginal Great Basin 22 Newe Hupia peoples. Also, an excellent book on Native North American poetry songs in general is Soens 1999.

Problems in Translating the Poetry Songs Translating from one language to another is never easy. It is impossible to capture all the meaning(s) in a given linguistic expression in one language in translating to another. Any linguistic expression always has several layers of meaning expressed simultaneously depending on a whole range of factors such as: (1) the literal meanings of each word in a sentence and then the literal interpretation of the whole sentence; (2) how the words and sentence are interpreted given the context of the immediately preceding discourse in the given social situation in which the discourse occurs; (3) the cultural setting, lifeway, and world view of the people using the language; and (4) the things alluded to metaphorically, humorously, satirically, and ironically given the entire cultural, social, linguistic, and discourse context. Not only is there a problem in expressing all the meaning in translation, but there is also the problem of capturing the aesthetics or beauty of a linguistic expression in one language in translating to another. This problem is magnified immensely when translating from a language used in a cultural context vastly different from the one in which the target language is normally spoken. As noted earlier, the traditional Shoshoni lifeway was one of a hunting and gathering society in which the people lived intimately tied to nature, very different from modern Western society with its elaborate social insti- tutions and technology which actually distance people a great deal from the natural world. Shoshoni poetry songs are most often about nature and the people’s warm and intimate feelings about the plants, animals, and the geographical terrain in which the Shoshoni lived. So, often a certain amount of meaning contained in the poetry songs is lost in the English translation, since people speaking English as their native language usually no longer live so closely tied to nature nor feel the intimacy with it that a people with a hunting and gathering lifeway do. For example, the Shoshoni words in song 52, Tamme Yampa Sateettsi, offer a lighthearted picture for native listeners, but the words in the English translation, ‘Our Wild Carrot Pet’, sound flat. In Shoshoni, the word sateettsi can mean either ‘little dog’ or ‘pet’, but in the context of this bear dance song, the word is normally interpreted by native speakers as a bear that hung around in the wild carrot fields when the people were harvesting yampa, ‘wild carrots’, an important staple food source in the Shoshoni diet. In fact, yampa was a favorite food for the Shoshoni and a number of poetry songs make reference to it. In times past, the Shoshoni camped in places where the wild Introduction 23 carrots grew, and their campsites were surrounded by various curious animals. Tamme Yampa Sateettsi was probably one such animal. Nowadays, most modern Americans have probably never even heard of wild carrots. Translating the Shoshoni of the poetry songs can be particularly difficult for other reasons as well: (1) often obscure and obsolete words are open to interpretation; (2) the imagery is open to interpretation; and (3) there are levels of meaning invoked on the literal level as well as on the spiritual level. In fact, some poetry songs can have different interpretations even by native speakers. For example, song 27 presented here, entitled Oyon Tempi ‘Every Rock’, has two completely different interpretations. The two different interpretations are possible because the song contains words that are not used in ordinary language but are similar to different everyday words with completely different meanings. As is the case with speakers of all languages, every speaker carries a mental dictionary in their heads, but when they hear words of their own language that they don’t know, they automat- ically attempt to decode them in the best way they can, given the context. However, this process doesn’t always result in the same outcome. So, the English translations presented here may not capture all of the possible interpretations of the poetry songs, or their aesthetic beauty as experienced by native speakers hearing them in Shoshoni. The important thing is for one to allow the poetry songs to invoke a sense of the wonder and sacredness of the world we live in.

Note 1. Judith Vander, in her book Songprints (1988) on five Eastern Shoshoni women singers from the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming, lists fourteen different genres of Shoshoni songs. They include all of the ones we have noted except bear dance songs, which either do not occur with the Eastern Shoshoni or she simply didn’t record any. Also, she lists natayaa songs as ghost dance songs, but natayaa hupia are very traditional songs long predating the ghost dance revival movement in the nineteenth century. Vander also lists sun dance songs, called takowene hupia ‘standing thirsty songs’ in Shoshoni, but not prac- ticed in the Western Shoshoni area, and crow hop songs, an intertribal genre sung in some pow-wows under the influence of Plains Indian culture. She also notes other Shoshoni genres such as hymns sung in Christian congregations, country and western songs, and “forty-nine” (love) songs. These are all nontraditional songs sung in English. Vander also lists lullabies and children’s songs as genres of the Eastern Shoshoni. The Western Shoshoni do not have children’s songs as a separate genre, and lullabies are individual songs made up by mothers on the spot singing to their own children, so they are not culture-wide songs among the Western Shoshoni but rather individual creations. Vander also has a book entirely devoted to Shoshoni ghost dance songs (1997). Works Cited

Canonge, Elliott. 1958. Comanche Texts. Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 1. Norman, Oklahoma: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Charney, Jean Omrsbee. 1993. A Grammar of Comanche. Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Crapo, Richley H. 1976. Big Smokey Valley Shoshoni. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences, no. 10. Reno, Nevada: DRI. Crum, Beverly. 1980. Newe Hupia—Shoshoni Poetry Songs. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Papers in Linguistics 2:3–23. ———. 1985. Markhan Te’ahwaippeh: Tammen Appean Teniwaahtaikwappeh. With three tapes in Shoshoni. Elko, Nevada: Humboldt Printer Publisher. ———. 1993. Afterword. In Shoshoni Tales. Collected by Anne M. Smith. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Crum, Beverly, and Jon P. Dayley. 1993. Western Shoshoni Grammar. Occasional Papers and Monographs in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics, vol. 1. Boise, Idaho: Boise State University, Department of Anthropology. ———. 1997. Shoshoni Texts. Occasional Papers and Monographs in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics, vol. 2. Boise, Idaho: Boise State University, Department of Anthropology. Crum, Beverly, and Wick R. Miller. 1987. How to Read and Write Shoshoni: A Book of Spelling Lessons, Readings, and Glossary for Shoshoni Speakers. With three tapes in Shoshoni. Elko, Nevada: Humboldt Printer Publisher. Dayley, Jon P. 1989a. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics 115. Berkeley: University of California Press. ———. 1989b. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics 116. Berkeley: University of California Press. Harris, Jack. 1940. The White Knife Shoshone of Nevada. In Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes, ed. Ralph Linton. New York: Appleton-Century. Lowie, Robert H. 1909. The Northern Shoshone. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 2 (2): 169–306. ———. 1924. Shoshonean tales. Journal of American Folklore 37:92–200. Miller, Wick R. 1972. Newe Natekwinappeh: Shoshoni Stories and Dictionary. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 94. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 24 Works Cited 25

———. 1996. Sketch of Shoshone, a Uto-Aztecan Language. In Handbook of American Indians. Ed. William C. Sturtevant. Vol. 17, Languages, ed. Ives Goddard. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Robinson, Lila Wistrand, and James Armagost. 1990. Comanche Dictionary and Grammar. Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 92. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Smith, Anne M. 1993. Shoshoni Tales. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Soens, A.L. 1999. I, the Song: Classical Poetry of Native North America. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Steward, Julian H. 1938. Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Socio-Political Groups. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 120. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Thomas, David H., Lorann S. A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari. 1986. Western Shoshone. In Handbook of North American Indians. Ed. William C. Sturtevant. Vol. 11, Great Basin, ed. Warren L. D’Azevedo. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Vander, Judith. 1988. Songprints: The Musical Experience of Five Shoshone Women. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ———. 1997. Shoshoni Ghost Dance Religion: Poetry Songs and Great Basin Context. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Vennum, Thomas, Jr. 1986. Music. In Handbook of North American Indians. Ed. William C. Sturtevant. Vol. 11, Great Basin, ed. Warren L. D’Azevedo. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Songs NATAYAA SONGS

Totsantsi ‘Cleansing’ Earl1 Crum Totsantsi

Haaiyuh waihna, 1st Version Haaiyuh waihnah. Haaiyuh waihna, Haaiyuh waihnah. Totsantsii totsantsi nanasokoppentsi, Totsantsii totsantsi nanasokoppentsi.

Haaiyuh waihna, 2nd Version Haaiyuh waihnah. Haaiyuh waihna, Haaiyuh waihnah. Totsantsii totsantsi nanapunuhakinna, Totsantsii totsantsi nanapunuhakinna.

Cleansing

Haaiyuh waihna, 1st Version Haaiyuh waihnah. Haaiyuh waihna, Haaiyuh waihnah. Cleansing, cleansing the blessed earth, Cleansing, cleansing the blessed earth. Haaiyuh waihna, 2nd Version Haaiyuh waihnah. Haaiyuh waihna, Haaiyuh waihnah. Cleansing, cleansing, energizing! Cleansing, cleansing, energizing!

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Totsantsi Cleansing

Haaiyuh waihna, 1st Version rhythmical song words Haaiyuh waihnah. rhythmical song words Haaiyuh waihna, rhythmical song words Haaiyuh waihnah. rhythmical song words Totsantsii totsantsi nanasokoppentsi, cleansing cleansing reciprocal-earth-blessed Totsantsii totsantsi nanasokoppentsi. cleansing cleansing reciprocal-earth-blessed Haaiyuh waihna, 2nd Version rhythmical song words Haaiyuh waihnah. Haaiyuh waihna, Haaiyuh waihnah. Totsantsii totsantsi nanapunuhakinna, cleansing cleansing being energized Totsantsii totsantsi nanapunuhakinna. cleansing cleansing being energized

Comments This is a natayaa song. Totsantsi(i) is a song form meaning ‘cleansing’. It is based on the root tosa”- ‘white’, which has the song form totsa, plus -ntsi, the song form of the diminutive-affectionate and nominalizing suffix -ttsi. Either of the two versions of this song is sung repeatedly, especially as the opening ceremony of the pinenut festival traditionally held in the fall when pinenuts were harvested. Pinenuts were one of the most important staple food sources for the Western Shoshoni people. Ainkappata ‘Red Currants’ Earl2 Crum Ainkappata

Ainkappata yoowennekinna, Ainkappata yoowennekinna. Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna, Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna. Ainkappata yoowennekinna, Ainkappata yoowennekinna. Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna, Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna.

Red Currants Red currants swaying gently, Red currants swaying gently. Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna, Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna. Red currants swaying gently, Red currants swaying gently. Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna, Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna.

Ainkappata Red Currant

Ainkappata yoowennekinna, red currant gently-stand (dur)-moving Ainkappata yoowennekinna. red currant gently-stand (dur)-moving

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Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna, rhythmical song words Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna. rhythmical song words Ainkappata yoowennekinna, red currant gently-stand (dur)-moving Ainkappata yoowennekinna. red currant gently-stand (dur)-moving Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna, rhythmical song words Aiyoo wainna aiyoo wainna. rhythmical song words

Comments This is a natayaa song. Yoo is the song form of the root yuu(n) ‘gentle, peaceful, still’. Ainkappata is a medicinal plant. Puisenna ‘Green Aspen’ Earl3 Crum Puisenna

Puisenna totowaantsi. Wainna haiyaho wainna, Wainna haiyaho. Puisenna totowaantsi, Puisenna totowaantsi. Wainna haiyaho wainna, Wainna haiyaho wainna. Puisenna totowaantsi, Puisenna totowaantsi.

Green Aspen Green aspen grove. Wainna haiyaho wainna, Wainna haiyaho wainna. Green aspen grove, Green aspen grove. Wainna haiyaho wainna, Wainna haiyaho wainna. Green aspen grove, Green aspen grove.

Puisenna Green Aspen

Puisenna totowaantsi. green-aspen stand (pl)

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Wainna haiyaho wainna, rhythmical song words Wainna haiyaho wainna. rhythmical song words Puisenna totowaantsi, green-aspen stand (pl) Puisenna totowaantsi. green-aspen stand (pl) Wainna haiyaho wainna, rhythmical song words Wainna haiyaho wainna. rhythmical song words Puisenna totowaantsi, green-aspen stand (pl) Puisenna totowaantsi. green-aspen stand (pl)

Comments This is a nataya’a song. Totowaantsi is a song word related to topo’ih(ka) ‘stand, be upright (pl)’. But, totowaantsi has the song form with the nominalizing diminutive and affectionate suffix -ntsi (normal -ttsi) on it, which makes it a noun meaning ‘stand, grove’. Puisenna ‘green aspen’ here means aspen that is leafing, as in the springtime. ROUND DANCE SONGS

Sai Paa Hupia ‘Boat and Water Song’ Beverly4 Crum Sai Paa Hupia

Sai paa weyaa, Sai paa weyaa, Sai paa weyaa, Sai paa weyaa. Piaa toyaakatete mantu, Toyaatu mantu, Tewekkwintoote. Piaa toyaakatete mantu, Toyaatu mantu, Tewekkwintoote.

Boat and Water Song Water carries the boat, Water carries the boat, Water carries the boat, Water carries the boat. Towards the big mountain range, Towards the mountains, Swirling. Towards the big mountain range, Towards the mountains, Swirling.

34 Round Dance Songs 35

Sai Paa Hupia Boat Water Song

Sai paa weyaa, boat water carry Sai paa weyaa, boat water carry Sai paa weyaa, boat water carry Sai paa weyaa. boat water carry Piaa toyaakatete mantu, big mountain range towards Toyaatu mantu, mountain-through towards Tewekkwintoote. swirling/churning Piaa toyaakatete mantu, big mountain range towards Toyaatu mantu, mountain-through towards Tewekkwintoote. swirling/churning

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Tewekkwintoote is the song form of tewekkwintuih ‘swirl, churn’. Waseppittsian Nahupia ‘Song of the5 Mountain Sheep’ Earl Crum

Waseppittsian Nahupia

Watsempin nampatui, Ainkam paa tu, Nointsai, Hainna. Watsempin nampatui, Ainkam paa tu, Nointsai.

Hainna, Wonkotetsii tepanayu. Wainna, Wonkotetsii tepanayu. Wainnah. Haiya wainna.

Song of the Mountain Sheep Mountain sheep wading Through red water, Trudging in the mud. Mountain sheep wading Through red water, Trudging in the mud. Beside the pine grass, Behold. Beside the pine grass, Behold. Haiya wainna.

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Waseppittsian Nahupia Mountain Sheep’s rflx-Song

Watsempin nampatui, mountain sheep foot-wade Ainkam paa tu, red water through Nointsai, stickily Hainna. rhythmical song word Watsempin nampatui, mountain sheep foot-wade Ainkam paa tu, red water through Nointsai. stickily Hainna, behold Wonkotetsii tepanayu. pine grass be on the side of Wainna, behold Wonkotetsii tepanayu. pine grass be on the side of Wainnah. rhythmical song word Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Watsempi(n) is the song form of waseppi(n) ~ waseppeh ‘mountain sheep’, and nointsai is the song form of noitsai ‘sticky, stickily’. The ordinary word for ‘(on the) side (of)’ is teppanna. Here, a song word tepanayu(n) has been formed with the verbalizing suffix -yu. Tahmani Hupia ‘Spring Song’ Earl6 Crum Tahmani Hupia

Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi kimman tuu, Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi kimman tuu.

Tatsawai haai, Tatsawai haai. Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi kimman tuu, Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi kimman tuu.

Tatsawai haai, Tatsawai haai.

Spring Song The earth’s newborn green grass is coming forth, The earth’s newborn green grass is coming forth. It’s becoming summer, ho! It’s becoming summer, ho! The earth’s newborn green grass is coming forth, The earth’s newborn green grass is coming forth. It’s becoming summer, ho! It’s becoming summer, ho!

Tahmani Hupia Spring Song

Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi earth’s green grass-on newborn kimman tuu, come song syllable

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Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi earth’s green grass-on newborn kimman tuu. come song syllable Tatsawai haai, become summer ho Tatsawai haai. become summer ho Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi earth’s green grass-on newborn kimman tuu, come song syllable Sokopinna puipaa tuattsi earth’s green grass-on newborn kimman tuu. come song syllable Tatsawai haai, become summer ho Tatsawai haai. become summer ho

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This song is about the coming of spring, when the first blades of green grass start to come up. That’s what it’s about.” Hunnita Ma’ai A’ninna Nahupia ‘Red Ants and7 Black Ants Song’ Earl Crum

Hunnita Ma’ai A’ninna Nahupia

Hunnitan kuu annitan kuu, Hunnitan kuu annitan kuu.

Nakennaawaai akennaawai, Hainnah. Nakennaawaai akennaawai, Hainnah. Hunnitan kuu annitan kuu, Hunnitan kuu annitan kuu.

Nakennaawaai akennaawai, Hainnah. Nakennaawaai akennaawai, Hainnah.

Red Ants and Black Ants Song Bury the red ants, bury the black ants [together], Bury the red ants, bury the black ants [together]. And they’ll snap at each other with their mouths, Hainnah. And they’ll snap at each other with their mouths. Hainnah. Bury the red ants, bury the black ants [together], Bury the red ants, bury the black ants [together]. And they’ll snap at each other with their mouths, Hainnah. And they’ll snap at each other with their mouths. Hainnah. 40 Round Dance Songs 41

Hunnita Ma’ai A’ninna Nahupia Red Ant and Black Ant rflx-Song

Hunnitan kuu annitan kuu, red ant bury black ant bury Hunnitan kuu annitan kuu. red ant bury black ant bury Nakennaawaai akennaawai, be done with mouth be done with mouth Hainnah. rhythmical song word Nakennaawaai akennaawai, be done with mouth be done with mouth Hainnah. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “You know, a long time ago before children had toys like they do now, the children used to play with anything that they could find. So anyway, this song is about when children were playing, they would sit there with red fire ants and the pissants and mix them together. Then, they would watch them fight. That’s what this song is about.” The normal word for black ant is a’ni(n). Here, the song form annitan is used to rhyme and keep rhythm with hunnitan (~ hu’nitan) ‘red ant’. Similarly, akennaawai is not really a word, but is used to rhyme and keep rhythm with nakennaawai. Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia ‘Song of the Buck Deer’ Earl8 Crum Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia

Aan kuantsi, Aan kuantsi Imaayu toowenete mantu natsapaikkantoote, natsapaikkantoote, natsapaikkantoote. Aan kuantsi, Aan kuantsi Imaayu toowenete mantu natsapaikkantoote, natsapaikkantoote, natsapaikkantoote.

Song of the Buck Deer Buck deer, Buck deer Grazing in the early morning, Is killed with a bow, Is killed with a bow, Is killed with a bow. Buck deer, Buck deer Grazing in the early morning, Is killed with a bow, Is killed with a bow, Is killed with a bow.

42 Jode “Shorty” Jake, left, and Jim Crum, right, with a recently killed buck deer, about 1938. Photograph from the Earl Crum Collection. 44 Newe Hupia

Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia Deer’s Male’s rflx-Song

Aan kuantsi, horn male = buck Aan kuantsi horn male = buck Imaayu toowenete mantu become morning grazing towards natsapaikkantoote, be killed with bow natsapaikkantoote, be killed with bow natsapaikkantoote. be killed with bow

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This song is about a buck deer standing on the side of a hill early in the morning. And the hunter killed it with a bow and arrow.” Aan kuantsi is the song form of aan kuha ‘buck, stag’ (< aan ‘horn’, kuha ~ kuhma ‘male’). Pia Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia ‘Stag Song’ Earl9 Crum Pia Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia

Pia teheya’an kuantsi Opi ipu maapinna. Pia teheya’an kuantsi Opi ipu maapinna. Toyatepaka Pia tuu wennete Hainna. Toyatepaka Pia tuu wennete Hainna.

Stag Song Over there, Big stag climbs up this way. Over there, Big stag climbs up this way. On the side of the mountain Stands a big dark silhouette. Behold. On the side of the mountain Stands a big dark silhouette. Behold.

Pia Teheya’an Kuhan Nahupia Big Deer Male’s rflx-Song Pia teheya’an kuantsi big deer male = stag 45 46 Newe Hupia

Opi ipu maapinna. around there this way climb up Pia teheya’an kuantsi big deer male = stag Opi ipu maapinna. around there this way climb up Toyatepaka mountain side-on Pia tuu wennete big dark stand (dur) Hainna. rhythmical song word Toyatepaka mountain side-on Pia tuu wennete big dark stand (dur) Hainna. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This song is about a big buck deer. When a deer gets that big, some people call it a stag.” Maapi(nna) is the song form of maape(nna) ‘climb’. And tepa is the song form of teppanna ‘(on the) side (of)’. Yepani Hupia ‘Fall Song’ 10Earl Crum Yepani Hupia

Tamme yepatu, Tamme tuintsi, Tamme yepatu, Tamme tuintsi, Huuntukkantu Tapaai pintsi pipuntu. Huuntukkantu Tapaai pintsi pipuntu. Haiya wainna.

Fall Song Our fall, Our rebirth, Our fall, Our rebirth, But under the trees, The sun heads back (south). But under the trees, The sun heads back (south). Haiya wainna.

Yepani Hupia Fall Song Tamme yepatu, our (incl) fall Tamme tuintsi, our (incl) rebirth 47 48 Newe Hupia

Tamme yepatu, our (incl) fall Tamme tuintsi, our (incl) rebirth Huuntukkantu tree-under Tapaai pintsi pipuntu. sun but go back Huuntukkantu tree-under Tapaai pintsi pipuntu. sun but go back Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This song is about the beginning of fall. You know, the Indian calender is different from the white man’s calender. When the sun reaches its highest point in the summer and starts to go back towards south, and the nights start to be colder, to the Indians, that is the beginning of fall. That’s what this song is about.” The normal word for ‘fall’ is yepani, instead of the song word yepatu used here. The normal word for ‘but’ is pinnah, instead of pintsi. And pipuntu is not an ordinary word for ‘go back’ but is related to pimpippu ‘backwards’. The suffix -tu found on yepatu, pipuntu, and huuntukkantu in this song, and on many other words in other songs, is a song suffix used for rhythm. Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia ‘Song of11 the Buck Antelope’ Earl Crum

Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia 1st Version

Wantsi nani naniyuu. Hainnaa. Wantsi naniyuu. Hainneh. Wantsi nani naniyuu. Hainnaa. Wantsi naniyuu. Hainneh. Tsaam puiwan kematu, Hainnaa, Wantsi naniyuu. Hainneh.

Song of the Buck Antelope Buck antelope is just at peace with himself. Behold! Buck antelope is at peace with himself. Buck antelope is just at peace with himself. Behold! Buck antelope is at peace with himself. Next to good green grass, Behold, Buck antelope is at peace with himself.

49 50 Newe Hupia

Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia 1st Version Antelope Male’s rflx-Song

Wantsi nani naniyuu. buck antelope just be at peace with self Hainnaa. behold Wantsi naniyuu. buck antelope be at peace with self Hainneh. rhythmical song word Tsaam puiwan kematu, good green grass’s next to Hainnaa, behold Wantsi naniyuu. buck antelope be at peace with self Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’, with several somewhat different versions. Earl Crum says, “You know, a long time ago when I was a little boy in Battle Mountain, the old people used to sing this song. It sounds like a medicine song. It’s a song about a buck antelope grazing on green grass.” The third version is not recorded on the CD. Kwahatenna kuha, literally meaning ‘antelope male’, is a descriptive phrase for buck antelope. Wantsi is the normal word for ‘buck antelope’. Nani is the song form of nanah ‘just, only’, used here to be in rhythm with following naniyuu.

Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia 2nd Version

Wantsi maniyuu, Hainnaa. Wantsi maniyuu, Hainnaa. A lone wantsi ‘buck antelope’, out in the sagebrush. Photograph by Earl Crum. 52 Newe Hupia

Wantsi maniyuu, Hainneh. Wantsi nehen kahnin kematuu, Hainnaa, Wantsi maniyuu, Hainneh.

Song of the Buck Antelope Buck antelope is crossing the water, Hainnaa. Buck antelope is crossing the water, Hainnaa. Buck antelope is crossing the water, Hainneh. Buck antelope close to our house, Hainnaa, Is crossing the water. Hainneh.

Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia 2nd Version Antelope Male’s rflx-Song

Wantsi maniyuu, buck antelope is crossing water Hainnaa. rhythmical song word Wantsi maniyuu, buck antelope is crossing water Hainnaa. rhythmical song word Wantsi maniyuu, buck antelope is crossing water Hainneh. rhythmical song word Round Dance Songs 53

Wantsi nehen kahnin kematuu, buck antelope our (dl excl) house’s close to Hainnaa, rhythmical song word Wantsi maniyuu, buck antelope is crossing water Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia 3rd Version

Wantsi maniyuu, Hainnaa. Wantsi maniyuu, Hainnaa. Wantsi maniyuu. Hainneh. Tsaam puiwan kematuu. Hainnaa. Wantsi maniyuu. Hainneh.

Song of the Buck Antelope Buck antelope is crossing the water, Hainnaa. Buck antelope is crossing the water, Hainnaa. Buck antelope is crossing the water. Hainneh. Next to nice green grass, Hainnaa. Buck antelope is crossing the water. Hainneh. 54 Newe Hupia

Kwahatenna Kuhan Nahupia 3rd Version Antelope Male’s rflx-Song

Wantsi maniyuu, buck antelope be crossing water Hainnaa. rhythmical song word Wantsi maniyuu, buck antelope be crossing water Hainnaa. rhythmical song word Wantsi maniyuu. buck antelope be crossing water Hainneh. rhythmical song word Tsaam puiwan kematuu. good green grass’ next to Hainnaa. rhythmical song word Wantsi maniyuu. buck antelope be crossing water Hainneh. rhythmical song word Tekaitennan Nahupia ‘Song of the Hunter’ 12Earl Crum Tekaitennan Nahupia 1st Version

Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe. Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe. Huuntoyan kematuu Tuu winnookinna, Tuu winnookinna. Huuntoyan kematuu Tuu winnookinna, Tuu winnookinna.

Song of the Hunter Hunter, Hunter, Hunter. Hunter, Hunter, Hunter. Next to a wooded mountain He is a dark shadow walking along, A dark shadow walking along. Next to a wooded mountain He is a dark shadow walking along, A dark shadow walking along.

55 Mi’akinna, mi’akinna ‘walk along, walk along’—as Beverly Crum chants these words to the beat of a drum, children at the tribal Head Start center join hands and walk along with her. The children learn the meaning of different action words by listening to the chant and doing as the words say. This is fun time and good exercise as well. Photograph by Sandy Jones. Round Dance Songs 57

Tekaitennan Nahupia 1st Version Hunter’s rflx-Song

Watsepin tsukumpe, hunter Watsepin tsukumpe, hunter Watsepin tsukumpe. hunter Huuntoyan kematuu wood-mountain next to Tuu winnookinna, dark walk along with head bobbing up and down Tuu winnookinna. dark walk along with head bobbing up and down Huuntoyan kematuu wood-mountain next to Tuu winnookinna, dark walk along with head bobbing up and down Tuu winnookinna. dark walk along with head bobbing up and down

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This song is about a hunter walking at a distance like a shadow.” The second version is not recorded on the CD. Watsempin tsukumpe is the song form of waseppeh tsukuppe ‘hunter’, which is derived from waseppeh ‘killed (pl)’ and tsukuppe ‘old man’. Another common word for hunter is tekaite(n).

Tekaitennan Nahupia 2nd Version

Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe. 58 Newe Hupia

Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe, Watsepin tsukumpe. Pennan natoyaa pai Tuu winnookinna, Tuu winnookinna. Pennan natoyaa pai Tuu winnookinna, Tuu winnookinna. Haiya wainna.

Song of the Hunter Hunter, Hunter, Hunter. Hunter, Hunter, Hunter. Over his own mountain He is a dark shadow walking along, A dark shadow walking along. Over his own mountain He is a dark shadow walking along, A dark shadow walking along. Haiya wainna.

Tekaitennan Nahupia 2nd Version Hunter’s rflx-Song

Watsepin tsukumpe, hunter Watsepin tsukumpe, hunter Watsepin tsukumpe. hunter Round Dance Songs 59

Watsepin tsukumpe, hunter Watsepin tsukumpe, hunter Watsepin tsukumpe. hunter Pennan natoyaa pai his own rflx-mountain on Tuu winnookinna, dark walk along with head bobbing up and down Tuu winnookinna. dark walk along with head bobbing up and down Pennan natoyaa pai his own rflx-mountain on Tuu winnookinna, dark walk along with head bobbing up and down Tuu winnookinna. dark walk along with head bobbing up and down Haiya wainna. Ainkam Pehyen Nahupia ‘Song of the Red Duck’ 13Earl Crum Ainkam Pehyen Nahupia

Ainkam pehyennan tuantsi, Ainkam pehye, Hapin kuukinna, Oyom paa tu pintsi, Ainkam paa tu nonowa hapiikinna. Ainkam pehyennan tuantsi, Ainkam pehye, Hapin kuukinna, Oyom paa tu pintsi, Ainkam paa tu nonowa hapiikinna. Haiya wainna.

Song of the Red Duck Child of a red duck, Red duck, Floating along diving, Always sucking through the water, Through the red water floating along. Child of a red duck, Red duck, Floating along diving, Always sucking through the water, Through the red water floating along. Haiya wainna.

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Ainkam Pehyen Nahupia Red Duck’s rflx-Song Ainkam pehyennan tuantsi, red duck’s baby Ainkam pehye, red duck Hapin kuukinna, float dive along Oyom paa tu pintsi, always water through suck Ainkam paa tu nonowa hapiikinna. red water through move (?) float along Ainkam pehyennan tuantsi, red duck’s baby Ainkam pehye, red duck Hapin kuukinna, float dive along Oyom paa tu pintsi, always water through suck Ainkam paa tu nonowa hapiikinna. red water through move (?) float along Haiya wainna. blessed

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “You know a long time ago, the early Indians used to go through a ritual by going through different motions with their hands and with the words they said. And every time you hear in a song where they say hainna or haiya wainna, they are blessing the song.” Pintsi is the song form of pitsi ‘suck, suckle’. Nonowa is not a normal word but is probably related to the auxiliary verb nooh ‘move about’, itself from the main verb noo” ‘carry’. Ainkam pehyen literally means ‘red duck’ but it is a kind of teal with a red head. The red water in this song is refer- ing to the water at sunset reflecting the redness of the sky. Pia Kuittsunnan Nahupia ‘Song of the Big Buffalo’ 14Earl Crum Pia Kuittsunnan Nahupia

Pia kuittsunna yewampontsi, Yewampontsi. Yaaya wainna. Pia kuittsunna yewampontsi, Yewampontsi. Yaaya wainna. Pui’awatsi yunkite, Pui’awatsi yunkite. Yaaya wainna. Haiya wainna.

Song of the Big Buffalo He was tracking Big Buffalo, Tracking him. Yaaya wainna. He was tracking Big Buffalo, Tracking him. Yaaya wainna. But Big Buffalo spied him and sneaked away. Big Buffalo spied him and sneaked away. Yaaya wainna. Haiya wainna.

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Pia Kuittsunnan Nahupia Big Buffalo’s rflx-Song

Pia kuittsunna yewampontsi, big buffalo-O track Yewampontsi. track Yaaya wainna. rhythmical song words Pia kuittsunna yewampontsi, big buffalo-O track Yewampontsi. track Yaaya wainna. rhythmical song words Pui’awatsi yunkite, spy moving away Pui’awatsi yunkite. spy moving away Yaaya wainna. rhythmical song words Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This song is about a big buffalo that a hunter is tracking. And as he goes tracking the buffalo, the buffalo saw him and sneaked away.” Yewampontsi is the song word for ‘track’ and ‘take aim’. The ordinary words for ‘track’ are nampuih or nayaa, and wapuih is the normal word for ‘take aim’. Pui’awatsi is the song word for ‘spy (on)’; the ordinary word is watsippuih. Although buffalo were prevalent in massive herds on the Great Plains, they were also not uncommon in small herds on the Snake River Plain and in grassy areas of the Great Basin in aboriginal times. Huittsaannan Nahupia ‘Song of the Sage Hen’ 15Earl Crum Huittsaannan Nahupia

Huintsaantsi wian katete mantu Pomiakwaainna, Pomiakwaainna, Huintsaantsi wian katete mantu Pomiakwaainna, Pomiakwaainna, Yuwaa tosam pasiwampaa O miakwainna. Yuwaa tosam pasiwampaa O miakwainna. Haiya wainna.

Song of the Sage Hen Sage Hen landing on a mountain pass Migrating around, Migrating around, Sage Hen landing on a mountain pass Migrating around, Migrating around, Walks around there On warm white sand. Walks around there On warm white sand. Haiya wainna.

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Huittsaannan Nahupia Sage Hen’s rflx-Song

Huintsaantsi wian katete mantu sage hen pass landing towards Pomiakwaainna, migrating around Pomiakwaainna, migrating around Huintsaantsi wian katete mantu sage hen pass landing towards Pomiakwaainna, migrating around Pomiakwaainna, migrating around Yuwaa tosam pasiwampaa warm white sand-on O miakwainna. there walk around Yuwaa tosam pasiwampaa warm white sand-on O miakwainna. there walk around Haiya wainna. blessed

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Huintsaantsi is the song word for ‘sage hen’; the ordinary word is huittsaa(n). Pomia(kwaai) is the song form of pomi’a(kwai) ‘migrate (around) [of birds]’. A flock of huittsaan ‘sage hen’. Tribal members of the Duck Valley Reservation consider the meat of huittsaa a gourmet treat. People both on and off the reservation have overhunted the huittsaan, and their numbers have dwindled at an alarming rate. Tribal members are asking people not to hunt more than they need. Photograph by Earl Crum. A lone huittsaa ‘sage hen’ in Earl Crum’s backyard. Photograph by Earl Crum. Hoakkantennan Nahupia ‘Song of the Warrior’ 16Beverly Crum Hoakkantennan Nahupia

Hoakkantem punkukante, Ta taa pawene pawaiyente Hainneh. Hoakkantem punkukante, Ta taa pawene pawaiyente Hainneh. Yooti! Yootiii! Yooti! I yooti! Yooti! Yooti! Hainneh. Yooti! Yootiii! Yooti! I yooti! Yooti! Yooti! Hainneh.

Song of the Warrior Clearly in the early dawn A warrior, a horseman, stands High above us. Behold! Clearly in the early dawn A warrior, a horseman, stands High above us. Behold! Arise! Arise! Arise! O arise! Arise! Arise! Hainneh. Arise! Arise! Arise! O arise! Arise! Arise! Hainneh.

68 Round Dance Songs 69

Hoakkantennan Nahupia Warrior’s rflx-Song

Hoakkantem punkukante, warrior/bowman horseman Ta taa pawene pawaiyente us predawn clear-stand high above-from Hainneh. rhythmical song word Hoakkantem punkukante, warrior/bowman horseman Ta taa pawene pawaiyente us predawn clear-stand high above-from Hainneh. rhythmical song word Yooti! Yootiii! Yooti! I arise (pl) arise (pl) arise (pl) song word yooti! Yooti! Yooti! arise (pl) arise (pl) arise Hainneh. rhythmical song word Yooti! Yootiii! Yooti! I arise (pl) arise (pl) arise (pl) song word yooti! Yooti! Yooti! arise (pl) arise (pl) arise Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This is a song about the warrior . . . Early in the morning before daylight, the singer looked up into the sky and saw the formation of stars, Orion, and sang about it.” Yooti” is the plural form of the verb ‘arise, get up; fly off’. Here it is directed to the singer’s listeners, whom she encourages to rise above their problems and the things that hold them down. This offers them a blessing of hope for better things to come. And on a more practical level, it means for them not to be involved in too much sleep, unaware of what is going on around them. Ta is a short song form for tamme(n) ‘us (pl)’. Tuittsi’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Young Man’ 17Earl Crum Tuittsi’an Nahupia

Tammen nemen tuantsi paa nanku Punku kate kimmannoo. Hainna. Tammen nemen tuantsi paa nanku Punku kate kimmannoo. Hainna. Tamme hunupaa seepi Pui patewintsi. Tammem paa nanku nemen tuantsi Punku kate kimmannoo. Hainna. Tammem paa nanku nemen tuantsi Punku kate kimmannoo. Hainna. Tamme hunupaa seepi Pui patewintsi. Haiya wainna.

Song of the Young Man Our young man from high above Comes riding along on a horse. Behold! Our young man from high above Comes riding along on a horse. Behold!

70 Round Dance Songs 71

Above our canyon to the willows, To the little green willow shoots. From high above, Comes our young man riding along on a horse. Behold! From high above, Comes our young man riding along on a horse. Behold! Above our canyon to the willows, To the little green willow shoots. Haiya wainna.

Tuittsi’an Nahupia Young Man’s rflx-Song

Tammen nemen tuantsi paa nanku our (incl) person young above from side of Punku kate kimmannoo. horse sit come-moving along Hainna. rhythmical song word Tammen nemen tuantsi paa nanku our (incl) person young above from side of Punku kate kimmannoo. horse sit come-moving along Hainna. rhythmical song word Tamme hunupaa seepi our (incl) canyon-above willow Pui patewintsi. green willow shoot Tammem paa nanku nemen tuantsi our (incl) above from side of person young 72 Newe Hupia

Punku kate kimmannoo. horse sit come-moving along Hainna. rhythmical song word Tammem paa nanku nemen tuantsi our (incl) above from side of person young Punku kate kimmannoo. horse sit come-moving along Hainna. rhythmical song word Tamme hunupaa seepi our (incl) canyon-above willow Pui patewintsi. green willow shoot Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This is a song about a young man coming down from above, riding on a horse.” The song can be interpreted both in the physical sense of a young man riding down from higher ground, but also in a more spiritual sense of a youth riding down from the heavens above. Paa(n) is the song form of pa’a(n) ‘over, above, on (top of)’. Upi Katete ‘There She Sits’ 18Beverly Crum Upi Katete

Upii katete hunum ma Tepai yantum ma. Hainneh. Upii katete hunum ma Tepai yantum ma. Hainneh. Ainka tempi huutepana Tepai yantum ma. Hainneh. Ainka tempi huutepana Tepai yantum ma. Hainneh. Haiya wainna.

There She Sits There she sits in a canyon Winnowing pinenuts. Hainneh. There she sits in a canyon Winnowing pinenuts. Hainneh. Near the red rocks by the woods Winnowing pinenuts. Hainneh. Near the red rocks by the woods Winnowing pinenuts. Hainneh. Haiya wainna.

73 74 Newe Hupia

Upi Katete There Sit

Upii katete hunum ma there out of sight sit canyon in Tepai yantum ma. pine nut-o winnowing tray with Hainneh. rhythmical song word Upii katete hunum ma there out of sight sit canyon in Tepai yantum ma. pinenut-o winnowing tray with Hainneh. rhythmical song word Ainka tempi huutepana red rock wood-on side of Tepai yantum ma. pinenut-o winnowing tray with Hainneh. rhythmical song word Ainka tempi huutepana red rock wood-on side of Tepai yantum ma. pinenut-o winnowing tray with Hainneh. rhythmical song word Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Pinenuts were one of the most important staple foods for the Western Shoshoni. Several families would gather together in the fall to collect and prepare them and celebrate the harvest. Piatetsii’an Nahupia ‘Song of Wild Rice’ 19Earl Crum Piatetsii’an Nahupia

Piatetsii, piatesiii Yommanai piatetsii, Yommanai. Piatetsii, piatesiii Yommanai piatetsii. Yommanai puittempi puittenkahan katsunka, Puittenkahan katsunkante. Hainneh. Puittempi puittenkahan katsunka, Puittenkahan katsunkante. Hainneh.

Song of Wild Rice Wild rice, wild rice, Wild rice swaying in the wind, Swaying in the wind. Wild rice, wild rice, Wild rice swaying in the wind. Swaying on the green rocks at the end of a grassy meadow, At the end of a grassy meadow. Hainneh. On the green rocks at the end of a grassy meadow, At the end of a grassy meadow. Hainneh.

75 76 Newe Hupia

Piatetsii’an Nahupia Wild Rice’s rflx-Song

Piatetsii piatesiii wild rice wild rice Yommanai piatetsii, sway (pl) in the wind wild rice Yommanai. sway (pl) in the wind Piatetsii, piatesiii wild rice wild rice Yommanai piatetsii. sway (pl) in the wind wild rice Yommanai puittempi puittenkahan katsunka, sway (pl) in the wind green rock grass place’s end of-at Puittenkahan katsunkante. green place’s end of-at Hainneh. rhythmical song word Puittempi puittenkahan katsunka, green rock grass place’s end of-at Puittenkahan katsunkante. grass place’s end of-at Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “A long time ago, the Indians used to go out and harvest this plant, piatetsii ‘wild rice’. But the plant doesn’t grow anymore. The cattle, the sheep, and the horses ate them all up, and the plant just couldn’t reproduce itself. It has become extinct. Some people identify it as tall rye grass, which is good to eat too. But that is not as numerous as piatetsii used to be.” Toyakaitennan Nahupia ‘Thunder Song’ 20Earl Crum Toyakaitennan Nahupia

Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu, Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu. Paa tottsapikka tukkan naitu winkum mantu.

Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu, Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu. Paa tottsapikka tukkan naitu winkum mantu. Haiya wainna.

Thunder Song Rumbling thundering darkness breaks loose, Rumbling thundering darkness breaks loose. Water crashing breaks away downward. Rumbling thundering darkness breaks loose, Rumbling thundering darkness breaks loose. Water crashing breaks away downward. Rumbling thundering darkness breaks loose, Rumbling thundering darkness breaks loose. Water crashing breaks away downward. Haiya wainna.

77 78 Newe Hupia

Toyakaitennan Nahupia Thunder’s rflx-Song

Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu, thundering dark break away toward Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu. thundering dark break away toward Paa tottsapikka tukkan naitu water make crashing sound down from winkum mantu. break away toward Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu, thundering dark break away toward Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu. thundering dark break away toward Paa tottsapikka tukkan naitu water make crashing sound down from winkum mantu. break away toward Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu, thundering dark break away toward Toyakainnai tuu winkum mantu. thundering dark break away toward Paa tottsapikka tukkan naitu water make crashing sound down from winkum mantu. break away toward Haiya wainna. blessed

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. It is about the ominous and frightful flash floods that can happen any time in the desert West. Winkum is the song form of wikkah(ku) ‘break away, break loose, give way’. Pa’emah Hupia ‘Rain Song’ 21Earl Crum Pa’emah Hupia

Tammen toya’ana katetenna mannai, Kutsiwaa paa nopii. Hainneh. Tammen toya’ana katetenna mannai, Kutsiwaa paa nopii. Hainneh. Kutsiwaa ha tammen tuu ha tammen tuu? Hainneh. Kutsiwaa ha tammen tuu ha tammen tuu? Hainneh. Haiya wainna.

Rain Song From the top of the mountain Dust and rain are coming our way. Look! From the top of the mountain Dust and rain are coming our way. Look! Is the dust storm coming our way, coming our way? Look! Is the dust storm coming our way, coming our way? Look!

79 80 Newe Hupia

Pa’emah Hupia Rain Song

Tammen toya’ana katetenna mannai, our (incl) mountain top sitting-O from Kutsiwaa paa nopii. dust storm water arrive Hainneh. rhythmical song word Tammen toya’ana katetenna mannai, our (incl) mountain top sitting-O from Kutsiwaa paa nopii. dust storm water arrive Hainneh. rhythmical song word Kutsiwaa ha tammen tuu ha tammen tuu? dust storm Q us (incl) through Q us (incl) through Hainneh. rhythmical song word Kutsiwaa ha tammen tuu ha tammen tuu? dust storm Q us (incl) through Q us (incl) through Hainneh. rhythmical song word Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. In this song the singer could use hapite(n) ‘lying’ instead of katete(n) ‘sitting’. Toyahapite(n) means ‘mountain range’, literally, ‘mountain lying’, while toyakatete(n) means a single large ‘mountain sitting’ alone. Nopii is the song form for noopite ‘arrive’. Tempitta Nemittan Nahupia ‘Song of22 the Rock Walker’ Earl Crum

Tempitta Nemittan Nahupia

Tempitta nemittan kematuu, Tempitta nemittan kematuu Tenaa tempi, Tempin tuun nuwa, Nanka yunkinnoote. Tenaa tempi, Tempin tuun nuwa, Nanka yunkinnoote. Haiya wainna.

Song of the Rock Walker Next to the Rock Walker, Next to the Rock Walker, Rocks falling away, Rocks rolling down, Echoing fading away. Rocks falling away, Rocks rolling down, Echoing fading away. Haiya wainna.

Tempitta Nemittan Nahupia Rock-o Walker’s rflx-Song

Tempitta nemittan kematuu, rock-o walker’s next to

81 82 Newe Hupia

Tempitta nemittan kematuu rock-o walker’s next to Tenaa tempi, down rock Tempin tuun nuwa, rock down move Nanka yunkinnoote. sounding move away-moving along Tenaa tempi, down rock Tempin tuun nuwa, rock down move Nanka yunkinnoote. sounding move away-moving along Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “This song is called ‘The Rock Walker’. It is about a person walking on a hill, and he is rolling the rocks down. And as the rock goes rolling down, he listens to it as it goes away from him.” The noun-forming suffix -tta on nemitta ‘walker, wanderer’ (< nemi ‘walk around, wander, roam’) is not a normal agentive noun suffix in Western Shoshoni, although it is probably historically related to the regular agentive suffix -ttü in Panamint (Tümpisa) Shoshoni (see Dayley 1989, 237). Tuun before nuwa is a short form of tenaa ‘down’. Tsaan Napuni Tamme Sokopi ‘How Beautiful23 Is Our Land’ Beverly Crum

Tsaan Napuni Tamme Sokopi

Tsaan napuni taai sokopii, Tsaan napuni taai sokopi, Oyom paam paanan kematu. Tsaan napuni taai sokopi. Tsaan napuni taai sokopii, Tsaan napuni taai sokopi, Sokotontsiyam ma paan kematu Tsaan napuni taai sokopi. Haiya wainna.

How Beautiful Is Our Land How beautiful is our land, How beautiful is our land, Forever near the water, the water. How beautiful is our land. How beautiful is our land, How beautiful is our land, Earth flowers bloom next to the water. How beautiful is our land. Haiya wainna.

83 84 Newe Hupia

Tsaan Napuni Tamme Sokopi Beautiful Look Our Land

Tsaan napuni taai sokopii, beautiful look our (incl) land Tsaan napuni taai sokopi, beautiful look our (incl) land Oyom paam paanan kematu. always water water’s next to Tsaan napuni taai sokopi, beautiful look our (incl) land Tsaan napuni taai sokopii, beautiful look our (incl) land Tsaan napuni taai sokopi. beautiful look our (incl) land Sokotontsiyam ma paan kematu earth flower with water next to Tsaan napuni taai sokopi. beautiful look our (incl) land Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Earl Crum says, “You know, early in the morning when the sun comes up, and a little after, the singer would sing this song. And when he would get through singing this song, having danced all night, the people would go home.” Taai is the poetic word used in this song for normal tai(n) ~ tamme(n) ‘our (incl)’. Some singers use tewaai instead of taai. Sokotontsiyam ma paan kematu / Tsaan napuni tai sokopi, ‘Earth flowers bloom forth next to the water / How beautiful is our land’. Here, a grove of quaking aspen stands near a mountain stream flowing down a ravine. Growing on its banks are lupines, lavender, and lavender iris. Photograph by Beverly Crum. Pia Isan Nahupia ‘Wolf Song’ 24Beverly Crum Pia Isan Nahupia

Pia Isam peentsi Pennan kwasin katsunka U piyaatehki, Piyaatehki, Piyaatehki, Piyaattua noote. Piyaatehki, Piyaattua noote. Haiya wainna.

Wolf Song Furry Wolf On his tail Carries him away, Carries him away, Carries him away, Carries the child away. Carries him away, Carries the child away. Haiya wainna.

86 Round Dance Songs 87

Pia Isan Nahupia Wolf’s rflx-Song Pia Isam peentsi wolf furry Pennan kwasin katsunka his own tail’s end of-at U piyaatehki, him with behind-carry-start Piyaatehki, with behind-carry-start Piyaatehki, with behind-carry-start Piyaattua noote. with behind-carry-child carrying on back Piyaatehki, with behind-carry-start Piyaattua noote. with behind-carry-child carrying on back Haiya wainna.

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. The song makes reference to a saying that parents used to say to misbehaving children: Ukka kai en ten- ankanku, Itsappe en kwasi pinnookkwanto’i. ‘If you don’t behave, Coyote will carry you off on his tail.’ Another warning to misbehaving children was that Tso’apittseh, a mythological monster who ate people, would come from the mountains and carry them off. Both of these sayings are much like when English speaking parents say, “If you don’t behave, the boogeyman will get you.” Shoshonis say Pia Isa ‘Wolf’ and Itsappe ‘Coyote’ are nanapapinneweh ‘brothers’. In this song Pia Isa, not Itsappe, is carrying the child off on his tail. Kamme Hupia ‘Jackrabbit Song’ 25Earl Crum Kamme Hupia

Tammem maananku Pohotoyapi. Hainna. Tammem maananku Pohotoyapi. Hainna, oyo wia paa Kammentsi. Hainna. Kammentsi. Hainna.

Jackrabbit Song Before us in the distance Is the sage covered mountain. Look! Before us in the distance Is the sage covered mountain. Look! On every mountain pass Jackrabbits. Look! Jackrabbits. Look!

Kamme Hupia Jackrabbit Song

Tammem maananku us (incl) far away from

88 Jim Crum with rabbits he hunted, about 1928 or 1929, near Battle Mountain. Photograph from the Earl Crum Collection. 90 Newe Hupia

Pohotoyapi. sagebrush mountain Hainna. rhythmical song word Tammem maananku us (incl) far away from Pohotoyapi. sagebrush mountain Hainna, oyo wia paa rhythmical song word every mountain pass on Kammentsi. jackrabbit-diminutive Hainna. rhythmical song word Kammentsi. jackrabbit-diminutive Hainna. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Kammentsi is the affectionate endearing song form of ordinary kamme ~ kammu ‘jackrabbit’. Jackrabbits were an important food source and also prized for their fur to make rabbit- skin blankets. Paa is the song form of pa’a(n) ‘on (top of)’. Pimmaa Tuintsi ‘Young Calves’ 26Earl Crum Pimmaa Tuintsi

Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, Paan kemaa tuu. Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna. Paan kemaa tuu. Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna. Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, Paan kemaa tuu, Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna. Paan kemaa tuu. Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna.

Young Calves Young calves, young calves, Young calves, young calves, Next to the water, Young ones lying around, Next to the water, Young ones lying around. Young calves, young calves, Young calves, young calves, Next to the water, Young ones lying around, Next to the water, Young ones lying around.

91 92 Newe Hupia

Pimmaa Tuintsi bovine young

Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, bovine young bovine young Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, bovine young bovine young Paan kemaa tuu. water’s side of song word Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna. young be lying around (pl distrib) Paan kemaa tuu. water’s side of song word Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna. young be lying around (pl distrib) Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, bovine young bovine young Pimmaa tuintsi pimma tuintsi, bovine young bovine young Paan kemaa tuu. water’s side of song word Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna. young be lying around (pl distrib) Paan kemaa tuu. water’s side of song word Tuintsi kwakkwapiikinna. young be lying around (pl distrib)

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Pimma(a) tuantsi is related to Comanche pimmorua ‘calf’. Pimma(a) is not an ordinary word in Shoshoni. Kwakkwapiikinna is the distributive song form of kwapi” ‘lie (down)’ plural. Oyon Tempi ‘Every Rock’ 27Earl Crum Oyon Tempi 1st Interpretation

Oyon tempi aiwan tempi Patemmam pii toi. Oyon tempi patemmam pii toi Oyon tempi aiwan tempi Patemmam pii toi. Oyon tempi patemmam pii toi Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmam pii. Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmam pii.

Oyon tempi aiwan tempi Patemmam pii toi. Oyon tempi patemmam pii toi Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmam pii Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmam pii. Every Rock 1st Interpretation Every rock, rocks like this, Throw around in the pool. Throw every rock around in the water. Every rock, rocks like this, Throw around in the pool. Throw every rock around in the pool. They splash around In the white water, They splash around In the white water. 93 94 Newe Hupia

Every rock, rocks like this, Throw around in the pool. Throw every rock around in the water. They splash around In the white water, They splash around In the white water.

Oyon Tempi 1st Interpretation Every Rock

Oyon tempi aiwan tempi every rock this-like rock Patemmam pii toi. pool of water around throw Oyon tempi patemmam pii toi every rock pool of water around throw Oyon tempi aiwan tempi every rock this-like rock Patemmam pii toi. pool of water around throw Oyon tempi patemmam pii toi every rock pool of water around throw Totsappaa wooyompa white-water splash Patemmam pii. pool of water around Totsappaa wooyompa white-water splash Patemmam pii. pool of water around Oyon tempi aiwan tempi every rock this-like rock Round Dance Songs 95

Patemmam pii toi. pool of water around throw Oyon tempi patemmam pii toi every rock pool of water around throw Totsappaa wooyompa white-water splash Patemmam pii pool of water around Totsappaa wooyompa white-water splash Patemmam pii. pool of water around

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. The song has two totally different interpretations. The first makes reference to skipping stones, especially small flat cobblestones patsittempi, around in the water. The second interpretation is given on the following two pages. In both interpretations aiwan is the song form of aiwa’ih ‘like this’. In the first version, toi is the song form of tawiih ‘throw’. Patemmam pii is a song word from pakateten ‘body of water, pool’ plus the song form pii of the postposition pai ‘around (in an undefined area)’. Wooyompa means ‘splash’ and is a song word but not related to any ordinary word. The normal word for ‘splash’ is pakwittsu’ih.

Oyon Tempi 2nd Interpretation

Oyon tempi aiwan tempi Patemmampii toi. Oyon tempi patemmampii toi Oyon tempi aiwan tempi Patemmampii toi. Oyon tempi patemmampii toi Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmampii Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmampii. 96 Newe Hupia

Oyon tempi aiwan tempi Patemmampii toi. Oyon tempi patemmampii toi Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmampii Totsappaa wooyompa Patemmampii.

Every Rock 2nd Interpretation From under every rock, rocks like this, Water-rock creatures emerge. From under every rock, water-rock creatures emerge. From under every rock, rocks like this, Water-rock creatures emerge. From under every rock, water-rock creatures emerge, White water worms, Water-rock creatures, White water worms, Water-rock creatures. From under every rock, rocks like this, Water rock creatures emerge. From under every rock, water-rock creatures emerge. White water worms, Water-rock creatures, White water worms, Water-rock creatures.

Oyon Tempi 2nd Interpretation Every Rock

Oyon tempi aiwan tempi every rock this-like rock Patemmampii toi. water-rock-creature emerge Oyon tempi patemmampii toi every rock water-rock-creature emerge Round Dance Songs 97

Oyon tempi aiwan tempi every rock this-like rock Patemmampii toi. water-rock-creature emerge Oyon tempi patemmampii toi every rock water-rock-creature emerge Totsappaa wooyompa white-water worm Patemmampii water-rock-creature Totsappaa wooyompa white-water worm Patemmampii. water-rock-creature Oyon tempi aiwan tempi every rock this-like rock Patemmampii toi. water-rock-creature emerge Oyon tempi patemmampii toi every rock water-rock-creature emerge Totsappaa wooyompa white-water worm Patemmampii water-rock-creature Totsappaa wooyompa white-water worm Patemmampii. water-rock-creature

Comments The second interpretation of the song is about turning rocks over in the water and watching white water worms come out from underneath the rocks. Toi is the song form of to’ih ‘emerge, come up/out’. Patemmampii is a 98 Newe Hupia song word meaning ‘water-rock creature’ (< pa- ‘water’, ten- ‘rock’ plus mampii ‘creature’, not an ordinary word). Wooyompa is the song word in this interpetation for ‘worm’, and perhaps related to ordinary wo’api(n) ‘worm, maggot’. The two interpretations of the song are both compatible and possible because the song has words that are not used in ordinary language, but some are somewhat similar to different ordinary words, and therefore inter- pretable in different ways. And the song has two words that don’t occur at all in ordinary language (i.e., patemmampii and wooyompa) and thus are open to interpretation. Tooppehan Nahupia ‘Cloud Song’ 28Earl Crum Tooppehan Nahupia

Haiyon tootompi tootompi, Hainnah. Haiyon tootompi tootompi, Hainnah. Akka wiya pahan tootompi tootompi, Hainnah. Akka wiya pahan tootompi tootompi, Hainnah. Haiyon tootompi tootompi, Hainnah. Haiyon tootompi tootompi, Hainnah. Akka wiya pahan tootompi tootompi, Hainnah. Akka wiya pahan tootompi tootompi, Hainnah.

Cloud Song O clouds, clouds, Hainnah. O clouds, clouds, Hainnah. Clouds, clouds over that mountain pass, Hainnah. Clouds, clouds over that mountain pass, Hainnah.

99 100 Newe Hupia

O clouds, clouds, Hainnah. O clouds, clouds, Hainnah. Clouds, clouds over that mountain pass, Hainnah. Clouds, clouds over that mountain pass, Hainnah.

Tooppehan Nahupia Clouds (distrib) rflx-Song

Haiyon tootompi tootompi, rhythmical song word clouds (distrib) clouds (distrib) Hainnah. rhythmical song word Haiyon tootompi tootompi, rhythmical song word clouds (distrib) clouds (distrib) Hainnah. rhythmical song word Akka wiya pahan tootompi tootompi, that pass on clouds (distrib) clouds (distrib) Hainnah. rhythmical song word Akka wiya pahan tootompi tootompi, that pass on clouds (distrib) clouds (distrib) Hainnah. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Tootompi is the distributive plural song form of tooppeh ‘cloud’, wiya is the song form of wia ‘(mountain) pass’, and paha(n) is the song form in this song of pa’a(n) ‘on’. Pia Pakenappeh ‘Heavy Fog’ 29Earl Crum Pia Pakenappeh

Piya pakenna kenna wenkatompi, Yaainno. Piya pakenna kenna wenkatompi, Yaainno. Totsappakenna wenkato, Totsappakenna wenkatompi, Yaainneh. Totsappakenna wenkato, Totsappakenna wenkatompi, Yaainneh. Piya pakenna kenna wenkatompi, Yaainno. Piya pakenna kenna wenkatompi, Yaainno. Totsappakenna wenkato, Totsappakenna wenkatompi, Yaainneh.

Heavy Fog Heavy fog cover rolling in, Yaainno. Heavy fog cover rolling in, Yaainno. White fog spreading out, White fog spreading out, Yaainneh.

101 102 Newe Hupia

White fog spreading out, White fog spreading out, Yaainneh. Heavy fog cover rolling in, Yaainno. Heavy fog cover rolling in, Yaainno. White fog spreading out, White fog spreading out, Yaainneh.

Pia Pakenappeh Big Fog

Piya pakenna kenna wenkatompi, big fog cover spread out Yaainno. rhythmical song word Piya pakenna kenna wenkatompi, big fog cover spread out Yaainno. rhythmical song word Totsappakenna wenkato, white-fog spread out Totsappakenna wenkatompi, white-fog spread out Yaainneh. rhythmical song word Totsappakenna wenkato, white-fog spread out Totsappakenna wenkatompi, white-fog spread out Yaainneh. rhythmical song word Round Dance Songs 103

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Wenkato(mpi) is the song form of wekkatookka ‘spread out’, pakenna is the song form of pakenappeh ‘fog’, and kenna is the song form of the instrumental verb -kenah ‘cover’. Pasiwakkatetem Manteh ‘To the Sand Dunes’ 30Earl Crum Pasiwakkatetem Manteh

Patsiwankatetem mantuu, Pasiwakkatetem manteh. Patsiwankatetem mantuu, Pasiwakkatetem manteh. Patsiwankatetem mantuu, Pasiwakkatetem manteh. Patsiwankatetem mantuu, Pasiwakkatetem manteh.

To the Sand Dunes Toward the sand dunes, To the sand dunes. Toward the sand dunes, To the sand dunes. Toward the sand dunes, To the sand dunes. Toward the sand dunes, To the sand dunes.

Pasiwakkatetem Manteh Sand Dunes To Patsiwankatetem mantuu, sand dune toward Pasiwakkatetem manteh. sand dune to 104 Round Dance Songs 105

Patsiwankatetem mantuu, sand dune toward Pasiwakkatetem manteh. sand dune to Patsiwankatetem mantuu, sand dune toward Pasiwakkatetem manteh. sand dune to Patsiwankatetem mantuu, sand dune toward Pasiwakkatetem manteh. sand dune to

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Patsiwankatte(n) is one song form of pasiwakkatete(n) ‘sand dune’, also used in this song. Mantuu is the song form used in this song of mantu(n) ‘towards’; manteh is the song form used here of mante(n), another ordinary form of ‘to’, ‘towards’. Yuwannan Totompeentsi ‘Heat Wave’ 31Earl Crum Yuwannan Totompeentsi

Yuwannan totompeentsi, We’napii we’napii we’napii. Hainnah. Waattoya yeyekwitem mantu Kotsimpoo kotsimpoo kwakkwapiikinna Yuwannan totompeentsi, We’napii we’napii we’napii. Hainnah. Waattoya yeyekwitem mantu Kotsimpoo kotsimpoo kwakkwapiikinna Yuwannan totompeentsi, We’napii we’napii we’napii. Hainnah. Waattoya yeyekwitem mantu Kotsimpoo kotsimpoo kwakkwapiikinna.

Heat Wave Warm clouds—heat wave, From the desert, desert, desert. Hainnah. Toward the two mountains sitting there in the distance, Trails of dust, trails of dust coming in low-lying waves. Warm clouds—heat wave, From the desert, desert, desert. Hainnah.

106 Round Dance Songs 107

Toward the two mountains sitting there in the distance, Trails of dust, trails of dust coming in low-lying waves. Warm clouds—heat wave, From the desert, desert, desert. Hainnah. Toward the two mountains sitting there in the distance, Trails of dust, trails of dust coming in low-lying waves.

Yuwannan Totompeentsi Warm Cloud Waves

Yuwannan totompeentsi, warm cloud waves We’napii we’napii we’napii, desert desert desert Hainnah. rhythmical song word Waattoya yeyekwitem mantu two-mountain sitting (dl) towards Kotsimpoo kotsimpoo kwakkwapiikinna dust trail dust trail lying (pl distrib)-coming Yuwannan totompeentsi, warm cloud waves We’napii we’napii we’napii, desert desert desert Hainnah. rhythmical song word Waattoya yeyekwitem mantu two-mountain sitting (dl) towards Kotsimpoo kotsimpoo kwakkwapiikinna. dust trail dust trail lying (pl distrib)-coming 108 Newe Hupia Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Yuwannan is a song form of yu’aih ‘be warm’. Totompeentsi is a distributive song word based on tooppeh ‘cloud’ plus peesi ‘fine fur’. Kotsimpoo ‘dust trail’ is a compound song form based on the ordinary words kusippeh ‘dust, ashes’ and po’i” ‘trail, path, road’. Kwakkwapi is a distributive song form of kwapi” ‘lie (down) (pl)’. Pui Aipin Tempi Tenapoo ‘Marks of32 Blue Chalky Clay’ Earl Crum

Pui Aipin Tempi Tenapoo

Pui aipin tempi tenapoo tenapoo, Hain tenapoo, Hainneh. Pui aipin tempi tenapoo tenapoo, Hain tenapoo, Hainneh. Toyawaikin nankwa, Toyawaikin nankwa, Pui aipin namapataatsiyuwainna. Hainneh. Toyawaikin nankwa, Toyawaikin nankwa. Pui aipin namapataatsiyuwainna. Hainneh.

Marks of Blue Chalky Clay Marks, blue chalky clay marks, Blessed marks, Hainneh. Marks, blue chalky clay marks, Blessed marks, Hainneh. On the side of a mountain, On the side of a mountain, Glazing one’s body all over with blue chalky clay, Hainneh.

109 110 Newe Hupia

On the side of a mountain, On the side of a mountain, Glazing one’s body all over with blue chalky clay, Hainneh.

Pui Aipin Tempi Tenapoo Blue Chalky Clay Rock Mark

Pui aipin tempi tenapoo tenapoo, blue chalky clay rock mark mark Hain tenapoo, rhythmical song word mark Hainneh. rhythmical song word Pui aipin tempi tenapoo tenapoo, blue chalky clay rock mark mark Hain tenapoo, rhythmical song word mark Hainneh. rhythmical song word Toyawaikin nankwa, mountain-area side of Toyawaikin nankwa, mountain-area side of Pui aipin namapataatsiyuwainna. blue chalky clay self-with hand-shine-all over Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. It is about rubbing oneself with wet, shiny, bluish chalky clay as a purification process. Namapataatsiyuwainna is a verb built with the reflexive prefix na-, plus the instrumental prefix ma- ‘with the hand’, and the verb root pataatsi (ordinary form: patatsiki) ‘shine’, followed by the suffixes -yu progressive, -kwain ‘all over’ and -nna general tense and aspect. Payampa Yampa Tuu ‘Through Wild Carrot Fields’ 33Earl Crum Payampa Yampa Tuu

Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna, Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna, Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna, Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna. Payampa yampa tuu, Payampa yampa tuu tatsawai. Hainneh. Payampa yampa tuu, Payampa yampa tuu tatsawai. Hainneh.

Through Wild Carrot Fields O it’s warm through the rocks and water, O it’s warm through the rocks and water, O it’s warm through the rocks and water, O it’s warm through the rocks and water. Crispy wild carrots, through wild carrot fields, Crispy wild carrots, through wild carrot fields in early summer. Hainneh. Crispy wild carrots, through wild carrot fields, Crispy wild carrots, through wild carrot fields in early summer. Hainneh.

Payampa Yampa Tuu Juicy-Wild Carrot Wild Carrot Through

Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna, O rock water through be warm 111 112 Newe Hupia

Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna, O rock water through be warm Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna, O rock water through be warm Hain tempim paa tuu yuwainna. O rock water through be warm Payampa yampa tuu, juicy-wild carrot wild carrot through Payampa yampa tuu tatsawai. juicy-wild carrot wild carrot through be early summer Hainneh. rhythmical song work Payampa yampa tuu, juicy-wild carrot wild carrot through Payampa yampa tuu tatsawai. juicy-wild carrot wild carrot through be early summer Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. It is about walking through the yampa ‘wild carrot’ fields in the summer time. Payampa are crispy, juicy wild carrots as they first come out in the early summer. Wild carrots were an important and cherished food source. Tahma Okwaiteentsi ‘Spring Floods’ 34Earl Crum Tahma Okwaiteentsi

Tahma okwaiteentsi, Tahma okwaiteentsi, Tahma okwaiteentsi, Tahma okwaiteentsi. Huuppinnam pantan kantsu himmapi, Pasaattointsi pampunuuhanniite. Huuppinnam pantan kantsu himmapi, Pasaattointsi pampunuuhanniite.

Spring Floods Spring floods, Spring floods, Spring floods, Spring floods. Foamy water swirling around and around Carrying sticks and branches from the water’s edge. Foamy water swirling around and around Carrying sticks and branches from the water’s edge.

Tahma Okwaiteentsi Spring Floods

Tahma okwaiteentsi, spring flood Tahma okwaiteentsi, spring flood

113 114 Newe Hupia

Tahma okwaiteentsi, spring flood Tahma okwaiteentsi. spring flood Huuppinnam pantan kantsu himmapi, stick/branch-O water’s edge carry (pl) Pasaattointsi pampunuuhanniite. water-foam water-swirl around Huuppinnam pantan kantsu himmapi, stick/branch-O water’s edge carry (pl) Pasaattointsi pampunuuhanniite. water-foam water-swirl around

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Himmapi is the song form of hima” ‘carry, take (pl)’, and kantsu is the song form of katsu(n) ‘end, tip, edge’. Okwaiteentsi is the song form of okwaiten ‘flood, flowing’ with the addition of the song form -ntsi of the diminutive-affectionate suffix -ttsi. Pampunuuhanniite is the song form of pampunuaniite(n) ‘swirling water, whirlpool’. Pakenappeh ‘Fog’ 35Earl Crum Pakenappeh

Pakenaa pakenaa pakenaa, tootompi, Hainneh. Pakenaa pakenaa pakenaa, tootompi, Hainneh. Pennan natempin tui pa’ai pakena tootompi, Hainneh. Pennan natempin tui pa’ai pakena tootompi, Hainneh.

Fog Fog, fog, fog—clouds, Hainneh. Fog, fog, fog—clouds, Hainneh. Fog and clouds over their kin, the rocks, Hainneh. Fog and clouds over their kin, the rocks, Hainneh.

Pakenappeh Fog

Pakenaa pakenaa pakenaa, tootompi, fog fog fog clouds (distrib) Hainneh. rhythmical song word

115 116 Newe Hupia

Pakenaa pakenaa pakenaa, tootompi, fog fog fog clouds (distrib) Hainneh. rhythmical song word Pennan natempin tui pa’ai pakena tootompi, its own rflx-rock kin over fog clouds (distrib) Hainneh. rhythmical song word Pennan natempin tui pa’ai pakena tootompi, its own rflx-rock kin over fog clouds (distrib) Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Pakena(a) is a song form of ordinary pakenappeh ‘fog’, tootompi is a plural distributive form of tooppeh ‘cloud’, and natempi is a possessive form of tempi ‘rock’. Tekaimmi’a ‘Going Hunting’ 36Earl Crum Tekaimmi’a

Piya waanka tokwaimmi, Piya tontsin tekaimmiite. Piya waanka tokwaimmi, Piya tontsin tekaimmiite. Namah.

Huumpin namatsawaaikinna, Toyapi waaikinna. Namah. Huumpin namatsawaaikinna, Toyapi waaikinna.

Going Hunting Climbing in big juniper, Hunting for big Indian balsam. Climbing in big juniper, Hunting for big Indian balsam. Namah. Feeling your way through the woods, Coming down the mountain. Namah. Feeling your way through the woods, Coming down the mountain.

Tekaimmi’a Hunt-Go

Piya waanka tokwaimmi, big juniper-at climb-go

117 118 Newe Hupia

Piya tontsin tekaimmiite. big Indian balsam hunt for-go Piya waanka tokwaimmi, big juniper-at climb-go Piya tontsin tekaimmiite. big Indian balsam hunt for-go Namah. rhymical song word Huumpin namatsawaaikinna, woods feel one’s way down Toyapi waaikinna. mountain come down-hither Namah. rhymical song word Huumpin namatsawaaikinna, woods feel one’s way down Toyapi waaikinna. mountain come down-hither

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Piya is the song form of pia ‘big’, tokwaimmi is the song form of tento’immi’a ‘go climbing’, waanka is the song form of waakka(n) ‘at the juniper’, toontsin is the song form of tootsa ‘Indian balsam’, waai(ki) is the song form of wai(kkin) ‘come down (hither)’, and huumpin is the song form of huuppi(n) ‘stick, wood(s), tree, log’. Puiwoo ‘Little Green Fish’ 37Earl Crum Puiwoo

Tenaa tei haai yaanna, Tenaa tei haai yaanna, Puipaawoo puipaawoo Huuntukkantu, Puipaawoo huuntukkantu.

Tenaa tei haai yaanna, Tenaa tei haai yaanna, Puipaawoo puipaawoo Huuntukkantu. Puipaawoo huuntukkantu.

Little Green Fish Grabbing at something going downward again, Grabbing at something going downward again, Little green fish, little green fish Going under the sticks, Little green fish going under the sticks. Grabbing at something going downward again, Grabbing at something going downward again, Little green fish, little green fish Going under the sticks, Little green fish going under the sticks.

Puiwoo Little Green Fish Tenaa tei haai yaanna, downward again something grab 119 120 Newe Hupia

Tenaa tei haai yaanna, downward again something grab Puipaawoo puipaawoo little green fish little green fish Huuntukkantu, stick-under-through Puipaawoo huuntukkantu. little green fish stick-under-through Tenaa tei haai yaanna, downward again something grab Tenaa tei haai yaanna, downward again something grab Puipaawoo puipaawoo little green fish little green fish Huuntukkantu, stick-under-through Puipaawoo huuntukkantu. little green fish stick-under-through

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Huuntukkantu is the song form of huuttukkan tuu ‘through and under the sticks’, tei is the song form of tea ‘again, also’, and haai is the song form of hinna ‘something (obj)’. Puipaawoo is the song word for puiwoo, which are small green native trout living in streams of northern Nevada and southern Idaho, like Reese’s River and the Owyhee River. Pia Potto(n) ‘Big Grinding Stone’ 38Earl Crum Pia Potto(n)

Piankem piankem pennam potoompinna, Piankem piankem potoompinna, Potoompinna tantsuku yontsakkon tsiyuumantu, Tantsukun tsiyuumante. Haainna. Yuwaa tuankam patewantsii yaanka yunkatu, Patewantsiiya, Yuwaa tuankam patewantsii Tsiyuwaanna patewantsiiya.

Big Grinding Stone Her own great big grinding stone, A great big grinding stone, Pitching seeds in the grinding stone again and again, Grinding, softening, grinding seeds, pitching them in the grinding stone. Haainna. Taking seeds, tasting and swallowing them, Large grass seeds, Swallowing them, tasting them Savoring big grass seeds.

Pia Potto(n) Big Grinding Stone

Piankem piankem pennam potoompinna, big big her own grinding stone

121 122 Newe Hupia

Piankem piankem potoompinna, big big grinding stone Potoompinna tantsuku yontsakkon tsiyuumantu, grinding stone grind soften pitch in Tantsukun tsiyuumante. grind pitch in Haainna. rhythmical song word Yuwaa tuankam patewantsii yaanka yunkatu, swallow taste large grass seeds hold take Patewantsiiya, large grass seeds-O Yuwaa tuankam patewantsii swallow taste large grass seeds Tsiyuwaanna patewantsiiya. swallow large grass seeds-O

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. It is about someone pitching large grass seeds in a big grinding stone and reaching in and tasting them every once in a while. Potoompin is the song form of potto(n) ‘grinding stone’, yuwaa is the song form of yewe” ‘swallow’, tuankam is the song form of temmaih ‘taste’, patewantsii is the song form of patuntsi ‘a type of large grass seed’, yaanka is the song form of yaakka(n) ‘hold’, and yunka is the song form of yunah ‘take’. Saai Pakantsukkih ‘Tule Blackbirds’ 39Earl Crum Saai Pakantsukkih

Saai pakantsunkii huummantu, Saai pakantsunkii huummanteh. Toyahunupii huummantu, Toyahunupii huummanteh. Saai pakantsunkii huummantu, Saai pakantsunkii huummanteh. Toyahunupii huummantu, Toyahunupii huummanteh.

Tule Blackbirds Tule blackbirds toward the woods, Tule blackbirds through the woods, Toward the mountain woods and canyons, Through the mountain woods and canyons. Tule blackbirds towards the woods, Tule blackbirds through the woods, Toward the mountain woods and canyons, Through the mountain woods and canyons.

Saai Pakantsukkih Tule Blackbird

Saai pakantsunkii huummantu, tule blackbird trees-toward Saai pakantsunkii huummanteh. tule blackbird trees-to

123 This variety of saai pakantsukkih ‘tule blackbird’ has a bright yellow breast and head and a black body. Photograph by Earl Crum. Round Dance Songs 125

Toyahunupii huummantu, mountain-canyon trees-toward Toyahunupii huummanteh. mountain-canyon trees-to Saai pakantsunkii huummantu, tule blackbird trees-toward Saai pakantsunkii huummanteh. tule blackbird trees-to Toyahunupii huummantu, mountain-canyon trees-toward Toyahunupii huummanteh. mountain-canyon trees-to

Comments This is a nekka hupia or nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Saai pakantsunkii is the song form of sai pakantsukkih (< sai ‘tule’, pakantsukkih ‘blackbird’), which refers to both red-winged blackbirds and yellow-headed blackbirds, both of which live in the tules. Hunupii is the song form of hunupi(n). Tosa Weyempih ‘White Buffalo Berry’ 40Earl Crum Tosa Weyempih

Totsa weyempin, totsa weyempin tokkim paampintsi, Totsa weyempin, totsa weyempin tokkim paampintsi, Hupia mukuwa. Tokkim paampintsi, Hupia mukuwa. Tokkim paampintsi. Totsa weyempin, totsa weyempin tokkim paampintsi, Totsa weyempin, totsa weyempin tokkim paampintsi, Hupia mukuwa. Tokkim paampintsi, Hupia mukuwa. Tokkim paampintsi.

White Buffalo Berry White buffalo berries, white buffalo berries, just nice little berries, White buffalo berries, white buffalo berries, just nice little berries, Spirit of the song. Just nice little berries, Spirit of the song. Just nice little berries. White buffalo berries, white buffalo berries, just nice little berries, White buffalo berries, white buffalo berries, just nice little berries, Spirit of the song. Just nice little berries, Spirit of the song. Just nice little berries.

126 Round Dance Songs 127

Tosa Weyempih White Buffalo Berry

Totsa weyempin, totsa weyempin white buffalo berry white buffalo berry tokkim paampintsi, just right little head Totsa weyempin, totsa weyempin white buffalo berry white buffalo berry tokkim paampintsi, just right little head Hupia mukuwa. song’s spirit Tokkim paampintsi, just right little head Hupia mukuwa. song’s spirit Tokkim paampintsi. just right little head

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Weyempin is the song form of weyempih. As in several songs before, totsa is the song form of tosa” ‘white’. Tokkim is the song form of tokai ~ tokwai ‘right, correct, perfect’, mukuwa is the song form of mukua ‘soul’. Paampintsi is the song form of pampittsi ‘little head’ but is metaphorically referring to the fact that the buffalo berries are just perfectly ripe little berries. Tuuppantsuku ‘Dark Mink’ 41Earl Crum Tuuppantsuku

Tuumpantsuku, Tuumpantsuku, Aaiya pantsahapiiyum mantu, Pui pantsahapi kwipipinna mantu, Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna, Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna. Tuumpantsuku, Tuumpantsuku, Aaiya pantsahapiiyum mantu, Pui pantsahapi kwipipinna mantu, Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna, Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna.

Dark Mink Dark mink, Dark mink Is swimming along somewhere, Swimming through the blue water frolicking along, Through the clear water paddling along, Through the clear water paddling along. Dark mink, Dark mink Is swimming along somewhere, Swimming through the blue water frolicking along, Through the clear water paddling along, Through the clear water paddling along.

128 Round Dance Songs 129

Tuuppantsuku Dark Mink

Tuumpantsuku, dark mink Tuumpantsuku, dark mink Aaiya pantsahapiiyum mantu, somewhere be swimming towards Pui pantsahapi kwipipinna mantu, blue swim shaking towards Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna, water through-towards clear self-paddle Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna. water through-towards clear self-paddle Tuumpantsuku, dark mink Tuumpantsuku, dark mink Aaiya pantsahapiiyum mantu, somewhere be swimming towards Pui pantsahapi kwipipinna mantu, blue swim shaking towards Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna, water through-towards clear self-paddle Paa tumante paapu natsantepikinna. water through-towards clear self-paddle

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Tuumpantsuku is the song form of tuuppantsuku ‘mink’ from tuu” ‘dark’ plus pantsuku ‘water mammal (= mink/otter)’, literally ‘old man of the water’. Pantsahapi is the song form of pahapi ‘swim’, and kwipipi is the song form of kwippikke(n) ‘shake, shiver’. Paapu is the song form of papun(pihten) ‘clear’. Pia Wantsi ‘Tall Grass’ 42Earl Crum Pia Wantsi

Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, Maitim pee yekwiten naai paa wahnikinna, Maitim pee yekwiten naai paa wahnikinna. Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, Maitim pee yekwiten naai paa wahnikinna, Maitim pee yekwiten naai paa wahnikinna.

Tall Grass Tall grasses covering the mountain side at the edge of the rocks, Tall grasses covering the mountain side at the edge of the rocks, Is what they’re talking about sitting winnowing, Is what they’re talking about sitting winnowing. Tall grasses covering the mountain side at the edge of the rocks, Tall grasses covering the mountain side at the edge of the rocks, Is what they’re talking about sitting winnowing, Is what they’re talking about sitting winnowing.

Pia Wantsi Tall Grass

Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam tall grass (type of) mountain side rock end paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, on grass (type of) lying (pl distrib)

130 Round Dance Songs 131

Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam tall grass (type of) mountain side rock end paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, on grass (type of) lying (pl distrib) Maitim pee yekwiten naai quote-emph themselves sitting (pl) from paa wahnikinna, about winnowing Maitim pee yekwiten naai quote-emph themselves sitting (pl) from paa wahnikinna. about winnowing Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam tall grass (type of) mountain side rock end paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, on grass (type of) lying (pl distrib) Pia wantsi toyatepannaa tenkam tall grass (type of) mountain side rock end paa watontsi kwakkwapinna, on grass (type of) lying (pl distrib) Maitim pee yekwiten naai quote-emph themselves sitting (pl) from paa wahnikinna, about winnowing Maitim pee yekwiten naai quote-emph themselves sitting (pl) from paa wahnikinna. about winnowing

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Kwakkwapi is the plural distributive form of kwapi” ‘lie (pl)’. Wahniki(n) is the song form of wettantani ~ wettaini ‘winnow’, and pee is the song form of pemma ‘themselves’. Pantei Hupia ‘Killdeer Song’ 43Beverly Crum Pantei Hupia

Paipaateeyonneh, Paipaateeyonneh, Paipaateeyonneh, Paipaateeyonneh Pam paan kematu Pam paa yetsekinna, Hainneh. Pam paan kematu Pam paa yetsekinna, Hainneh.

Killdeer Song Friend of the water, Friend of the water, Friend of the water, Friend of the water By the water, the water Flying along over the water, Hainneh. By the water, the water Flying along over the water, Hainneh.

132 Round Dance Songs 133

Pantei Hupia Water’s Friend (= Killdeer) Song

Paipaateeyonneh, water-over-friend Paipaateeyonneh, water-over-friend Paipaateeyonneh, water-over-friend Paipaateeyonneh water-over-friend Pam paan kematu water water’s next to Pam paa yetsekinna, water over flying around Hainneh. rhythmical song word Pam paan kematu water water’s next to Pam paa yetsekinna, water over flying around Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. Paipaateeyonneh is the song form of pantei ‘killdeer’, which literally means ‘friend of the water’. Paipaateeyonneh is based on paa (pai obj) ‘water’, pa’a ‘on, over’, and teeyonneh, the song form of tei ‘friend’. AIPUNTU SONGS

Tukani Hupia ‘Night Song’ 44Earl Crum Tukani Hupia

Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna, Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna. Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna, Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna. Aipuntu, Aipuntu, Aipuntu.

Night Song Wandering through the darkness of the night holding a bow, Wandering through the darkness of the night holding a bow, In the the sky holding it and taking aim, In the the sky holding it and taking aim. Wandering through the darkness of the night holding a bow, Wandering through the darkness of the night holding a bow, In the the sky holding it and taking aim, In the the sky holding it and taking aim. This way, This way, This way.

134 Aipuntu Songs 135

Tukani Hupia At Night Song

Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, night bow-hold darkness through wander Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, night bow-hold darkness through wander Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna, sky hold aim Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna. sky hold aim Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, night bow-hold darkness through wander Tuka huuyaa tuu tu waantsi, night bow-hold darkness through wander Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna, sky hold aim Tukumpe weyuu aitikinna. sky hold aim Aipuntu, this way Aipuntu, this way Aipuntu. this way

Comments This is an aipuntu song. It is about the constellation Orion as a warrior holding a bow and taking aim. Weyuu is the song form of weyaah ‘hold, carry’, and waantsi ‘wander’ is a song word, not in ordinary usage. Hiim Patatsiinna ‘Something Is Shining’ 45Earl Crum Hiim Patatsiinna Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, Hiim patatsiinna, Hiim patatsiinna. Hiim patatsiinna, Hiim patatsiinna. Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, Hiim patatsiinna, Hiim patatsiinna. Hiim patatsiinna, Hiim patatsiinna.

Aipuntu, Aipuntu, Aipuntu.

Something Is Shining To the south in the junipers on Smoky Mountain, To the south in the junipers on Smoky Mountain, Something is shining, Something is shining. Something is shining, Something is shining. To the south in the junipers on Smoky Mountain, To the south in the junipers on Smoky Mountain, Something is shining, Something is shining. Something is shining. Something is shining. 136 Aipuntu Songs 137

This way, This way, This way.

Hiim Patatsiinna Something Shining

Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, our (incl) south-from juniper-at smoky mountain sitting Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, our (incl) south-from juniper-at smoky mountain sitting Hiim patatsiinna, something shining Hiim patatsiinna. something shining Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, our (incl) south-from juniper-at smoky mountain sitting Tammen tukkananka waaka Wiintoya katete, our (incl) south-from juniper-at smoky mountain sitting Hiim patatsiinna, something shining Hiim patatsiinna. something shining Aipuntu, this way Aipuntu, this way Aipuntu. this way

Comments This is an aipuntu song. It is about enjoying nature and the scenery, taking it for what it is, sometimes puzzling but always exciting and mysterious. Wiintoya is the song form of kwiittoya ‘smoky mountain’, and waaka is the song form of waakka(n) ‘at the juniper’. Tukkananka is the song form of tukkanankwa ~ tukkananku ‘from below, underneath; from the south’. Tammem Piineen Temapaiappeh ‘What Our46 Mothers Have Made’ Beverly Crum

Tammem Piineen Temapaiappeh

Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! Mononoo patakwiintsi, Mononoo patakwiintsi.

Aipuntu, Aipuntu, Aipuntu. Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! Mononoo patakwiintsi, Mononoo patakwiintsi.

What Our Mothers Have Made What our mothers have made tastes so good! What our mothers have made tastes so good! We hold tender young greens in our mouth, We hold tender young greens in our mouth. This way, This way, This way. What our mothers have made tastes so good! What our mothers have made tastes so good! We hold tender young greens in our mouth, We hold tender young greens in our mouth.

138 Aipuntu Songs 139

Tammem Piineen Temapaiappeh Our (incl) Mothers Having Made

Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! our (incl) mothers’ having made its taste Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! our (incl) mothers’ having made its taste Mononoo patakwiintsi, hold in mouth tender young plant Mononoo patakwiintsi. hold in mouth tender young plant Aipuntu, this way Aipuntu, this way Aipuntu. this way Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! our (incl) mothers’ having made its taste Tammem pii’neen temapaia un kammante! our (incl) mothers’ having made its taste Mononoo patakwiintsi, hold in mouth tender young plant Mononoo patakwiintsi. hold in mouth tender young plant

Comments This is an aipuntu song. It is about enjoying eating delicious, tender young plants prepared by one’s mother. Mononoo is the song form of monooh(kan) ‘hold/keep/carry in the mouth’. Patakwiintsi is the song form of patekwittsi ‘tender young plants’, which the Shoshoni used to eat, particularly in the spring and early summer (e.g., kenka ‘wild onions’). Pii’nee is the song form of piinnee ‘mothers’. Nean Temapaiappeh ‘What I Have Made’ 47Beverly Crum Nean Temapaiappeh

Nean temapaia tetsimmuuka paa yamani, Nean temapaia tetsimmuuka paa yamani, Huumpi, Huumpi.

Aipuntu, Aipuntu. Paa tu, Paa tu Paahapikinna.

What I Have Made What I have made with a sharp point From wood, From wood, Crosses the water. What I have made with a sharp point From wood, From wood, Crosses the water. This way, This way. It floats along Through the water, Through the water.

140 Aipuntu Songs 141

Nean Temapaiappeh My Having Made

Nean temapaia tetsimmuuka paa yamani, my having made sharp point water cross over Nean temapaia tetsimmuuka paa yamani, my having made sharp point water cross over Huumpi, wood Huumpi. wood Aipuntu, this way Aipuntu. this way Paa tu, water through Paa tu water through Paahapikinna. float along

Comments This is an aipuntu song. It is about taking delight in fashioning a boat from wood and then putting it in water and watching it float along, especially in meandering mountain streams. Tetsimmuuka is the song form of ordinary tetsimmuka ‘sharp point(ed)’, and huumpi is the song form of huuppi(n) ‘wood, stick, log, tree’. MEDICINE OR PRAYER SONGS

Hupia Waimpentsi ‘Song Woman’ 48Beverly Crum Hupia Waimpentsi

Hupia Waimpentsi Hupia wentsituih, Hainna. Hupia Waimpentsi Hupia wentsituih, Hainna. Pennen napaa tuintsi Okwaitem mayente Hupia wentsituih, hainna. Hupia wentsituih, hainna.

Song Woman Song Woman Shaking the rhythm of her song. Hainna. Song Woman Shaking the rhythm of her song. Hainna. Next to the river, Her cousin, the water, Shaking the rhythm of her song, hainna. Shaking the rhythm of her song, hainna.

142 Medicine or Prayer Songs 143

Hupia Waimpentsi Song Woman

Hupia Waimpentsi song woman Hupia wentsituih, song shake rhythmically to Hainna. rhythmical song word Hupia Waimpentsi song woman Hupia wentsituih, song shake rhythmically to Hainna. rhythmical song word Pennen napaa tuintsi her own rflx-water cousin Okwaitem mayente river by Hupia wentsituih, hainna. song shake rhythmically rhythmical song word Hupia wentsituih, hainna. song shake rhythmically rhythmical song word

Comments This song is a puha hupia ‘power song’ or nanisuntehai hupia ‘prayer song’. It is also sometimes sung as a nua hupia ‘round dance song’. The song is about a puha wa’ippe ‘power woman’ or puhakante ‘medicine person’ or ‘person with power’, and it is also an ode to womanhood. Waimpentsi is the song form of wa’ippe ‘woman’. Tuun Nekentannan Tuattsi’an Nahupia ‘Song of the49 Child of a Dark Goose’ Beverly Crum and Earl Crum

Tuun Nekentannan Tuattsi’an Nahupia 1st Version (Beverly Crum)

Tuun nekentannan tuantsi, Tuun nekentannan tuantsi Paseeweyaa, Seeweyaa, Paseeweyaa noote, Paseeweyaa noote. Tuun nekentannan tuantsi, Tuun nekentannan tuantsi Paseeweyaa, Seeweyaa, Paseeweyaa noote, Paseeweyaa noote.

Song of the Child of a Dark Goose Little dark gosling, Little dark gosling in watery willows, In a stand of willows, Nestled in watery willows, Nestled in a stand of watery willows. Little dark gosling, Little dark gosling in watery willows, In a stand of willows, Nestled in watery willows, Nestled in a stand of watery willows.

144 Medicine or Prayer Songs 145

Tuun Nekentannan Tuattsi’an Nahupia 1st Version Dark Goose’s Young’s rflx-Song

Tuun nekentannan tuantsi, dark goose’s baby = Canadian goose’s Tuun nekentannan tuantsi dark goose’s baby Paseeweyaa, watery willow stand Seeweyaa, willow stand Paseeweyaa noote, watery willow stand nestled Paseeweyaa noote. watery willow stand nestled Tuun nekentannan tuantsi, dark goose’s baby = Canadian goose’s Tuun nekentannan tuantsi dark goose’s baby Paseeweyaa, watery willow stand Seeweyaa, willow stand Paseeweyaa noote, watery willow stand nestled Paseeweyaa noote. watery willow stand nestled

Tuun Nekentannan Tuattsi’an Nahupia 2nd Version (Earl Crum)

Tuun nekentanna tuantsi, Tuun nekentanna tuantsi, Pennan tosan kasa tepanna, Tosa, ainka pan toyaa 146 Newe Hupia

Peteteinna. Pennan tosan kasa tepanna, Tosa, ainka pan toyaa Peteteinna. Tuun nekentanna tuantsi, Tuun nekentanna tuantsi, Pennan tosan kasa tepanna, Tosa, ainka pan toyaa Peteteinna. Pennan tosan kasa tepanna, Tosa, ainka pan toyaa Peteteinna.

Song of the Child of a Dark Goose Little dark gosling, Little dark gosling, White wings at its side, White, in the red water, Fluttering. White wings at its side, White, in the red water, Fluttering. Little dark gosling, Little dark gosling, White wings at its side, White, in the red water, Fluttering. White wings at its side, White, in the red water, Fluttering.

Tuun Nekentannan Tuattsi’an Nahupia 2nd Version Dark Goose’s Young’s rflx-Song

Tuun nekentanna tuantsi, dark goose’s baby Tuun nekentanna tuantsi, dark goose’s baby Medicine or Prayer Songs 147

Pennan tosan kasa tepanna, its own white wing on side Tosa, ainka pan toyaa white red water carry along Peteteinna. fluttering Pennan tosan kasa tepanna, its own white wing on side Tosa, ainka pan toyaa white red water carry along Peteteinna. fluttering

Comments This song is a puha hupia ‘power song’ or nanisuntehai hupia ‘prayer song’, in two different versions. Earl Crum says, “This song is about a Canadian goose.” Tuun nekenta(n) literally means ‘dark goose’ but specifi- cally means ‘Canadian goose’. However, baby Canadian geese are not dark, rather light gray with white wings. Nanisuntehai Hupia ‘Prayer Song’ 50Earl Crum Nanisuntehai Hupia

Haainna, En nemmi manemenaippehkantenti. Een tosa wayapputunkih naannu, Hainneh. En nemmi manemenaippehkantenti. Een tosa wayapputunkih naannu, Hainneh.

Prayer Song Behold, You are the one who created us. You have become a white butterfly, Behold! You are the one who created us. You have become a white butterfly, Behold!

Nanisuntehai Hupia Prayer Song

Haainna, rhythmical song word En nemmi manemenaippehkantenti. you us (excl) by hand-people-make-remote past-o Een tosa wayapputunkih naannu, you white butterfly became

148 Medicine or Prayer Songs 149

Hainneh. rhythmical song word En nemmi manemenaippehkantenti. you us (excl) by hand-people-make-remote past-o Een tosa wayapputunkih naannu, you white butterfly became Hainneh. rhythmical song word

Comments This song is a puha hupia ‘power song’ or nanisuntehai hupia ‘prayer song’. Tuukkwi’naa’an Nahupia ‘Song of the Golden Eagle’ 51Beverly Crum Tuukkwi’naa’an Nahupia Haainna, Tuukkwi’naa’an kwasiintsi Tempim ma namattsiwenenemmi Haainna, Tuukkwi’naa’an kwasiintsi Tempim ma namattsiwenenemmi Hainah. Haainna, Tuukkwi’naa’an kwasiintsi Tempim ma namattsiwenenemmi Haainna, Tuukkwi’naa’an kwasiintsi Tempim ma namattsiwenenemmi Hainah. Song of the Golden Eagle Behold, The tail feather of a golden eagle Stands there alive on a rock, Behold! The tail feather of a golden eagle Stands there alive on a rock, Behold! Behold, The tail feather of a golden eagle Stands there alive on a rock, Behold! The tail feather of a golden eagle Stands there alive on a rock, Behold! 150 Medicine or Prayer Songs 151

Tuukkwi’naa’an Nahupia Golden Eagle’s rflx-Song

Haainna, rhythmical song word Tuukkwi’naa’an kwasiintsi golden eagle’s tail feather-affectionate Tempim ma namattsiwenenemmi rock on self-point-stand-living Haainna, rhythmical song word Tuukkwi’naa’an kwasiintsi golden eagle’s tail feather-affectionate Tempim ma namattsiwenenemmi rock on self-point-stand-living Hainah. rhythmical song word

Comments This song is a nanisuntehai hupia ‘prayer song’ or puha hupia ‘power song’. Eagle feathers were used by traditional Shoshoni healers, called puhakante(n), to purify and cure in healing and other ceremonies. See Earl Crum’s discussion of puhakante(n) and the use of eagle feathers in Crum and Dayley 1997 (77–78, 85–86). As he states there: Tease ama kwi’naa’an kwasi ma utii wemmapuisi’iyu . . . ‘Also, they (puhakante) would purify patients with the tail feather of an eagle . . .’ Beverly Crum’s late mother, Anna Premo, was raised by her aunt Tuuppampi ‘Black Hair’, who was a puhakante(n). When asked about um paha’am puha ‘her aunt’s healing power’, Beverly’s mother replied: Osen kwa’i nattahsu’um puhakante ‘She was one who was a medicine doctor’. Her aunt used different birds as spirit helpers when treating sick people who came to her for help. Of the eagle, Beverly’s mother said: Pia kwi’naa osen kwa’i te’oi tsaam meete ‘Thus, the eagle is one who cures sickness’. BEAR DANCE SONG

Tamme Yampa Sateettsi ‘Our Wild Carrot Pet’ 52Beverly Crum Tamme Yampa Sateettsi

Tamme yampa sateettsii, Okwai manti puiwennekkinna. Yampa taai, Yampa taai, Yampa taai. Yampa taai, Yampa taai, Yampa taai.

Our Wild Carrot Pet Our wild carrot pet, Standing looking around toward the river. Friend of the wild carrots, Friend of the wild carrots, Friend of the wild carrots. Friend of the wild carrots, Friend of the wild carrots, Friend of the wild carrots.

Tamme Yampa Sateettsi Our (incl) Wild Carrot Pet-diminutive

Tamme yampa sateettsii, our (incl) wild carrot pet Okwai manti puiwennekkinna. flow = river towards see-stand around

152 Bear Dance Song 153

Yampa taai, Wild carrot friend Yampa taai, Wild carrot friend Yampa taai. Wild carrot friend Yampa taai, Wild carrot friend Yampa taai, Wild carrot friend Yampa taai. Wild carrot friend

Comments This is wehe’neki hupia ‘rasping song’, or what is called in English a bear dance song. Satee means ‘dog’ but in its diminutive affectionate form sateettsi, it may be used generically and affectionately for ‘pet’. The animal wasn’t necessarily someone’s actual pet, but was probably so named because it hung around in or near the fields of wild carrots where people used to gather food. In this song the singer is expressing the Shoshoni view that human beings share their space and environment with sokopittan nanewenee ‘the creatures of the earth’ (or literally: ‘earth’s relatives’). Taai is the song form of tei ‘friend’, but taai also evokes the sense of tai, the short form of tami ‘younger brother’. As mentioned earlier, yampa ‘wild carrots’ were an important and relished food source for the Shoshoni. CONTEMPORARY SONGS

Nattahsu’u Hupia ‘Medicine Song’ 53Earl Crum Nattahsu’u Hupia

Tapai to’innaa naai yanna ho, Tapai to’innaa naai yanna ho, Tapai to’innaa naai yanna ho. Wanna hai yanna, Hainai noowaineh. Piyottittsi yanna ho, Piyottittsi yanna ho, Wanna hai yanna, Hainai noowaineh. Piyottittsi yanna ho, Piyottittsi yanna ho, Piyottittsi yanna ho, Wanna hai yanna, Hainai noowaineh. Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Wanna hai yanna, Hainai noowaineh. Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Wanna hai yanna, Hainai noowaineh. Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, Wanna hai yanna, Hainai noowaineh. Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna,

154 Contemporary Songs 155

Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, Wanna hai yanna, Hainai noowaineh.

Medicine Song The sun has risen, behold! The sun has risen, behold! The sun has risen, behold! Behold, Behold! Blessed peyote, behold, Blessed peyote, behold, Behold, Behold! Blessed peyote, behold, Blessed peyote, behold, Blessed peyote, behold, Behold, Behold! Jesus is coming to us, Jesus is coming to us, Behold, Behold! Jesus is coming to us, Jesus is coming to us, Jesus is coming to us, Behold, Behold! White Wolf blesses us, White Wolf blesses us, Behold, Behold! White Wolf blesses us, White Wolf blesses us, White Wolf blesses us, Behold, Behold! 156 Newe Hupia

Nattahsu’u Hupia Medicine Song Tapai to’innaa naai yanna ho, sun rise rhythmical song words Tapai to’innaa naai yanna ho, sun rise rhythmical song words Tapai to’innaa naai yanna ho. sun rise rhythmical song words Wanna hai yanna, rhythmical song words Hainai noowaineh. rhythmical song words Piyottittsi yanna ho, peyote-blessed behold Piyottittsi yanna ho, peyote-blessed behold Wanna hai yanna, rhythmical song words Hainai noowaineh. rhythmical song words Piyottittsi yanna ho, peyote-blessed behold Piyottittsi yanna ho, peyote-blessed behold Piyottittsi yanna ho, peyote-blessed behold Wanna hai yanna, rhythmical song words Hainai noowaineh. rhythmical song words Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Jesus us (incl) be coming Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Jesus us (incl) be coming Contemporary Songs 157

Wanna hai yanna, rhythmical song words Hainai noowaineh. rhythmical song words Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Jesus us (incl) be coming Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Jesus us (incl) be coming Tsitsaseh tai kimmayu, Jesus us (incl) be comeing Wanna hai yanna, rhythmical song words Hainai noowaineh. rhythmical song words Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, White Wolf us (incl) bless-hither Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, White Wolf us (incl) bless-hither Wanna hai yanna, rhythmical song words Hainai noowaineh. rhythmical song words Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, White Wolf us (incl) bless-hither Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, White Wolf us (incl) bless-hither Tosa Isa tai suntehaikkinna, White Wolf us (incl) bless-hither Wanna hai yanna, rhythmical song words Hainai noowaineh. rhythmical song words 158 Newe Hupia Comments This is a modern or contemporay nanisuntehai hupia ‘prayer song’ or puha hupia ‘power song’, but with a very traditional rhythm. It and songs like it are sung in Native American Church services. The Native American Church religious movement began among the Comanche and Kiowa in southeastern Oklahoma in the 1890s and then spread to most other North American Indian tribes by the early part of the twentieth century. The church was formally incorporated in 1918 by members from a number of different tribes. The movement first came to the Duck Valley Reservation in 1916 but didn’t become popular until the 1930s. The Native American Church combines a number of Native American beliefs, moral principles, and practices with some elements of Christian belief. For example, as in the song presented here, Jesus is equated with White Wolf. Peyote is considered a sacred substance and is taken as sacrament in part of the church ritual. Natsiwenne Hupia ‘Flag Song’ 54Beverly Crum Natsiwenne Hupia

Taattsewi ainka wooppite, Naahpaihten tosa wooppite, Oyo sokopa’an tammen napitenka Tetsiwenne pentsi. Un tatsinompittsi Pui tatawennekkumpa Yeyekwite, Hainna. Taattsewi ainka wooppite, Naahpaihten tosa wooppite, Oyo sokopa’an tammen napitenka Tetsiwenne pentsi. Un tatsinompittsi Pui tatawennekkumpa Yeyekwite, Hainna.

Flag Song Seven red stripes, Six white stripes, It stands on every land Where we have fought. Its stars sit scattered about Inside the blue, Hainna.

159 160 Newe Hupia

Seven red stripes, Six white stripes, It stands on every land Where we have fought. Its stars sit scattered about Inside the blue, Hainna.

Natsiwenne Hupia Be Stood Up (dur) Song

Taattsewi ainka wooppite, seven red stripe Naahpaihten tosa wooppite, six white stripe Oyo sokopa’an tammen napitenka all land-on we fight Tetsiwenne pentsi. by point-stand (dur) self Un tatsinompittsi its star Pui tatawennekkumpa blue scattered about (dur)-inside Yeyekwite, sit (pl distributive) Hainna. rhythmical song word

Comments This is a contemporary song. It is one of the songs sung during the opening ceremony at pow-wows. Music Kenneth Kuchler, music director and conductor of the Wasatch Community Symphony Orchestra, transcribed the following songs from tapes and set the text to music. Roger Wangerin, associate conductor of the Wasatch Community Symphony Orchestra, set the manuscripts in a format for publication. This is an additional version, by Earl Crum, of Sai Paa Hupia. It is not included on the compact disc.

This is an additional version, by Earl Crum, of Hoakkantenna Nahupia. It is not included on the compact disc.

Glossary Introduction

The alphabetical order of Shoshoni words in the glossary is as follows:

a ai ch e h i k kw m n o p s t ts u w y ’ It should be noted that no words begin in glottal stop ’, since it only occurs in the middle of words. Furthermore, in alphabetizing words in the glossary, the glottal stop is largely ignored because in rapid speech it may be omitted and almost always is in poetry songs. Also, a number of entries ending in final -n are entered in two places in alphabetical order, both with and without the final -n, if the entries would occur far apart in the glossary (e.g., e(n) ~ en ‘you, your’). This is to help readers find forms ending in -n even when it is dropped, for example, when the words are said in isolation or at the end of a phrase or sentence, and before certain other sounds (i.e., before s, w, y, and all vowels). All of the lexical entries in the glossary contain at least the following three kinds of basic information: (1) the primary entry in bold letters; (2) an abbreviation of the grammatical class or part of speech of the primary entry; and (3) one or more translations of the entry. Some of the lexical entries also contain other kinds of information. For example, after some primary entries alternate forms are given following the varying sign ~. In some cases the primary entry is followed by a special combining form enclosed in parentheses; the combining form is typically used in making compounds with other words. In addition, after the abbreviation of the grammatical class, before the translations, principal grammatical forms of the primary entry are enclosed in brackets. Thus, a lexical entry with all of these kinds of information might look like: principal entry ~ variant form (combining form) abbreviation of grammatical class [principal grammatical forms] translations Not all entries have all of the kinds of information above, but the different kinds always occur in the same relative order as indicated above. Note that throughout the glossary, Shoshoni forms are written in boldface type, while English text occurs in regular typeface.

168 Glossary 169

The reader should be aware that the principal entries for some kinds of words would not be spoken alone as such by a native Shoshoni speaker. For example, verbs in the glossary are nearly always given in their bare stem form, but normally they require at least one suffix such as a final tense or aspect suffix. In addition, transitive verbs in Shoshoni (e.g., hannih ‘do, make’, yaa” ‘carry, take’) must always occur with an object pronoun, noun, or noun phrase (unless they are made intransitive with the prefix te-). So, for a native Shoshoni speaker, a transitive verb alone without its object sounds like it is missing something. Similarly, postpositions (e.g., ka ‘at’, ni ‘like’) must always occur in a phrase with their objects; they are virtually never said alone by themselves. So, for a native Shoshoni speaker they will definitely sound like they are missing something, or may not even be recognizable when not in a postpositional phrase. Shoshoni to English

A akke(n) n [-na] sunflower a- dem/loc base [sa-] that, there yon- akkuh loc there yonder der; see ate(n), ateweh, atee(n), a’ana, akwate’i” iv [akwate’ikki dur] burp akkuh, ama(n), anni, apai, akwisi” iv sneeze apaika(nten), api, apuhni, ase(n), ama(n) dem-p [sama(n)] with that attu(n), awa’ih ama’ai dem-dem-p [sama’ai] with that aa(n) n [-na] horn, antler (person) a’ahwai tv pl [ahwai sg] miss (a shot in amattampeh n [-a] rib hunting); dig Amputih name Hombre a’akkuh loc there yonder somewhere 1ana p here or there somewhere; see a’akkuse(n) adv way back then, long haka’ana, sa’ana, sai’ana, si’ana, ago so’ana, su’ana Aamutsa top ‘Pale Point’ = valley of 2ana n top of (hill, mountain); see North Fork, NV toya’ana aa(n) n [-na] horn, antler a’ni(n) n [-na] ant, black ant (espe- a’ana dem-loc [sa’ana] that place; cially with red head) there somewhere yonder a’nii n [-’a] beaver Aanoo n [-a] Cree a’nimuih n [-a] fly aantsi’i n [-’a] termite A’nimuiham Pampi top Fly(’s) Head aan kuha ~ aan kuhma n [aan kuantsi a’ni(n) n [-na] black ant, pissant song form] buck deer, stag anni dem-adv that way, like that over aapihte(n) (aa-) adj pale, whitish there a’ate(n) adv somewhere annih iv [kwampi ~ yuma pl] fall down aato’ih iv turn pale, fade annita(n) n [-na] black ant (song aato’ihtaippeh faded, turned pale word); see a’ni(n) aattoko n [-’a] potato bug anta” adj, adv different, strange, sepa- aattuse(n) adv from way back (in rate; easy; easily time), way back then; in time Anta Katete(n) top ‘Sitting Alone’ = a’ayente(n) dem-loc somewhere Lone Mountain ahnatukka n underarm, armpit antakku adv separately ahtahpeh n [-a] jaw antananku adv separately, different(ly); ahwai ~ ahwi ~ awi tv [a’ahwai pl] out of place, wrong way miss (a shot or target), miss aim; dig antannewe n stranger; name (woman’s) akai n salmon antapittseh n, adj [-a] stranger, for- Akai Tekka’a n [-a] Salmon Eaters eigner; strange, foreign (Shoshoni on Snake River) antapittseh kwana n [-’a] monkey ake” iv open up (of pinecones) flower (medicinal plant) akka dem obj [ate(n) subj, akka(n) poss] antappu(n) ~ antappuse(n) adv, p differ- that yonder ent(ly), else; elsewhere, away from 170 Shoshoni to English 171 antappunte(n) (anta”, antappu(n)) adj awi ~ ahwi ~ ahwai tv miss (a shot or [-ti] different, strange target), miss aim (in hunting); dig antappuyu(n) iv be different or strange antase(n) adv away; just AI antsi tv search, look for apai dem-loc around there yonder; ai- dem/loc base [sai-] this here back then nearby; see aite(n), aitee(n), aiteweh, apaika(nten) ~ apika(nten) dem that aikkih, aima(n), ainni, aipai, aipaika(n), much, that amount (yonder) aii, aipuhni, aise(n), aittu(n), aiwa’ih apai mannaise(n) ~ apai mannise(n) adv ai’ana dem-loc [sai’ana] this place; since way back in time, from back here somewhere nearby then until now aihko(n) n [-na] pinecone hook apaise(n) dem adv long ago, that time aiitte(n) dem [aiitti obj] this (special) long ago, back then kind nearby api dem-loc around there yonder, aikka dem obj [aite(n) subj, aikka(n) poss] thereabouts this apika(nten) ~ apaika(nten) adv that aikkappeh (aikka-) n [-a] frost much, that amount (yonder) aikkapo’antuah iv become covered appe n [-’a] father; sun (ritually) with frost appe ma’ai pii phrase [ne appe ma’ai ni aikkawekkatuah iv pile up with frost pii ‘my . . .’] father and mother, par- aikkih dem-loc here, near here ents aiko(n) n [-na] tongue appo(n) n [-na] apple aikopi(n) n [-tta] thorn, cactus; quill apuhni ~ apu(n) dem-loc [apunte(n)] aikotooweneh iv (for steam to) rise, over that way yonder steam apuse(n) adv at that time back then aikotooweneh(pui)te(n) n steam ase(n) dem that yonder (is the) one aikkwimpihte(n) [aikkwin-] adj purple, ata n [-’a] uncle, mother’s brother; smokey colored nephew/niece of a man aima(n) dem-dem-p with this (instru- ataa intrjct ouch! ment) Atakkuh top Elko, NV aimeah iv be disoriented; get drunk atamuh n [-a] car, automobile aimeahka(n) iv be drunk atantohi n [ø] sister-in-law of woman aimeattsi ~ ai’meattsi n [-a] retarded [also of a man by some] person, simpleminded person atattsi n [-a] father-in-law ainkapihte(n) (ainka”-) adj red ate(n) dem [akka obj, akka(n) poss] that ainkappata n [-’a] orangish red cur- yonder rants in mountains atee(n) dem [atii obj, atee(n) poss] those ainkappawia n [-’a] dock plant yonder (Rumex crispus) ateweh dem [atehi obj, atehe(n) poss] ainni dem-adv this way, like this nearby those two yonder aipai dem-loc near here somewhere attankih n [-a] grasshopper aipaika(nten) dem-dem-p this amount, attu(n) dem-loc over that way yonder, this much here and there; throughout, all over aipi dem-loc near here somewhere, atsa napuite(n) ~ atsa napunnite(n) adj hereabouts ugly aipika(nten) ~ aipaika(nten) dem-dem-p atsa bad, nasty, mean, evil this amount, this much awa’ih adv like that yonder aipi(n) n [-tta] white chalky clay, chalk awe ~ awo n dish, cup aippo’intsiappeh n, adj mildew, moldy 172 Newe Hupia aipuhni ~ aipu(n) loc over this way E aisen ne tei/haintseh. nearby You are my friend. -’aipui ~ -’aipunni instr v destroy; see E ha newe taikwante? ma’aipui, ni’aipui ~ ni’aipunni Do you speak Shoshoni? aipuipihte(n) (aipui”-) adj whitish gray, — Haa’a, ne newe taikwa bluish white sumpana’inna. aipu(n) ~ aipuhni dem-loc over this way — Yes, I know how to speak nearby Shoshoni. aise(n) dem this (is the one) E ha taipo taikwante? aise! (aise!) phrase thank you. Do you speak English? aisem ma’i tsa’i phrase This is good. = — Haa’a, ne taipo taikwa Thank you. sumpana’inna. aisemmunih n [-a] silver money — Yes, I know how to speak English. aisempihte(n) (aisen-) adj gray, E ha u nankasumpaatuhka? silverish Do you understand (it)? aise(n) dem this (is the one) — Haa’a, ne u nankasumpana’inna. aite n [-i] gun, bow — Yes, I understand (it). aite(n) dem [aikka obj, aikka(n) poss] — Kai, ne kai u nankasumpana’inna. this near here — No, I don’t understand (it). aitee(n) dem [aitii obj, aitee(n) poss] E witsa saimanti ne suntehai. these near here Could you please give me some of aiteweh dem [aitehi obj, aitehe(n) poss] this? = Please. these two e’apekka(n) iv have a wound or sore aiti n [ø] gun, bow; see huu’aiti e’attsih n [-a] sore, wound, injury aiti kuttih tv shoot at e’attsihpa’i(n) incorp v have a sore, aitiki(n) v [-na] aim, take aim; use a bow wound or injury aitte(n) dem [aitti obj] that (special) e’atua iv develop or get a sore or kind wound, have a sore or wound, be aittu(n) dem-loc over this way nearby injured aiwa’ih adv like this eei(ttsi) adv long time aiyoo rhythmical song word e’eki adv recently, newly eenee intrjct scary! watch out! CH eese(n) rflx pro yourself ehe n blanket Chikko name Chico eitsee intrjct brrh (in response to cho’appeh n [-a] rascal, scoundrel, cold) rogue, hateful person eitse’i” adj, n cold eitse’i(h) v be cold E eitse’inte(n) n [-ti obj] cold Eitse’ippaa ~ Eitse’ihpaa top Cold e(n) pro you, your Springs E aise hakate? eke adj, adv new, young, fresh; newly, You are who? = Who are you? just = What lineage are you from? ekepittseh n [ekepittsehnee pl] young = Who’s your family? person, youth = What’s your parent’s name? eki” adv now, at this time — Ne ma’i aise . . . ham paite/tu’a. ekittapaima ~ ekittapaini adv nowadays — I am . . . ’s daughter/son. ekise(n) adv pretty soon, still Shoshoni to English 173 ekittsi adv right now, today hakannanku inter which direction, ekkoih iv pl [eppeih sg] sleep, fall which side asleep hakanni inter how, what (way), (like) ekkoihka(n) iv pl [eppeihka(n) sg] be what, why; however, anyhow, some- asleep how ekwi” tv [ekkwi dur] smell Hakanni e? greeting How are you? ekkwikki(n) v sniff (around) — Ne ma’i tsa’i. em puinnuhi ~ Ne noohimpai em — I’m fine. puinnuhi greeting [me(mm)i — Ne kaitsaan neesunkanna. puinnuhi pl; mehi puinnuhi dl] I’ll see — I’m not feeling well. you sometime. = Goodbye. hakanni kia noo(n) adv uncertain, really ema” ~ pa’emah iv rain don’t know emappatompittseh n rainbow hakannikku inter how so, why; way, emate(n) ~ pa’emate(n) n [-ti] rain anyway, whatever way, for some reason emmese(n) rflx pro yourself hakanniyun(ten) ~ hakanniu(ten) inter emmi ~ e(n) pro obj you why; for whatever reason e(n) pro you, your hakapai inter what time; whatever enee adj scary, frightful time, anytime ene’e n spirit (being); something scary hakappu(n) inter where to; some- enkinaa(n) no first where, anywhere enne ~ e(n) pro [emmi ~ e(n) obj, e(n) ~ hakate(n) inter [hakkai” ~ hakki” obj, emme(n) ~ enne(n) poss] you, your hakka(n) poss] who; someone, some- enuhi adj exhausted, pooped out body, anyone, anybody, whoever eppeih iv [ekkoih pl] sleep, fall asleep E aise hakate? eppeihka(n) iv [ekkoihkan pl] be You are who? = Who are you? asleep, be sleeping [asked to find out one’s parent’s name] eppeikki(n) iv doze off, fall asleep — Ne ma’i aise . . . ham paite/tu’a. eppeipekkah(kan) iv get sleepy, be sleepy — I am . . . ’s daughter/son. ese(n) ~ eese(n) rflx pro yourself hakattu(n) inter where; through etei(n) iv be hot wherever eteinte(n) n, adj [-ti] heat, hot hakai inter how, what; somehow, e witsa . . . ne suntehai phrase You anyhow might bless me with . . . = Please. Hakai en nanihanna ~ Hakai en nanihante? H What’s your name? = What are you called? ha inter yes/no question particle — Ne . . . mai nanihante. ha intrjct hem — My name is . . . = I’m called . . . ha tukuh adv all right, so be it — Ne ma’i aise . . . mai nanihante. haa(’a) affirmative yes, sure, right — My name is . . . haaiyuh rhythmical song word Hakai en neesunkanna? haappai n [-’a] wild parsnip (eaten How do you feel? = How are you? raw, cooked or dried) — Ne tsaan neesunkanna. haka’ana inter where; somewhere, — I feel well. = I’m OK. anywhere, wherever — Ne ma’i tsa’i. hakakka inter where (at) — I’m fine. hakannai inter where from; from — Ne kaitsaan neesunkanna. somewhere — I don’t feel well. 174 Newe Hupia hakkai” ~ hakki” inter obj [hakate(n) haiyani p more than subj] whom; someone, anyone; haiyo(n) meaningless rhythmical song whomever word hakaitte(n) inter [hakaitti obj] what hea” tv trap, set a trap, catch kind of, whatever kind, some kind, he’eh(ten) quant, adv a few, few, sev- any kind; somehow weird eral, some; a few times, several times hakka(n) inter [hakate(n) subj] whose; he’e hapikkante(n) adv after a few days someone’s, anyone’s heehni n [-’a] barn owl hannih tv do, make, use, fix, prepare; he’ehte(n) quant, adv [he’eh] a few, hunt; gather, get; put; take; hold few, several, some; a few times, several hanninka(n) ~ hanninke(n) tv do for, times make for; give, provide he’ehtettsi quant very few hannippeh adj done, made heette(n) inter [heetti obj] how many, hapi” iv [happi dur; kwapi” pl] lie how much (down); float heettenka inter what time hapikku iv fall down, fall over; land Heettenka en tapai (nahayu)? hapinka(n) ~ hapinke(n) tv lay down; What time is it? = What time do you have (someone) lie down have? hapinaite(n) n [-na] lazy heheiku adv a little bit hapinnemmi iv lie around, rest heite(n) n, quant [-ti] small amount hapittaippeh adj, n layed up, invalid hekankah ~ hekanke(n) tv cool down hattai n poison parsnip, water hemlock heki n shade, shadow hattu(n) inter question particle hekikahni n [ø] shade house hawo adj hollow, empty henapi(n) n [-tta] bitterbrush hawo’ih iv be hollow, be henapittseh n [-a] bat hollowed out hepinkeppeh n [-a] flower hawo’ihkante(n) adj hollowed out hepitsoo(ttsi) n [-’a; heheppittsiannee(n) haainna(h) ~ haaiyaanna ~ haina(h) ~ ~ heeppittsianee(n) ~ hepitsoonee(n) ~ hainna(h) ~ hainai(h) meaningless hehepitsoonee(n) pl] old lady, old rhythmical song words woman haih n [-a] raven, large crow; uncle, hepittsipekka v incorp become an old father’s brother; man’s nephew/niece lady Haihan Nokahni top Raven Nest hettsippeh n [-a] spit, saliva haikku iv, tv choke (on) hii(n) ~ hinni inter [hinna obj, hinna(n) haikwi n spleen poss] what; something, anything, haina(h) ~ hainna(h) ~ haainna(h) ~ thing(s), some, any hainai(h) meaningless rhythmical hiinnee(n) inter pl [hii(n) sg subj, hiinnii song word obj] what; somethings, things haintseh n [-a] friend; boyfriend, girl- hiinneweh inter dl [hii(n) sg subj, friend; see nahaintsehneweh hiinnihi obj] what, something, any- E aisen ne haintseh. thing You are my boyfriend/girlfriend. hiintuah iv become (something) haiwi ~ haaiwi n [-’a] dove hiittoo(n) n [-na] meadowlark haiya adv very, really hima” tv pl [yaa” sg] carry, take haiya wainna rhythmical song words himakka(n) tv pl [yaakka(n) sg] hold, used to bless songs keep, carry haiyaho meaningless rhythmical song himakki(n) tv [yaakki(n) sg] bring word himih tv pl [uttuh sg] give Shoshoni to English 175 himpai inter when; sometime, any- huakkante(n) ~ hoakkante(n) n [-i] time; somewhere, anywhere archer, bowman, warrior himpaika’i v be how much, be so huamahai ~ huami’a ~ hoami’a tv much stalk himpaikan(ten) inter [-i] how many, huawoppih ~ hoawoppih n [-a] protec- how much; much, many, any amount tor, sentinel, gaurd, scout, lookout, himpaise(n) adv long ago warrior, stalker himpeh quant, n [himpeha obj] some, huittsaa(n) n [-na; huintsaantsi song (some)thing; stuff, possessions, prop- form] sage hen erty; place huittsi iv spurt, ejaculate hinna ~ hinnattsi’a inter obj [hii(n) subj, huittsuu n sparrow; small bird hiinnii pl] what; something, anything, hukkumpeh n [-a] dust thing(s), some, any huna(n) n [-na] badger Hinna e suwainna? hu’nita(n) ~ hunnita(n) n [-na] red ant What do you want? hunna kahni n moon house, menstrual —Ne kai hinna suwainna. house —I don’t want anything. hunna peeppi(n) n [-tta] menstrual flow hinni ~ hii(n) inter [hinna obj, hiinnee(n) hunnapekkayu(n) v menstruate, have a pl] what; something, anything period hipi” tv [hippi dur] drink hunni n menstruation, menses, men- hipikka(n) iv be drunk strual blood hipinka(n) ~ hipinke(n) tv water, make hunnito’ih ~ hunnitu’ih iv menstruate, drink have a period hipite(n) n [-ti] drinker, drunk hunupi(n) n [-tta] ditch, arroyo, ravine, hipittaippeh adj completely drunk up narrow canyon hipittsuku n [-a] drunkard hupa n [-i] broth, juice hittsaah iv be left up to hupia ~ nahupia n [-i] song ho meaningless rhythmical song word Hupia Waimpentsi name Song Woman hoa” ~ hua” n bow hupiakante(n) n [-ti] singer, composer hoa’aiti ~ hua’aiti n bow and arrow of songs hoakkante(n) ~ huakkante(n) n [-i] hupianai v make music, sing archer, bowman, warrior huttsi n [-’a] paternal grandmother, hoami’a ~ hoamahaih ~ huamahaih tv grandchild of a woman stalk huttsimpia [-’a] daughter-in-law hoawoppih ~ huawoppih n [-a] protec- huu’aiti n bow and arrow; see aiti tor, sentinel, guard, scout, lookout, huukkuna” ~ huukuna n quiver, holster stalker, warrior Huukwitsa Patetsoppih top Huukwitsa hoi p [hoiten, hoiti] around; see mahoi, Spring, NV uhoi huukwitsappeh n a kind of tree hoinkeh ~ hoinkih n hog huummutsi n, top [-a] end of a homokaite(n) n powdery stuff wooded place; Woods End, NV hopi’i v shed fur or hair; (for hair to) huuppaka(n) n [-na] stick arrow fall out huuppi(n) (huu”-) n [-tta] stick, wood, hopittseh n flour log, tree, stand of trees hotah tv dig hotappeh adj, n [-a] dug out; hole I hua” n bow i- dem/loc base [si-] this right here; hua’aiti ~ hoa’aiti n bow and arrow iten, ikkih, inni, ipai, ipaika(nten), 176 Newe Hupia

ipaika(nten) ipuhni, ise(n), ittu(n), iteweh dem [itehi obj, itehe(n) poss] iwa’ih these two right here i’ana dem-loc [si’ana] this place; right ittu(n) dem-loc through this area here somewhere itsa (itsappe) n coyote i’ana hattu(n) adv so long ago itsanahayu iv be dishonest i’imaa n, adv [imaa] (in the) mornings Itsapehe name Coyote Fur iitte(n) dem [iitti obj] this (special) kind itsapaikkah tv fool, trick right here itsappe (itsa) n [-a] coyote ikka dem obj [ite(n) subj, ikka(n) poss] Itsataipo name Coyote White Man this right here itsawene(kku) iv [itsawenne dur] have ikkih dem-loc right here a cramp, have cramps imaa n, adv [i’imaa dist] (in the) iwa’ih adv like this right here morning, tomorrow, the next day iyampeh adj aware, alert; wild imaase(n) adv early in the morning iya’ih v watch, be alert imaayu(n) iv become morning iya’ihka(n) tv watch over imante(n) dem-dem-p [imanti obj] some of this, part of this, member of this K (family) ina p less than, shorter than, smaller ka” p [kai, kakku, kattu(n), katte(n), than katti, kayente(n)] at, to, toward; ina dem-loc this side about (a topic); see penka ina” ~ inna” tv hang (meat) out to dry, ka’ah iv, instr v [ponka’ih pl] break jerk (meat) (of a flex obj); see kekka’ah, inanka(n) ~ innanke(n) tv hang (meat) kukka’ah, pikka’ah, sekka’ah, out to dry for takka’ah, tsakka’ah, tsikka’ah, inappeh ~ innappeh n [-a] jerky wekka’ah inni dem-adv this way, like this right kaa(n) n [-na] rat here Kaan kwasi kwai’ahku! the end (e.g., of ipai ~ ipi dem-loc around here, here a story) somewhere kaan tetahain naappeh n rat urine pow- ipaika(nten) dem this amount, this der medicine much kaha(n) n [-na] blue grouse ipi ~ ipai dem-loc around here, here kahni n [ø] house, home, building somewhere kahnikante(n) adj have a house; dwell, ipika(nten) adv this much, this amount live ipuhni ~ ipu(n) dem-loc over this way kahninai v build a house isa ~ pia isa n wolf kahnipa’i(n) v have a house; dwell isampeh n [-a] liar ka’i n forehead isa(n) n lie, trick kaku n [-a] maternal grandmother, isannai iv lie, tell a lie grandchild of a woman isannainka(n) ~ isannainke(n) tv lie to, kakku p [ka”, kai, kattu(n), katte(n), tell a lie to, trick katti] at, to, toward; about (a isannainna n lying, lie topic) ise(n) dem this right here (is the one) kammawaihkwai(n) iv for pain or sore- ite(n) dem [ikka obj, ikka(n) poss] this ness to go away right here kammahpuinna n pain, ache, soreness itee(n) dem [itii obj, itee(n) poss] these kamma(n) ~ kammah iv hurt, ache, be right here sore, suffer, be in pain; taste Shoshoni to English 177 kammanka(n) ~ kammanke(n) tv hurt ka’wi iv gather together for, feel for, suffer for ka’wimpite iv gather together, come kammanna n suffering, pain, hurt together kammawaih iv for pain to diminish or kayattsih ~ kaiyattsih n [-a] pine jay go away kai neg no, not, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t kammu ~ kamme [kammuntsi song form] kai p [ka”, kakku, kattu(n), katte(n), n [-i] jackrabbit, black tailed katti] at, to, toward; about (a topic) jackrabbit kai himpai adv not ever, never; not kammuyenka(ten) n, adv [-ti] (at the) there door; (in) front of the house kai (kia) naketsa adv surely not kana(n) n [-na] bitterroot kai natekkate(n) n [-na] inedible, poi- -kante(n) n, adj suffix having, be char- sonous acterized by; there is kai nittapu’i v express lack of confi- kanokkoh tv roast in cones dence in or low opinion of kanokkohka n roast-in-cones method kai puite(n) adj [-i] blind of preparing pinenuts kai sampai adv not even; likely not kantih n [-a] candy kai tapu’i v not do well, do poorly, be kapa(n) p [kapai(ten), kapanku, poorly, get worse; afraid of kapantu(n), kapante(n), kapanti] kai tapu’inna naakka v not do well among, between, through(out); see kai tepuihtapu’i v be hardly able to see nanakkapa(n) kai tepuihtapuinte(n) adj hardly able to kappai n [ø] bed see kappaikoitsoih v clean the house, scrub kai tokaiyu adv not enough the floor kaihaiwa(n) adv no more, nothing, all kappainnanku adv behind the house gone kappaipusia n [-i] bedbug kaihaiwan naammi’a iv be dying, pass kappaisoni n bedding, bedroll away kappeh n [-a] pinecone; seed pod kahaiwayu(n) iv be no more kasa n [-i] wing kaikkaitsaa(n) adj not good, wrong, kate” iv [katte dur; yekwi” pl] sit really bad (down), stay, remain; land kaippai(ttsi) adv in a little while; in a katekka(n) iv sit, stay hurry katemi’a v ride away kaise(n) adv not yet, before katenooh v ride around kaisuante(n) adj thoughtless, dumb, katenkahka(n) tv set aside; heat up retarded katennompeh n [-a] chair kaitai’kwa’a n mute kateppui iv sit still, stay kaite(n) ~ kaiti neg never, not katete(n) n hill kaitsaan napuite(n) adj ugly, looking katettai(n) iv sit around, stay around; be bad disabled kaitsaan(ten) adj [kaitsaayente(n)] bad, katettaippeh adj, n invalid, disabled; no good, not well one confined to a wheelchair kaitsaan neesunkanna phrase feel bad, katte(n) p [ka”, kai, kakku, kattu(n), feel not well katti] at, to, toward; about (a topic) Ne kaitsaan neesunkanna. katsu(n) n [-na] end, tip, edge I don’t feel well. katsunka adv at the end kaitsaanku adv bad(ly) ka’wi p more than, taller than, bigger kaiyattsih ~ kayattsih n [-a] pine jay than kaiyu(n) adv late 178 Newe Hupia ke”- instr prfx with the mouth or kesaapappeh adj opened mouth teeth kesi’wah tv tear or rip with mouth or kea n [-i] locust teeth kea” iv pl [to’ih sg, toto’ih dl] emerge, keso’ih tv bite many times come out, go out keti(h) n [-a] cat keempai n [ø] ground squirrel, prairie ketian tua” n kitty, kitten dog kettaa(n) adv hard; fast; really kekka’ah tv [kepponka’ih pl] bite in kettaan(ten) adj hard; fast two; break with teeth kettaanku adv really, very kekkate” tv bite (like snake) Kettaa Okwai” top ‘Fast Flowing Water’ kekkentuse(n) adv day before yesterday = Miller Creek kekkepetaa adj tall Kettaa See top ‘Hard Willow’ = Miller kekkopah tv [kekkopai’ih pl] bite in Creek NV two; break with teeth kettemmaih tv make sick eating kekkwanah tv (for breath to) smell of kettokwai tv kill with mouth or teeth kemah n [-a] edge, sharp edge ketsokkwaih tv chew kemaka ~ kemahka ~ kematu adv, p kettsi’ah tv bite once next to, close to, by, (by the) side of kettsu’ah ~ kettsumah tv eat up, kemappeh adj sharp-edged consume kematu ~ kemaka adv, p next to, close kettsu’appeh ~ kettsumappeh adj to, side of eaten up, drunk up, all gone (of food) kemmai adj, n [-a; kekkemmai pl] dif- kettsumah ~ kettsu’ah tv eat up, con- ferent (one), foreigner sume kenah [kenna song form] instr v keyaah(kan) tv carry in mouth cover; see makenah, pakenah, pikke- kia ~ ki’a adv maybe, perhaps; wonder; nah, takkenah, tsakkenah, wekkenah myth marker kenka n [-a] wild onion kia noo(n) adv probably kennaawai tv do with the mouth, snap kiippeh n [-a] elbow at Kiiki n name (woman’s) kenno’ai tv graze kikimma iv dl [kimma” sg/pl] come kentu(n) adv yesterday kimma” iv [kikimma dl] come kenu n [-a] paternal grandfather, kimmanke(n) ~ kimmanka(n) tv chase grandchild of a man (down), come after kepetaa(nten) adj long, tall kinii n [-’a] hawk, falcon kepetaa wenete(n) adj tall -kkuh ~ -kkih loc here/there; see kepetaante(n) adj long, tall sakkuh, saikkih, sikkih, sokkuh, kepi aiti n pistol sukkuh kepi wenete(n) adj short koa instr v pile up; see takkoa, tsikkoa, kepihte(n) (kepih) adj short wekkoa keppatantsih n [-a] chin koanta n [-’a] sandhill crane keppeah v let go with mouth; stop Koanta Paa top ‘Sandhill Crane drinking Spring’ = Summit Creek keppeittseiki(n) v [keppeittseittseiki(n) Koanta Paa Hunupi(n) top ‘Sandhill dur] chew or chomp making noise Crane Ravine’ = Fawn Creek keppikko’o(n) n [-na] chin koappeh n [-a] corral; antelope sur- kepponka’ih tv pl [kekka’ah sg] bite round (flex obj) in pieces kohai ~ kohi n intestines, guts kesaa(pah) v open mouth kohipekka(n) iv have diarrhea Shoshoni to English 179 kohno(n) n [-na] cradleboard, cradle kuhappe ~ kuhmappe n [-a] husband basket kuhatiyainkappeh N [-a] widow ko’i n hill, knoll, peak, tiptop, point kuhatu iv marry, get married (of a koi” iv pl [tiyaih sg] die woman) ko’ih iv [koko’ih dl] return, come back, kuhawatte(n) adj husbandless, single go back, go home; see tsakko’inka(n) mother, old maid, woman who has ko’inii iv go and return never married koippeh adj pl, n pl [-a; tiyaippeh sg] kuhnai” iv (start to) run, run off; see dead, deceased; bodies namakuhnai”, takkuhnai”, wekkuhnai” koitsoih ~ koitsohi tv wash, bathe kuhuyah(kan) v peek koitsoippeh adj washed kuittseh ~ kuittsih n [-a] throat kokko(n) ~ pasikkokko(n) n [-na] bull kuittseh kamma(n) n + iv have a sore snake throat kokooniyenka iv dl [kooni sg, kuittseh kammanna n a sore throat kooniyenka pl] come and go kuittsehpekka(n) iv have a sore throat kono’ih iv be hollow kuittsu(n) n [-na] cow kono’ihkante(n) (konoki) adj hollow kukka’ah iv [kupponka’ih pl] break kooni iv [kokooniyenka dl, kooniyenka from heat (flex obj) pl] come and go kukki tv gather firewood kopa” ~ kwapa” tv carry in arms, hug kukkoih iv pl [kuttiyaih sg] die from heat kopakka(n) ~ kwapakka(n) tv hold in kukkopah iv [kukkopai’ih pl] break arms from heat (rigid obj) kopah iv, instr v [kopi’ih ~ -kopai’ih kukkwase iv be done cooking (of pl] break (rigid obj); see kekkopah, food); be ripe (of fruit) kukkopah, mukopah, pikkopah, kukkwaseppeh adj done, cooked sekkopah, takkopah, tsakkopah, kukkwiikkih iv smolder tsikkopah, wekkopah kuna” n firewood, fire kopai n [ø] face -kunaih instr v rub; see makunaih, kopakko’ih tv carry back (home) pikunaih, takunaih koppooh ~ kuppooh tv brand kunukippeh n [-a] elderberry koppih ~ koppii n [-a] coffee kupisi n brain kosopi(n) n [-tta] fire drill kuppa(n) p [kuppai(ten), kuppanku, kotokki [-’a] necklace kuppantu(n), kuppante(n), kuppanti] kottooh tv light a fire, make a fire, set inside, within, in; see penkuppa(n), on fire, burn makuppa(n), sukuppa(n) kottoohka(n) tv have a fire burning kuppasa iv dry up from heat kottoonka(n) ~ kottoonke(n) tv make kuppe’appeh adj cooked fire for, build a fire to keep (some- kuppeittseittseiki(n) iv crackle and sput- one) warm ter (in a fire), sizzle kottoonnompeh n [-a] stove kuppihto tv light a match kottooppeh n [-a] fire kupponka’ih iv pl [kukka’ah sg] break kottsaah ~ kuttsaah ~ kwattsaah tv from heat (flex obj) make pudding, gravy or gruel kuppooh ~ koppooh tv brand kottsaappeh ~ kuttsaappeh ~ kuppunnunnukki(n) iv spin around kwattsaappeh n pudding, gravy, gruel kusa n [-i] pants ku”- instr prfx with or by heat or fire kusaakakakai” iv sizzle, boil sizzling kuha ~ kuhma n male; gelding kusiakke(n) n [-na] small sunflower kuhannih tv cook with gray-green leaves 180 Newe Hupia kusippeh [kotsim song form] n, adj [- kwakkwappi iv pl distr [kwappi dur; a] dust, ashes; dusty hapi” sg] lie (down); go to sleep Kusiyuttah n [-a] Gosiute Shoshoni kwana” iv [kwanna dur] smell kusuai v be very hot, feel very hot kwapa” ~ kopa” tv hug kusuainna n [ø] heat wave kwapakka(n) ~ kopakka(n) tv hold in kutaha ~ kutiha n corral; fenced in arms place kwapi” iv pl [kwappi dur, kwakkwapi kutahanaih v incorp build a corral distr; hapi” sg] lie (down); go to sleep kuttapaitua(n) iv become light, get light kwase” iv ripen; roast, cook kuttento’i(n) iv boil up kwasenka(n) ~ kwasenke(n) tv roast, kuttento’inka(n) ~ kuttento’inke(n) tv boil ripen kuttih ~ kwettih tv shoot kwaseppeh adj ripe; cooked, done kutiha ~ kutaha n corral kwasi n tail, tail feather kuttiyaih iv [kukkoih pl] die from heat kwasi appe n [-a] devil kuttuhsippeh n [-a] ashes kwasi taipo n monkey kuttumpittseh ~ putumpittsi n wood- kwasintsi n [song form] tail, tail pecker feather; see kwasi kuttsaah ~ kottsaah ~ kwattsaah tv kwasu’u(n) n [-na] dress make pudding, gravy or gruel kwasu’uhka(n) iv be dressed kuttsaappeh ~ kottsaappeh ~ kwasu’unke(n) ~ kwasu’unka(n) tv kwattsaappeh n pudding, gravy, dress, get (someone) dressed gruel kwattsaah ~ kuttsaah ˜ kottsaah v kuttsawene tv [kuttsawenne dur] fry make pudding, gravy, or gruel kuttseni tv heat up kwattsaappeh ~ kuttsaappeh ~ kuttsihanni n [-’a] fire starter kottsaappeh n [-a] pudding, gravy, kuttsihtunah tv light up (a fire) gruel kuttsippeh [kotsimpoo song form] n [- kwayu’i iv shed, molt a] coals, hot embers kwai’ah iv break off, come off kuu” tv bury; dive kwaitu’a v shed, take off kuuhkinka tv lasso, rope (an animal) kwee” ~ kwehe” n [-i] wife kuuta(n) n coat kweekkante(n) ~ kwehekkante(n) adj kuwii n [-’a] sandpiper married (of a man), having a wife kuyu’ainka(n) ~ kuyu’ainke(n) tv warm up kweeppa’i(n) v incorp have a wife kweettu ~ kwehettu v marry, get mar- KW ried (of a man) kwehe” ~ kwee” n [-i] wife kwahaimpeh n [-a] back kwehekkante(n) ~ kweekkante(n) adj kwahain kupisi n spinal cord married (of a man), having a wife kwahaintsuhni n spine, backbone kweheppa’i(n) v incorp have a wife kwahate(n) n [-na] antelope kwehetiyainkappeh n [-a] widower kwa’i adv so, thus, therefore, that is kwehettu ~ kweettu v marry, get mar- kwa’i kia adv uncertain (about what- ried (of a man) ever it is) kwettih ~ kuttih tv shoot kwa’i witsa adv for example kwi’ampeh ~ kwi’yampeh adj kwakkuhu(n) ~ kwakkwaha(n) tv win, [kwikkwi’ampehnee(n) pl] lazy beat kwi’ankante(n) ~ kwi’yankante(n) adj lazy kwakkuhuppeh ~ kwakkwahappeh n [-a] kwiippeh n [-a] smoke winnings kwi’naa n bird Shoshoni to English 181 kwi’naattsi n [-a] pet bird ma- instr prfx with the hand kwiippeh n [-a] smoke ma” ~ ma(n) p [mante(n), manku] with kwiiweneh iv be smokey, smolder (an instrument); by means of; see kwikkwiya’wente(n) adj frightened, scared sima ~ simma, suma ~ summa kwikkwihtu(n) iv distrib defecate, shit ma(n) p [mannai, manku, mantu(n), (vulgar) mante(n), mayente(n)] on (the surface kwinahainaih(ten) adv from the north of); about; see sima(n), soma(n), kwinahainankuhte(n) adv north suma(n) kwinahaippaitu(n) adv northward, maanankwah ~ manakkwah adv far toward the north away; distant kwini” tv lick; eat pudding-like food maananku ~ mananku adv, p far away; kwininnompeh n [-a] spoon on other side -kwintuih instr v stir; see tsikkwintuih, maayunte(n) conj because of it/that wekkwintuih ma’ai ~ mai ~ ma’i p [ma’aihku, kwinuhi iv turn around, twist around ma’aise(n)] with (accompaniment); kwippikka(n) iv shiver and; see nanamma’ai, nahma’ai, kwipuntah(kan) iv bend, be/get crooked naneema’ai, pemma’ai, sama’ai kwipuntahkante(n) adj, n crooked, sima’ai, suma’ai bent; hunchbacked ma’aipui tv destroy kwipuntsih n [-a] scorpion -mahai ~ mai tv incorp go get, go kwisi” v weave; be tangled, ensnared after, hunt, gather; see temahai”, kwisinka(n) ~ kwisinke(n) tv trap, catch, tepammahai ensnare, net, entangle ma’aise(n) conj with, and kwita” iv [kwitta dur, kwikkwihtu(n) dis- mahoi dem-loc around it, around this trib] defecate, poop, shit (vulgar) mahoihta tv hurt, injure kwita” n [-i] butt, behind mahoi(n) tv sneak up on kwitakkahni n toilet, outhouse mahyani ~ mayani p more than kwitakkwana n [-’a] lupine ma’i adv emphatic; that is, therefore, kwitappeh n [-a] feces, excrement, thus dung, stool, poop, shit (vulgar) maka” tv [makka dur] feed, give (espe- kwitattaina n anus cially food) kwitattemi v be constipated makappeh adj given kwitattsi n [-a] rectum makenah tv cover with hand, hold kwitawoyampeh n [-a] snakeweed down with hand kwitawoyo(n) n [-na] magpie makateh(kan) tv set (keep) hand on kwitsunaih iv survive makia(han) tv stop, cease kwiya’a v be surprised, be startled, be makitsa’a tv (s)mash with hand frightened makka dem obj [mate(n) subj, makka(n) kwiyampeh ~ kwi’ampeh adj poss] that, him, her [kwikkwi’ampehnee(n) pl] lazy makunaih tv rub with hand kwiyankante(n) ~ kwi’ankante(n) adj lazy makuppa(n) p more than, taller than, bigger than M makwantupi tv roll up makwantupinke(n) ~ makwantupinka(n) ma pro obj it, him, her tv roll up for ma- dem/loc base this; see mate(n), makwisunai tv save mateweh, matee(n), mase(n), makwiya’a tv scare with hands, matukka(n), mawakka(n) frighten, startle, spook 182 Newe Hupia mamakkoi ~ ta wehe’neki nekkanna n mannai p [ma(n)] from bear dance mante(n) p, n [-ti] some of, part of, mammapaiku adv little bit at a time member of (family); see simante(n), ma(n) p [mannai, manku, mantu(n), sumante(n) mante(n), mayente(n)] on (the surface mante(n) p [ma(n)] to, towards; about; of); about; see sima(n), soma(n), with, among suma(n) mantu(n) p [ma(n)] to, towards, ma(n) pro poss its, his, her through; see sumantu(n) ma(n) ~ ma” p [mante(n), manku] with mantsih n [-a] matches (an instrument); by means of; see mapa’a(n) dem-dem-p on it, on this pemma(n), (s)ama(n), (s)aima(n), mapahai” iv (for the hand to) drop (s)ima(n), (s)oma(n), (s)uma(n) down or fall off ma’nahna tv raise, rear mapana’ai(n) ~ mapana’aih(kan) tv ma’nahayetse iv rear up (like a horse), know how to do raise up mapanatuh tv know how to do by manakki(n) tv copy, mimic, imitate hand manakkwah ~ maanakkwah adv far mapataatsi tv make shine away, far off; distant, on the other mapaiah tv do, make, build, create, side prepare, take care of mananku ~ maananku ~ manakwa adv, mapaianka(n) ~ mapaianke(n) tv do for, p, adj [manankuhte(n), manankuhti, make for, build for, create for manankuhtu(n)] far away, far off; dis- mapaiappeh adj made, done, created, tant; (on) the other side prepared manapuih ~ manapunnih tv take care mapaitettsi quant, n, adv [-a] small of, look after, treat; let be seen amount, little bit manayaha tv hurt, injure mapiku(sen) adv a little bit manekihte(n) (maneki-) ~ manaikihte(n) mapitenka(n) ~ mapitenke(n) tv care (manaiki-) no five for, take care of manaikimaahte(n) (manaikimah-) no mapitsi’a tv prepare; strengthen; put a [manaikimaayente(n)] fifty priority on doing maneki pia seemaahte(n) ~ manaiki pia mappana n palm seemaahte(n) no five hundred mapuih v try, attempt Manekin Nawookkah n Friday mapuisi” tv cleanse, purify maneesunka’ah ~ maneesunkanna tv mase(n) dem, adv thus make feel maseanka(n) ~ maseanke(n) tv plant, maneettsikkwa iv suffer, be in (emo- sow tional) pain maseki n finger manemenai tv create (people) masetto’o(n) n glove(s) mani(yun) iv cross (over/through a masitoo(n) n [-na] fingernail body of water), ford masunai” ~ ma’sunai” tv bother, annoy ma’nii n [-’a] short-legged dog masunka’ah ~ masunka’a” tv feel with ma’nika’a n ring hand maniyu(n) iv be naked matakki ~ mattakki tv slap maniyunte(n) adj naked matakihka tv slap around manku p [ma(n)] from; for; about; see mate(n) dem [makka obj, makka(n) poss] sumanku, susumanku this, he, she mankuse(n) p according to, depending matee(n) dem [matii obj, matee(n) poss] on these, they, their Shoshoni to English 183 matekih tv put, place with hand mayunaih tv winnow matemah tv put away, keep, close up, maaikkuh adv okay, all right, well, cover affirmative; now then matenkah tv finish, complete -mai ~ -mahai tv incorp go get, go matenkappeh adj finished, completed after, hunt, gather, harvest; see mateweh dem dl [matehi obj, tepammai, yahammai matehe(n), poss] these two, they mai quote [maiti] say(s), said; it is mattakki ~ matakki tv slap said, they say; call, name mattepiha n middle finger mai ~ ma’ai p [ma’aihku, ma’aise(n)] mattepiha nankuhte(n) n [-ti] ring with (accompaniment), in company finger with; and mattoko n thumb maiso(n) n [-na] Mormon cricket mattua n little finger mai’ukka adv now, at this time, today mattutua v stretch out arms maittenkah(ten) adv, n [-ti] outside, matukka(n) dem-loc under it, under outdoors this mea n moon, month matsaka tv knock out with hand mee” ~ mehe(n) tv do, make, gather; matsappaki tv stick (on) put; use; go get rations or matsu’ah tv empty; try commodities matsuhinka(n) ~ matsuhinke(n) ~ matsuh- meekka(n) tv keep ninka(n) ~ matsuhninke(n) tv over- mee(n) ~ memme(n) pro 2nd pl subj, come, strong-arm, bully poss you all, your mattsankih n [-a] horned toad meenka(n) ~ meenke(n) tv do for, make mattsinko’no n wrist for mattsuhnippeh adj strong-armed meeppeh n, adj [-a] rations, com- mawai tv feel in (e.g., pocket) modities; done, gathered mawa’ih adv like this/that mehe(n) pro 2nd dl poss your mawakka(n) dem to, towards, with mehe(n) ~ mee” tv do, gather; put; go someone get rations or commodities mawaihyanke(n) tv start a fire, start to mehenka(n) ~ mehenke(n) tv do for, burn; burn one’s hand gather for mawehtiah tv spill mehese(n) rflx pro yourselves mawenenka(n) ~ mawenenke(n) tv stop, mehi pro 2nd dl obj you two make stop with hand mei ~ memmi pro 2nd pl obj you all mawiih(tain) tv push away, cast away; meih ~ menih tv, aux v be unable to see nimmawiih do; can’t, fail to mawiih(tai)nka(n) tv cast away for memme(n) ~ mee(n) pro 2nd pl subj, mawintsa n wrist poss you all, your mayaah tv mix (together), combine memmese(n) rflx pro yourselves (together) memmi ~ mei pro 2nd pl obj you all mayahnai(n) tv make laugh with actions menih ~ meih tv, aux v be unable to mayani ~ mahyani p more than do; can’t, fail to mayanuhi iv hurry up! metekki tv turn mayekwi tv do, prepare, take care of, meweh pro 2nd dl subj [mehi obj, care for mehe(n) poss] you two mayente(n) p [ma(n), mannai, manku, mi’ah ~ miah iv [mimi’ah dl] go, walk, mantu(n), mante(n)] on (the surface leave of), by; about mi’ahtai(n) iv leave, go away 184 Newe Hupia mi’ahtaippeh adj left, gone away muttehappi adv lying on one’s stomach mi’aki(n) iv go along, walk along (face down) mi’akwa(n) iv leave, go away mutsa n point (topographical) mianka(n) ~ mianke(n) tv chase mutsikante(n) adj sharp-pointed miannooh iv walk along, go along mutsipi(n) n [-tta] point mi’appeh adj gone, left mutsippeh adj sharp-pointed mii(sen) adv near, close by muumpittseh ~ muhumpittseh n [-a] mimi’ah iv dl [mi’ah sg/pl] go, walk, great horned owl leave muunih n [-a] money mittaa ~ mitteha n [-’a] woodtick muupi(n) ~ mupi(n) n [-tta] nose mo- ~ mu- instr prfx with the nose or muuta n [-’a] mule face mu’yahnaisuah iv smile mo’o n [-i] hand muyakainka(n) ~ muyakainke(n) tv play mokottsih n [-a] bag, sack a horned instrument monoo n candy jawbreakers monooh(kan) tv [mononoo song form] N carry in mouth, keep in the mouth, hold in the mouth naa” link v [naah aux] be, become, mooppo n [-’a] mosquito get, happen; do mosotto’ih tv snort out, blow out (of naahpai pia seemaahte(n) no six hun- nose) dred motsom painkwi n [ø] catfish naahpaihte(n) (naahpai-) no six motso(n) n [-na] whiskers, beard naahpaimaahte(n) (naahpaimaah-) no mu- ~ mo- instr prfx with the nose or [naahpaimaayente(n)] sixty face Naahpain Nawookkah n Saturday muha n, adj [-i] onion; bitter na’ahpu(nten) n, adv half; in half, muha kamman(na) iv taste bitter or of halfway onion na’akka n, adv (in the) middle muhumpittseh ~ muumpittseh n [-a] naakka(n) iv stay; live, exist; be, great horned owl become, remain Muittsaittseh name (man’s) Muchacho naakkante(n) n [naakkantee(n) pl] mukate n [-’a] sucker fish being mukopah v [mukkopai’ih pl] break naakki(n) iv get, become; get to (some- (one’s own) nose place) mukua(pin) n spirit, soul naakkwai(n) iv come to be, get, become mukwantuah iv roll or turn over on naappeh(kanten) adj former, has/had face been; late (deceased) munappe n [-a] son-in-law na’antappu(n) adv separately, apart munkih n monkey na’appunte(n) adv in all directions munnai p ahead of, in front of, before naha” v do, make, act; get; be, become, munnanku adv last year happen (to) mupi(n) ~ muupi(n) n [-tta] nose Heettenka en tapai nahayu? mupisippeh n [-a] snot, mucus What time is it? = What time do you mupitsi tv suck out have? mutehai(n) v to kiss nahanke(n) tv do for, make for mutekih tv touch with nose; place nahannih iv be done, be made, be mouth on fixed, be used, be prepared muto’ih v come out the nose; spit out nahapite iv come to be Shoshoni to English 185 nahappeh adj, n (having) done, made, nakoppooh(kan) ~ nakuppooh(kan) iv fixed, used, prepared; doings be branded nahawatekih iv be lacking or missing; nakoppooppeh ~ nakuppooppeh adj see watekih branded nahaintsehneweh n dl nakuuppeh adj, n [-a] buried; grave [(na)nahaintsehnee(n) pl] boyfriend na’kwana’a n perfume and girlfriend (relationship); friend nakweekkante(n) ~ nakwehekkante(n) relationship; see haintseh adj, n married; marriage nahimihtai(n) iv pl be given away na’kweettu v marry each other nahimihtaippeh adj given away nakwehe v wrestle nahipittaippeh adj completely drunk up na’ma’ai adv with each other nahma(ten) adv [nahmantu(n)] nama’atiyaihku iv pretend to be dead together namahannih tv dress, get dressed, put nahma’ai adv dl [nanamma’ai pl] with clothes on each other, together namahannihka(n) iv be dressed nahna” iv grow (of humans and ani- namahannihkappeh n [-a] clothes mals only) namahanninke(n) tv dress (someone) nahnammi’a iv grow up namahoita iv be hurt, be injured nahnapite iv grow older namakah(tain) iv, tv (for food to) be nahnappeh adj, n [-a] grown; grown given away; give (away) food; feed up, adult namakappeh adj given (especially food) nahpa’a(n) adv dl [nanappa’a(n) pl] on namakuhnai” tv run away from top of each other namanapuih(kan) iv take care of self nahpaikanku adv in equal amounts, in namante(n) p [namantu(n)] with each half other nahupia n [-i] song of; see hupia namanukkih iv run away nakaha adj youngest (of offspring), last namapataatsiki iv make self shine born; lesser namapatekki iv be anointed, anoint Nakaha Payuppuka top ‘Lesser Bog’ = oneself Willis Meadows, NV namapaiah iv be made, be done, be Nakaha Tettsohpai top Little Canyon, built, be prepared, be created; take NV care of self, prepare oneself na’kamma’a n delicacy, favorite food namapaiappeh adj made, done, cre- nakea” iv pl [to’ih sg, toto’ih dl] ated, prepared emerge, come out; become visible namapuisi” v purify oneself, cleanse nakenneemai tv be tired of eating oneself; make a motion with hand nakettemmaih iv be made sick eating, pushing one’s prayers towards higher get sick eating being naketsa adv surely, really namasohi iv hurry naketsa hattu(n) adv perhaps not namasuah tv dress, get dressed naketsa natia(n) adv really too, terribly, namasuahka iv be dressed extremely namasuappeh n [-a] clothes nakettsu’ah ~ nakettsumah v consume namatenkah iv be finished; be prepared nakettsu’appeh ~ nakettsumappeh adj namatenkappeh adj finished, prepared consumed, eaten up, all gone (of namatsawai(kin) iv feel one’s way down food) namattsiwene iv stand by self on end nakoitsoih ~ nakuitsoih iv bathe, wash (e.g., feather, stick) self namawene iv run off 186 Newe Hupia namayekwi v take care of self, prepare nanakweenneweh ~ nanakwehenneweh oneself for n dl married couple, husband and nameeh iv be done, be made, be gath- wife ered; be used nanakweettu ~ na’kweettu v marry each nameeppeh adj done, gathered other namiante(n) adj both nanamannippahai(kkan) v argue nammi n [-a] younger sister, close nanamma’ai ~ nanama’ai adv pl female cousin [nahma’ai dl] (all) together, with nampai n [ø] foot each other nampatu’ih iv [song word] wade by nananewenee n pl [nanewe sg] rela- foot; see pato’ih tives, relations nampeh n [-a] shoe nananisummaha(n) v joke together nampuih tv track (down) nananisummaate(n) [-a] jokes namukua n one’s own spirit nananittehu’i(n) v fuss about, scold each nana” adv together, each other other nana appeneweh n dl father and son nananka” iv be heard, sound, make (relationship) noise, echo nana nammineweh n dl sisters (rela- nanankasuanka(n) ~ nanankasuanke(n) tionship) tv sound like, make noise like nana paitenneweh n dl mother and nanappa’a(n) adv [nahpa’a(n) dl] on daughter (relationship) top of each other nana papineweh n dl [nana nanappaikante(n) adv in the same papi(ttsi)nee(n) pl] brothers amount (relationship) nanappaiyekwi adv next to each other, nanaah iv be, become; do sitting in a row nanaahka(n) iv live nanappinnai adv behind each other nana’ahpu(n) adv in pieces; in different nanappittuse(n) adv back and forth directions nanapuih v pl [napuih ~ napunih sg] nana’anta(hku) adv each separately; look, appear, seem, be seen, be visible away from each other nanapuisunka’a(n) v look, appear nana’antappu(n) adv separately or dif- (instilling feeling); be recognizable; ferently from each other; in different be obvious (that) directions nanasamunneweh n dl siblings of oppo- nanah adv just, only site sex nanah hinna adv whatever, just anything nanasumma(nten) adj, pro [-ti] differ- nanahaitah(kan) link v, iv be, become, ent (things), other things get; live; be scattered nanasuwekai(n) iv be wonderful, be nanahoi adv in equal amounts amazing, be awesome nanahoih tv divide up, share nanasuwekainte(n) adj, n [-na] awe- nanahteppeh adj worthless some (one, things), amazing (one, nana’imaa adv every day, every morning things) nanakai ~ nanaki v mate (of animals), nanatea n cousin, relative copulate (of animals) nanatea tv accept as relative, count as nanakkapa(n) adv sometimes, relative intermingled na’natea iv race (in a footrace) nanakwaha(n) iv lose, be beaten nanateate tv count (as) relations nanakwahappeh n [-a] what is lost in a nanate’eya(n) iv be dangerous game nanate’eyante(n) adj dangerous Shoshoni to English 187 nanatei n friends (with one another), nanisuntehainka(n) ~ nanisuntehainke(n) friendship tv pray for nanatemu’i ~ nanateme’i v [nananate- nanisuntehaippeh n [-a] religion mu’i pl] tell each other, discuss with nanisuntehaite(n) n [-ti] person who each other prays nanatemmuneweh n dl opponents nanisuntsaa ~ ninnasuntsaa tv make nanatetteha(n) n, adj grievous; pitiful, fun of, abuse verbally, disparage awful, sorrowful nanittematsai tv ask to help nanatettehase(n) adv grievously; piti- nanittiyaih iv [nanikkoi pl] laugh fully, sorrowfully uproariously nanattahsu’a iv be treated, (to) doctor nanittsawaih(kan) tv beseech, appeal oneself to/for, supplicate for nanawase” v pl [napaikkah sg] kill nanittsawainka(n) ~ nanittsawainke(n) tv selves, commit suicide beseech (someone) for, appeal to nanawaikia recip v meet each other or (someone) for, supplicate (someone) together for nanewe ~ naneme n [-i; naniwaiki’a tv answer (back to); sass; nananewenee(n) pl] relative(s), rela- explain tion(s); see newetuhi naniwatsi” iv deny nanewettsi n [nanewettsinnee(n) pl] nankah tv hear, listen; sound, echo, blessed relative make noise naniha(n) iv, n be named, be called; nankakwiya’a v become afraid from name hearing something Hakai en nanihanna? = Hakai en nankappeh adj heard nanihante? nankapitsia(n) tv [nankapittsia(n) dur] What’s your name? = What are you believe called? nankasua(n) v hear with feeling, feel Ne . . . mai nanihante. hearing My name is . . . nankasuanka(n) ~ nankasuanke(n) tv Ne ma’i aise . . . mai nanihante. listen carefully, pay attention, listen My name is . . . thinking about, wonder about, think nanihanna n [ø] name about nanikkimma tv mention nankasumpana’i tv understand nanikkoi iv pl [nanittiyaih sg] laugh Kai, ne kai u nankasumpana’inna. uproariously No, I don’t understand (it). naninnakkih ~ naninnahki” iv be valued, Haa’a, ne u nankasumpana’ite. be held in high regard Yes, I do understand (it). naninnewetuah iv (for a spirit to) nankasumpaatu(n/h) tv understand change itself into a person (with E ha u nankasumpaatuhka? words) Do you understand (it)? nanippitenka(n) v argue back and forth nankih ~ nainkih n [-a] ear nanippunuhaki v express exuberance; nankih kamma(n) iv have an earache see punuhaki nankih kammanna n [ø] earache nanisuntehai n praying, prayer, religion nanku ~ nankwa p, n on the side of, nanisuntehai(n) iv pray beside; towards; side; see antananku, nanisuntehai hupia n prayer song hakannanku, kappainnanku, nanisuntehai kahni n house of prayer, kwinahainankuhte(n), maananku, church ohinnanku(hten), pinnanku, 188 Newe Hupia

sainankuh, senkwinanku, napuikka(n) iv be light, be visible, be tapaito’inankuh(ten), tematahain seen nankuh(ten), yu’ainankuh(ten) napuikki(n) ~ napuimpite v become nanokkoppeh adj roasted, baked (day)light nanoote’aikka iv be stored, be packed, napuinna n appearance, looks be stashed napuippeh adj, n seen; appearance napaa n [napaai obj] juice napuippehkante(n) adj having (a cer- napaka(n) n [-na] arrowhead, bullet tain) appearance napatottsema iv sponge oneself off napuisunaih v dream napaikkah iv [nanawase” pl] kill one- napuite(n) adj looking, appearing self, commit suicide napuittai(n) ~ na’puittai(n) ~ napuihtai(n) napaisai ~ napisai adv later on, after a iv divorce; separate (of a couple) while, in a little while napuittaippeh ~ napuihtaippeh adj napeaittempeh n [-a; divorced, separated napeaittempehnee(n) pl] elderly napuinna n appearance relative napuippeh n, adj appearance; seen, napi’ai(yun) iv be in heat (of a female visible animal); mate (of a female animal) napunih ~ napuih iv [nanapuni pl] look, napisah(ka) iv have or put rouge or red appear, seem, be seen, be visible, be face paint on light napisai ~ napaisi adv later on, after Nasanti” ~ Nasuntih ~ Taattsewin while, in a little while Nawookkah n Sunday napisappeh adj made up (with face nasuntamah(kan) tv remember paint or makeup) Nasuntih ~ Nasanti” ~ Taattsewin napitenkah ~ napitenkeh v fight Nawookkah n Sunday na’piyaa n fifteen cents nasuntiyaih iv die giving up on life napooppeh n [-a] picture, photo, nasuntsaa tv abuse, torment, pick on drawing, inscription, piece of nasuntsaappeh adj abused, tormented writing nasuwatsih tv forget nappiasi(n) ~ nappiaseh n money nasuyakai tv covet, desire nappihtuh ~ napittuh tv trade nasuyekwi” ~ nasu’yekwi” tv pretend; napuha n [puha] supernatural power; think of oneself as; be arrogant, be (healing) ceremony conceited, be obnoxious, be a smart napuhakante(n) n treatment, cure; one’s aleck own doctor nasu’yekwite(n) n, adj arrogant, con- napuhanai iv be cured, be healed, be ceited, obnoxious, smart aleck treated (for an illness); for a healing natainna(n) n one’s man (said by a ceremony to be held, hold a healing woman); husband ceremony natainnappettsi n (dear) husband [wife napuhanainna n doctoring, curing, speaking] healing; curing service or ceremony natakkoa iv (for rocks to) be piled up napuih ~ napunih iv [nanapui pl] look, Natakkoa top Elko, NV appear, seem, be seen, be visible, be natayaa iv pl walk in ritual procession light (praying or singing) before round napuihtai(n) ~ napuittai(n) v divorce, dance; parade separate (of a couple) natea tv ask for; accept napuihtaippeh ~ napuittaippeh adj nate’ahwaikka(n) iv tell; be told, be divorced, separated explained Shoshoni to English 189 nate’ahwaikkante(n) adj foretold natsammayaappeh adj mixed up, natekih(ka) iv be placed, be located, be mixed together put; be buried natsasunaih iv scratch oneself natekkate(n) n [-ti] edible food, good to natsattamahkante(n) adj tied up eat natsattamappeh adj [natsattami’ippeh natekotah tv spread out pl] tied up natekwina v tell a story, narrate natsattawaih ~ natsattawih n [-’a] gate, natekwinanka(n) ~ natekwinanke(n) tv opening, door tell a story to, narrate to natsattawaih ~ natsattawih iv be open natekwinappeh n [-a; nanatekwinappeh natsattekih(kan) iv be placed (with pl] story, myth, folktale; rascal, hand), put, located; lie in state (of a naughty person deceased) natemaka tv sell natsattekihkante(n) adj placed, located; natemakanke(n) ~ natemakanka(n) tv lying in state (of a deceased) sell to natsattema n door, gate natemakappeh adj sold natsattemah iv be closed natemakate(n) n [-ti] merchant, seller na’tsawaini ~ wanatsawaini n [-’a] oriole natemeeh iv be bought, be paid for, cost natsittoo v walk with a cane natempai n voice, mouth natsuku n [-a] stepfather natemu’i ~ nateme’i tv tell, narrate na’uttuppeh adj given natemu’inka(n) ~ natemu’inke(n) ~ na’uttuhtaippeh adj given away nateme’inke(n) tv tell to, narrate to na’wa’i adv dl [na’wa’iten] like each natenoo n [-’a] saddle other, similar to each other natenoo punku n [-i] saddle horse nawasettaippeh adj pl killed natenoo’am pampi n saddle horn nawate’inte(n) adj lacking, missing natenootekih tv saddle, put a saddle on nawatsinkappeh ~ nawatsinkeppeh adj natepaha(n) tv be bet, be wagered lost natepahappeh n [-a] bet, wager; nawaih iv climb (down), descend, payment incline natia(n) adv, adj very, really, terribly, nawaihyanka(n) ~ nawaihyanke(n) ~ too, highly; extreme, great, powerful, nawaihanke(n) iv get burned, be strong, difficult, hard, terrible; enter- burned prising; lots, much nawaihyankappeh ~ nawaihankeppeh natianku adv, adj forceful(ly), adj burned strong(ly), extreme(ly), rigorous(ly); nawaiti iv purify oneself with smoke, fearfully, distressfully smoke oneself natia suante(n) adj smart, intelligent nawekkoappeh adj enclosed natoppaikkah iv be piled up nawoih iv pl [yakai”] cry natottsema iv wipe or sponge oneself off nawookkah n day of week nattahsu’a tv treat, (to) doctor nayaa tv track (down) nattahsu’u(n) n [-na] medicine nayaanka(n) ~ nayaanke(n) tv have nattahsu’unkahni n hospital taken away from nattahsu’unkante(n) n [-ti] one who has na’yahnai iv pl [yahnai” sg] laugh medicine; doctor nayekwin/h iv pl [nemi sg] move about, natukku n [-i] (one’s own) body travel, wander; gather, hunt for natusuppeh adj ground up naaiyawi v play handgame (stickgame) natsaasuanka(n) ~ natsaasuanke(n) v nai p [naiten] for, to, from (this/that) like each other direction 190 Newe Hupia nai p from; see sanai, sainai, sinai, neesunka’ah ~ neesunkan(na) tv feel sonai, sunai Hakai en neesunkanna? nai meaningless rhythmical song word How do you feel? -nai v incorp make, build, create; see —Ne tsaan neesunkanna. hupianai, isannai, kahninai, maneme- —I feel good. nai, ohaanai, pipihnai, tuannai, —Ne kaitsaan neesunkanna. puhanai, tepannai —I don’t feel well. -nainka(n) ~ -nainke(n) v incorp make neettemah iv be locke up for, have (someone) make neettemahkante(n) n [-ti] inmate, pris- nainkih ~ nankih n [-a] ear oner nainkiwatte(n) ~ nankiwatte(n) adj neettemappeh adj locked earless neettiah iv spill naipi(n) n [-tta; nai’yannee(n) pl] neettutua ~ neettutai” iv stretch oneself teenage girl, young lady neettunaittseh iv pull away nai’pi(n) n [-tta] little girl neewainihka(n) iv be hanging naippeh adj made, built, created neewihtuhappeh adj worn out na’isape adj horny, sexually aroused neeyekwimmi’a(kwain) iv carry oneself Nai’yan Tekkoi top Young Ladies’ Rock around Peak nehe(n) pro 1st dl excl poss our nai’yannee(n) n pl [naipi(n) sg] teenage nehese(n) rflx pro dl excl ourselves girl, young lady nehi pro 1st dl excl obj us two ne pro I, my nei pro me neai” iv blow nekenta(n) n [-na] goose; see tuun neaippeh n [-a] wind nekenta(n) neaippi(n) n [-tta] wind nekkah iv dance neaite(n) n [-ti] wind nekkakwai ~ nekkanemi iv dance around nea(n) pro my nekkamaih iv ‘go dancing’, pass on, nease(n) pro my own pass away, die neekki’ah iv nick oneself nekkatenka n, p dance place neekkwantupihkanna n [ø] bundle; see nekkatenkappai’i np dance time wekkwantupi nekkawoppih n [-a] dancer neekkwintsunah iv [neekkwintsuni’ih pl] nekki n [ø] belt curl up, coil up neme ~ newe [-i; nemenee(n) pl] per- neemapatekki(n) iv wet oneself, anoint son, people, Indian, Shoshoni; see oneself, be anointed manemenai neemai tv be tired of nemi iv [nemmi dur, yeyenkah dl, yenka neemeennooh iv carry oneself around pl] travel, wander, roam; live neempeattai(n) ~ neempuihtai(n) v leave Nemi Manemenaippehkante(n) n Maker a mate or spouse, separate from, of People divorce nemikka(n) iv sg live neennooh(kan) tv carry a cradle board neminemmi iv travel around, wander neeppa’ih iv be spanked around, roam neeppahih iv be thrown off (a horse) nemme(n) pro 1st pl excl subj, poss we, neeppatah [neeppati’ih pl] iv spread out our neeppatekki(n) iv wet oneself, anoint nemmese(n) rflx pro 1st excl ourselves oneself, be anointed nemmi pro 1st pl excl us neeppuinuinuh iv spin around nempitsinka(n) ~ nempitsinke(n) tv (for neesipi iv shave (oneself) a mother to) nurse Shoshoni to English 191 nenkappeh ~ nennappeh n [-a] chest nikkwitah iv scream nenneema’ai adv along with other nikkwiya’a tv scare with words, startle people nikkwisinka(n) ~ nikkwisinke(n) tv trap nese(n) rflx pro myself with words newe ~ neme [-i; newenee(n) pl] person, nimmawiih tv tell to go away people, Indian, Shoshoni nimma’anka(n) ~ nimma’anke(n) ~ newe natekwinappeh n [-a] Shoshoni nimma’oonka(n) tv calm someone story, folktale upset by talking to newe pahu(n) n [-na] Indian tobacco, nimma’i(n) ~ nimma’ikki tv call, say to, wild tobacco speak to; calm (someone who is newe taikwa” v speak Shoshoni upset); persuade E ha newe taikwante? nimmapitsi’a tv strengthen with words Do you speak Shoshoni? nimmawiih(tain) tv send away, tell to — Haa’a, ne newe taikwa go away sumpana’inna. nimmakwittsi tv criticize, scorn — Yes, I know how to speak nimmapana’ai(n) tv know how to say Shoshoni. nimmatenkah tv finish talking Newe Tekkoi top Indian Rock Hill nimmatsuhinka(n) ~ nimmatsuhinke(n) newe tepooh v write Shoshoni tv overpower with words neweh pro 1st dl excl [nehi obj, nehe(n) nimmeeh tv pl [nihannih sg] talk, refer poss] we two to, decide, judge newe(n) ~ neme(n) n [-na, -’a] liver nimmuya’i tv reject Newen Topo’ih top ‘Standing People’ = ninnaah ~ ninnaha tv speak up for, Horseshoe Bend, NV stick up for, defend newetuhi n [newetuhinee(n) pl] rela- ninnakkih ~ ninnahki” tv value, give tive, relation; see nanewe value to, hold in high regard Newi Manemenaippehkante n Maker or ninnapunni ~ ninnapui v explain, dis- Creator of People cuss; call, say, tell, mean ni p [-nni] like, similar to, as, ninnasuntsaa ~ nanisuntsaa tv make (this/that) way; see sanni, sainni, fun of, abuse verbally, disparage sinni, sonni, sunni ninnatawi’i(n) tv warn against ni”- instr prfx with words or by talking nippahai” v argue nia” ~ niha tv call, name ni(sen) p [-nni(sen)] like, similar to, niakka(n) ~ nihakka(n) v call, name; be as, (this/that) way; see sannise(n), called, be named sainnise(n), sinnise(n), sonnise(n), ni’aipui ~ ni’aipunni tv destroy with sunnise(n) words, make fun of nisua” tv express, say, sound niha ~ nihya n name nisu’nai tv bother with words, annoy niha ~ nia tv call, name by talking nihakka(n) ~ niakka(n) v call, name; be nisummaa tv joke, tease called, be named nisummampeh n humorous person, joker nihannih tv [nimmee pl] talk about, nisummaappeh adj, n (something) discuss; decide, judge funny or humorous nihannippeh adj discussed nisunka’ah tv discuss, feel out with nihya ~ niha n name words niikwi” tv say (to), tell, mean, men- (kai) nittapu’i v express a lack of confi- tion; remind dence in or low opinion of; not nikkawi tv ask to gather together express confidence in 192 Newe Hupia nitteah tv curse noo” tv carry on back, bring, take; nitteappeh adj cursed carry in truck, haul nittehai tv speak tenderly or kindly to noo(n) adv, conj awhile, for some nittehu’i(n) ~ nittuhu’i(n) tv scold, chide, time, duratively; while, though, fuss about although nittepui tv wake up noo(n) adv just, only nitto’i(n) tv sing (a song) noo sampai adv maybe so nitto’inka(n) tv sing (a song) for noo sunninte sampai adv even so, just nittuhu’i(n) ~ nittehu’i(n) tv the same scold, chide, fuss about nooh aux v move about nittunaitseh iv insist, be insistent or noohakai pro however, whatever; vehement; persist somehow, anyhow nittsu’ah tv finish talking noohakaitte(n) pro [noohakaitti obj] niwaih tv ask for, beg for any kind, some kind, whatever kind; niwatsi” tv deny somehow weird niweneh tv pl [taikwa” sg, yekwi” sg] noohakanni(kku) pro anyway, someway, speak, talk, say whatever way, however, somehow; niwenenka(n) ~ niwenenke(n) tv ask to somehow weird stand, have (someone) stand noohakate(n) pro [noohakkai obj] any- niwiih(tain) tv cast away mentally or one, anybody, someone, somebody, spiritually whoever niyahnai(n) tv make laugh with words, noohakattu(n) loc anywhere, some- joke where, wherever niyekwi tv tell, instruct noohakka loc anywhere, somewhere, niyokottsi n [-a] comic, joker wherever no’akante(n) adj pregnant noohakkai pro obj [noohakate(n) subj] noha adv used to anyone, anybody, someone, some- noha ~ nuha adv just body, whoever noha kia adv doubtfully, could be, noohihiintsinee(n) pl pro anyone else, might be anybody else, whoever else noha kwa’i adv used to noohii(n) pro [noohinna ~ noohinnattsi’a nohappi v dur be setting (of a chicken) obj] something, anything, whatever, no’ipeh n [-a] womb, uterus thing(s) noitsai adj, adv [nointsai song form] noohimpai adv anytime, sometime, sticky (as feet in mud); stickily whenever noittsi’i iv squirt, ejaculate noohimpaika adv anywhere, some- noittsi’ippeh ~ noittso’i(ppeh) n [-a] where, wherever semen, sperm nookatete(n) n [-na] hill nokahni n (laying) nest nookka(n) tv pack, carry nokateh iv stay at home nookki(n) tv carry hither nokatenka(n) ~ nokatenke(n) tv care noomi’a(taih) iv move (away) for, take care of, babysit noomi’ataippeh adj moved away nokko(n) ~ nokkoh tv roast, bake noomi’ate(n) n [-ti] mover, nokkoppeh adj, n [-a] roasted; roast; person who moves loaf of bread noommi’a tv carry, move noo pro any, some noo(n) adv, conj awhile, for some time, noo adv even though; indefinitely; duratively; while, though, although maybe, perhaps; must, might noo(n) adv just, only Shoshoni to English 193 noon (kwa’i) kia adv not certain, not ohainnankuhte(n) n left side sure ohakamma(n) v incorp taste salty noon tea conj, adv or, or else; even ohamunih ~ ohamoonih n [-a] gold noon tea . . . noon tea conj either . . . money or (else) ohapi(n) n [-tta] salt noonnii tv go get ohappihte(n) (oha”-) adj yellow, no’opi(n) (noa-) n [-tta] hill golden noopite ~ nooppite tv bring back, take Ohattewene” top ‘Yellow Rockface’ = back; make camp; arrive at Hundred Mile Post, NV noose(n) adv in addition ohi” iv cough noote’aikah tv stash, pack ohinnankuh ~ ohainnankuh adv (on noote(n) v [song form] nest(le), make a the) left side, leftward nest ohipekka(n) v have a cold, get a cold nopontah iv bend over ohippeh n [-a] a cold nopontahkante(n) adj hunchbacked, ohpi n mesquite beans hunched oitte(n) dem [oitti obj] that (special) nottsoni n nest kind nottsoninai iv make a nest okia ~ osen kia adv probably, maybe noyo n [-i] egg; testicle okka dem obj [ote(n) subj, okka(n) poss] noyopunku n [-i] stallion that nua ~ nuwa iv move okkuh dem-loc there nuha ~ noha adv just okkwaikki(nnemmi) iv meander (e.g., nuhi(n) ~ nui(n) v play stream) nukki iv [nunukki dl, nutaa(n) pl] run okwai” iv flow nukkikki(nna) iv run along slowly, okwaite(n) n, adj [-na] stream, creek; travel flood; flowing, flooding nukkimi’a iv run fast onni dem-adv that way, like that nukkinka(n) ~ nukkinke(n) tv make run, ontempaa n whiskey make function ontempihte(n) (onten-) adj brown nukkinooh iv run along, jog oo(n) n [-na] leg nunukki iv dl [nukki sg, nutaa(n) pl] run ooki v gather together nutaa(n) iv pl [nukki sg, nunukki dl] run oompi(n) (oon-) n [-tta] lava rock nuwa ~ nua iv move oo(n) n [-na] leg nuyuah iv crawl Oon Natsippata top Spread Out Lava Rock Hill O oosaante(n) n rust Oosaanten Kate(n) top ‘Rusty Place’ = o- dem/loc base [so-] that, there; see Merrit Mountain northeast of ote(n), oteweh, otee(n), okkuh, onni, Mountain City, NV opi, opuhni, ose(n), ottu(n), owa’ih oosaanto’ih iv rust, get rusty o’ana dem-loc [so’ana] that place; oosaanto’ippeh adj rusted, rusty there somewhere oowatte(n) adj legless ohaa(ttsi) n [-’a] baby, infant ooyoku(sen) ~ oyoku(sen) ~ ohaanai v incorp have a baby, bear a ooyote(sen) adv, quant always; child all, every; whole ohahuittsuu n small yellow bird opai dem-loc around there ohainnankuh ~ ohinnankuh adv (on opaika(nten) ~ opika(nten) dem-dem-p the) left side, leftward that amount, that much 194 Newe Hupia opi dem-loc around there, thereabouts pa’attsi adj high opika(nten) ~ opaika(nten) dem-dem-p paatua(mpite) iv (for water to) accu- [-na/-i] that much, that amount mulate, spring forth opuhni ~ opu(n) dem-loc over that way pa’ai p, adv [pa’a(n), pa’anku, osa ~ pa’osa n [-i] water jug, water pa’antu(n), pa’ante(n), pa’anti] on basket, bottle (top of), above, over; high, up; after; ose(n) dem that (is the one) for; more than ose ha kia naketsa? adv Is that really so? pa’aimeah(kan) iv get drunk, be drunk osen kia ~ okia adv probably, maybe pa’aimeahkante(n) adj drunk ote(n) dem [okka obj, okka(n) poss] that pa’emah ~ pa’emeah ~ ema” iv rain otee(n) dem [otii obj, otee(n) poss] pa’emate(n) ~ pa’emeate(n) ~ emate(n) n those [-ti] rain oteweh dem [otehi, otehen poss] those paha n [-’a] aunt, father’s sister; oto’oto intrjct ouch! nephew/niece of a woman ottappeh n [-a] fine dust pahampia n [-’a] sister-in-law of a man ottu(n) dem-loc over that way pahapi iv swim, float owa’ih adv like that pahapite(n) n [-ti] bather, swimmer oyo(n) ~ oyose(n) adv, quant always, pahattsi n [-a] mother-in-law every time; all, every pahai” ~ pahi” iv [papahi dl, sawe’i pl] oyointe(n) (oyon) quant all fall off, drop down; see mapahai”, oyoku(sen) ~ ooyoku(sen) ~ nippahai, tsappahai” ooyote(sen) adv, quant always; pahai pia seemaahte(n) no three all, every; whole hundred oyonte(n) ~ oyontettsi n [-ti ~ -na] pahaimaahte(n) (pahaimaah-) no stuff, possessions, belongings, prop- [pahaimaayente(n)] thirty erty, things, clothing Pahain Nawookkah n Wednesday oyontempa’i(n) v incorp have property pahaitte(n) (pahai-) no three oyose(n) (oyon) adv, quant always, pahki ~ pakki n canvas every time; all, every pahkiwanappeh n [-a] canvas paho ~ pahu n hunger P pahoko’ih iv pl [pahotiyaih sg] starve, be hungry paa (pa-, pappa distrib) n, adj [-i] pahopekka(n) ~ pahonapekka(n) ~ water, drink, liquid, liquor; juicy, pahupekka(n) iv be hungry liquidy pahotiyaih iv [pahoko’ih pl] starve, be paakkappeh n [-a] ice very hungry Paam Pasa top Dry Spring, NV pahukoih ~ pahunakoih iv pl pa’a(n) p, adv [pa’ai, pa’anku, pa’antu(n), [pahutiyaih sg] starve, be hungry pa’ante(n), pa’anti] on (top of), above, pahu ~ paho n hunger over; high, up; after; more than; see pahu’i v smoke (tobacco) nahpa’a(n), nanappa’a(n), pempa’a(n), pahu(n) n [-na] tobacco, cigarette; supa’a(n) ceremony pa’annaih p, adv from above pahunapekka(n) ~ pahupekka(n) iv be pa’ante(n) p, adv, adj [pa’a(n), pa’ai, hungry pa’anku, pa’antu(n), pa’anti] on (top pahunkahni n ceremonial house of), above, over; up; high pahunkahninai incorp v make a cere- pa’atai ~ pa’ataihku adv on one’s back monial house paatekkappeh n [-a] watermelon pahunkwitsa(n) n [-na] angle worm Shoshoni to English 195 pahupekka(n) ~ pahunapekka(n) ~ pampunuaniite(n) n whirlpool, swirling pahopekka(n) iv be hungry water pahupekkante(n) n [-ti obj] hunger Pamuseh name (man’s) pahutiyaih iv [pahukoih pl] starve, be panai adv up, upwards very hungry -pana’in/h ~ -pana’ai(n) v know how to; -pa’ih instr v pl [-tekwah sg] hit; see see mapana’ai(n), nimmapana’ai(n), tappa’ih, toppa’ih, weppa’ih puisumpana’ih, sumpana’ih -pa’i(n) v incorp have; there is, there panapui n [-’a] window are paninkah(tain) ~ panittainka(n) ~ panit- pakahni n bar tainke(n) tv leave for; drop off for; paka(n) n [-na] arrowhead, arrow, bul- deliver for let; penis panipite tv bring back Pakannapoo n [-a] Cheyenne Indian panippu(n) adv upwards pakantutuh n [-a] dragonfly panittaih ~ panittai(n) tv leave; drop pakantsukkih n [-a] blackbird off, deliver pakateh ~ pakate(n) iv be a body of still panittainka(n) ~ panittainke(n) ~ water, lake or pool paninkah(tain) tv leave for; drop off pakatete(n) n, adj pool or body of for; deliver to water; still (of water) pankwitahawo ~ pakkwitahawo n [-’a] pakenaih(kan) iv get blurry, get foggy raccoon pakenappeh [pakenna ~ pakenaa song Pannaihte(n) n [-na] Bannock forms] n [-a] fog pantei n [-’a] killdeer pakenapuih(kan) iv have blurry eyes pantoyaah tv for water, to carry pakkatuuh ~ pakkiata n buckaroo, off/along cowboy pantsuku n [-’a] otter pakki ~ pahki n canvas pa’ohaa n [-’a] water baby (mythologi- pakkiata ~ pakkatuuh n [-a] buckaroo, cal being) cowboy Pa’ohaa’an Kappai top Water Baby’s pakku p ways Bed pakuyu’ai(n) iv cool down/off pa’osa ~ osa n [-i] water jug, water pa’kwana n mint basket, bottle paakkwitahawo ~ pankwitahawo n [-’a] papi n [-a] older brother, close older raccoon male cousin pakwinompi(n) n [-tta] large sagebrush papitsii n [-’a] weasel pakwittsu’ih iv splash Papiyotsa ~ Paiyuti ~ Payuti n [-’a] pamaka tv water, give drink to Northern Paiute pammuhi n [-’a] mole Pappatappisi n Italian pammuuse tv hurry! papuih(ka) IV be teary-eyed pampi n [ø] head, hair papumpihte(n) (papun) adj clear, pampi kamma’a n [-a] orange-red cur- transparent; pale rant in mountains pasa” iv dry up pampi kamma(n) v have a headache pasaattointsi n watery foam; see saat- pampi kammanna n [ø] headache tointsi pampi pusi’a n [-i] head lice pasakkwinapa’i adj muddy pampitsikka’ah tv cut hair pasakwinappeh n [-a] mud Pampittsimminna n Sioux pasampeh adj skinny, thin pampo’naih n [-a] mole pasampettsi n [-a] skinny one pampunua iv swirl around, twirl around pasanka(n) ~ pasanke(n) tv dry 196 Newe Hupia pasankappeh ~ pasankeppeh adj, n [-a] patottsema tv sponge off dried things patuhi ~ patehwi iv melt pasappeh adj dry, dried patu’ih ~ pato’ih iv wade pasattaippeh adj dried up patuntsi [patewaantsi song form] n a pasattukku n [-i] “dry flesh” = large grass seed tuberculosis patsawenneh(kan) tv soak; put water paseepi(n) n [-tta] water willow out (for an animal) in a container paseeweyaa n water willow stand or patsawennenka(n) tv soak place patsi n [-’a] older sister, close female pasekkittah n [-a] basket cousin Pasekkoh n Basque patsittempi(n) n waterworn cobblestone pasikkokko(n) ~ kokko(n) n [-na] bull patso’i iv be wet snake patso’ippeh adj wet pasikoo n [-’a] camas patsokki iv drip pasiwakkatete(n) [patsiwankaten song pattsokki(kin) iv drip repetitively form] n sand dune; see katete(n) pawaaka n [-’a] columbine pasiwampi(n) ~ pasiwompi(n) n [-tta] pawikkah ~ pawikkih iv (for) water (to sand break away/loose, as in a flash flood) Pasiwa Wia top Sand Pass near payakwahni ~ yakwahni n [-’a] frog Horseshoe Bend, NV payampa n juicy wild carrots pasokompii n [-’a] swallow payuppuka n bog Pasokompii’a Hunupi(n) top ‘Swallow Payuti ~ Paiyuti n [-’a] Northern Canyon’ = Barn Swallow Canyon Paiute pasokwai n [-’a] sweet cicely, sweet Payuttsi ~ Paiyuttsi n Southern Paiute root 1pai n artery, blood vessel pasu’attsih n [-a] water spider (that 2pai n, p [paite(n)] time; see sipai, runs on top of water) saipai, sopai, sapai, supai pata n butter 3pai p around here/there; see sipai, -patah instr v [-pati’ih pl] spread out; saipai, sopai, sapai, supai see keppatantsih, neeppatah, paihai n [ø] seed tsappatah, tsippatah, weppatah paihapinna n blood vessel patasikaih iv sparkle paika’i v be the height of patatsi(ki) iv shine; see mapataatsi, paika(nten) ~ pika(nten) n, p [paikanti namapataatsi, tatsiki obj] amount; (this/that) much, size; pateheya n [-’a] elk see sapaika(n), saipaika(n), sipaika(n), patehwi ~ patuhi iv melt sopaika(n), supaika(n) patekkih tv soak, wet; see weppatekkih, paikkah tv [wase” pl] kill neeppatekki(n), neemapatekki(n), paikkanke(n) ~ paikkanka(n) tv kill for namapatekki(n) paikko’ah ~ paikoah v [paiko’ih pl] patekwinappeh n [-a] clay split open patemeenka(n) ~ patemeenke(n) tv buy paikwakkwapih ~ peekkwakwapih n drinks for [-pihti obj] blood vein(s) patetsoppih ~ patetsoppeh n [-a] paikwi” iv swell spring, spring water paikwikante(n) n [-ti] swollen part or patewintsi n willow shoots area patokoa n [-i] water snake paikwikka(n) iv be swollen pato’ih ~ patu’ih iv wade; see nampatu’ih paikwippeh adj swollen patontsia n [-’a] yarrow paikwiwainkah tv stop the swelling Shoshoni to English 197 paina(n) n [-na] yellow jacket, wasp, paikwakkwapih ~ peekkwakwapih n hornet [-pihti obj] blood vein(s) painampekka(n) iv have canker sores in peentsi n, adj [-a] fine fur, down; mouth furry; see peesi painke(n) n [-na] nettles peeppi(n) (pee”-) n [-tta] blood painkwi n [ø] fish peesi [peentsi song form] n, adj [-a] painkwihea tv fish, catch fish, trap fish fine fur, down; furry paite” n [-i] daughter pehai(ten) adj, adv lightly, light paite(n) (pai) n, p time; see sapai, footed(ly), graceful(ly); lively, saipai, sopai, supai active(ly) paiteppe n [-a] young daughter (pre- pehe n [pehi obj] fur, hide, outer puberty) covering paiti” tv pl [tawiih ~ tahwii sg] throw, pehe(n) rflx pro dl their own scatter; sow, plant pehi rflx pro obj dl themselves paitittai(n) ~ paittai(n) tv pl [wiittai(n) sg] pehnah/n conj because, for throw away pehye(n) ~ peye(n) n [-na] duck, mal- paitse” tv [paittse dur] holler, call lard duck (out to), invite pei rflx pro obj it, him, her paitse” tv [paittse dur] go get (a per- -peittseiki(n) instr v [-peittseittseiki(n) son), take (a person) dur] make noise; see keppeittseiki(n), paitsenkakki tv holler after, call to keppeittseittseiki(n), paitseppite tv bring (a person) kuppeittseittseiki(n) paiwekka’ah tv let blood; cut a blood -pekka(n) v incorp be afflicted with, vessel suffer from paiyekwi p next to pemma” ~ pemma(n) rel pro with Paiyuti ~ Payuti n [-’a] Northern which Paiute pemma’ai rel pro with whom Paiyuttsi ~ Payuttsi n Southern Paiute pemma(n) rel pro on which; with pe emph emphatic particle which pe(n) rflx pro its own, his own, her own pemmanku rel pro from which, from pea” tv leave whom peattai(n) ~ peaittai(n) ~ puittai(n) tv pemmayente(n) rel pro from whom, leave, stop, cease from which peattenkah adv outside pemme(n) rflx pro their own peai adv, adj long ago, a long time pemmese(n) rflx pro themselves, their ago; old own peai taka adv that’s all pemmi rflx pro them peaise(n) adv already; all over; pempa’a(n) rel pro on which, where; completely about which peaittaih ~ peattai(n) ~ puittai(n) v stop, pempai rel pro when, during cease pe(n) rflx pro its own, his own, her own peaittempeh ~ peaite(n) (peai) adj, n pen taka(sen) rflx pro itself, himself, [pepeaittempehnee(n) ~ pepeaitte(n) herself pl] old (person) penka rel pro [penkayente(n)] where, peehapi” iv (for a bloodline to) flow or at which lie Penka Tan Tapaitekka’inna top ‘Place peehapinna n bloodline Where One Eats Lunch’ = Dinner peekkih iv bleed Station or Twenty-Five Mile Station 198 Newe Hupia penkahtu(n) rel pro through which Pia Tettsohpai top Pleasant Valley penkuppa(n) rel pro [penkuppai(ten), Canyon penkuppayente(n)] in which piaittsi n big one, fat one pennaih iv be only one piakammu n [-i] white tailed jackrab- pennaihka(n) iv remain bit; snowshoe rabbit pennaipih n only one pi’ake(n) n [-na] caterpillar penne(n) ~ penna(n) ~ pennese(n) ~ piakuittsu(n) n [-na] buffalo pennase(n) rflx pro itself, himself, piakwi’naa n [-’a] large bird, eagle herself Pianampai name Big Foot pentukka(n) rel pro under which pianku adv openly pentsi rflx pro [song form] its own, piante(n) adj [pianti, pipiante(n) pl] big, his own, her own; self; see pe(n) large, tall pentu(n) rel pro, adv through which; piapaa n sea, ocean through there piapeh n female, animal mother, mare; pese(n) rflx pro itself, himself, herself coward, sissy pesu’a n self, oneself, himself, herself piapoko n [-i] medicinal plant (large peta n [-i] arm leaves, white flowers) petawatte(n) adj armless piappehte(n) adj [pipiappete(n) pl] big, petette(kin) iv scurry, flutter (poetic); large, tall see weppetette(kin) Piappehtem Po’in Nawainnna top ‘Big pettente(n) adj heavy Trail Going Down’ = Highway 51, petteeyu(n) iv be heavy Big Hill south of Little Valley, ID pettitah ~ tetesih n [-a] potato Pia Sennahunupi(n) top [-tta] Indian peweh(sen) rflx pro 3rd dl itself, Meadows himself, herself piasonippeh n [-a] bunchgrass, tall rye peye(n) ~ pehye(n) n [-na] duck, mal- grass lard duck piatetsii n [-a] wild rice (now extinct) pi”- instr prfx with the back, behind, piattsi n [-a] aunt, mother’s sister; or butt nephew/niece of a woman pia ~ pii n mother piawaako ~ waako n bull frog pia adj [pipia pl; piya song form] big, piawaikite(n) adj wide large, tall, grand, great piawaiku n wide area Pia Hunupi(n) ~ Pia Sennahunupi(n) top piawoppih n [-a] the biggest one ‘Big (Aspen) Canyon’ = Indian piayu iv be large Meadows, NV pihaa ~ pihnaa ~ pihyaa n, adj sugar, pia isa ~ isa n [-i] wolf honey; sweet Pia Neaippittan Kahni top Home of the pihatukku ~ pihyatukku n [-i] sugar Big Wind diabetes Pia Payuppuka top ‘Big Bog’ = Indian pihetsih n [-a] meat Hay Meadows, NV pihianneweh dl, pihiannee(n) pl n Pia Pohopi Hunupi(n) top ‘Big [tuineppe sg] boys Sagebrush Canyon’ = Taylor Canyon, pihittsaah tv lift behind up NV pihnaa ~ pihyaa ~ pihaa n, adj [pihya-] pia seemaahte(n) no one hundred honey, sugar; sweet Pia Sennahunupi(n) ~ Pia Hunupi(n) top pihuittsi v defecate loosely and quickly ‘Big (Aspen) Canyon’ = Indian pihuitsittsiki v defecate extremely Meadows, NV loosely and continuously pia tekkah v feast, have a big meal pihyakih iv [pihyakkih dur] itch Shoshoni to English 199 pihyaa ~ pihnaa ~ pihaa n, adj honey, pipih n [-a] baby sugar; sweet pipihnai v incorp have a baby pihyaa te’oikante(n) adj having sugar pi’pihta n [-’a] horsefly diabetes pippite iv dl [pite sg/pl] arrive, come pihyaa kamman(na) iv taste sweet back pihyaamua n [-’a] honeybee pipponka’ih tv pl [pikka’ah sg] break pihyatukku ~ pihatukku n [-i] sugar dia- (flex objs) with behind betes pippupuah(kan) iv bend over; raise up pihye(n) n [-na] heart the behind (bending over) pii ~ pia n [-’a] mother, mom pipuntu iv go back (song word) piisi n [-’a] hummingbird pipusi n [-’a] stinkbug piiya n beer pisa” tv paint, put face paint on pikan(ten) ~ paikan(ten) n, p [pikanti pisappi(n) n [-tta] red ocher, red face obj] amount; (this/that) much; see paint sapika(n), saipika(n), sipika(n), pisenteki n [-’a] pacer horse sopika(n), supika(n) pisi” iv rot, become rotten; be infected, pikappeh n [-a] buckskin become infected pikase(n) p, adv the same as pisikkamman(na) iv taste rotten pikih n [-a] pig pisikkwanah iv smell rotten pikka’ah tv [pipponka’ih sg] break pisippeh adj, n [-a] rotten; pus (flex obj) with behind pisoni n diaper pikkenah tv sit on top of pisunaih tv rub butt against pikkopah tv [pikkopai’ih pl] break pisuuh v fart slowly (rigid obj) with behind pisuuppeh n [-a] intestinal gas, fart pikkitsa’a tv smash by sitting on (vulgar) pikkontatah n [-a] big dollar pite iv, aux [pippite dl] arrive, come pikunaih tv rub butt against back, return; pikkwaitu’ah tv take off (e.g., pants, pittakkai iv fall on behind skirt) pittataah v stoop over with legs spread pimmaa n, adj [song form] cow, apart bovine pittekih tv touch with behind pimmito’ih ~ pimpito’ih iv back out pittsoka n waist pimmokottsih n [-a] pocket pittehku ~ pittuhku n buttocks, pimpippu(n) adv backwards hindquarters, rump, behind pimpito’ih ~ pimmito’ih iv back out pittuse(n) adv back pinna adj, adv [-i] previous, preceding, pittunaittseh tv push down or out from latter; again within the butt pinnah conj but pitsa n milk pinnaih p behind, in back of pitsa kuittsu(n) n [-na] milk cow pinnaih(ka) v be left over pitsakka’a iv choke pinnaippeh adj left over pitsi n breast pinnanku adv last, behind; next time Pitsi Ko’i top Breast Hill Pinnanku tease em puinnuhi greeting pitsi ko’i n nipple See you again next time. = Goodbye. pitsih tv [pintsi song form] suck, pinnoo(n/h) tv carry on the back suckle pintsai conj but (song word); see pinnah pitsinka(n) ~ pitsinke(n) tv nurse, pintsih tv [song form] suck, suckle; see breastfeed pitsih pitsite puhippeh n [-a] milkweed 200 Newe Hupia pittsi” v (for a baby to) suckle posia(ttsi) ~ pusia(ttsi) n [-i (-a)] pi’utua n [-’a] foxtail plant louse, lice piwea v have diarrhea posika(n) ~ poseke(n) n [-na] bridge piwo’sa n hip poto(n) n [-na] staff, cane, digging stick piwonua v stoop over, stick up behind pottainnanankah iv make a popping (e.g., like a stinkbug) sound piya adj [song form] big, large, grand, potto(n) n [-na; potoompin song form] great; see pia grinding stone piyaah tv carry on the behind or on pottsa’ni (weneten) ADJ short and stocky the tail or in back pottsi iv hop, jump piyuppuki(n) iv walk wiggling the poyoha iv jog, lope, go along behind poyokka iv trot piyuttsa tv break down by sitting on puha n [-i] supernatural power, (power- po’a katenoa n small lone hill in valley ful) spiritual medicine; healing power po’a(n) n [-na] skin, bark, outer puha naakkante(n) n [puha covering naakkantee(n) pl] power being po’appasanka(n) ~ po’appasanke(n) tv Puha Wa’ippe n Medicine Woman dry with wind puha yaami’a v go on a vision quest; go po’ayaah iv blow away to seek supernatural power for oneself pohni’attsih n [-a] skunk puhai(n) tv look for, search for Pohoko’i n Sagebrush Butte near Fort puhakahni n ceremonial house Hall puhakante(n) n [-ti; puppuhakantee(n) Pohoko’ikkate(n) N [-i; Pohoko’ikkatee pl] pl] doctor; healer, medicine person, person from Fort Hall, ID shaman pohonte(n) ~ pohontante(n) adj thick puhanai tv (to) doctor, treat (a sick pohopi(n) n [-tta] sagebrush person), heal po’i” n road, path, trail puhiam paikwasi n [-a] end of a green pokkoo n [-’a] burrowing owl place pokoitsi n [-’a] lizard puhikaih iv be blue, be green pokompih n [-a] currant; berry Puhi Paa Hunupi(n) top ‘Blue Spring poma tv pick Canyon’ = Spring Creek pommi’a iv migrate (of birds) puhipihte(n) ~ puhipihte(n) (puhi- ~ pui- po’naih n [-a] mouse combine) adj, n blue, green; greenery ponka’ih iv pl [ka’ah sg] break (of a puhippeh ~ puippeh n [-a; puih- com- flex obj) bine] green grass pono~poono N sphere, puhitapai(n) n [-na] meadow pono’ih IV be spherical, round puhitenka(n) ~ puitenka(n) n green ponopihte(n) ADJ spherical, round place pono’ihkante(n) adj short, stocky- puhitte(n) ~ puitte(n) (puhi- ~ pui-) adj, shaped, chubby n green, greenery pooh tv write, inscribe, draw; see puhiwoo n [-’a] small native fish with kuppooh ~ kappooh green stripes pookkuse ~ pookkusih n box puhni ~ pu(n) p (this/that) way; see poono ~ pono n sphere sipuhni, saipuhni, sopuhni, sapuhni, poopitsih n half dollar supuhni poppin ~ poppih v hop, jump puhwih n [-a] money poppontsanite(n) adj [-ti] round pui” ~ punni” tv see, look (at); deliver poseke(n) ~ posika(n) n [-na] bridge a child Shoshoni to English 201

Em puinnuhi. ~ Ne noohimpai em puiwoo ~ puhiwoo [puipaawoo song puinnuhi. I’ll see you sometime. = form] n little fish with green stripes Goodbye. pukkiih v pass wind, fart (vulgar) Ne noohimpai mehi puinnuhi. I’ll see pu(n) ~ puhni p (this/that) way; see you (dl) sometime. = Goodbye. sipu(n), saipu(n), sopu(n), sapu(n), Ne noohimpai me(mm)i puinnuhi. I’ll supu(n) see you (pl) sometime. = Goodbye. punku n [-i] horse pui aipi(n tempin) n bluish chalk, punku kate” v ride a horse bluish chalky rock punku katekki(n) v ride a horse hither pui’awatsi tv spy on (song word); see punku katemi’a v ride a horse away watsippuih punku katenooh v ride along on a horse puih n [-a] eye punkukahni n barn pu’ih n [-a] gall bladder punkukante(n) n [-i] horse owner, puihpekka(n) iv have an eye infection horseman or disease punkum piapeh n [-a] mare puihpekkate(n) n [-ti] person afflicted punkum tua n [-’a] colt with an eye infection or disease punkuttsi n [-’a] pet; little horse puihtamah ~ puitamah tv guard, watch punni” ~ pui” tv look (at), see closely punnunkaite(n) adj spherical, perfectly puihwatte(n) adj eyeless, blind round puikai(yun) iv be green punu n navel puikka(n) tv watch, look at punuhaki v spin around; see puinui ADJ round, circular nanippunuhaki puinuinuh IV spin pusia(ttsi) ~ posia(ttsi) n [-i (-a)] puipaawoo n [song form of puiwoo] louse, lice little fish with green stripes putumpittsi ~ kuttumpittseh n wood- puipihte(n) ~ puhipihte(n) (pui- ~ puhi- pecker combine) adj, n blue, green; putusippeh n [-a] eyebrow greenery puuteh n [-a] bull puippeh ~ puhippeh n [-a; puih- com- bine] green grass S puisenna n green aspen (leafing in the spring) sa- dem/loc base [a-] that, there yon- puisih n [-a] eyebrow der; see sate(n), sateweh, satee(n); puisippeh n [-a] eyelash saitte(n), sakkuh, sama(n), sanni, puisumpana’ih tv recognize sapai, sapaika(n), sapi, sapuhni, puisunkanna tv see (with feeling), feel sattu(n), sawa’ih seeing; look at (with feeling) saa” tv boil puitamah ~ puihtamah tv watch saampunku n [-i] devil closely, guard sa’ana dem-loc that place; there some- puittai(n) ~ peattai(n) ~ peaittai(n) tv where yonder leave; stop, cease saampittseh adj raw puitte(n) ~ puhitte(n) adj, n green, saannompeh n [-a] boiling pot, cook- greenery ing pot puitenka(n) ~ puhitenka(n) n green saappeh adj, n [-a] boiled; boiled place meat or food, soup puiwa(n) n [song form] green grass; see saattointsi n, adj foam, foamy; see puippeh pasaattointsi 202 Newe Hupia saawittu’a n [-i] boiling pot satee(n) dem [satii obj, satee(n) poss] sakappi(n) ~ wakappi(n) n [-tta] type of those yonder willow sateettsi n [-a] pet; little dog sakka dem obj [sate(n) subj, sakka(n) sateweh dem [satehi obj, satehe(n) poss] that yonder poss] those two yonder sakkuh dem-loc [sakkuhte(n), sakkuhti sattu(n) dem-loc over that way yonder obj] there yonder; about that sawa’ih dem adv like that yonder sama(n) dem-dem-p with that (instru- saya(n) ~ saiya(n) n [-na] mudhen ment) sai n boat sama’ai dem-dem-p with that (person) sai ~ saippeh n tule samappe ~ samuppe n [-a] man’s sis- sai- dem/loc base [ai-] this nearby; ter, woman’s brother; sibling; close saite(n), saiteweh, saitee(n), cousin of same age (of opposite sex) saiitte(n), saikih, saima(n), sainai, sampai adv even so sainankuh, sainni, saipai, sampai noo(n) adv uncertainly, wonder saipaika(n), saipi, saipuhni, saittu(n), about saiwa’ih samuppe ~ samappe n [-a] man’s sis- sai’ana dem-loc this place; here some- ter, woman’s brother; sibling; close where nearby cousin of same age (of opposite sex) saikka dem obj [saite(n) subj, saikka(n) sanai dem-loc from that direction, poss] this from thereabouts saikkih dem-loc here, near here sanakkante(n) ~ sanankante(n) adj saima(n) dem-dem-p with this sticky (instrument) sanakkoo n gum, rubber, elastic sainankuh dem-dem-p [sainankuhten] sanakkoo aiti n slingshot this side sanakwi’naa n [-’a] golden eagle sainankuhte(n) n [-ti, -teen pl] one sanappa’i(n) v incorp be sticky from here sanappi(n) n [-tta] pitch sainai dem-loc from this direction, sanawaappi(n) n [-tta] cedar from hereabouts sanni dem adv that way, like that over sainni dem adv this way, like this there nearby sapai dem adv then, that time saipakantsukkih (saaipakantsunkii song sapai dem-loc around there yonder word) n [-a] tule blackbird, red- sapaika(n) dem-dem-p that amount, winged blackbird that much (yonder) saipai ~ saipi dem-loc near here some- sapi dem-loc around there yonder, where thereabouts saipai dem-adv then, this time sappeh n [-a, sasappeh pl] stomach, saipaika(n) dem-dem-p this amount, belly this much sapuhni ~ sapu(n) dem-loc over that saipi ~ saipai dem-loc near here someway yonder where, hereabouts sate(n) dem [sakka obj, sakka(n) poss] saippeh ~ sai n [-a] tule, bulrush that yonder saipuhni ~ saipu(n) dem-loc over this satee n [-’a] dog way nearby Satee Tekka’a n [-a] Dog Eaters saite(n) dem [saikka obj, saikka(n) poss] (Plains tribe) this satee’an tuattsi n puppy saitee(n) dem [saitii obj, saiteen poss] sateekante(n) n [-ti] dog owner these Shoshoni to English 203 saitetsoih n [-a] straw hat, tule hat seken kamman(na) iv taste sour saiteweh dem [saitehi obj, saitehe(n) seki n [0] leaf poss] these two sekituah iv leaf, sprout leaves saitte(n) dem [saitti obj] that (special) sekka’ah iv [sepponka’ih pl] break kind yonder from cold (flex obj) saitte(n) dem [saitti obj] this (special) sekkoih iv pl [settiyaih sg] die from cold kind nearby sekkopah iv [sekkopai’ih pl] break saittu(n) dem-loc over this way nearby from cold (rigid obj) saiwa’ih adv like this sekkuttih ~ sekkwettih tv (for a human saiya(n) ~ saya(n) n [-na] mudhen to) kick se”- instr prfx with or by cold sekkwipippiki(n) iv shiver furiously from sea” v grow cold seakkante(n) n [-ti] plant sekkwippiki(n) iv shiver from cold seemaahte(n) (seemaah-,) no seme ~ sewe ~ semme no, adv [-’a] [seemaayente(n)] ten one; once; continuously; completely, seemayentem manekihtemman once and for all to’inkanna no fifteen semese(n) ~ sewese(n) adv at once, seemayenten naahpaihtemman completely; all alone to’inkanna no sixteen semmai adv, pro thus, that (which is seemayentem pahaittemman to’inkanna said), what is said no thirteen semme ~ seme ~ sewe no [-’a] one seemayente semmeman to’inkanna no Semme Nawookkah n Monday eleven semmettsi n [-’a] only one seemayente seewemmihamman semmewa’i(se) adv like one to’inkanna no nineteen senkwi n side, one side seemayenten taattsewihtemman senkwinanku adv on one side to’inkanna no seventeen senkwippu(n) adv to one side, on one’s seemayente wahattemman to’inkanna side, sideways no twelve sennapi(n) n [-tta] quaking aspen; tree seemayente wattsewihtemman sepponka’ih iv pl [sekka’ah sg] break to’inkanna no fourteen from cold (flex objs) seemayente wooswihtemman to’inkanna sesema quant [sesema’a obj] some no eighteen sesemanikku ~ sesema adv one at a seepa adv maybe, perhaps, possibly time seepa kia adv perhaps, maybe sese’ni iv be numb seepatte(n) adj certain (other), other, sese’ninka(n) ~ sese’ninkeh tv make another (one) numb seepi(n) ~ sehepi(n) n [-tta] willow sesewekka ~ semekka adv seeppaite(n) adj smooth, level some(times), once in a while seewemmiha pia seemaahte(n) no nine settiyaih iv [sekkoih pl] die from cold, hundred freeze to death seewemmihammaahte(n) (seewemmi- Settoya top Independence Mountain hammaah-) no [seewemmiham- Range maayente(n)] ninety sewaiha ~ sewaihya iv be frostbitten or seewemmihante(n) (seewemmihan-) no burned nine sewe ~ seme no, adv [semme] once; seeweyaa n willow stand, willow place continuously; completely, once and sehepi(n) ~ seepi(n) n [-tta] willow for all 204 Newe Hupia sewese(n) ~ semese(n) adv at once, sipappi(n) n [-tta] rabbit brush completely; all alone sipi dem-loc around here, here some- si- dem/loc base [i-] this right here; where see site(n), siteweh, sitee(n), sitte(n), sippeh n [-a] sheep sikkih, sima’ai, sima(n), simante(n), sippehan tua n [-’a] lamb sumantu(n), sinai, sinni, sipai, sippunneh n [-a] spoon sipaika(n), sipi, sipuhni, sittu(n), sipuhni ~ sipu(n) dem-loc over this way siwa’ih si’si’we(n) ~ sisiiwe(n) iv distrib [sii” sg] si’ana dem-loc this place; right here urinate frequently, pee frequently somewhere sitee(n) dem [sitii obj, sitee(n) poss] si’apai dem adv about this time these right here siapi(n) ~ siappi(n) n [-tta] feather site(n) dem [sikka obj, sikka(n) poss] sihu(n) ~ sihuh n [-na] tall grass whose this right here seeds were harvested (now extinct) siteweh dem [sitehi obj, sitehe(n) poss] sii” iv [sisiiwen pl distrib] urinate, pee, these two right here piss (vulgar) sittu(n) dem-loc through this area siiawo n urinal -situ’ih instr v scratch; see tsasitu’ih, siimmokottsih n [-a] bladder wesitu’ih siippeh n [-a] urine, pee, piss (vulgar) siwah ~ si’wah tv tear, rip; see sitte(n) dem [sitti obj] this special kind kesi’wah, tsasiwah right here siwa’ih dem-adv like this right here siittemi v be unable to urinate so- dem/loc base [o-] that, there; see sikka dem obj [site(n) subj, sikka(n) sote(n), soteweh, sotee(n), soitte(n), poss] this right here sokkuh, soma(n), sonai, sonni, sopai, sikki adj, adv slanted; sideways sopaika(n), sopi, sopuhni, sottu(n), Sikkikate(n) top Slanted Mountain sowa’ih sikkih dem-loc right here so’ana dem-loc that place; there some- sikkumpeh n [-a] shoulder blade where sikoo n [-’a] sego lily -so’ih ~ sonih instr v see keso’ih, siku n [-i] umbilical cord tsaso’ih, weso’ih sima’ai dem-dem-p with this (one), and so’o n cheek this (one) sohopi(n) n [-tta] cottonwood, native sima(n) dem-dem-p on this poplar sima(n) ~ simma(n) dem-dem-p soitte(n) dem [soitti obj] that (special) [simanku] with this, for this (rea- kind son); about this sokka dem obj [sote(n) subj, sokka(n) simante(n) dem-dem-p [simanti obj] poss] that some of this, part of this, member of sokkuh dem-loc there this (family) sokopehye(n) n [-na] small reddish duck sinai dem-dem-p from this direction, sokopi(n) n [-tta] land, earth, ground from hereabouts sokopittan nanewe n [sokopittan sinni dem adv this way, like this right nanewenee pl,-i] creature, animal here sokoppeh n [-a] soil, ground, dirt, sipai dem adv then, this time exactly earth sipai dem-loc around here, here some- sokoteheyampehe n [-a] Oregon where grape, bearberry sipaika(n) dem-dem-p this amount, this soma(n) dem-dem-p with that much (instrument) Shoshoni to English 205 sonai dem-dem-p from that direction, suakikki iv breathe repeatedely from thereabouts suakki iv breathe hard soni(ppeh) n [-a] mature grass, hay, suakkimmaah iv stop breathing, die alfalfa suakkwaiyah iv unable to catch the sonikuna” n [-i] matches breath, run out of breath sonitsikka’ah v incorp cut grass su’ana dem-loc [su’ahte(n), su’ahti obj, soniwekka’ah v incorp mow, hay su’anahtu(n)] that place; there some- sonko ~ sonno n lung where not visible sonni dem-adv that way, like that su’ana nahate(n) adv by and by, at sonno ~ sonko n lung some point (in time) soo(n) quant, adv a lot, lots, much, suanka(n) ~ suanke(n) v think about, many think of soonkahni n city, Salt Lake City Ne en tepitsi tsaa suankanna. soonte(n) (soon) adj [sooyente(n)] I love you very much. many, much, a lot, lots suanna n thought(s), thinking soose(n) adv lots, a lot suante(n) adj thinking soosi adj foamy suapitai(n) v awaken, come to, regain sooyu(n) iv be lots of, be a lot of consciousness; revive, bring to con- sopai dem-adv then, that time sciousness sopai dem-loc around there suappeh n [-a] breath; mind sopaika(n) dem-dem-p that amount, su’aipui tv think negatively of that much suhannih tv think sopi dem-loc around there, there- suhi n pubic hair abouts suikkokko(n) n [-na] robin sopuhni ~ sopu(n) dem-loc over that way suikkuh adv that (particular) way sosipaa n carbonated water; beer suitte(n) dem [suitti ~ suittenna obj, Sosoni n [-i] Shoshoni suittee(n) pl] that (special) kind out sosoni taikwa” n, tv speak Shoshoni of sight sotee(n) dem [sotii obj, sotee(n) poss] sukka dem obj [sute(n) subj, sukka(n) those poss, susukka pl] that out of sight sote(n) dem [sokka obj, sokka(n) poss] sukkuh dem-loc [sukkuhte(n), that sukkuhtu(n), sukkuhyente(n), soteweh dem [sotehi obj, sotehe(n) sukkuhse(n)] there out of sight poss] those two sukkuhte(n) dem [sukkuhti obj] therein, sottu(n) dem-loc over that way about that; something there sowa’ih dem-adv like that sukuppa(n) dem-dem-p [sukuppayenten] su- dem/loc base [susu- pl, u-] that, inside that there (not visible); see sute(n), suma’ai dem-dem-p [suma’aihku] with suteweh, sutee(n), suitte(n), sukkuh, that (one), and that (one) su’ana sukuppa(n), suma(n), suma(n) ~ summa(n) dem-dem-p sumanku(n), summa(n), sumante(n), [sumanku, sumayente(n)] with that, sumantu(n), sunai, sunni, supa’a(n), for that (reason), because of that; supai, supaika(n), supi, supuhni, about that suttu(n), sutukka(n), suwa’ih, suma(n) dem-dem-p on that suwaka(n) sumanku dem-dem-p, adv [suma, sua n mute susumanku pl] from that; for that sua” tv [suan aux] think, want, need, (reason), because of that; about feel; breathe; seem that 206 Newe Hupia sumante(n) dem-dem-p [sumanti obj] supaika(n) dem-dem-p that amount, some of that, part of that, member of that much (out of sight) that (family) supaika’i iv be that much, be that sumantu(n) dem-dem-p [man] to that, amount towards that, through that supaise(n) adv right away summa(n) ~ suma(n) dem-dem-p supi dem-loc [supitte(n)] around there [sumanku, sumayente(n)] with that; out of sight, thereabouts for that (reason), because of that; supuhni ~ supu(n) dem-loc over that about that way out of sight summatsuhninka(n) ~ summatsuhninke(n) susu- dem/loc base pl [su- sg, u-] tv overpower with the mind those, there (not visible); see summeeh(kan) tv think of/about susumanku sumpaatu(n) tv know (how to) susu’a adv poorly, any old way (kai) sumpaitsappih ~ (kai) sumpitsappih sute(n) dem [sukka obj, sukka(n) poss] tv not like, not love that out of sight sumpana’ih(kan) tv know (how to) sutee(n) dem [sutii obj, sutee(n) poss] sumpana’ihki(n) tv (come to) under- those out of sight stand; (come to) know suteweh dem [sutehi obj, sutehe(n) sumpana’aipite tv come to know (how poss] those two out of sight to) suttu(n) dem-loc over that way out of (kai) sumpitsappih ~ (kai) sumpaitsappih sight, through there; for that, tv dislike, not like, not love through that sun- instr prfx with the mind, by sutukka(n) dem-dem-p under that thinking suwa’ih dem-adv [suwa’iten, suwa’ihku, sunai dem-dem-p from that direction, suwa’ihkuten, suwa’isen, from thereabouts out of sight suwa’ihyenten] like that out of sight -sunka’a(n) ~ -sunka’ah instr v feel; suwatsi” tv conceal see masunka’ah, nanapuisunka’a(n), suwai tv want, think neesunka’ah, nisunka’ah, tasunka’ah, Hinna e suwainna? tsisunka’ah, wesunka’ah ~ What do you want? wesunka’ah —Ne kai hinna suwainna. sunkwitanka(n) tv like, love, desire —I don’t want anything. sunni dem-adv [sunnikku, sunniunte(n); suwaka(n) dem-loc [suwakanten] to susunni pl] that way, like that (not him or her, towards him or her seen); for that reason, why suwiih(taih) tv disregard, ignore, dis- sunni taka adv finally, that was it miss, cast out of the mind sunni kia adv maybe so, could be suyekwi tv think sunniyu(n) iv be that way, be like that suntehai tv bless (with); ask; see T nanisuntehai(n) suntehainka(n) tv bless (with); ask ta pro sub subj [ta(n) poss] one, some- someone for one, somebody, something E witsa saimanti ne suntehainka. ta”- instr prfx with the feet Could you please give me some of this? ta”- instr prfx with a hard or rock- supa’a(n) dem-dem-p [supa’ante(n)] on like object that; about that taattsewi pia seemaahte(n) no seven supai dem-adv then, that time hundred supai dem-loc around there out of sight taattsewihte(n) (taattsewi-) no seven Shoshoni to English 207 taattsewimaahte(n) ([taattsewimaah-) takkoa tv pile up with rock no [taattsewimaayenten] seventy takkooni tv detain; round up; drive Taattsewin Nawookkah ~ Nasuntih n together Sunday takkooninke(n) tv detain for; round up taha(n) pro 1st dl incl poss [taweh subj] for; drive together for our takkopah tv [takkopai’ih pl] chop with tahase(n) rflx pro dl incl ourselves rock tahi pro 1st dl incl obj [taweh subj] us takkuhnai” tv throw two takkumpa tv kill with feet tahiipa tv flatten or smash with foot taku” n thirst tahippa n [-’a] tapaderos on saddle takukkoih iv pl [takuttiyaih sg] die of tahittsaah tv lift feet up thirst, be very thirsty tahma n, adj spring; renewed takunaih tv iron tahma isampeh n buttercup (flower) takuppekka(n) iv be thirsty tahma puhatuah phrase renew spiritual takusippeh n sweat power takusito’ih iv sweat tahmani n, adv spring, in the springtime takusito’ihtaippeh(ttsi) adj sweaty tahmato’ih iv be(come) spring takuttiyaih iv [takukkoih pl] die of tahna” tv pl [teki” sg] put, place, thirst, be very thirsty locate, store; bury takwittsih iv wilt; be thirsty tahnakka(n) tv pl [tekikka(n) sg] put takkwaitu’ah tv take off of feet away, keep, store takkwitihku v slip on slippery surface tahwi ~ tawi tv [tappaitih ~ paiti” pl] Tam Puittsuhtaippai’i n Fourth of July throw tam pia tekkanna n feast ta’i” n vagina, vulva -tamah instr v [-tami’ih pl] secure, tie; taka n [-i] partner, pal, mate, cousin, see nasuntamah(kan), puihtamah, twin tsattamah, wettamah taka(n) adv only, just, alone; self tama(n) n [-na] tooth takapoo n ball, sphere taman kamman n + v have a toothache takattsi n only one taman kammanna n toothache takipoo n kidney tami n [-a] younger brother, close male takka’ah tv [tapponka’ih ~ tappunka’ih cousin pl] break (flex obj) with hard object; tammahka tv drive on foot chop; separate from tamme(n) pro 1st pl incl we, our takkahuittsuu n [-’a] snowbird tammese(n) rflx pro 1st incl ourselves takkamah tv encounter, meet face to tammetekki tv turn over with foot face; round up (animals) tammi ~ tai pro 1st pl incl us takka(n) n semen, sperm tamminkuttih ~ tamminkwettih tv (for a takkapi(n) n [-tta] snow horse to) kick takkatuah iv snow, for snow to tammu n sinew, tendon; thread accumulate tammuhka n shoestring takkaweai” iv snow tammuhkah tv lace up, tie shoes takkenah tv cover with rock ta(n) pro sub subj one(’s), someone(’s), takkinahkan(ten) adj flat somebody(’s), something(’s) takkintsai” ~ takkintsaih tv smash with ta weyakainkanna ~ ta weyakainkenna n foot, flatten with foot violin, stringed instrument takkitsa’ah tv smash with foot, crush tan naaiyawinna n handgame with foot tan napaiwekka’anna n bloodletting 208 Newe Hupia tan natayaanna n ritual done before tappiha(a) ~ tappihyaa n [-’a] sock, round dance stocking tan newe nekkanna n Indian dance tappihah tv [tappiyuih pl] break, shatter tan tase’yekwinna n moving the feet tappihyaa ~ tappihaa n [-’a] (dance), war dance sock, stocking tan tekkanna n food tappikko’o(n) n [-na] heel tan tetsayakainkanna ~ tan tappiyuih tv pl [tappihah sg] break, tetsayakainkenna n piano shatter tanihku n seed beater tapponka’ih ~ tappunka’ih tv pl tankappeh ~ tannappeh n [-a] knee [takka’ah sg] break (with rock); sepa- tankwisi tv braid rate from tannahottoo iv kneel down tappuinuinuh tv spin around with foot tannappeh ~ tankappeh n [-a] knee (kai) tapu’i v not do well; be poorly; tannehki tv trample in not be strong tantantak(k)i(n) iv for a drum to be tapu(n) ~ taputtsi n [-na~-a] cotton- beating tail rabbit ta’oo(n) adj rancid tasaa v open legs apart, spread legs ta’oon kammanna taste rancid apart ta’oon kwana” smell rancid taseki n toe tapai n sun, day, daytime; clock, watch, tase’yekwi v move the feet; dance the timepiece war dance tapai hapi” iv [tapai happi dur] rest in tase’yekwi hupia war dance songs the daytime tasimuintseh n [-a] very small black tapai patompittseh n [-a] rainbow ant with red head living under rocks Tapai Pui name [-’a] (man’s) Sees the tasitoo(n) n [-na] toenail, claw, hoof Sun tasiyenki n [-’a] carp tapaima adv in the daytime; today tasoni n rug tapaini adv noon, at noon, (in the) tasunka’ah tv feel with feet daytime tatah n [-a] dollar tapaitekkanna n lunch tatapai n sun (special name sometimes tapaito’inaihte(n) adv from the east used in myths); see tapai tapaito’inankuhte(n) adv east tattahkinah tv smash with foot tapaito’ippaitu(n) adv eastward, towards tattapaima adv everyday the east tattekih tv step on, walk on; touch tapaituah iv (for sun to) shine, (for sun with feet to) come up tattekwah tv [tappa’ih pl] hit with a tapaiyuanaihte(n) adv from the west hard object tapaiyuanankuhte(n) adv west tatto’ih tv crowd out tapaiyuappaitu(n) adv westward, tattoko n big toe towards the west tattua n [-’a] little toe tappa’ih tv pl [tattekwah sg] hit with a tattunaittseh tv push hard with the feet hard object tattutai” tv stretch with the feet tappaitih tv pl [tawiih sg] throw aside tatsa n, adv summer, in the summertime or down tatsawai iv [song form] be like sum- tappaitihtai(n) tv pl [tawiihtai(n) sg] mer, be early summer throw away tatsii n [-’a] nit(s) tappana n sole of foot tatsiki v shine Shoshoni to English 209 tatsempi(n) ~ tatsinnompi(n) ~ taipo taikwa” tv speak English tatsiyempi(n) n [-tta] star(s) E ha taipo taikwante? tatsokkwaih tv pound, pulverize Do you speak English? tattsaka tv knock out with hard object — Haa’a, ne taipo taikwa tattsannih iv stumble sumpana’inna. tatsiki iv shine; see patatsi(ki), map- — Yes, I know how to speak English. ataatsi, namapataatsi taitsi n brother-in-law of a man [also of tattsinko’no n ankle a woman by some] tattsokwaih ~ tatsokkwaih tv pound taiyumpeh n [-a] in-law tattsuhnippeh adj strong-legged tea(n) ~ tease(n) adv, conj also, too, ta’uta tv find and also, again ta’utappeh adj found -tea aux v ask (to do) ta’wah n [-a] flour te’ahwaih tv say, point out, tell, taweh pro 1st dl incl [tahi obj, taha(n) explain; see tsitte’ahwaih poss] we two te’ahwainka(n) ~ te’ahwainke(n) tv tell, ta wehe’neki nekkanna ~ mamakkoi n say to, explain to (about) bear dance, rasping dance te’ahwainkappeh ~ teahwainkeppeh adj tawe(n) n [-na; tatawe pl] hole, opening told, explained tawenenuki tv kick around (like a baby) te’ahwaippeh adj told -tawaih ~ -tawih instr v open; see Te’akate(n) top ‘Serviceberry Place’ = tsattawai” ~ tsattawi”, wettawai”~ Three Fork or Dry Lake on Duck wettawi” Valley Reservation tawiih ~ tahwii tv [tappaitih ~ paiti” pl] te’ampai n speech sound throw aside or down te’ampaito’ih iv make speech sounds tawiih(tain) tv [tappaitih(tain) pl] te’ampih n [-a] serviceberry throw away tea(n) ~ tease(n) adv, conj also, too, tawintsa n ankle and also; again tawituha tv wear out (shoes) te’api(n) n [-tta] serviceberry bush ta yakain nekkanna n cry dance tease(n) ~ tea(n) adv, conj also, too, tai ~ tammi pro 1st pl incl us and also, again taikka n hole, dwelling place te’awi iv miss shooting taikwa” tv [taikkwa dur; niweneh pl] Teai top ‘Little One’ = Deeth, NV speak, talk; pray north of Elko taikwahni n [-a] chief, spokesman, teaika v paint, put makeup on leader, boss teaikappeh adj painted, made up taikwanka(n) tv speak to, talk to teaite(n) ~ teite(n) (teai) adj, n [-ti, taikwa(nna) n words, speech, talk, teteaitee(n) pl] small, little; child, language infant taikwappeh adj spoken, said teaitettsi adj tiny taikwawoppih n [-a] speaker, talker, teaiwoppih n [-a] the smallest spokesperson teaiyu(n) ~ teiyu(n) iv be small, be tiny taina iv be a hole teekkwinuhi n [-a] key; see wekkwinuhi tainna n [-nna] man teesua(tekih) iv [teesuatekki dur] tainnappe n [-a] old man think through; think deeply; be dis- tainte(n) n [-ti] hole appointed from waiting; see taipo n, adj [-a] white person, wesuatekih Caucasian; English (language); White teesunaih iv sweep, comb; see wesunaih 210 Newe Hupia teettemate(n) n [-i] policeman; see mutekih, pittekih, tattekih, wettemah teesuatekih, tottekih, tsattekih, teettempokkah iv button; see wettem- tsottekih, wesuatekih pokkah tekikka(n) tv [tahnakka(n) pl] put away, teetto’ippeh ~ teetto’ihtaippeh n [-a] keep, store garbage, trash, rubbish, refuse; see teki(n) aux v [tekki dur] start, begin; be wetto’ih seated (dur) teettutua n stretcher (e.g., fence tekipekka(n) iv get skinny stretcher); see wettutua tekipettsi adj skinny teeyaahpunku n [-i] workhorse, draft tekka’a n eater of (used especially in horse names for groups of people); see te’eyan/h v fear, be afraid (of) Tsoika Tekka’a te’eyanna n fear tekkah v eat te’eyante(n) adj afraid, scared tekkahpaitseh tv invite to eat te’eyapekka iv be afraid, be scared tekkanka(n) ~ tekkanke(n) tv eat for; feed teeyottah iv plow, till; see weyottah tekkanompeh tv plate tehapi iv [tekwapi pl] stay the night, tekkappeh n [-a] food, bread spend the night tekkahtaippeh adj eaten up teheya n [-’an] deer tekkawenennemmi iv [tekkatopo’inhka teheyah n [-a] horse pl] graze teheyampeh n [-’a] elderberry tekkoappeh adj, n enclosed (area) tehu’i(kan) ~ tuhu’i(kan) v be angry at tekko’i n rock hill, rock peak tehuppeh ~ tuhuppeh adj mean, angry tekkooni iv go and turn around tei n [-’a; tetteyanneweh dl, tekoppooh ~ tekuppooh iv brand tetteyannee(n) pl] friend tekoppooh ~ tekuppooh n branding iron E aisen ne tei. tekuhannih iv cook You are my friend. tekuhanninka(n) ~ tekuhanninke(n) tv tei iv [tetei pl] be little cook for teihaih n [-a] crow tekuhannippeh n [-a] cooking, cooked teiku adj, adv [-a] small, little; quietly food teippe n child -tekwah instr v [-pa’ih pl] hit; see teite(n) ~ teaite(n) (tei) adj, n [-ti, tattekwah, tottekwah, tsittekwah, teteitee(n) pl] small, little; child, infant wettekwah teitseppuha n sorcerer, possessor of tekuppooh ~ tekoppooh iv brand destructive power tekupooh ~ tekoppooh n branding iron teittse adj bad, unpleasant, terrible tekwapi iv pl [tehapi sg] stay the night, teittseh intrjct shut up! be quiet sleep over night teittse’i(nkuttsi) adv little bit -temah instr v close up, lock in; see teiwaikite(n) adj narrow matemah, teettemate(n); tsattemah; teiyu(n) ~ teaiyu(n) iv be small, be tiny tsittemah; wettemah; neettemah tekammii adj close, near temahai” v go off mad at; go fight with; tekai” v hunt pursue; see -mahai tekaimmi’a go hunting temanakkih tv pay for, pay a bill or tekaite(n) n [-ti] hunter debt tekeppinaippeh ~ tekeppinaihtaippeh adj temanakkinka(n) ~ temanakkinke(n) tv left over (of food) pay to teki” tv [tahna” pl, tekih instr] put, temapaiah iv do, make, build, create, place, locate, store; bury; see matekih, prepare, take care of Shoshoni to English 211 temapaianka(n) ~ temapaianke(n) tv do temuyakainkante(n) n [-ti] horn player for, make for, build for, create for, tenaa adv down, downward prepare for, take care of for tenanka(n) iv listen to, behave temapaiappeh adj done, made, built, tenapoo n mark prepared, created, taken care of tenihannih iv judge temaseanka(n) ~ temaseanke(n) iv tenihannite(n) n [-ti] judge plant (a garden), sow tenimmatenkah iv finish singing or temaseankante(n) ~ temaseankente(n) n talking [-ti] farmer teninnasuntsaa iv make fun of, abuse temaseankappeh ~ temaseankeppeh n verbally [-a] plants, garden tenippuiyih iv sing tematahain nankuh(ten) adv, n (on tenisua” iv say, talk about (something the) right side uncertain), express; ponder about; tematiyainkappeh n [-a] widow, widower sound tematsai ~ tematsia tv help tenitto’ih iv sing tematsuhinkante(n) ~ tenitto’inka(n) ~ tenitto’inke(n) tv sing tematsuhninkante(n) n [-i] bully for temawaihyanke’inna n fire starter, what tenittsu’ah iv finish talking is used to start a fire teniwaah tv teach temeeh tv buy, pay for; earn teniwaate(n) n [-ti] teacher temeehkahni n store -tenkah/n instr v prepare, finish; see temeehkahnikante(n) store owner mapitenka(n), matenkah, temeenka(n) ~ temeenke(n) tv buy for nimmatenkah,, tenimmatenkah temeeppeh adj bought, paid for Tenkatsu(n) top ‘End of the Rocks’ = temeete(n) n [-ti] buyer, shopper northeast mountain range on the temekai tv curse, harm Duck Valley Reservation, which runs temmaih tv taste parallel with highway 51 temmaih(kan) tv be sick from, be ill tenkainua iv (for rock or cliff to) hang from over temmaihkante(n) n, adj [-i] sick person, tenkaite(n) n [-ti] cliff patient; sick, ill tenkwi adj thick temmaiyu(n) iv get sick, be sick tenkwito’ih iv thicken; clot Tempaa top Rock Springs tenkwisi tv thread (e.g., a needle) tempah adv than tenkwisippeh n [-a] thread tempahai n venereal disease tenooh iv carry tempai n [ø] mouth; lip tenoomi’a iv haul (freight or supplies) tempaihea” tv fish, catch fish tenoomi’ate(n) n (freight) carrier, tempaitsa’nika n bridle hauler, freighter tempimpooh v, n write on rocks; rock tenooppeh n [-a] lunch, food carried writing, petroglyph for meal tempi(n) (ten- ~ te”-) n [-tta] rock tenoote(n) n (freight) carrier, hauler, Tempin Kutaha top Rock Corral freighter tempokoh ~ tempo’i n rock mound tento’ih v climb tempuih(kan) v watch (as entertain- te’oi n, adj [ø] sickness, illness, dis- ment) ease; sick, ill temukku(n) n [-na] rope, cord te’oikante(n) n, adj having a disease; temuyakainka(n) iv play a horned see pihyaa te’oikanten instrument te’oipa’i(n) iv have an illness 212 Newe Hupia te’oipekka(n) iv get sick, be sick tepoonnompeh n [-a] writing instru- te’oipekkate(n) n [-ti, -teen pl] sick per- ment, pen, pencil son tepoontenka n barren country, desert tepa” n [-i] pinenut tepooppeh n, adj [-a] paper, letter; tepaha(n) tv bet, wager written tepahanka(n) ~ tepahanke(n) tv bet tepoota iv be born (someone) (someone) tepootappeh adj born tepakkwattsappeh n [-a] pinenut tepoowoppih n [-a] writer pudding teppako’aippeh n [-a] split pieces tepammai v incorp harvest pinenuts teppanna ~ tepana n, p side; on the tepana adj late side of; inside of; in the middle of tepana ~ teppanna p, n beside, on the teppaikia iv fill side of; inside; in the middle of; side teppaikianka(n) ~ teppaikianke(n) tv fill tepanayun v be on the side of; see tepuhainompeh n [-a] binoculars teppanna tepuih iv wake up tepannai v incorp make pinenuts; har- tepuihtapu’i: kai tepuihtapu’i; tsaan vest pinenuts tepuihtapu’i v be hardly able to see; Tepattekka’a n Pinenut Eaters be able to see well tepawaappi(n) n [-tta] pinyon pine, tese(n) adv merely, just pinenut tree Tesi Koi top ‘Grassy Point’ = The Point tepaikkah iv kill (game) Tesikate(n) top Grassy Place tepaikkammi’a iv go killing tesippeh n [-a] a kind of grass tepaikkanka(n) ~ tepaikkanke(n) tv kill tesu’aimeah iv be mentally ill, be dis- for oriented tepaikkappeh n [-a] game someone has tesu’aimeate(n) adj, n [-ti] mentally ill killed (person) tepaikkappehkante(n) n [-ti] murderer tesumpite tv pay attention to, notice tepaiti” iv throw, scatter; sow, plant tesuyekwi iv think tepi(tsi) adv, adj very, really; real, tetahain naappeh n [-a] (rat) urine right powder—a medicine tepia n [-i] land owned, real property, tetakunai iv iron field tetappo’ihapinka(n) ~ tetappo’ihapinke(n) tepiakante(n) n [-ti] land owner tv lay/make a footpath tepiatekwi iv dwell; stay around not tetappo’ihapinkappeh ~ tetappo’i- being welcome hapinkeppeh n [-a] well-worn foot- tepiha(ka) adv (in the) middle path tepihante(n) n middle tetawenne iv stand scattered about; tepinna ~ tepinni tv [tepinni’i pl] ask place posts scattered about (for, about) tetea v ask to work tepinniha(n) tv call, name teteai v work tepi(tsi) adv, adj very, really; real, right teteaiwoppih n [-a] worker, helper tepitsi tokoa n [-i] rattlesnake tetei iv pl be little (kids) tepitsi tsaa(n) adv extremely well, very teteiku quant a little bit good teteitee(n) ~ teteaitee(n) adj pl [-tii, tepooh iv write, inscribe, draw teite(n) sg] small, little tepoohpui tv study tetekkah tv steal, rob tepoo(n) n [-ti] back country, wilder- tetena(n) n [-na ~ -ni] root ness, desert, barren area tetepinna(han) tv ask for or about Shoshoni to English 213 tetesih ~ pettitah n [-a] potato tiyaih iv [koi” pl] die tetetsee iv count tiyaihkwa’i iv become unconscious tette’aika n jam tiyaimmi’a iv die slowly, be dying tette’aikanai v incorp make jam tiyaippeh adj, n [-a; koippeh pl] dead, tetteha(n) n, adj, adv grief; pitiful(ly), deceased; body awful tiyoih ~ tiyohih tv send tettehampekka(n) v incorp suffer from tohatekka(’a) n flour grief, grieve, have grief to”- instr prfx with the fist or hand tettehan(ten) adj, n pitiful, sad, violently mournful, grieving; grief, sadness, toi tv [song form of tahwi] throw pity to’ih n [-a] pipe tettehantempeh n [-a] orphan to’ih iv, instr v, aux [toto’ih dl, kea” tettehannaakkante(n) adj poor (person) pl] emerge, come out, come up, rise, tetteyanneweh dl, tetteyannee(n) pl n go out; appear; become; future tense; [tei sg] friends see aato’ih, hunnito’ih, kuttento’ih, tetuah iv, tv be born; bear a child muto’ih, oosaanto’ih, pato’ih, tetsakkenah iv sew, (to) thread, (to) pimmito’ih, tahmato’ih, tatto’ih, string tenitto’ih, tento’ih, tsatto’ih, tsitto’ih tetsa’moih ~ tetse’oih ~ tetsoih n [-a] to’iki(n) iv [keakin pl] come up, come hat out tetsannuhkinka(n) ~ tetsannuhkinke(n) iv to’inka(n) ~ to’inke(n) v come over, go drive over (used in numbers) tetsayakainka(n) ~ tetsayakainke(n) iv to’ippeh n [-a] cattail (with edible play a piano or accordion stalk) tetsayakainkante(n) ~ tetsayakainkente(n) tohopi(n) n [-tta] thigh n [-ti] piano/accordion player tokai” ~ tokwai” adj right, correct, tetsee tv count proper, true, exact, perfect tetse’oih ~ tetsoih ~ tetsa’moih n [-a] tokai sunnikku adv exactly that way hat tokainku ~ tokwainku adv right, really, tetsii n a type of grass; see piatetsii truly, truthfully, properly tetsikkoappeh n [-a] fence tokaintempai ~ tokwaintempai adv the tetsimmuka n, adj sharp point(ed) right time tetsiyaanompeh n fork tokainte(n) (tokai”-) ~ tokwainte(n) adj tetsoih ~ tetse’oih ~ tetsa’moih n [-a] right, correct; enough, exactly, cor- hat rectly tettsohpai n canyon tokaippaika(n) ~ tokwaippaika(n) n right tewekkwintui iv stir, churn, swirl; amount paddle tokaise(n) ~ tokwaise(n) adj, adv right, tewene(ten) n rock face, cliff truthful; really, truly tewenenka(n) ~ tewenenke(n) v park (a tokaittunnaa(n) ~ tokwaittunnaa(n) adj, vehicle) adv straight; straightforward, teweyakainka(n) ~ teweyakainke(n) iv straight ahead play a violin or stringed instrument tokaiyu(n) ~ tokwaiyu(n) iv be enough teyekwi iv do, gather, go after Tokkapatih n Duck Valley tiih n [-a] tea tokkih n [-a] turkey timma(sen) adv pertaining to (previ- tokkuhuyah v peek ously mentioned topic) toko n [-’a] maternal grandfather; tipoh n [-a] table grandchild of man 214 Newe Hupia tokoa n [-i] snake, rattlesnake tooppa’i(n) v (for there to) be clouds Tokoa Tekka’a n [-a] Snake Eaters tooppeh (too”) n [-a; tootompi pl distr] Tokoa Wiittsi name Snake Knife cloud tokoan kuna” ~ tokoan taiyumpeh n [-a] tootopo’ih v pl [toowene sg] graze Indian paintbrush toottatawene v shine through clouds in tokwai” ~ tokai” adj right, correct, true, spots; (for light to) filter through exact clouds -tokwai instr v see kettokwai tootsa n [-’a] Indian balsam tokwai sunnikku adv exactly that way toowene v [tootopo’ih pl] graze tokwainku adv right, really, truly, truth- toppata n loin cloth, g-string fully topihka iv pl/dl [wene” sg, tsatsakki dl] tokwainte(n) (tokwai”-) ~ tokainte(n) stand, stay, stop adj right, correct, straight; enough, topo’ih(kan) iv pl/dl [wene” sg, exactly tsatsakki dl] stand, be upright, stop tokwaintempai ~ tokaintempai adv the topo’ihtekih iv pl/dl [wenettekih sg, right time tsatsakkihteki(n) dl] stop walking tokwaippaika(n) ~ tokaippaika(n) n right toppa’ih tv pl [tottekwah sg] beat up, amount hit with fist tokwaise(n) ~ tokaise(n) adj, adv right, toppaikkwah ~ toppaihkwah tv pile up truthful; really, truly toppaitihtai(n) tv pl [towiihtai(n) sg] tokwaittapaini adv noon, midday throw away, throw out, pour out tokwaittunnaa(n) ~ tokaittunnaa(n) adv topputuhi ~ topputuh(tain) tv blow up straightforward, straight ahead Tosa Isa n White Wolf, Jesus Christ tokwaiyu(n) ~ tokaiyu(n) iv be enough (in Native American Church) tommo n, adv winter, in the winter- tosakaih(yun) iv be white time; year tosakammu n [-i] white tailed jackrab- tommoh(ka) iv winter, spend the winter bit tommohki iv (for year to) come; be a Tosa Konoki top ‘White Hollow’ = certain age Tuscarora, NV; Independence Valley, Tonammutsa n Battle Mountain, NV NV Tonampaa n Tonopah, NV Tosan Natsattawih top White Gate Tonapappayeyekwi top Greasewood tosapihte(n) (tosa”-) adj white Lakes tosappo’antuah iv become covered tonappi(n) n [-tta] greasewood with white tona” tv poke, stick, prod, inject Tosawihi(n) n [-na] White Knife to’nampih n [-a] chokecherry Shoshoni tonikah tv stick in; partake tosi’a tv put, stick, place somewhere tonnuyuah tv push away, move tosittoya n [-a] wild iris (lavender tontsia n [-’a] flower flowers, poisonous) tontsiah(ka) iv bloom, flower toto’ih iv dl [to’ih sg, kea” pl] emerge, tookka iv for animals to stand around come out, go out tookkahnih n winter house; see tommo, totompeen(tsi) n cloud wave; see kahni tooppeh, yuwan totompeentsi toomoah iv get cloudy, become over- totowaantsi iv pl song word stand; see cast topo’ih(kan) toomoahka(n) iv be cloudy totsa” ~ totsa(n) adj [song form of toomoahkante(n) adj cloudy, overcast tosa”] white toonkisappeh n [-a] chokecherry bush totsantsi tv song cleanse; see tosa” Shoshoni to English 215 tottanihka tv pound on toyapainkwi n brown mountain trout tottahka(n) tv keep laced up toyapaitu(n) adv towards the mountains tottainka tv pierce, perforate toyapayakwahni n [-’a] bull frog tottani’i tv pile up on top of toyapi(n) (toya-) n [-tta] mountain tottantaki ~ tottontaki tv knock on; Toyataipo n [-a] Basque peck Toyatepia n [-i] Mountain Dwellers, tottekih tv put, place with hand Shoshoni living near Jarbridge, NV tottekwah tv [toppa’ih pl] hit with fist and surrounding mountains tottepekki tv dig toyatukkupittseh n [-a] mountain lion tottohna” tv lace up in a cradle board toyawaiki(n) n mountain area tottohnakkante(n) adj laced up in a cra- toyo(n) n [-na] neck, throat dle board; bundle up -ttu(n) ~ tu(n) p through, for; see tottontaki ~ tottantaki tv knock on; sattu(n), saittu (n), sittu(n), sottu(n), peck suttu(n) tottsakwakkiyu tv sop up (gravy, soap) tua n [tua’a obj; tutua(neen) ~ tottsappeh ~ tuttsappeh n, adj [-a] tutuattsinee(n) ~ tuannee(n) pl] child, dirt; dirty, unclean baby tottsapikkah v make a crashing sound tua” n [tu’ai ~ tua’a obj; tutua(neen) ~ tottsatekkah tv push along (as water) tutuattsinee(n) ~ tuannee(n) pl] son tottsattsi n dirty spot; crotch tuah tv become, turn into, change tottsayekwi” tv clean up into, engender, accumulate, gain, tottsema tv wipe off, sponge off develop tottsi’ah tv peck tuannai v [tutuanai pl] have a baby, tottsohtia tv [towe’waini pl] empty into give birth towehtiah tv pour out, spill tuannaikahni n birthhouse towene tv place a post or object in a tuantsi n child, young, offspring hole (poetic) towenenka(n) ~ towenenke(n) tv place tuappe n [-a] young son in a hole standing up tuattsi n [tuattsi’a obj] baby, newborn; towiih tv [toppaitih pl] throw aside or rebirth, new growth away tuhu’ih(kan) ~ tehu’ih(kan) tv be angry towiihtai(n) tv [toppaitihtai(n) pl] throw at away, throw out, pour out tuhuppeh ~ tehuppeh adj mean, angry toyaah tv carry off/along; see tuhupekka(n) iv get angry pantoyaah tuhupihte(n) ~ tuupihte(n) (tuu”-) adj toyaahka(n) tv (for a bird to) carry in black, dark mouth or beak tuhusuahka(n) v think angrily toya’ana n mountain top tuhuwa’i iv (for one’s anger to) dimin- toyahapite(n) n [-i] mountain range ish or calm down toyahunupi(n) n mountain canyon tui n cousin, kin, mate toyakatete(n) n [-i] mountain sitting tuineppe n [-a; pihianneweh dl, alone pihiannee(n) pl] small boy toyakaite(n) n [-na] thunder tuintsi n youth, young (of animal); toyakainnai iv thunder young man toyakwana n mountain plant with tuipittsi n [-a; tuipittsi’anee(n) ~ strong pleasant smell tuttuipittsi’anee(n) pl] young man toyanewe n [-i] dwarf-like mythologi- tuittsi(ttsi) n [-a; tuittsianee(n) pl] cal being young man 216 Newe Hupia tuka n night tutua ~ tutuanee(n) ~ tutuattsinee(n) n pl tukama(n) adv all night, with the night [tutua’a obj, tua” sg] babies, children tukani adv at night, in the nighttime tutuakante(n) adj, n [-ti] having chil- tukan tepana adv in the middle of the dren, parent night tutuanai v incorp pl [tuanai sg] give tukattepiha adv (at) midnight, middle birth, have babies, have children of the night tutuanaite(n) ~ tutuammi’ate(n) n Tukkahpaa top Deep Spring woman who has children tukka(n) p, adj [tukkai, tukkanku, Tutuapainkwi Paa top ‘Little Fish tukkantu(n), tukkante(n), tukkanti] Creek’ = Indian Creek under, below; less than, shorter than, tuttsappeh ~ tottsappeh n, adj [-a] smaller than; deep; see matukka(n), dirt; dirty, unclean pentukka(n), (s)utukka(n) tuu rhythmical song word tukkante(n) (tukkah-) adj deep; true tuu” adj, [tuupihte(n)] black, dark; dark tukku n [-i] flesh, body, meat shadow, dark silhoutte tukku kammanka(n) care for, feel for, Tuuhaappai top Black Parsnip NV love, cherish, adore tuukkwi’naa n golden eagle Soten natian newi tukku kammankante. tu’ummi’akki(n) iv walk stooped over He/she really cares for people. tuun nekenta(n) n [-na] Canadian tukkukante(n) adj true goose tukkumpai (tukkun-) quant lots, a lot, tuupihte(n) ~ tuhupihte(n) (tuu”-) adj very much black, dark tukkumpaiyu(n) iv be a lot tuuttaipo n [-a] black, negro tukkupittseh n [-a] bobcat, wildcat tuuku n marrow tukuh adv just, only; must tuuppantsuku n [-’a] mink tukumpeh ~ tukumpi(n) ~ tukumpana(n) tuuppi(n) n [-tta] obsidian, flint (tukun-) n [-a ~ -pitta] sky, heaven tukumpiwaa n sky sickness, epilepsy TS tukumpiwaapekkah iv be afflicted with sky sickness or epilepsy tsa(’) emph emphatic particle tukunkuha n sky husband tsa”- instr prfx with the hand tukunkwee n [-i] sky wife grasping tukuppeh adj straight up tsaa(n) adj, adv good, nice, pretty; tu(n) (-ttun) p through, for; see sattu(n), well, really, kindly, clearly, so saittu(n), sittu(n), sottu(n), suttu(n) tsaa . . . mee” tv cure, make well tunnaa(n) adj, adv straight; right away tsaa . . . sua” tv like, think well of; be tunuhinni n firedrill happy about tupittsih n quarter, two bits, twenty-five tsaa suanka(n) ~ tsaa suanke(n) v think cents well about, love tusi” iv spit Ne en tepitsi tsaa suankanna. tusippeh n [-a] saliva, spit I love you very much. tusu” tv grind tsaa witsa adv hopefully tusunnompeh n [-a] pestle, mano tsaan naha” iv get well tuttuipittsiannee(n) ~ tupittsiannee(n) n tsaan napuite(n) adj good-looking, pl [tuipittsi sg] young men pretty, handsome tuttukama adv every night tsaan napunni iv look good, be pretty, tuttumpih n [-a] Mormon tea, ephedra be handsome Shoshoni to English 217 tsaan neesunkanna v feel good tsakkea” tv pl [tsatto’ih sg] take out, Ne tsaan neesunkanna. pull out, dig out, bring out; reveal I feel good. tsakkenah tv [tsakkeni’ih pl] sew, (to) tsaan temayahnainte(n) adj humorous thread, (to) string (person), comic (by action) tsakko(n) tv grind; see yontsakko(n) tsaan teniyahnainte(n) adj humorous tsakko’inka(n) tv bring back (person), comic (by words) tsakkopah tv [tsakkopai’ih pl] break tsaan tepuihtapu’i v be able to see well by pulling apart tsaan tuittsi n handsome man tsakkoyontsako(n) tv grind softening tsaanku adv well, fine tsakkwaiha(n) tv touch tsaannaahkante(n) adj well-to-do tsakkwai’a tv take off, skin, strip off; tsaante(n) (tsaan) adj, n, adv [-ti obj] yank out good, nice, pretty; good things, nice tsakkwaitu’ah tv take off, loosen, strip things, goodness; so off tsaantenka(n) n-P [tsaantenkahte(n)] tsakkwantupi tv wrap up at, in, or to a good place tsakkwintsunah tv [tsakkwintsuni’ih pl] tsaappai adv really, actually, especially, curl with hand, twist in particular tsakkwinuhi tv wind, turn around; stir, tsaasuanka(n) ~ tsaasuanke(n) tv like, mix around think well of, feel good about; love tsakkwisinkah ~ tsakkwisinke(n) tv Ne en tepitsi tsaasuankanna. strangle I love you very much. tsammayaa tv mix together, mix up tsaattei n best friend, good friend tsammeih tv fail to move, can’t tsaawoppih n [-a] the best one budge tsaayu(n) iv be good, be well tsammetekki tv turn over with hand tsaayunna n goodness, wellness tsammito’ih tv turn inside out tsahapinka(n) ~ tsahapinke(n) tv lay Tsanimmanih ~ Tsanittsih n [-a] down, have (someone) lie down Chinese (person) tsahimi tv pl [tsa’uhtuh sg] give Tsanimmanihan Nakaha Tetse’oih top tsahimippeh adj pl given Lesser Chinaman’s Hat tsahittsaa tv lift grasping with hand Tsanimmanihan Tetse’oih top tsahopi’i tv pull hair out ‘Chinaman’s Hat’ = Hat Butte tsahotah tv dig Tsanittsih ~ Tsanimmanih n [-a] tsahoyonki tv loosen Chinese (person) tsahuyuyu(ki) tv sprinkle (around) tsannah tv lead tsa’i iv be good, be OK tsannahpite tv bring Ne ma’i tsa’i. tsannehki tv tighten I’m OK tsannoo’i tv pluck Aisem ma’i tsa’i. tsannuhkinka(n) ~ tsannuhkinke(n) tv This is good. = Thank you. drive (a vehicle) tsakaasih n [-a] jackass, donkey tsapaittih ~ tsappaittih ~ tsapponka’ih tsakka’ah tv [tsapponka’ih ~ tv pl [tsakka’ah sg] break in pieces, tsa(p)paittih pl] break by pulling apart break by pulling apart tsakka’anka(n) ~ tsakka’anke(n) tv break tsappahai” tv drop, let drop off for; break the spell of tsappahkih tv stick to tsakkatenkah ~ tsakkatenkeh tv set, tsappaikka(n) tv [tsawase pl] kill with place bow 218 Newe Hupia tsappaitih tv pl [tsawiih sg] throw in tsattoyah(tain) tv turn loose, let loose different directions tsattunaittseh tv pull with hands tsappaitihtai(n) tv pl [tsawiihtai(n) sg] tsattutai” tv stretch by pulling with throw away hands tsappaittih ~ tsapaittih tv pl [tsakka’ah tsatsakki iv dl [wene” sg, topo’ih pl/dl ~ sg] break in pieces tsattsakai pl] stand, be upright tsappaitse tv beckon with hand tsatsakkihteki(n) iv dl [wenettekih sg, Tsappanniih n [-a] Japanese topo’ihtekih pl/dl] stop walking tsappatah tv [tsappati’ih pl] spread out tsattsakai ~ topo’ih iv pl [wene” sg, by hand tsatsakki dl] stand, be upright tsappe’ah tv let go tsattsi’ah tv pinch tsappe’a(n) ~ tsappe’ase(n) adv less, to tsattsino’a tv [tsattsino’ih pl] peel by a lesser degree, less than; a little bet- hand ter (in health) tsattsuhnippeh adj strong handed tsappisuta tv drag pulling in hand tsa’uhtuh tv [tsahimi pl] give tsappoah tv pick tsawaini tv hang up tsapponka’ih ~ tsappaittih tv pl tsawainkeh ~ tsawainkah tv bring down [tsakka’ah sg] break by pulling apart; or lessen (pain, swelling or illness) break in pieces tsawainuah tv hang on to tsappuinuinuh tv spin with hand tsawase tv [tsappaikkan sg] kill with tsasitu’ih tv scratch, claw bow tsasiwah tv tear, rip tsa’weah(ku) v have muscle cramps tsaso’ih tv soften pulling on; scratch tsawenenka(n) ~ tsawenenke(n) tv stop, tsasua(n) iv be likely, be apt to make stop, make stand, park tsasuakkwaiyah tv choke; see tsawiih tv [tsappaitih pl] throw down suakkwaiyah or aside tsasunaih ~ tsasu’naih tv scratch, claw tsawiihtai(n) tv [tsappaitihtai(n) pl] tsattainka(n) tv open; dig with hand; throw away make a hole tsayaah tv get, obtain; carry in hand tsattamah tv [tsattami’ih pl] tie (up) tsayakainka(n) ~ tsayakainke(n) tv play tsattanah tv [tsattani’ih pl] tv place, a piano or accordion put, locate tsayetseh tv raise up tsattawai” ~ tsattawi” tv open tsai adv completely, entirely tsattawaippeh ~ tsattawippeh adj open, tsai” tv hold, grasp, catch opened tseke(n) n pika rabbit, pygmy rabbit tsattekih(kan) tv place with hand, put, tsekkah iv get stuck locate tsekkahka(n) iv be stuck tsattekinka(n) ~ tsattekinke(n) tv bring tsekke’i tv stick, push in to, present to; place (something) for tsennenneki(n) iv move about moving (someone); (help) deliver a baby up and down tsattemah tv [tsattemi’ih pl] close tsi”- instr prfx with a sharp or tsattempokkah tv [tsattempohka’ih pl] pointed instrument fasten, button tsi’ah instr v occlude; see kettsi’ah, tsattempono’i tv tie in a bundle tottsi’ah, tsattsi’ah, wettsi’ah tsatto’ih tv [tsakkea” pl] take out, pull tsi’ampeh n [-a] hip out, dig out, bring out; reveal tsi’ampih n [-a] wild rose hip tsattono’ih tv bundle up, compact, Tsi’apaa top ‘Wild Rose Spring’ = wrap up Lambs Reservoir Shoshoni to English 219 tsi’api(n) n [-tta] wild rosebush tsippunni(kin) tv poke (around) to see tsi’atontsia n [-’a] rose blossom tsisunaih tv scratch tsihipinka(n) ~ tsihipinke(n) tv make drink tsisunka’ah tv feel, probe with a tsihotah tv dig with a pointed instru- pointed object ment tsitattaki(n) iv scream; see tsikenneh ~ tsikkinna n [-na] chicken wettsitattaki(n) tsikih n [-a] squirrel, golden mantled tsittainka(n) tv pierce, perforate squirrel tsittatawene tv punch holes in tsikka’ah tv [tsipponka’ih pl] cut (flex tsittekwah tv poke, stick obj) tsittemah tv [tsittemi’ih pl] close tsikkatenke(n) ~ tsikkatenka(n) tv set up tsitte’ahwaih tv point; see te’ahwaih (e.g., a tent) tsitto’ih tv [tsikkeah pl] dig out with a tsikkeah tv pl [tsitto’ih sg] dig out with sharp pointed object a sharp pointed object tsittona tv poke, stick tsikkinna ~ tsikenneh n [-na] chicken tsittuuh iv pour out tsikkitsa’a tv smash with pointed Tsitsaseh n Jesus instrument tsittsukah tv point to, point out tsikkoa tv fence in tsittsukanka(n) ~ tsittsukanke(n) tv tsikkopah tv [tsikkopai’ih pl] cut (rigid point out to obj) tsittsukanompeh n [-a] index finger tsikuttih ~ tsikkwettih tv hit with some- tsiweh(ki) tv stick in; thread thing pointed tsiwenenka(n) ~ tsiwennehka(n) tv Tsikuttih name (man’s) stand up, make stand up tsikkwinuhi tv stir; screw with a screw- tsiyaah tv pick up or carry with a driver pointed instrument tsikkwintuih tv stir tsiyakaih tv make cry tsikkwintuihpui tv thicken tsiyuuma(n) tv pitch in tsimmetekki tv turn over with some- tsiyuppu’i tv prod in the back; goose thing sharp or pointed tso”- instr prfx with the head tsimmianka(n) ~ tsimmianke(n) tv chase tso’a adj spooky, frightening away; let get away; let go, pass up, tsoaika ~ tsoika n [-i] breadroot miss out on tso’apittseh n, top [-a] monster tsimmito’ih tv turn inside out with (mythological being); Jarbridge something pointed mountain range tsinnehki ~ tsi’nika tv stick in tso’appatuntsih ~ tso’appuntunkih n [-a] -tsino’a instr v [-tsino’ih pl] see moth tsattsino’a, wettsino’a tsoappeh n [-a] shoulder tsippahunakoi tv starve tso’appeh n [-a] ghost Tsippani n Mexican tso’appuntunkih ~ tso’appatuntsih n tsippatah tv [tsippati’ih pl] spread out [-a] moth with something pointed tso’ayaah tv haunt tsippih n [-a] ground squirrel tsohannih v lift head up tsippimah tv cover tso’i tv gather, pick tsipponka’ih tv pl [tsikka’ah sg] cut tsoika ~ tsoaika n [-’i] breadroot (flex obj) Tsoika Tekka’a n ‘Breadroot Eater(s)’ = tsippooh tv write or draw with finger Nez Perce Indian(s) (e.g., in sand or dirt) tso’immai ~ tso’mai tv pick tsippunka’ih tv pl [tsikka’ah sg] cut tsokkohno(n) n hood of cradle basket 220 Newe Hupia

-tsokkwaih instr v mash; see ukka conj if, when ketsokkwaih, tatsokkwaih ukki ~ ukka dem obj [ute(n) subj, tso’mai ~ tso’immai tv pick ukka(n) poss] that tsoo n [-’a; tsoonee(n) pl] great-grand- ukkuh dem-loc [ukkuhte(n), ukkuhti] parent, great-grandchild there out of sight tsoo(n) n [-na] beads ukkuhte(n) dem [ukkuhti obj] tsoppai n back of head therein; about that tsoppiteki’i n pillow, headrest 1uma(n) dem-dem-p on it/that tsoppitekihapi” v [tsoppitekihappi dur] 2uma(n) dem-dem-p with that (instru- lay head on (pillow) ment) tsottekih v place head on uma’ai dem-dem-p [uma’aihku] with tsottekinke(n) ~ tsottekinka(n) tv place it/that (person) head on umanku(n) for it/that, from it/that; tsottekuttih ~ tsottekwettih tv bump about that head on something umante(n) dem-dem-p [umanti obj] tsowainuah iv (for head) to hang down some of it/that, part of it/that, mem- tso’wintukih v nod head ber of that (family) tsoyaah tv carry on the head, wear on umantu(n) p [ma(n)] to it/that, towards the head it/that, through it/that tsu emph emphatic particle u(n) pro its, his, her tsu’ah ~ tsumah iv, instr v run out of, Un Kwahai(n) top ‘Its Back’ = Owyhee, be out of; see tenittsu’ah, nakettsu’ah, NV matsu’ah unai(sen) dem-loc from there (towards tsu’appeh adj empty, all gone, no more here) tsuhni n [ø] bone unni dem-adv that way, like that (not tsuhnippeh n [-a] strong, strength seen) tsukuppe(ttsi) n [-a] old man upa’a(n) dem-loc [supa’a(n)] above it, tsumah ~ tsu’ah iv run out of, be out above that, over it, over that of; see nakettsumah upai dem-loc around there out of sight tsututtsutu n [-’a] black cricket upaika(n) dem-dem-p that amount, that much (out of sight) U upi dem-loc around there out of sight, thereabouts u pro [u(n) poss] it, him, her; its, his, upika(nten) dem-dem-p that much, that her amount u- dem/loc base [su-] that, there (not upitaa(nku) adv slow(ly) visible); see ute(n), uteweh, utee(n), upuhni ~ upu(n) dem-loc over that way use(n), uitte(n), ukkuh, uma(n), uma’ai, (out of sight) umanku, unai, unni, upai, upaika, use(n) dem that (not seen is the one) upuhni, uttu(n), uwa’ih usen taka adv that’s all u’ana dem-loc [su’ana] that place; ute(n) dem [ukka obj, ukka(n) poss] that there somewhere not visible out of sight uhoi dem-loc around it, around that utee(n) dem [utii obj, utee(n) poss] u’imaa adv next morning those out of sight uitte(n) dem [uitti obj] that (special) uteweh dem [utehi obj, utehe(n) poss] kind out of sight those two out of sight ukka ~ ukki dem obj [ute(n) subj, uttuh tv [himi pl] give ukka(n) poss] that (not visible) uttuppeh adj given Shoshoni to English 221 uttu(n) dem-loc over that way out of wankasu’attsih n [-a] spider sight wantapasa n false hellebore, skunk uttuse(n) adv times past cabbage utukka(n) dem-loc [sutukka(n)] under wantatah n one dollar it, under that wantekwai v be in pain u’ukapa (taka) adv (only) sometimes wantsi n [-’a] buck antelope uwa’ih dem-adv like that out of sight wapuih v aim (at), take aim (at) uwaka(n) dem-loc [uwakante(n)] to wasa(n) n [-na] blue heron him or her, towards him or her Wasannan Kahni top Heron’s Nest wase” tv pl [paikkah sg] kill W waseppi(n) ~ waseppeh n [-tta ~ -a; song form watsempin] mountain waahni n [-’a] fox sheep Waakkate(n) top Juniper Mountain waseppin tsukuppe n [watsempin waako ~ piawaako n bullfrog tsukumpe song form] hunter waappi(n) n [-tta; waa”-] juniper, cedar wasettaippeh adj pl all killed waappitta sanappi(n) n [-tta] cedar watekih v lack, miss pitch watsempi(n) n [song form of waata n wild rye waseppi(n)] mountain sheep waatontsippeh n [-a] rye grass watsempin tsukumpe n [song form of Waatontsippeham Po’i” top Rye Grass waseppin tsukuppe] hunter Trail watsi” iv hide, be hidden, be lost, get waha pia seemaahte(n) no two hundred lost; see suwatsi”, nasuwatsih, wahamaahte(n) (wahamaah-) no niwatsi”, naniwatsi” [wahamaayente(n)] twenty watsimpite iv go hide Wahan Nawookkah n Tuesday watsinka(n) ~ watsinke(n) tv lose wahatte(n) (waha-) no, n two; watsinkappeh ~ watsinkeppeh adj lost hemophrodite watsippuih tv spy on, watch secretly -wa’i aux able to, can, could watsittua” n illegitimate child wa’ih p [wa’ihte(n), wa’ihku, wa’ise(n), wattsewi pia seemaahte(n) no four wa’ihkuse(n)] like; see sawa’ih, hundred saiwa’ih, siwa’ih, sowa’ih, suwa’ih wattsewihte(n) (wattsewi-) no four wa’ippe n [-’a; waimpe(ntsi) song form] wattsewimaahte(n) (wattsewimaah-) no woman [wattsewimaayente(n)] forty waka(n) p [wakante(n), wakantu(n), Wattsewin Nawookkah n Thursday wakayente(n)] to, towards, with Wattsi Kahni n (name) man’s (someone); see suwakan(ten) Sagebrush Bark House wakapite tv come to see or visit wattsimokottsi n gunny sack wakappi(n) ~ sakappi(n) n [-tta] type of wattsippeh n [-a] sagebrush bark, willow burlap wampu n [-i] trap wawaha n [-’a; wawahaneweh dl, wampuni n [-’a] type of woodpecker wawahanee(n) pl] twin(s) wana n [-i] net, trap, web wa’wata(n) n [-na] mosquito wanakahni n tent, tepee wa’yapoo ~ wai’yapoo n [-’a] wanappeh n [-a] cloth, weaving nighthawk wanatsawaini ~ natsawaini n [-’a] wayapputunkih n [-a] butterfly oriole wai” iv [waih- comb] come down, Wankanewe n [-i] Chinese diminish, go away; see nawaih; 222 Newe Hupia

tsawainkah, paikwiwainkah, wehawo’ih tv hollow out kammawaih, namatsawai(kin) wehekanke” tv cool off/down waihya” ~ waiha” iv [waiwaihya” pl] wehekiah(ka) tv give shade to, shade burn wehe’neki”(kkin) v make a rasping Waihya Po’a Katenua top Burnt Cover sound; rub together making a rasping Hill, NV sound waihyanka(n) ~ waihyanke(n) ~ wehe’neki nekkah iv dance the rasping waihanka(n) tv [waiwaihyanke(n) pl] (= bear) dance; see ta wehe’neki burn nekkanna waihyante(n) ~ waihante(n) n, adj [-ti] wehuittsi v vomit violently fire; burning wehuitsittsiki(n) v vomit vigorously waihyappeh ~ waihappeh n, adj [-a] repeatedly fire; burned wekka’ah tv [wepponka’ih pl] cut, waiki(ten) n area, side of chop (flex obj); see paiwekka’ah waikia tv meet, encounter wekki’ah tv nick, make a little cut in Waiki Hunupi(n) top ‘Side of Canyon’ = wekkahninai ~ wekkahnittsinaih tv Yellow Huni, north of Duck Valley make a house Reservation in Idaho wekkamma(n) tv hurt waikippu(n) adv sideways wekkatenkah ~ wekkatenke(n) tv pile waikite(n) (waiki) n [-ti] area, side of; up, set, place see piawaikite(n), teiwaikite(n) wekkatookka(n) tv [wenkato(mpi) song waikki(n) tv look for, search for form] spread out waikkumpittseh n [-a] buzzard, turkey wekkenah tv cover vulture wekkih ~ wikkah ~ wikkih v crash, wreck waiku” iv pl [ya’ih ~ yua” sg, yaya’i dl] wekkisinah tv wreck enter, go in, go down wekkitsa’a tv smash waimpentsi n song word for woman wekkoa tv enclose wainna(h) rhythmical song word; see wekkoappeh adj enclosed haiya wainna, yaaya wainna wekkopah tv [wekkopai’ih pl] cut, wainua” iv swing chop, break (rigid obj) Waipo name (man’s) Huevo wekkumpahku tv swat waiti tv singe; purify with smoke wekkuhnai” tv throw away wai’yapoo ~ wa’yapoo n [-’a] wekkwaitu’ah tv take off with tools, nighthawk loosen with tools waiwaihya” iv pl [waihya” sg] burn wekkwantupi tv wrap in a bundle, roll up we”- instr prfx with a long instru- wekkwatsia tv brush ment; with a generic instrument wekkwintuih tv stir up, churn, swirl; we’a” n penis paddle weai” iv, n storm wekkwintsunah tv [wekkwintsuni’ih pl] we’annih tv knock down with long curl, coil, wind instrument wekkwinuhi tv turn a wrench, turn key we’aimea(nkan) tv knock dizzy with a in lock blunt object, disorient wekwenai tv scrape off weainna n, adj storm, stormy wemmahka tv drive off, drive with we’antoko ~ we’awekkwintsuna n [-’a] (e.g., a stick) large solitary ant wemmapuhi tv fan weehpaippeh n [-a] frost wemmapuisi” tv purify with something wehanninkah(tain) tv make disappear (e.g., a feather, smoke, or ashes) Shoshoni to English 223 wemme’ekki tv move repeatedly wesitu’ih tv scratch wemmei tv fail, be unable to do weso’ih tv soften beating on wemmiha” iv get tired, be tired; run wesuatekih tv [wesuatekki dur] miss short of, lack (someone) wemmihakkante(n) adj tired wesumpana’ih tv wait for wemmutsia tv sharpen wesunaih tv comb, sweep, brush we’napi(n) n desert wesunka’ah tv feel with something wene” iv [wenne dur, tsatsakki dl, wesunkanna tv make feel topo’ih pl/dl ~ tsattsakai pl] stand wesuntapu’i tv perceive (up), be upright; stop weta n [-’a] bear wene” n stand of trees wettai(ni) tv winnow wenekka(n) iv stand still wettamah tv [wettami’ih pl] tie tight, wenekki(n) iv stand around secure, fasten wenettai(n) iv stop wettantaki tv knock out with some- wenettekih iv [tsatsakkihtekih dl, thing, tap topo’ihtekih pl/dl] stop walking wettataah v have legs spread apart we’nia ~ wennia tv dip up liquid wettawai”(tain) ~ wettawi”(tain) tv wennehki ~ we’nika tv lock up, confine open (up) wennia ~ we’nia tv dip up liquid wette’aika tv spread on wennua tv move wettekwah tv [weppa’ih pl] hit, slap, wentsituih v shake rhythmically whip weppahkah tv [weppako’i(n) ~ wettemah tv [wettemi’ih pl] lock up weppako’ai(n) pl] slice, split wettempokkah tv [wettempohka’ih pl] weppa’ih tv pl [wettekwah sg] spank, button slap, hit, whip wettenta’ni tv winnow weppako’i(n) ~ weppako’ai(n) tv pl wettiah tv pour, spill [weppahkah sg] slice, split wettiyainkah tv knock out, knock weppatah tv [weppati’ih pl] spread out unconscious weppatekkih tv wet, sprinkle, anoint wetto’ih v vomit weppaihtai(n) ~ weppaitihtai(n) tv pl wetto’ippeh n [-a] vomit [wiittai(n) sg] throw away wettono’ih tv amass, gather together, weppaikoah tv cut out; operate on pile up weppaitih tv pl [wiittain sg] throw wettutai” tv stretch; see neettutai down or aside wettutua tv stretch; see teettutua, weppaitihtai(n) tv pl [wiittai(n) sg] throw neettutua away wettunaittseh tv pull away, pull for- weppetette(kin) tv flutter ward weppihah tv [weppiyu’ih pl] break, wettsaka tv knock out with club shatter wettsi’ah tv hatch weppimah tv cover wettsino’a tv [wettsino’ih pl] peel with weppinooh(kan) tv carry on the back knife weppisuta tv drag wettsitattaki(n) tv beat on making weppiyu’ih tv pl [weppihah sg] break, (someone) scream shatter wettsiyu’i tv slice up/open, split into wepponka’ih tv pl [wekka’ah sg] cut, splinters chop (flex obj) wettso’appeh n [-a] whirlwind weppuinuinuh tv spin around wewainih tv hang up wesipi tv shave wewehekittsi n [-a: story word] shadow 224 Newe Hupia weyaah tv carry; spread out; see wokaipi(n) ~ wokwaipi(n) n [-tta] cac- seeweyaa, paseeweyaa tus, peyote weyakainka(n) ~ weyakainke(n) tv play a Wonko Senkwi top ‘Pine Trees on One violin or stringed instrument Side’ = a mountain near Mountain weyannai tv winnow City, NV weyempih n [-a] buffalo berry wonkopi(n) n [-tta] tall pine, spruce, weyottah tv plow, till douglas fir, evergreen weyunki tv drive away/off Wonkopitta Wene” top Evergreen wia n mountain pass; place, stand (of Stand, NV trees); see wiya wookkah v, n work for wages wihi(n) n [-tta; wii(n)- comb] knife wookkahtea tv hire, employ, give a wihinai incorp v make a knife job, ask to work wihnu conj then, and then, but; myth wookkapi(n) n [-tta] work, job marker wookkawoppih n [-a] worker for wihtuha ~ wituha iv wear out; pass away, wages die wooppih ~ wookki adj striped, lined wihupi(n) ~ wihyupi(n) n [-tta] needle, wooppihte(n) n stripe, line bee stinger, syringe woosewi pia seemaahte(n) no eight wiih instr v see mawiih, nimmawiih, hundred niwiih(tain), tawiih(tain), towiih(tain), woosewihte(n) (woosewi-) no eight tsawiih(tain) woosewimaahte(n) (woosewimaah-) no wiihimpeh n [-a] metal, iron, steel [woosewimaayente(n)] eighty wiittai(n) ~ wiihtai(n) tv [paitittai(n) ~ wooyompa v [song form] splash weppaitihtai(n) pl] throw away, cast wopi(n) n [-tta] board, log; wagon, car away wopin tottontaki n woodpecker wika n blanket woppimpono n [-’a] type of wood- wikkah ~ wikkih v break away, break pecker loose, give way (like a bridge); see wosa n [-i] burden basket pawikkah woyoah(ka) iv pl walk in single file winnooki(n) ~ wi’nooki(n) iv walk with one behind the other head bobbing up and down wisaa intrjct a purifying or cleansing Y word wisu n string yaa” tv sg, instr v [hima” pl, -yaah wittua n [-i] drum; pot, bucket comb] carry, take; keep; see keyaah, wituha ~ wihtuha iv wear out; pass away, piyaah, toyaah, toyaahka(n), tsayaah, die tsiyaah, tsoyaah, weyaah wituha’ihkante(n) adj, n [-na] passed yaakka(n) tv [himakka(n) pl] hold, away; deceased keep, carry wituhappeh adj passed away long yaakki(n) tv sg [himakki(n) pl] bring ago here witsa n calf of leg yaanka(n) ~ yaanke(n) tv [himanka(n) ~ witsa adv should, might himanke(n) pl] take away from, take wiya n [song form of wia] mountain for pass; place yaappite tv bring back wo’api(n) n [-tta] worm, maggot yaawikkwa(n) tv grab, grasp woho n [-’a] enemy, opponent yaaya wainna rhythmical song words wo’ih n [-a] chipmunk used to bless songs Shoshoni to English 225 yaainno(h) meaningless rhythmical song yemeka(n) iv move, travel, wander, word roam; live yahammai incorp v go after ground- yenka iv pl [nemi sg, yeyenkah dl] hogs or woodchucks travel, wander, roam; live yaha(n) n [-na] groundhog, wood- yepani n, adv fall, autumn; in the fall chuck, rock chuck time Yahannam Peta top Groundhog’s Arm yepantu n fall, autumn (song word) yahnai” iv [nayahnai pl] laugh yetse” iv [yettse dur; yoyoti, yoti” pl] yahnaisuah iv smile fly (off/away); get up, arise, rise up yahnaisuante(n) n smile yetsekki(n) [yotikki(n) pl] iv fly along ya’ih ~ ya’i” ~ yu’a” iv [yaya’ih dl, yewampontsi tv track, take aim (song waiku” pl] enter, go in, go down word); see nampuih, nayaa, wapuih ya’iti greeting [ya’i pemme pl; ya’i yewe” v swallow peweh dl] goodbye yeyekwi iv pl [yekwi” pl, kate” sg] sit yakai” iv [yakkai dur, nawoih pl] cry yeyenkah iv dl [nemi sg, yenka pl] yakainka(n) ~ yakainke(n) tv cry for travel, wander, roam; live yakainnekka v cry-dance yokappeh n [-a] phlegm, mucus yakainnekkate(n) n person doing the yoko” v copulate, fornicate, have sex, cry dance make love yakwahni ~ payakwahni n frog yokottsi n [-a] rascal, comic, joker Yakwahnim Paa n top ‘Frog’s Water’ = Yokottsi name (man’s) Riddle, ID yommannai iv wave in the wind (as yamani tv cross over grass or wheat) yampa n [-i] wild carrot; see payampa yontsakko(n) tv grind softening yanna meaningless rhythmical song yontsoka(nten) adj soft, pliable, flexi- word ble yantu(n) n [-na] winnowing tray or bas- yoo- adj [song form of yuu(n)] gentle, ket peaceful yawise(n) adv in a hurry, right away; yooti” iv pl [yotti dur; yetse” sg] fly hurry up! (off/away); get up, arise, rise up yaya’i iv dl [ya’i sg, waiku” pl] enter, go -yottah tv plow, till in yoyoha adv in a hurry, quickly yaittoko ~ yeittoko n [-’a] sage thrush yoyoti iv dl [yetse” sg, yoti” pl] fly yehapittseh n [-a] pocket gopher (off/away); get up, arise, rise up yehne(n) ~ yehnettsi n [-na~-a] yua” iv [yuyuah dl, waiku” pl] enter, go porcupine in yeikka (yei”-) adv evening, in the yuampiteh iv enter arriving, go in evening arriving yeippaitu(n) adv towards evening yu’aih iv [yuwai(n) ~ yuwa(n) song forms] yeittekkah v eat dinner, eat supper be warm yeittoko ~ yaittoko n [-’a] sage thrush yu’ainaihte(n) adv from the south yekwi” iv pl [yekkwi dur, yeyekwih dis- yu’ainankuhte(n) adv south trib pl; kate” sg] sit (down), stay yu’ainka(n) ~ yu’ainke(n) tv warm up; yekwi” tv do, gather, go after see kuyu’ainka(n) yekwi” tv [yekkwi dur, niweneh pl] say yu’aippaitu(n) adv southward, towards yekwippeh n, adj speech; said the south yeme”(kin) iv move, wander, roam, yuhu n [-i] grease, oil travel yuhukante(n) adj fat, fatty 226 Newe Hupia yuhupekkah iv get fat yunnah tv scoop (a liquid), dip (a liq- yuhuppeh adj [yuyuhuppehnee(n) pl] fat uid), ladle yuhuppettsi n [-a] fat one yuppu instr v jiggle, wiggle; see payup- yu’inahannemmi iv move slowly puka, piyuppuki(n), tsiyuppu’i because of being weak, paralysis or yuu(n) adj, adv [yoo- song form] gen- physical disability tle, peaceful, still, soft yu’ito’ih iv get weak, weaken; become yuumpittseh n [-a] gentle animal paralyzed, atrophy yuun kate sit still yu’ito’ihtaippeh adj weak, weakened; yuu wene stand still paralyzed, atrophied yuwain ~ yu’aih [yuwan song form] iv yummah iv fall (from tree) be warm yunah tv carry, take yuwannan totompeentsi n heat wave yunahki(n) tv bring yuunnaahka iv live in peace yunahku(n) tv take away yuyuah iv dl [yua” sg, waiku” pl] enter, yunka(n) ~ yunki(n) v move away (from) go in English to Shoshoni

A adult nahnappeh a few (times) he’eh(ten) affirmative haa(‘a), maaikkuh a little better (in health) tsappe’a(n) ~ afraid te’eyante(n), kwikkwiya’wente(n) tsappe’ase(n) after pa’a(n) [pa’ai, pa’anku, pa’antu(n), a little bit teteiku, heheiku; mapiku(sen) pa’ante(n)] a long time ago peai after a few days he’e hapikkante(n) a lot soo(n), soonte(n), soose(n); after a while napaisai ~ napisai tukkumpai again tea(n) ~ tease(n); pinna able to -wa’i ahead of munnai about ma(n) [mannai, manku, mantu(n), aim aitiki(n) mante(n), mayente(n)]; ka” [kai, kakku, aim at wapuih kattu(n), katte(n), katti, kayente(n)] alert iyampeh about it or that umanku(n) alfalfa soni(ppeh) about that ukkuhte(n), sakkuhte(n); all oyo(n) ~ oyose(n), oyointe(n); summa(n) ~ suma(n) [sumanku, ooyoku(sen) ~ oyoku(sen) ~ sumayente(n)]; supa’a(n) [supa’ante(n)] ooyote(sen); about this sima(n) ~ simma(n) [simanku] all alone sewese(n) ~ semese(n) about this time si’apai all gone kaihaiwa(n), tsu’appeh about which pempa’a(n) all gone (of food) kettsu’appeh ~ above pa’a(n) [pa’ai, pa’anku, pa’antu(n), kettsumappeh; nakettsu’appeh ~ pa’ante(n)] nakettsumappeh above it or that upa’a(n) ~ supa’a(n) all night tukama(n) abuse nasuntsaa all over attu(n); peaise(n) abuse verbally nanisuntsaa ~ all right maaikkuh, ha tukuh ninnasuntsaa, teninnasuntsaa alone taka(n) abused nasuntsaappeh along with other people nenneema’ai accept natea already peaise(n) accept as relative nanatea also tea(n) ~ tease(n) according to mankuse(n) although noo(n) accordion player tetsayakainkante(n) ~ always ooyoku(sen) ~ oyoku(sen) ~ tetsayakainkente(n) ooyote(sen), oyo(n) ~ oyose(n) accumulate tuah amass wettono’ih accumulate (water) paatua(mpite) amazing nanasuwekai(n), nana- ache kamma(n) ~ kammah; suwekainte(n) kammahpuinna among kapa(n), mante(n) act naha” amount paika(nten) ~ pika(nten) active(ly) pehai(ten) and ma’ai ~ mai ~ ma’i [ma’aihku, actually tsaappai ma’aise(n)] adore tukku kammanka(n) and also tea(n) ~ tease(n)

227 228 Newe Hupia and that (one) suma’ai [suma’aihku] appearance napuippeh, napuinna and then wihnu appearing napuite(n) and this (one) sima’ai apple appo(n) anger to diminish or calm down archer hoakkante(n) ~ huakkante(n) tuhuwa’i area waiki(ten) angle worm pahunkwitsa(n) argue nanamannippahai(kkan), nippahai” angry tehuppeh ~ tuhuppeh argue back and forth nanippitenka(n) animal sokopittan nanewe arise yetse” [yoyoti dl, yoti” pl] animal mother piapeh arm peta ankle tawintsa, tattsinko’no armless petawatte(n) annoy masunai” ~ ma’sunai” armpit ahnatukka annoy verbally nisu’nai around hoi [hoiten, hoiti] anoint weppatekkih around here ipi ~ ipai, sipai ~ sipi anoint oneself neeppatekki(n), around it or that uhoi namapatekki, neemapatekki(n) around it or this mahoi another (one) seepatte(n) around there opai ~ opi, sopai ~ sopi answer (back to) naniwaiki’a around there out of sight supi ~ supai, ant a’ni(n) [song form annita(n)]; upi ~ upai hu’nita(n) ~ hunnita(n) around there yonder api ~ apai, sapai ~ antelope kwahate(n) sapi antler aa(n) arrive pite [pippite dl] anus kwitattainna arrive at noopite any hii(n) ~ hinni, hinna; noo arrogant nasu’yekwite(n) any amount himpaikan(ten) arrow paka(n) any kind hakaitte(n), noohakaitte(n) arrowhead paka(n), napaka(n) any old way susu’a arroyo hunupi(n) anybody hakate(n), hakkai” ~ hakki”; artery pai noohakate(n), noohakkai as ni(sen) [-nni] anybody else noohihiintsinee(n) ashes kuttuhsippeh, kusippeh anybody’s hakka(n) ask suntehai anyhow hakanni, hakai, noohakai ask for natea, niwaih anyone hakate(n), hakkai” ~ hakki”; ask for or about tepinna ~ tepinni noohakate(n), noohakkai [tepinni’i pl], tetepinna(han) anyone else noohihiintsinee(n) ask someone for suntehainka(n) anyone’s hakka(n) ask to do -tea anything hii(n) ~ hinni, hinna; noohii(n), ask to gather together nikkawi noohinna ask to help nanittematsai anytime himpai, hakapai, noohimpai ask to stand niwenenka(n) ~ anyway hakannikku, noohakanni(kku) niwenenke(n) anywhere hakappu(n), haka’ana, himpai, ask to work tetea, wookkahtea noohimpaika; noohakka, noohakattu(n) aspen sennapi(n) apart na’antappu(n) at ka” [kai, kakku, kattu(n), katte(n), katti, appeal to (someone) for kayente(n)] nanittsawainka(n) ~ nanittsawainke(n) at midnight tukattepiha appear napuih ~ napuni [nanapui pl]; at night tukani to’ih [toto’ih dl, kea” ~ nakea” pl] at noon tapaini appear (instilling feeling) at once sewese(n) ~ semese(n) nanapuisunka’a(n) at some point (in time) su’ana nahate(n) English to Shoshoni 229 at that time back then apuse(n) barn owl heehni at the end katsunka Barn Swallow Canyon Pasokompii’a at this time mai’ukka, eki” Hunupi(n) at which penka [penkayente(n)] barren land tepoo(n), tepoontenka atrophied yu’ito’ihtaippeh basket pasekkittah atrophy yu’ito’ih basket (burden) wosa attempt mapuih Basque Pasekkoh, Toyataipo aunt (father’s sister) paha bat henapittseh aunt (mother’s sister) piattsi bathe koitsoih ~ koitsohi automobile atamuh bathe oneself nakoitsoih ~ nakuitsoih autumn yepani bather pahapite(n) awaken suapitai(n) Battle Mountain, NV Tonammutsa aware iyampeh be naa” [naah aux], naakka(n), naha”; away antase(n) nanaah, nanahaitah(kan) away from antappu(n) ~ antappuse(n) be a body of still water pakateh ~ away from each other nana’anta(hku) pakate(n) awesome nanasuwekai(n), be a certain age tommohki nanasuwekainte(n) be a hole tainna awful nanatetteha(n), tetteha(n) be a lake or pool pakateh ~ pakate(n) awhile noo(n) be a lot tukkumpaiyu(n) be able to see well tsaan tepuihtapu’i B be afflicted with -pekka(n) be afflicted with epilepsy baby ohaa(ttsi), pipih, tuattsi; tua” tukumpiwaapekkah [tutua(neen) ~ tutuattsinee(n) ~ be afraid te’eyapekka tuannee(n) pl] be afraid of te’eyan/h babysit nokatenka(n)~nokatenke(n) be alert iya’ih 1back kwahaimpeh be amazing nanasuwekai(n) 2back pittuse(n) be angry at tuhu’ih(kan) ~ tehu’ih(kan) back and forth nanappittuse(n) be anointed namapatekki, back country tepoo(n) neeppatekki(n), neemapatekki(n) back of head tsoppai be apt to tsasua(n) back out pimmito’ih ~ pimpito’ih be asleep eppeihka(n) [ekkoihkan pl] back then apai, apaise(n) be awesome nanasuwekai(n) backbone kwahaintsuhni be beaten nanakwaha(n) backwards pimpippu(n) be bet natepaha(n) bad atsa, teittse; kaitsaan(ten) be blue puhikaih [kaitsaayente(n)] be born tepoota; tetuah bad(ly) kaitsaanku be bought natemeeh badger huna(n) be branded nakoppooh(kan) bag mokottsih be built namapaiah bake nokko(n) ~ nokkoh be buried natekih(ka) baked nanokkoppeh be burned nawaihyanka(n) ~ ball takapoo nawaihyanke(n) ~ nawaihanke(n) Bannock Pannaihte(n) be called naniha(n), niakka(n) ~ nihakka(n) bar pakahni be closed natsattemah bark po’a(n) be clouds tooppa’i(n) barn punkukahni be cloudy toomoahka(n) 230 Newe Hupia be cold eitse’i” be hungry pahupekka(n) ~ pahu- be constipated kwitattemi napekka(n) ~ pahopekka(n) be created namapaiah be very hungry pahotiyaih ~ pahutiyaih be crooked kwipuntah(kan) [pahoko’ih ~ pahunakoih pl] be cured napuhanai be ill (from) temmaih(kan) be dangerous nanate’eya(n) be in heat (of an animal) napi’ai(yun) be different antappuyu(n) be in pain kamma(n) ~ kammah; be disabled katettai(n), katettaiippeh; kai wantekwai tattekinaattaippeh be in (emotional) pain maneettsikkwa be disappointed from waiting teesuatekih be infected pisi” be dishonest itsanahayu be injured e’atua, namahoitah be disoriented aimeah, tesu’aimeah be insistent nittunaitseh be done nahannih, nameeh, namapaiah be lacking nahawatekih be done cooking (of food) kukkwase be large piayu be dressed namahannihka(n), nama- be left over pinnaih(ka) suahka, kwasu’uhka(n) be left up to hittsaah be drunk pa’aimeah(kan), aimeahka(n), be light napuih ~ napuni [nanapui pl], hipikka(n) napuikka(n) be dying kaihaiwan naammi’a; tiyaimi’a be like summer tatsawai be early summer tatsawai be like that sunniyu(n) be empty hawo’ih be likely tsasua(n) be enough tokaiyu(n) ~ tokwaiyu(n) be little tei [tetei pl] be explained nate’ahwaikka(n) be located natekih(ka), natsattekih(kan) be finished namatenkah be locked up neettemah be fixed nahannih be lost watsi” be frightened kwiya’a be made nahannih, nameeh, namapaiah be frostbitten or frost burned sewaiha be made sick eating nakettemmaih ~ sewaihya be mentally ill tesu’aimeah be gathered nameeh be missing nahawatekih be given away nahimihtai(n) be naked maniyu(n) be given away (food) namakah(tain) be named naniha(n), niakka(n) ~ be good tsaayu(n), tsa’i nihakka(n) be going to (future tense) to’ih be no more kaihaiwayu(n) be green puikai(yun), puhikaih be numb sese’ni be handsome tsaan napunni; tsaan tuittsi be obvious (that) nanapuisunka’a(n) be hanging neewainihka(n) be okay tsa’i be happy about tsaa . . . sua” be on the side of tepanayu(n) be hardly able to see kai tepuihtapu’i bo only one pennaih be healed napuhanai be open natsattawih be heard nananka” be out of tsumah ~ tsu’ah be heavy petteeyu(n) be packed nanoote’aikka be held in high regard naninnakkih ~ be paid for natemeeh naninnahki” be piled up natoppaikkah be hidden watsi” be piled up (of rocks) natakkoa be hollow hawo’ih, kono’ih be placed natekih(ka) be hot etei(n) be placed (with hand) natsattekih(kan) be very hot kusuai be prepared nahannih, namapaiah, be how much himpaika’i namatenkah English to Shoshoni 231 be pretty tsaan napunni be vehement nittunaitseh be quiet teittseh be visible napuih ~ napuni [nanapui pl], be put natekih(ka), natsattekih(kan) napuikka(n) be recognizable nanapuisunka’a(n) be warm yu’aih [yuwain ~ yuwan song be ripe (of fruit) kukkwase forms] be scared te’eyapekka be well tsaayu(n) be scattered nanahaitah(kan) be wet patso’i be seated teki(n) be white tosakaih(yun) be seen napuih ~ napuni [nanapui pl], be wilted takwittsih napuikka(n) be wonderful nanasuwekai(n) be setting (of a chicken) nohappi beads tsoo(n) be sick temmaiyu(n), te’oipekka(n) bear weta be sick from temmaih(kan) bear a child tetuah, ohaanai be sleeping eppeihka(n) [ekkoihkan pl] bear dance ta wehe’neki nekkanna ~ be sleepy eppeipekkah(kan) mamakkoi be small teaiyu(n) ~ teiyu(n) bearberry sokoteheyampehe be smokey kwiiweneh beard motso(n) be so much himpaika’i beat kwakkuhu(n) ~ kwakkwaha(n) be sore kamma(n) ~ kammah beat on making (someone) scream be spanked neeppa’ih wettsitattaki(n) be spring tahmato’ih beaver a’nii be startled kwiya’a because pehnah/n be stashed nanoote’aikka because of maayunte(n) be sticky sanappa’i(n) because of that suma(n)~ summa(n) be stored nanoote’aikka [sumanku, sumayente(n)] be strange antappuyu(n) beckon with hand tsappaitse be stuck tsekkahka(n) 1become naa” [naah aux], naha”, be surprised kwiya’a nanaah; tuah; naakki(n), naakkwai(n), be swollen paikwikka(n) nanahaitah(kan) be tangled kwisi” 2become to’ih [toto’ih dl, kea” ~ nakea” be teary-eyed papuih(ka) pl] be that amount or that much supaika’i become an old lady hepittsipekka be that way sunniyu(n) become covered with frost aikkapo’an- be the height of paika’i tuah be thirsty takuppekka(n), takwittsih become covered with white tosap- be (very) thirsty takuttiyaih [takukkoih po’antuah pl] become infected pisi” be thrown off (a horse) neeppahih become light kuttapaitua(n), napuikki(n) ~ be tiny teaiyu(n) ~ teiyu(n) napuimpite(n) be tired of neemai become morning imaayu(n) be tired of eating nakenneemai become overcast toomoah be told nate’ahwaikka(n) become paralyzed yu’ito’ih be treated (for an illness) napuhanai, become rotten pisi” nanattahsu’a become something hiintuah be unable to do wemmei, meih ~ menih become spring tahmato’ih be unable to urinate siittemi become unconscious tiyaihkwa’i be used nahannih, nameeh bed kappai be valued naninnakkih ~ naninnahki” bedbug kappaipusia 232 Newe Hupia bedding kappaisoni bite many times keso’ih bedroll kappaisoni bite once kettsi’ah been naappeh(kanten) bitter muha beer piiya, sosipaa bitterbrush henapi(n) before kaise(n), munnai bitterroot kana(n) beg for niwaih black tuupihte(n) ~ tuhupihte(n) [tuu”-] begin teki(n) black (person) tuuttaipo behave tenanka(n) black ant a’ni(n) [song form annita(n)] behind pinnaih, pinnanku black ant (very small with red head) behind (buttocks) kwita”, pittehku tasimuintseh behind each other nanappinnai black cricket tsututtsutu behind the house kappainnanku Black Parsnip, NV Tuuhaappai being naakkante(n) [naakkantee(n) pl] black tailed jackrabbit kamme ~ kamme believe nankapitsia(n) [kammuntsi song form] belly sappeh [sasappeh pl] blackbird pakantsukkih; saipakantsukkih belongings oyonte(n) ~ oyontettsi bladder siimmokottsih beloved relative nanewettsi blanket ehe, wika [nanewettsinnee(n) pl] bleed peekkih below tukka(n) [tukkai, tukkanku, bless (with) suntehai, suntehainka(n) tukkantu(n) tukkante(n)] blessed relative nanewettsi [nanewettsin- belt nekki nee(n) pl] bend kwipuntah(kan) blind kai puite(n), puihwatte(n) bend over pippupuah(kan), nopontah blood peeppi(n) [pee”-] bent kwipuntahkante(n) blood vein(s) paikwakkwapih ~ berry pokompih peekkwakwapih beseech nanittsawainka(n) ~ nanitt- blood vessel pai, paihapinna sawainke(n) bloodletting tan napaiwekka’anna beside nanku ~ nankwa, tepana ~ bloodline peehapinna teppanna bloom tontsiah(ka) best friend tsaattei blow neai” 1bet tepaha, tepahanka(n) ~ tepahanke(n) blow away po’ayaah 2bet natepahappeh blow out (of nose) mosotto’ih between kapa(n) [kapai(ten), kapanku, blow up topputuhi ~ topputuh(tain) kapantu(n), kapante(n)] blue puhipihte(n) [pui comb] big pia [pipia pl]; piante(n) [pipiante(n) pl]; blue grouse kaha(n) piappehte(n) [pipiappete(n) pl] blue heron wasa(n) Big Foot Pianampai bluish chalk pui aipi(n tempin) big one piaittsi bluish white aipuipihte(n) [aipui”-] big toe tattoko board wopi(n) bigger than makuppa(n), ka’wi boat sai binoculars tepuhainompeh bobcat tukkupittseh bird kwi’naa body tukku bird (small) huittsuu body (dead) tiyaippeh [koippeh pl] bird (large) piakwi’naa body (one’s own) natukku birthhouse tuannaikahni body of water pakatete(n) bite kettsia, kekkate” bog payuppuka 1bite in two kekka’ah [kepponka’ih pl] boil saa”, kuttento’inka(n) ~ 2bite in two kekkopah [kekkopai’ih pl] kuttento’inke(n) English to Shoshoni 233 boil sizzling kusaakakakai” break from heat (flex obj) kukka’ah boil up kuttento’i(n) [kupponka’ih pl] boiled (food) saappeh break from heat (rigid obj) kukkopah boiling pot saannompeh, saawittu’a [kukkopai’ih pl] bone tsuhni break loose wikkah ~ wikkih born tepootappeh, tetuappeh break (one’s own) nose mukopah boss taikwahni [mukkopai’ih pl] both namiante(n) break off kwai’ah bother masunai” ~ ma’sunai” break off for tsakka’anka(n) ~ bother verbally nisu’nai tsakka’anke(n) bottle osa ~ pa’osa break the spell of tsakka’anka(n) ~ bought temeeppeh tsakka’anke(n) bovine (song form) pimmaa break wind pisuuh, pukkiih bow aiti, hoa” ~ hua” break (rigid obj) with behind pikkopah bow and arrow huu’aiti, hoa’aiti ~ hua’aiti [pikkopai’ih pl] bowman hoakkante(n) ~ huakkante(n) break (flex obj) with rock takka’ah box pookkuse ~ pookkusih [tapponka’ih pl] boy tuineppe [pihianneweh dl, break (rigid obj) with rock takkopah pihiannee(n) pl] [takkopai’ih pl] boyfriend haintseh break with teeth kekka’ah [kepponka’ih boyfriend and girlfriend relationship pl] nahaintsehneweh break (rigid obj) with teeth kekkopah braid tankwisi [kekkopai’ih pl] brain kupisi breast pitsi brand koppooh ~ kuppooh, tekoppooh ~ Breast Hill Pitsi Ko’i tekuppooh breastfeed pitsinka(n) ~ pitsinke(n) branded nakoppooppeh ~ nakuppooppeh breath suappeh branding iron tekoppooh ~ tekuppooh breathe sua” [suan aux] bread tekkappeh, nokkoppeh breathe hard suakki breadroot tsoaika ~ tsoika breathe repeatedly suakikki break tappihah [tappiyuih pl]; weppihah bridge poseke(n) ~ posika(n) [weppiyu’ih pl] bridle tempaitsa’nika break (flex obj) ka’ah [ponka’ih pl] bring noo”, tsannahpite, yunahki(n) break (rigid obj) kopah [kopi’ih ~ - bring (a person) paitseppite kopai’ih pl]; wekkopah [wekkopai’ih pl] bring back noopite ~ nooppite, panipite, break away wikkah ~ wikkih tsakko’inka(n), yaappite break away (water, as in a flash flood) bring down (pain, swelling or illness) pawikkah ~ pawikkih tsawainkah break (flex obj) by pulling apart bring here yaakki(n) [himakki(n) pl] tsakka’ah [tsapponka’ih ~ tsa(p)paittih bring out tsatto’ih [tsakkea pl] pl] bring to tsattekinka(n) ~ tsattekinke(n) break (rigid obj) by pulling apart bring to consciousness suapitai(n) tsakkopah [tsakkopai’ih pl] broth hupa break down by sitting on piyuttsa brother (older) papi break from cold (flex obj) sekka’ah brother (younger) tami [sepponka’ih pl] brother (woman’s) samuppe ~ samappe break from cold (rigid obj) sekkopah brother-in-law of a man [also of a [sekkopai’ih pl] woman by some] taitsi 234 Newe Hupia brothers (relationship) nana papinewe burp akwate’i” [nana papi(ttsi)nee(n) pl] bury kuu”; teki” [tahna” pl, tekih instr] brown ontempihte(n) [onten-] but pinnah; wihnu brown mountain trout toyapainkwi butt kwita”, pittehku ~ pittuhku brrh (in response to cold) eitsee butter pata brush wekkwatsia, wesunaih buttercup tahma isampeh buck antelope wantsi butterfly wayapputunkih buck deer aan kuha ~ aan kuhma buttocks pittehku ~ pittuhku buckaroo pakkatuuh ~ pakkiata button tsattempokkah [tsattempohka’ih bucket wittua pl]; wettempokkah [wettempohka’ih buckskin pikappeh pl], teettempokkah buddy tui, taka buy temeeh buffalo piakuittsu(n) buy drinks for patemeenka(n) ~ buffalo berry weyempih patemeenke(n) build mapaiah, temapaiah, -nai buy for temeenka(n) ~ temeenke(n) build a corral kutahanaih buyer temeete(n) build a house kahninai buzzard waikkumpittseh build fire to keep (someone) warm by mayente(n); kemaka ~ kemahka ~ kottoonka(n) kottoonke(n) kematu build for mapaianka(n) ~ mapaianke(n), by and by su’ana nahate(n) temapaianka(n) by cold se”- building kahni by fire or heat ku”- built temapaiappeh; naippeh by means of ma” ~ ma(n) [mante(n), bull puuteh manku] bull snake kokko(n) ~ pasikkokko(n) by talking ni”- bullet paka(n), napaka(n) by thinking sun- bullfrog waako ~ piawaako, toyapayakwahni C bully matsuhinka(n) ~ matsuhninke(n) bully tematsuhinkante(n) ~ cactus aikopi(n), wokaipi(n) ~ wokwaipi(n) tematsuhninkante(n) calf of leg witsa bulrush saippeh call mai [maiti]; nia” ~ niha ~ nihya, bump head on something tsottekuttih ~ niakka(n) ~ nihakka(n); tepinniha(n), tsottekwettih ninnapunni ~ ninnapui; nimma’i(kki) bunchgrass piasonippeh call out to paitse” bundle neekkwantupihkanna call to paitsenkakki bundle up tsattono’ih, tottohna” calm someone upset by talking to buried nakuuppeh nimma’anka(n) ~ nimma’oonka(n); burlap wattsippeh nimma’i(n) ~ nimma’ikki burn kottooh; waihya” ~ waiha” [waiwai- camas pasikoo hya” pl]; waihyanka(n) ~ waihyanke(n) can -wa’i ~ waihanka(n) [waiwaihyanke(n pl] can’t meih ~ menih; kee . . . -wa’i burn one’s hand mawaihyanke(n) can’t budge tsammeih burned waihyappeh ~ waihappeh, nawai- Canadian goose tuun nekenta(n) hyankappeh ~ nawaihankeppeh candy kantih burning waihyante(n) ~ waihante(n) candy jawbreakers monoo Burnt Cover Hill, NV Waihya Po’a cane poto(n) Katenua canvas pahki ~ pakki, pahkiwanappeh English to Shoshoni 235 canyon tettsohpai cedar waappi(n) [waa”-], sanawaappi(n) canyon (narrow) hunupi(n) cedar pitch waappitta sanappi(n) car atamuh, wopi(n) ceremonial house puhakahni, pahu(n) carbonated water sosipaa certain (other) seepatte(n) care for mayekwi; kammanka(n) ~ chair katennompeh kammanke(n); tuku kammanka(n); chalk aipi(n) mapitenka(n) ~ mapitenke(n); change into tuah nokatenka(n) ~ nokatenke(n) change into a person naninnewetuah carp tasiyenki characterized by -kante(n) carrier tenoote(n) ~ tenoomi’ate(n) chase mianka(n) ~ mianke(n) carry yaa” [hima” pl, -yaah comb], chase away tsimmianka(n) ~ yaakka(n) [himakka(n) pl]; weyaah; tsimmianke(n) yunah; nookka(n), noommi’a, tenooh chase down kimmanke(n) ~ kimmanka(n) carry a cradle board neenooh(kan) cheek so’o carry along toyaah cherish tukku kammanka(n) carry along (water) pantoyaah chest nenkappeh ~ nennappeh carry back (home) kopakko’ih chew ketsokkwaih carry hither nookki(n) chew making noise keppeittseiki(n) carry in arms kopa” ~ kwapa” Cheyenne Indian Pakannapoo carry in beak toyaahka(n) chicken tsikkinna ~ tsikenneh carry in hand tsayaah Chico (name) Chikko carry in mouth monooh(kan), keyaah(kan) chide nittehu’i(n) ~ nittuhu’i(n) carry in truck noo” chief taikwahni carry off toyaah child tua [tutua(neen) ~ tutuattsinee(n) ~ carry off (water) pantoyaah tuannee(n) pl]; teaite(n) ~ teite(n) [teai carry on back noo”, pinnoo(n/h), teteaitee(n) pl]; teippe weppinooh(kan) child (poetic) tuantsi carry on the behind or on the tail or in chin keppatantsih, keppikko’o(n) back piyaah Chinese (person) Tsanimmanih ~ carry on the head tsoyaah Tsanittsih, Wankanewe carry oneself around neemeennooh, chipmunk wo’ih neeyekwimmi’a(kwain) choke pitsakka’a; tsasuakkwaiyah cast away mawiih(tain); wiittai(n) ~ choke on haikku wiihtai(n) [paitittai(n) pl] chokecherry to’nampih cast away for mawiih(tai)nka(n) chokecherry bush toonkisappeh cast away mentally or spiritually chomp making noise keppeittseiki(n) niwiih(tain) chop (flex obj) wekka’ah [wepponka’ih cast out of the mind suwiih(taih) pl] cat keti(h) chop (rigid obj) wekkopah [wekkopai’ih catch hea”, tsai”, kwisinka(n) ~ pl] kwisinke(n) chop (flex obj) with rock takka’ah catch fish painkwihea, tempaihea” [tapponka’ih pl] caterpillar pi’ake(n) chop (rigid obj) with rock takkopah catfish motsom painkwi [takkopai’ih pl] cattail (with edible stalk) to’ippeh Christian nanisuntehaite(n) Caucasian taipo chubby pono’ihkante(n) cease makia(han); peattai(n) ~ peaittai(n) ~ church nanisuntehai kahnikatte(n) puittai(n) churn wekkwintuih, tewekkwintuih 236 Newe Hupia cigarette pahu(n) come back pite [pippite dl], ko’ih [koko’ih circular puinui dl] city soonkahni come down wai” [waih- comb] claw tsasitu’ih, tsasunaih ~ tsasu’naih, come off kwai’ah tasitoo(n) come out to’ih [toto’ih dl, kea” ~ nakea” clay patekwinappeh pl]; to’iki(n) [keakin pl] clay (white chalky) aipi(n) come out the nose muto’ih clean up tottsayekwi” come over (used in numbers) to’inka(n) cleanse mapuisi”, totsantsi ~ to’inke(n) cleanse oneself namapuisi” come to suapitai(n) cleansing word wisaa come to be naakkwai(n), nahapite clear papumpihte(n) [papun] come to know sumpana’ihki(n) clearly tsaa(n) come to know (how to) sumpana’aipite cliff tenkaite(n), tewene(ten) come to see wakapite climb tento’ih come to understand sumpana’ihki(n) climb down nawaih come together ka’wimpite clock tapai come up to’ih [toto’ih dl, kea” ~ nakea” close -temah, matemah; tsattemah pl]; to’iki(n) [keakin pl] [tsattemi’ih pl], tsittemah [tsittemi’ih pl] come up (of sun) tapaituah close (near) tekammii comedian nisummampeh, yokottsi, close by mii(sen) niyokottsi close to kemaka ~ kemahka ~ kematu comic yokottsi, niyokottsi clot tenkwito’ih comic (by action) tsaan cloth wanappeh temayahnainte(n) clothes namasuappeh, namahannihkappeh comic (by words) tsaan teniyahnainte(n) clothing oyonte(n) ~ oyontettsi commit suicide napaikkah [nanawase” pl] cloud tooppeh [too”- comb, tootompi pl commodities meeppeh distrib] compact tsattono’ih cloud wave totompeen(tsi) complete matenkah cloudy toomoahkante(n) completed matenkappeh coals kuttsippeh [kotsimpoo song form] completely seme ~ sewe ~ semme, coat kuuta(n) sewese(n) ~ semese(n); tsai; peaise(n) coffee koppih ~ koppii composer of songs hupiakante(n) coil wekkwintsunah [wekkwintsuni’ih pl] conceal suwatsi” coil up neekkwintsunah [neekkwintsuni’ih conceited nasu’yekwite(n) pl] confine wennehki ~ we’nika cold eitse’i(h), eitse’inte(n) consume kettsumah ~ kettsu’ah, cold (illness) ohippeh nakettsu’ah ~ nakettsumah Cold Springs Eitse’ippaa ~ Eitse’ihpaa consumed nakettsu’appeh ~ colt punkum tua nakettsumappeh columbine pawaaka continuously seme ~ sewe ~ semme comb wesunaih, teesunaih cook kuhannih, tekuhannih, kwase” combine together mayaah cook for tekuhanninka(n) ~ tekuhanninke(n) come kimma” [kikimma dl] cooked kwaseppeh, kuppe’appeh, come (of a new year) tommohki kukkwaseppeh come after kimmanke(n) ~ kimmanka(n) cooked food tekuhannippeh come and go kooni [kokooniyenka dl, cooking tekuhannippeh kooniyenka pl] cooking pot saannompeh English to Shoshoni 237 cool down hekankah ~ hekanke(n) Creator of People Newi cool down/off pakuyu’ai(n), wehekanke” Manemenaippehkante copulate yoko” creature sokopittan nanewe [sokopittan copulate (of animals) nanakai ~ nanaki nanewenee pl] copy manakki(n) Cree Aanoo cord temukku(n) creek okwaite(n) corpse tiyaippeh [koippeh pl] criticize nimmakwittsi corral kutiha ~ kutaha, koappeh crooked kwipuntahkante(n) correct tokai” ~ tokwai” cross (over/through a body of water) correctly tokainte(n) ~ tokwainte(n) mani(yun) cost natemeeh cross over yamani cottontail rabbit tapu(n) ~ taputtsi crotch tottsattsi cottonwood sohopi(n) crow teihaih cough ohi” crowd out tatto’ih could -wa’i crush with foot takkitsa’ah could be noha kia, sunni kia cry yakai” [nawoih pl] count tetsee, tetetsee Cry Dance ta yakain nekkanna count as relative nanatea, nanateate cry-dance yakainnekka couple (married) nanakweenneweh ~ cry for yakainka(n) ~ yakainke(n) nanakwehennewe cup awe ~ awo cousin nanatea, taka, tui; samuppe cure puhanai, napuhakante(n), tsaa . . . cousin (close older female) patsi mee” cousin (close older male) papi curing (service or ceremony) cousin (close younger female) nammi napuhanainna cousin (close younger male) tami curl wekkwintsunah [wekkwintsuni’ih pl] cover kenah, wekkenah, weppimah, curl up neekkwintsunah tsippimah, matemah [neekkwintsuni’ih pl] cover with hand makenah curl with hand tsakkwintsunah cover with rock takkenah [tsakkwintsuni’ih pl] covet nasuyakai currant pokompih, pampi kamma’a, cow kuittsu(n) ainkappata coward piapeh curse nitteah, temekai cowboy pakkatuuh ~ pakkiata cursed nitteappeh coyote itsa, itsappe cut (flex obj) tsikka’ah [tsipponka’ih ~ Coyote Fur (name) Itsapehe tsippunka’ih pl]; wekka’ah Coyote White Man (name) Itsataipo [wepponka’ih pl] crackle in a fire kuppeittseittseiki(n) cut (rigid obj) tsikkopah [tsikkopai’ih pl]; cradle basket (or board) kohno(n) wekkopah [wekkopai’ih pl] crane koanta cut a blood vessel paiwekka’ah crash wekkih ~ wikkah ~ wikkih cut grass sonitsikka’ah crawl nuyuah cut hair pampitsikka’ah create -nai, mapaiah, temapaiah cut out weppaikoah create (people) manemenai create for mapaianka(n) ~ mapaianke(n); D temapaianka(n) ~ temapaianke(n); - nainka(n) ~ -nainke(n) dance nekkah created mapaiappeh, namapaiappeh, dance around nekkakwai ~ nekkanemi temapaiappeh; naippeh dance place nekkatenka 238 Newe Hupia dance the bear dance wehe’neki nekkah die tiyaih [koi” pl]; suakkimmaah, wihtuha dance the war dance tase’yekwi ~ wituha; nekkamaih dance time nekkatenkappai’i die from cold settiyaih [sekkoih pl] dancer nekkawoppih die from heat kuttiyaih [kukkoih pl] dangerous nanate’eyante(n) die giving up on life nasuntiyaih dark tuupihte(n) ~ tuhupihte(n) [tuu”-] die of thirst takuttiyaih [takukkoih pl] daughter paite” die slowly tiyaimmi’a daughter-in-law huttsimpia different antappunte(n) [anta”, antappu(n)] day tapai different (one) kemmai [kekkemmai pl] day before yesterday kekkentuse(n) different things nanasumma(nten) day of week nawookkah different(ly) antananku, antappu(n) ~ daytime tapai, tapaini, tapaima antappuse(n) dead tiyaippeh [koippeh pl] differently from each other nana’an- dead body tiyaippeh [koippeh pl] tappu(n) deceased naappeh(kanten), tiyaippeh difficult natia(n) [koippeh pl]; wituha’ihkante(n) dig ahwai ~ ahwi ~ awi; hotah, tsahotah; decide nihannih [nimmeeh pl] tottepekki deep tukka(n) dig out tsatto’ih [tsakkea pl] Deep Spring Tukkahpaa dig out with a pointed object tsitto’ih deer teheya [tsikkeah pl] Deeth, NV (north of Elko) Teai dig with a pointed instrument tsihotah defecate kwita” [kwikkwihtu(n) distrib] dig with hand tsattainka(n) defecate loosely and continuously digging stick poto(n) pihuitsittsiki digit -sitoo(n), masitoo(n), tasitoo(n) defecate loosely and quickly pihuittsi diminish wai” [waih- comb] defend ninnaha ~ ninnaah diminish (pain) kammawaih delicacy na’kamma’a Dinner Station Penka Tan deliver panittaih ~ panittai(n) Tapaitekka’inna deliver a baby tsattekinka(n) ~ dip up liquid wennia ~ we’nia, yunnah tsattekinke(n); pui” ~ punni” dirt sokoppeh; tottsappeh ~ tuttsappeh deliver for paninkah(tain) ~ panittainka(n) dirty tottsappeh ~ tuttsappeh ~ panittainke(n) dirty spot tottsattsi deny niwatsi”, naniwatsi” discuss nihannih [nimmeeh pl], depending on mankuse(n) nisunka’ah, ninnapunni ~ ninnapui descend nawaih discuss with each other nanatemu’i ~ desert tepoo(n), tepoontenka, we’napi(n) nanateme’i desire nasuyakai, sunkwitanka(n) discussed nihannippeh destroy -’aipui ~ -’aipunni, ma’aipui disease te’oi destroy with words ni’aipui ~ ni’aipunni dish awe ~ awo detain takkooni dislike (kai) sumpitsappih ~ (kai) detain for takkooninke(n) sumpaitsappih develop tuah dismiss suwiihtaih develop a sore or wound e’atua disorient we’aimea(nkan) devil kwasi appe, saampunku disparage nanisuntsaa ~ ninnasuntsaa diabetes pihyatukku ~ pihatukku disregard suwiihtaih diaper pisoni distant maanankwah ~ manakkwah didn’t kai distressfully natianku English to Shoshoni 239 ditch hunupi(n) drag weppisuta dive kuu” drag pulling in hand tsappisuta divide up nanahoih dragonfly pakantutuh divorce napuittai(n) ~ na’puittai(n) ~ draw pooh, tepooh napuihtai(n); neempuihtai(n) draw with finger tsippooh divorced napuittaippeh ~ napuihtaippeh drawing napooppeh do hannih, mapaiah, temapaiah, mee” ~ dream napuisunaih mehe(n); yekwi”, teyekwi, mayekwi, 1dress kwasu’u(n) naa”, naha”, nanaah 2dress kwasu’unke(n) ~ kwasu’unka(n), do for nahanke(n), mehenka(n) ~ namahannih, namasuah mehenke(n), meenka(n) ~ meenke(n); dress (someone) namahanninke(n) hanninka(n) ~ hanninke(n), dried pasappeh mapaianka(n) ~ mapaianke(n); dried things pasankappeh ~ pasankeppeh temapaianka(n) ~ temapaianke(n) dried up pasattaippeh do poorly kai tapu’i 1drink hipi” do with the mouth kennaawai 2drink paa [pa- comb, pappa distrib] dock plant (Rumex crispus) drinker hipite(n) ainkappawia drip patsokki doctor nattahsu’unkante(n), puhakante(n) drip repetitively pattsokki(kin) [puppuhakantee(n) pl]; nattahsu’a, drive (a vehicle) tsannuhkinka(n) ~ puhanai tsannuhkinke(n); tetsannuhkinka(n) ~ doctor (one’s own) napuhakante(n) tetsannuhkinke(n) doctor oneself nanattahsu’a drive away/off weyunki doctoring napuhanainna drive off wemmahka doesn’t kai drive on foot tammahka dog satee drive together takkooni Dog Eaters (Plains tribe) Satee Tekka’a drive together for takkooninke(n) dog owner sateekante(n) drive with (e.g., a stick) wemmahka doggy sateettsi drop tsappahai” doings nahappeh drop down pahai” ~ pahi” [papahi dl, dollar tatah, pikkontatah sawe’i pl] done mapaiappeh, namapaiappeh, drop down (for the hand to) mapahai” temapaiappeh, hannippeh; nahappeh, drop off panittai(n) meeppeh, nameeppeh drop off for paninkah(tain) ~ panit- done (of food) kukkwaseppeh, tainka(n) ~ panittainke(n) kwaseppeh drum wittua donkey tsakaasih drunk hipite(n), hipittaippeh, don’t kai nahipittaippeh, pa’aimeahkante(n) door natsattawih, natsattema drunk completely nahipittaippeh ~ door (at the) kammuyenka(ten) hipittaippeh doubtfully noha kia drunk up kettsu’appeh ~ kettsumappeh douglas fir wonkopi(n) drunkard hipittsuku dove haiwi~haaiwi 1dry pasappeh down peesi 2dry pasanka(n) ~ pasanke(n) down(wards) tenaa Dry Lake on Duck Valley Reservation doze off eppeikki(n) Te’akate(n) draft horse teeyaahpunku Dry Spring, NV Paam Pasa 240 Newe Hupia dry up pasa” edible food natekkate(n) dry up from heat kuppasa egg noyo dry with wind po’appasanka(n) ~ po’ap- eight woosewihte(n) [woosewi-] pasanke(n) eight hundred woosewi pia seemaahte(n) duck pehye(n) ~ peye(n) eighteen seemayente wooswihtemman duck (small reddish) sokopehye(n) to’inkanna Duck Valley Tokkapatih eighty woosewimaahte(n) dug out hotappeh [woosewimaah-, woosewimaayente(n)] dumb kaisuante(n) either . . . or (else) noon tea . . . noon tea dung kwitappeh ejaculate huittsi, noittsi’i duratively noo(n) elastic sanakkoo during pempai elbow kiippeh dust hukkumpeh, kusippeh elderberry kunukippeh, teheyampeh dusty kusippeh [kotsim song form] elderly relative napeaittempeh dwarf-like mythological being toyanewe [napeaittempehnee(n) pl] dwell kahnikante(n), kahnipa’i(n), eleven seemayente semmeman to’inkanna tepiatekwi elk pateheya dwelling kahni Elko, NV Atakkuh, Natakkoa dwelling place taikka else antappu(n) ~ antappuse(n) elsewhere antappu(n) ~ antappuse(n) E emerge to’ih [toto’ih dl, kea” ~ nakea” pl] emphatic particles pe, tsa(’), tsu each other nana” emphatically ma’i each separately nana’anta(hku) employ wookkahtea eagle piakwi’naa empty matsu’ah, hawo, tsu’appeh ear nankih ~ nainkih empty into tottsohtia [towe’waini pl] earache nankih kammanna enclose wekkoa earless nainkiwatte(n) ~ nankiwatte(n) enclosed wekkoappeh, nawekkoappeh early in the morning imaase(n) enclosed (area) tekkoappeh earn temeeh encounter waikia; takkamah earth sokoppeh ~ sokopi(n) end katsu(n) easily anta” end of a green place puhiam paikwasi east tapaito’inankuhte(n) enemy woho eastward tapaito’ippaitu(n) engender tuah easy anta” English (language) taipo eat tekkah enough tokainte(n) ~ tokwainte(n) eat dinner or supper yeittekkah ensnare kwisinka(n) ~ kwisinke(n) eat for tekkanka(n) ~ tekkanke(n) ensnared kwisi” eat pudding-like food kwini” entangle kwisinka(n) ~ kwisinke(n) eat up kettsu’ah ~ kettsumah enter ya’ih ~ ya’i” ~ yua” [yaya’ih ~ eatable natekkate(n) yuyuah dl, waiku” pl] eaten up tekkahtaippeh, kettsu’appeh ~ enter arriving yuampiteh kettsumappeh; nakettsu’appeh enterprising natia(n) nakettsumappeh entirely tsai eater of (used for groups of people) ephedra tuttumpih tekka’a epilepsy tukumpiwaa echo nankah, nananka” especially tsaappai edge katsu(n), kemah even noon tea English to Shoshoni 241 even so sampai, noo sunninte sampai fall down or over hapikku even though noo(n) fall from yummah evening yeikka [yei”-] fall off pahai” ~ pahi” [papahi dl, evening (towards) yeippaitu(n) sawe’i pl] evergreen wonkopi(n) fall off (for the hand to) mapahai” Evergreen Stand, NV Wonkopitta Wene” fall on behind pittakkai every oyo(n) ~ oyose(n); ooyoku(sen) ~ fall out (hair) hopi’i oyoku(sen) ~ ooyote(sen) fall time (in the) yepani every day nana’imaa, tattapaima false hellebore wantapasa every morning nana’imaa fan wemmapuhi every night tuttukama far away maanankwah ~ manakkwah every time oyo(n) ~ oyose(n) farmer temaseankante(n) ~ evil atsa temaseankente(n) exact tokai” ~ tokwai” fart pukkiih; pisuuh; pisuuppeh exactly tokainte(n) ~ tokwainte(n) fast kettaa(nten) excrement kwitappeh fasten wettamah [wettami’ih pl]; exhausted enuhi tsattempokkah [tsattempohka’ih pl] exist naakka(n) fat yuhuppeh [yuyuhuppehnee(n) pl], explain ninnapunni ~ ninnapui, yuhukante(n) naniwaiki’a, te’ahwaih fat one piaittsi, yuhuppettsi explain to (about) te’ahwainka(n) ~ father appe te’ahwainke(n) father and mother appe ma’ai pii explained te’ahwainkappeh ~ father and son relationship nana teahwainkeppeh appeneweh express nisua”, tenisua” father’s brother haih express exuberance nanippunuhaki father’s sister paha express lack of confidence in/low opin- father-in-law atattsi ion of (kai) nittapu’i fatty yuhukante(n) extreme natia(n), natianku fatso piaittsi, yuhuppettsi extremely naketsa natia(n), natianku favorite food na’kamma’a extremely well tepitsi tsaa(n) Fawn Creek Koanta Paa Hunupi(n) eye puih fear te’eyan/h; te’eyanna eyebrow puisih, putusippeh fear from hearing something eyelash puisippeh nankakwiya’a eyeless puihwatte(n) fearfully natianku feast pia tekkah; tam pia tekkanna F feather siapi(n) ~ siappi(n) feces kwitappeh face kopai feed maka”, namakah(tain, tekkanka(n) ~ fade aato’ih tekkanke(n) faded aato’ihtaippeh feel sua” [suan aux]; -sunka’a(n) ~ - fail wemmei sunka’ah; neesunka’ah ~ neesunkan(na) fail to meih ~ menih feel bad kaitsaan neesunkanna fail to move tsammei feel for kammanka(n) ~ kammanke(n); falcon kinii tuku kammanka(n) fall (season) yepani feel good tsaan neesunkanna fall asleep eppeih [ekkoih pl], eppeikki(n) feel good about tsaasuanka(n) fall down annih [kwampi ~ yuma pl] tsaasuanke(n) 242 Newe Hupia feel hearing nankasua(n) firewood kuna” feel in mawai first enkinaa(n) feel not well kaitsaan neesunkanna fish painkwi; painkwihea, tempaihea” feel one’s way down namatsawai(kin) fish (with green stripes) puiwoo ~ feel out with words nisunka’ah puhiwoo [puipaawoo song form] feel seeing puisunkanna five manekihte(n) [maneki-] ~ feel very hot kusuai manaikihte(n) [manaiki-] feel with feet tasunka’ah five hundred maneki (~ manaiki) pia feel with hand masunka’ah ~ masunka’a” seemaahte(n) feel with pointed object tsisunka’ah fix hannih feel with something wesunka’ah fixed nahappeh female piapeh flat takkinahkan(ten) fence tetsikkoappeh flatten with foot takkintsai” ~ fence in tsikkoa; kutaha ~ kutiha takkintsaih, tahiipa fence stretcher teettutua flesh tukku fetch -mai ~ -mahai; noonnii flexible yontsoka(nten) few he’eh(ten) flint tuuppi(n) field tepia float pahapi; hapi” [kwapi” pl, fifteen seemayentem manekihtemman kwakkwappi pl distrib] to’inkanna flood(ing) okwaite(n) fifteen cents na’piyaa flour ta’wah, hopittseh, tohatekka(‘a) fifty manekimaahte(n) [manekimah-, flow okwai” manekimaayente(n)] ~ flow (blood) peehapi” manaikimaahte(n) [manaikimah-, flower hepinkeppeh, tontsia; tontsiah(ka) manaikimaayente(n)] flowing okwaite(n) fight napitenkah ~ napitenkeh flutter weppetette(kin) fill teppaikia; teppaikianka(n) ~ flutter (poetic) petette(kin) teppaikianke(n) fly a’nimuih filter (light) through clouds fly (off/away) yetse” [yoyoti dl, yoti” pl] toottatawene fly along yetsekki(n) [yotikki(n) pl] finally sunni taka Fly Head A’nimuiham Pampi find ta’uta foam saattointsi; pasaattointsi fine tsaanku foamy soosi, saattointsi fine dust ottappeh fog pakenappeh [pakenna ~ pakenaa fine fur peesi song form] finger maseki folktale natekwinappeh [nanatekwinappeh fingernail masitoo(n) pl], newe natekwinappeh finish -tenkah/n, matenkah food tekkappeh; tan tekkanna finish singing or talking tenimmatenkah food carried for meal tenooppeh finish talking nimmatenkah, nittsu’ah, fool itsapaikkah tenittsu’ah foot nampai finished matenkappeh, namatenkappeh for manku [ma(n)]; nai [naiten]; tu(n) fir wonkopi(n) (-ttun); pehnah/n fire kuna”, kottooppeh; waihyappeh ~ for a drum to be beating tantantak(k)i(n) waihappeh, waihyante(n) ~ waihante(n) for example kwa’i witsa fire drill kosopi(n), tunuhinni for pain or soreness to go away fire starter kuttsihanni, temawai- kammawaihkwai(n) hyanke’inna for some reason hakannikku English to Shoshoni 243 for some time noo(n) from above pa’annaih for that suttu(n) from back then until now apai for that (reason) suma(n ~ summa(n) mannaise(n) ~ apai mannise(n) [sumanku]; umanku(n) from hereabouts sinai, sainai for that reason sunni from somewhere hakannai for this (reason) sima(n) ~ simma(n) from that sumanku [suma, susumanku [simanku] pl], umanku(n) for whatever reason hakanniyun(ten) ~ from that direction sonai, sunai hakanniu(ten) from the east tapaito’inaihte(n) forceful natianku from the north kwinahainaih(ten) ford mani(yun) from the south yu’ainaihte(n) forehead ka’i from the west tapaiyuanaihte(n) foreign antapittseh from there (towards here) unai(sen) foreigner antapittseh, kemmai from thereabouts sonai; sanai [kekkemmai pl] from thereabouts out of sight sunai foretold nate’ahwaikkante(n) from this direction sinai, sainai forget nasuwatsih from way back (in time) aattuse(n) fork tetsiyaanompeh from which pemmanku, pemmayente(n) former naappeh(kanten) from whom pemmanku, pemmayente(n) fornicate yoko” front of the house kammuyenka(ten) forty wattsewimaahte(n) [wattsewimaah-, frost aikkappeh [aikka-], weehpaippeh wattsewimaayente(n)] fry kuttsawene found ta’utappeh funny nisummaappeh four wattsewihte(n) [wattsewi-] fur pehe four hundred wattsewi pia seemaahte(n) furry peesi fourteen seemayente wattsewihtemman fuss about nittehu’i(n) ~ nittuhu’i(n); to’inkanna nananittehu’i(n) Fourth of July Tam Puittsuhtaippai’i future tense to’ih fox waahni foxtail plant pi’utua G freeze to death settiyaih [sekkoih pl] freight carrier tenoote(n) ~ g-string toppata tenoomi’ate(n) gain tuah freighter tenoote(n) ~ tenoomi’ate(n) gall bladder pu’ih fresh eke game someone has killed tepaikkappeh Friday Maneikin Nawookkah garbage teetto’ippeh ~ teetto’ihtaippeh friend haintseh; tei [tetteyanneweh dl, garden temaseankappeh ~ tetteyannee(n) pl] temaseankeppeh friend relationship nahaintsehneweh dl gas (intestinal) pisuuppeh [(na)nahaintsehnee(n) pl] gate natsattawih, natsattema friends with one another nanatei gather yekwi”, teyekwi; tso’i; mee” ~ friendship nanatei mehe(n); hannih; -mai ~ -mahai frighten makwiya’a gather firewood kukki frightened kwikkwiya’wente(n) gather for mehenka(n) ~ mehenke(n) frightening tso’a gather together ka’wi, ka’wimpite, ooki, frightful enee wettono’ih frog yakwahni ~ payakwahni gathered meeppeh, nameeppeh from manku ~ mannai [ma(n)]; nai gelding kuha ~ kuhma 244 Newe Hupia gentle yuun [~ yoo- song form] give way (like a bridge) wikkah ~ wikkih gentle animal yuumpittseh given uttuppeh [(tsa)himippeh pl]; get hannih, nanahaitah(kan), tsayaah; na’uttuppeh naa” [naah aux], naakki(n), given (especially food) makappeh; naakkwai(n), naha” namakappeh get a cold ohipekka(n) given away na’uttuhtaippeh [nahimih- get a sore or wound e’atua taippeh pl] get angry tuhupekka(n) glove(s) masetto’o(n) get blurry pakenaih(kan) gluteus maximus pittuhku get burned nawaihyanka(n) ~ go mi’ah ~ miah [mimi’ah dl] nawaihyanke(n) ~ nawaihanke(n) go after yekwi”, teyekwi; -mai ~ -mahai get cloudy toomoah go after ground hogs or woodchucks get crooked kwipuntah(kan) yahammai get dressed namasuah, namahannih go along miannooh, mi’aki(n), poyoha get (someone) dressed kwasu’unke(n) ~ go and return ko’inii kwasu’unka(n) go and turn around tekkooni get drunk aimeah, pa’aimeah(kan) go away mi’akwa(n), mi’ahtai(n); wai” get fat yuhupekkah [waih- comb] get foggy pakenaih(kan) go away (pain) kammawaih get light kuttapaitua(n) go back ko’ih [koko’ih dl; pipuntu song get lost watsi” word] get married (of a man) kweettu ~ go down ya’ih ~ ya’i” ~ yua” [yaya’ih ~ kwehettu yuyuah dl, waiku” pl] get married (of a woman) kuhatu go fight with temahai” get rusty oosaanto’ih go get -mai ~ -mahai; noonnii get sick te’oipekka(n), temmaiyu(n) go get (a person) paitse” get sick eating nakettemmaih go get rations or commodities mee ~ get skinny tekipekka(n) mehe(n) get sleepy eppeipekkah(kan) go hide watsimpite get stuck tsekkah go home ko’ih [koko’ih dl] get tired wemmiha” go hunting tekaimmi’a get up yetse” [yoyoti dl, yoti” pl] go hunting and gathering nemi get weak yu’ito’ih [yeyenkah dl, yenka ~ yeme” pl] get well tsaan naha” go in ya’ih ~ ya’i” ~ yua” [yaya’ih ~ get worse kai tapu’i yuyuah dl, waiku” pl] ghost tso’appeh go in arriving yuampiteh girl (little) nai’pi(n) go killing tepaikkammi’a girl (teenage) naipi(n) [nai’yannee(n) pl] go off mad at temahai” girlfriend haintseh go on a vision quest puha yaami’a give uttuh [himi pl]; tsa’uhtuh [tsahimi go out to’ih [toto’ih dl, kea” ~ nakea” pl] pl]; hanninka(n) ~ hanninke(n) go over (used in numbers) to’inka(n) ~ give (especially food) maka” to’inke(n) give a job wookkahtea go to seek supernatural power puha give birth tuannai [tutuanai pl] yaami’a give drink to pamaka gold money ohamunih ~ ohamoonih give (away) food namakah(tain) golden ohappihte(n) [oha”-] give shade to wehekiah(ka) golden eagle sanakwi’naa, tuukkwi’naa give value to ninnakkih ~ ninnahki” gone mi’appeh English to Shoshoni 245 gone away mi’ahtaippeh great-grandchild tsoo [tsoonee(n) pl] good tsaa(n) great-grandparent tsoo [tsoonee(n) pl] good-looking tsaan napuite(n) green puhipihte(n), puitte(n) ~ puhitte(n) good friend tsaattei [puhi- ~ pui- comb] good place (at, to, or in) tsaantenka(n) green aspen (leafing in the spring) [tsaantenkahte(n)] puisenna good to eat natekkate(n) green grass puhippeh ~ puippeh [puih- goodbye ya’iti [ya’i pemme pl; ya’i peweh comb] dl]; pinnanku tease puinnuhi; Em green place puhitenka(n) ~ puitenka(n) puinnuhi ~ Ne noohimpai puinnuhi greenery puhipihte(n), puitte(n) ~ goodbye (dl) mehi puinnuhi puhitte(n) [puhi- ~ pui- comb] goodbye (pl) me(mm)i puinnuhi grief tetteha(n), tettehan(ten) goodness tsaayunna grieve tettehampekka(n) 1goose nekenta(n) grieving tettehan(ten) 2goose tsiyuppu’i grievous nanatetteha(n) gopher (pocket) yehapittseh grievously nanatettehase(n) Gosiute Shoshoni Kusiyuttah grind tusu”, tsakkon, yontsakko(n), grab yaawikkwa(n) tsakkoyontsako(n) graceful(ly) pehai(ten) grinding stone potto(n) grand pia [pianten, pipiante(n) ~ pipia pl] ground sokopi(n), sokoppeh grandchild of a man kenu, toko ground squirrel keempai grandchild of a woman huttsi, kaku ground up natusuppeh grandfather (maternal) toko groundhog yaha(n) grandfather (paternal) kenu Groundhog’s Arm Yahannam Peta grandmother (maternal) kaku grove of trees huuppi(n) [huu”-] grandmother (paternal) huttsi grow sea” grasp tsai”, yaawikkwa(n) grow (of humans and animals) nahna” grass puhippeh ~ puippeh; soni(ppeh); grow older nahnapite tesippeh, tetsii; sihu(n) ~ sihuh grow up nahnammi’a grass (bunch) piasonippeh grown up nahnappeh grass (rye) waatontsippeh gruel kottsaappeh ~ kuttsaappeh ~ grass seed (large) patuntsi kwattsaappeh grasshopper attankih 1guard hoawoppih ~ huawoppih Grassy Place Tesikate(n) 2guard puitamah ~ puihtamah grave nakuuppeh gum sanakkoo gravy kuttsaappeh ~ kottsaappeh ~ gun aiti kwattsaappeh gunny sack wattsimokottsi gray aisempihte(n) [aisen-] guts kohai ~ kohi graze kenno’ai; tekkawenennemmi, [tekkatopo’ihka pl]; toowene H [tootopo’ih pl] grease yuhu hair pampi greasewood tonappi(n) half na’ahpu(n) Greasewood Lakes Tonapappayeyekwi half dollar poopitsih great natia(n); pia [pianten, pipiante(n) ~ halfway na’ahpu(n) pipia pl] hand mo’o great horned owl muumpittseh ~ handgame tan naaiyawinna muhumpittseh handsome tsaan napuite(n); tsaan tuittsi 246 Newe Hupia hang down (head) tsowainuah have grief tettehampekka(n) hang on to tsawainuah have legs spread apart wettataah hang (meat) out to dry ina” ~ inna” have (someone) lie down hapinka(n) ~ hang (meat) out to dry for inanka(n) ~ hapinke(n); tsahapinka(n) ~ tsa- innanke(n) hapinke(n) hang over (of rock or cliff) tenkainua have (someone) make -nainka(n) ~ - hang up tsawaini, wewainih nainke(n) happen naa” [naah aux], naha” have muscle cramps tsa’weah(ku) hard kettaa(nten), natia(n) have property oyontempa’i(n) hardly able to see kai tepuihtapuinte(n) have rouge or red face paint on harm temekai napisah(ka) harvest -mai ~ -mahai have sex yoko” harvest pinenuts tepammai have (someone) stand niwenenka(n) ~ has been naappeh(kanten) niwenenke(n) hat tetsa’moih ~ tetse’oih ~ tetsoih have taken away from nayaanka(n) ~ Hat Butte Tsanimmanihan Tetse’oih nayaanke(n) hatch wettsi’ah haver of -kante(n) hateful person cho’appeh having -kante(n) haul noo”; tenoomi’a having a disease te’oikante(n) hauler tenoote(n) ~ tenoomi’ate(n) having a wife kweekkante(n) ~ haunt tso’ayaah kwehekkante(n) have -pa’i(n); -kante(n) having an appearance have a baby ohaanai; tuannai [tutuanai napuippehkante(n) pl]; pipihnai having children tutuakante(n) have a big meal pia tekkah having sugar diabetes pihyaa have a cold ohipekka(n) te’oikante(n) have a fire burning kottoohka(n) hawk kinii have a headache pampi kamma(n) hay soni(ppeh); soniwekka’ah have a house kahnikante(n), kahnipa’i(n) he mate(n) have a period hunnapekkayu(n), hunni- head pampi to’ih ~ hunnitu’ih head lice pampi pusi’a have a sore e’attsihpa’i(n), e’atua headache pampi kammanna have a sore throat kuittsehpekka(n), headrest tsoppiteki’i kuittseh kamma(n) heal puhanai have a toothache taman kamma(n) healer puhakante(n) [puppuhakantee(n) have a wife kweeppa’i(n) ~ kweheppa’i(n) pl] have a wound e’apekka(n), healing napuhanainna e’attsihpa’i(n), e’atua healing ceremony napuha [puha] have an earache nankih kamma(n) healing ceremony to be held napuhanai have an eye infection or disease healing power puha puihpekka(n) hear nankah have an illness te’oipa’i(n) hear (with feeling) nankasua(n) have an injury e’attsihpa’i(n) heard nankappeh have blurry eyes pakenapuih(kan) heart pihye(n) have canker sores in mouth painam- heat eteinte(n) pekka(n) heat up katenkahka(n), kuttseni have cramp(s) itsawene(kku) heat wave kusuainna, yuwannan have diarrhea piwea, kohipekka(n) totompeentsi English to Shoshoni 247 heaven tukumpeh ~ tukumpi(n) ~ hold yaakka(n) [himakka(n) pl]; tsai”; tukumpana(n) [tukun-] hannih heavy pettente(n) hold a healing ceremony napuhanai heel tappikko’o(n) hold down with hand makenah help tematsai ~ tematsia hold in arms kwapakka(n) ~ kopakka(n) help deliver a baby tsattekinka(n) ~ hold in high regard ninnakkih ~ tsattekinke(n) ninnahki” helper teteaiwoppih hold in the mouth monooh(kan) hem ha hole hotappeh, tainte(n), taikka, tawe(n) hemophrodite wahatte(n) [waha-] [tatawe pl] her u(n), ma, makka [makka(n) poss] holler paitse” her own pe(n) holler after paitsenkakki here aikkih, saikkih hollow hawo, konoki, kono’ihkante(n) here and there attu(n) hollow out wehawo’ih here somewhere ipai ~ ipi, sipi ~ sipai; hollowed out hawo’ihkante(n) ana holster huukkuna” ~ huukuna here somewhere nearby ai’ana ~ sai’ana Hombre (name) Amputih hereabouts aipi, saipi ~ saipai home kahni heron wasa(n) Home of the Big Wind Pia Neaippittan Heron’s Nest Wasannan Kahni Kahni herself pen taka(sen), pese(n); penne(n) ~ honey pihaa ~ pihnaa ~ pihyaa penna(n) ~ pennese(n) pennase(n) honeybee pihyaamua 1hide pehe hood of cradle basket tsokkohno(n) 2hide watsi” hoof tasitoo(n) high pa’a(n) [pa’ai, pa’anku, pa’antu(n), hop pottsi, poppi(n) pa’ante(n)]; pa’attsi hopefully tsaa witsa highly natia(n) horn aa(n) Highway 51 (south of Little Valley, horn player temuyakainkante(n) ID) Piappehtem Po’in Nawainnna horned toad mattsankih hill ko’i, katete(n), nookatete(n), no’opi(n) hornet paina(n) [noa-] horny na’isape him ma, u, makka horse punku, teheyah himself penne(n) ~ penna(n) ~ horse owner punkukante(n) pennese(n) pennase(n), pese(n); pen horsefly pi’pihta taka(sen) horseman punkukante(n) hindquarters pittehku ~ pittuhku Horseshoe Bend, NV Newen Topo’ih hip piwo’sa, tsi’ampeh horsey punkuttsi hire wookkahtea hospital nattahsu’unkahni his u(n), his makka(n) hot eteinte(n) his own pe(n) hot embers kuttsippeh [kotsimpoo song hit -tekwah [-pa’ih pl]; wettekwah form] [weppa’ih pl] house kahni hit with fist tottekwah [toppa’ih pl] house of prayer nanisuntehai hit with hard object tattekwah [tappa’ih kahnikatte(n) pl] how hakai, hakanni hit with something pointed tsikuttih ~ how many himpaikan(ten), heette(n) tsikkwettih how much heette(n), himpaikan(ten) hog hoinkeh ~ hoinkih How are you? Hakanni e? 248 Newe Hupia how so hakannikku in back of pinnaih however hakanni, noohakai, in company with mai ~ ma’ai noohakanni(kku) in different directions nana’ahpu(n), Huevo (man’s name) Waipo nana’antappu(n) hug kopa” ~ kwapa” in equal amounts nanahoi, nahpaikanku hummingbird piisi in front of munnai humorous nisummaappeh in half nahpaikanku, na’ahpu(n) humorous (person) nisummampeh; in heat (of an animal) napi’aiyu(n) tsaan temayahnainte(n), tsaan in particular tsaappai teniyahnainte(n) in pieces nana’ahpu(n) hunchback kwipuntahkante(n) in the daytime tapaini; tapaima hunchbacked nopontahkante(n) in the fall time yepani hunched nopontahkante(n) in the middle of tepana Hundred Mile Post, NV Ohattewene” in the middle of the night tukan tepana hunger pahu ~ paho in the nighttime tukani hungry pahupekkante(n) in the same amount nanappaikante(n) hunt tekai”, hannih; -mai ~ -mahai in the springtime tahmani hunter tekaite(n), waseppin tsukuppe in the summertime tatsa hurry namasohi in the wintertime tommo hurry up! mayanuhi, yawise(n), pammuuse in time aattuse(n) 1hurt kamma(n) ~ kammah; kammanna in which penkuppa(n) [penkuppai(ten), 2hurt manayaha, mahoihta, penkuppayente(n)] wekkamma(n) in-law taiyumpeh husband kuhappe ~ kuhmappe, incline nawaih natainna(n) indefinitely noo husband (affectionately) Independence Mountain Range Settoya natainnappettsi Independence Valley, NV Tosa Konoki husband and wife nanakweenneweh ~ index finger tsittsukanompeh nanakwehennewe Indian neme ~ newe [newenee(n) pl] husbandless kuhawatte(n) Indian balsam tootsa Huukwitsa Spring, NV Huukwitsa Indian Creek Tutuapainkwi Paa Patetsoppih Indian dance tan newe nekkanna Indian Hay Meadows, NV Pia I Payuppuka Indian Meadows, NV Pia I ne Sennahunupi(n) ~ Pia Hunupi(n) ice paakkappeh Indian paintbrush tokoan kuna” ~ if ukka tokoan taiyumpeh ignore suwiihtaih Indian Rock Hill Newe Tekkoi ill te’oi, temmaihkante(n) Indian tobacco newe pahu(n) illegitimate child watsittua” inedible kai natekkate(n) illness te’oi infant ohaa(ttsi); teaite(n) ~ teite(n) imitate manakki(n) [teteaitee(n) pl] in a hurry yawise(n), yoyoha, kaippai(ttsi) inject tona” in a little while kaippai(ttsi), napaisai ~ injure manayaha, mahoihta napisai injury e’attsih in addition noose(n) inmate neettemahkante(n) in all directions na’appunte(n) inscribe pooh, tepooh English to Shoshoni 249 inscription napooppeh 1judge tenihannite(n) inside kuppa(n), tepana 2judge nihannih [nimmeeh pl], tenihannih inside that sukuppa(n) [sukuppayenten] jug osa ~ pa’osa insist nittunaitseh juice napaa, hupa instruct niyekwi juicy paa [pa- comb, pappa distrib] intelligent natia suante(n) jump pottsi, poppi(n) intermingled nanakkapa(n) juniper waappi(n) [waa”-] intestinal gas pisuuppeh Juniper Mountain Waakkate(n) intestines kohai ~ kohi just eke, noo(n), nuha ~ noha, antase(n), invalid hapittaippeh, katettaiippeh; kai nanah, tukuh, tese(n), taka(n) tattekinaattaippeh just anything nanah hinna invite paitse” just the same noo sunninte sampai invite to eat tekkahpaitseh 1 iron wiihimpeh K 2iron takunaih, tetakunai it u, ma keep tekikka(n) [tahnakka(n) pl]; it is said mai [maiti] matemah; meekka(n); yaa” [hima” pl, - Italian Pappatappisi yaah comb] itch pihyakih keep hand on makateh(kan) its u(n) keep in the mouth monooh(kan) its own pe(n) keep laced up tottahka(n) itself penne(n) ~ penna(n) ~ pennese(n) key teekkwinuhi pennase(n), pese(n); pen taka(sen) kick (for a horse to) tamminkuttih ~ tamminkwettih J kick (for a human to) sekkuttih ~ sekkwettih jackass tsakaasih kick around (like a baby) tawenenuki jackrabbit kamme ~ kamme [kammuntsi kidney takipoo song form] kill paikkah [wase” pl], tepaikkah jackrabbit (white tailed) piakammu, kill for paikkanke(n) ~ paikkanka(n); tosakammu tepaikkanka(n) ~ tepaikkanke(n) jam tette’aika kill oneself napaikkah [nanawase” pl] Japanese Tsappanniih kill with bow tsappaikkan [tsawase pl] Jarbridge mountain range tso’apittseh kill with feet takkumpa jaw ahtahpeh kill with mouth or teeth kettokwai jerk (meat) ina” ~ inna” killdeer pantei jerk (meat) for inanka(n) ~ innanke(n) killed paikkappeh, napaikkappeh jerky inappeh ~ innappeh [wasettaippeh, nawasettaippeh pl] Jesus Tsitsaseh kin tui Jesus Christ (in Native American kindly tsaa(n) Church) Tosa Isa kiss mutehai(n) jiggle yuppu kitten ketian tua” job wookkapi(n) kitty ketian tua” jog nukkinooh, poyoha knee tannappeh ~ tankappeh joke nisummaa, niyahnai(n) kneel down tannahottoo joke together nananisummaha(n) knife wihi(n) [wii(n)- comb] joker yokottsi, niyokottsi, nisummampeh, knock dizzy with a blunt object nananisummaate(n) we’aimea(nkan) 250 Newe Hupia knock down with long object we’annih laugh yahnai” [na’yahnai pl] knock on tottantaki ~ tottontaki laugh uproariously nanittiyaih [nanikkoi pl] knock out or unconscious wettiyainkah lava rock oompi(n) [oon-] knock out with club wettsaka lay a footpath tetappo’ihapinka(n) ~ knock out with hand matsaka tetappo’ihapinke(n) knock out with hard object tattsaka lay down hapinka(n) ~ hapinke(n); knock out with something wettantaki tsahapinka(n) ~ tsahapinke(n) knoll ko’i lay head on (pillow) tsoppitekihapi” know sumpana’ihki(n) lazy kwi’yampeh ~ kwi’ampeh know (how to) sumpaatu(n), [kwikkwi’ampehnee(n) pl]; sumpana’ih(kan) kwi’yankante(n) ~ kwi’ankante(n); know how to -pana’in/h ~ -pana’ai(n) hapinaite(n) know how to do mapana’ai(n) ~ lead tsannah mapana’aih(kan) leader taikwahni know how to do by hand mapanatuh leaf seki; sekituah know how to say nimmapana’ai(n) leave mi’ah ~ miah [mimi’ah dl], mi’ahtai(n), mi’akwa(n); pea”, peattai(n) L ~ peaittai(n) ~ puittai(n); panittai(n) leave for paninkah(tain) ~ panittainka(n) ~ lace up tottohna” panittainke(n) lace up shoes tammuhkah leave mate or spouse neempeattai(n) laced up in a cradle board neempuihtai(n) tottohnakkanten left mi’appeh, mi’ahtaippeh lack watekih, wemmiha” left over pinnaippeh, pinnaih(ka) lacking nawate’inte(n) left over (of food) tekeppinaippeh ~ ladle yunnah tekeppinaihtaippeh lamb sippehan tua left side ohainnankuhte(n) Lambs Reservoir Tsi’apaa left side (on the) ohainnankuh ~ 1land sokopi(n) ohinnankuh 2land hapikku, kate” [yekwi” pl] leftward ohainnankuh ~ ohinnankuh land owned tepia leg oo(n) land owner tepiakante(n) legless oowatte(n) language taikwa(nna) less tsappe’a(n) ~ tsappe’ase(n) large piappehte(n) [pia, pipia pl, pipiap- less than ina; tsappe’a(n) ~ tsappe’ase(n); pete(n) pl]; piante(n) [pia comb, pipia, tukka(n) [tukkai, tukkanku, tukkantu(n) pipiante(n) pl] tukkante(n)] large crow haih lessen (pain, swelling or illness) large solitary ant we’antoko ~ tsawainkeh ~ tsawainkah we’awekkwintsuna lesser nakaha lasso kuuhkinka Lesser Chinaman’s Hat Tsanimmanihan last pinnanku Nakaha Tetse’oih last born nakaha let be seen manapuih ~ manapunnih last year munnanku let blood paiwekka’ah late kaiyu(n) let drop tsappahai” late (deceased) naappeh(kanten) let get away tsimmianka(n) ~ tsimmianke(n) late at night tukan tepana let go tsappe’ah; tsimmianka(n) ~ later on napaisai ~ napisai tsimmianke(n) latter pinna let go with mouth keppeah English to Shoshoni 251 let loose tsattoyah(tain) listen nankah letter tepooppeh listen carefully nankasuanka(n) ~ level seeppaite(n) nankasuanke(n) liar isampeh listen thinking about nankasuanka(n) ~ lice posia(ttsi) ~ pusia(ttsi) nankasuanke(n) lick kwini” listen to tenanka(n) lie isa(n), isannai, isannainna little teaite(n) ~ teite(n) [teai teteaitee(n) lie (down) hapi” [kwapi” pl, kwakkwappi pl]; teiku pl distrib] little bit mapaitettsi; teittse’i(nkuttsi) lie (for a bloodline to) peehapi” little bit at a time mammapaiku lie around hapinnemmi Little Canyon, NV Nakaha Tettsohpai lie in state (of a deceased) little finger mattua natsattekih(kan) little girl nai’pi(n) lie to isannainka(n) ~ isannainke(n) little toe tattua lift behind up pihittsaah live nemi(kkan) [yeyenkah dl, yenka ~ lift feet up tahittsaah nayekwin ~ yeme” pl]; naakka(n), lift grasping with hand tsahittsaa nanaahka(n), nanahaitah(kan); lift head up tsohannih kahnikante(n), kahnipa’i(n) light a fire kottooh, kuttsihtunah live in peace yuunnaahka light a match kuppihto lively pehai(ten) light footed(ly) pehai(ten) liver newe(n) ~ neme(n) lightly pehai(ten) lizard pokoitsi 1like -sunka’a(n) ~ -sunka’ah; tsaa . . . loaf nokkoppeh sua”; tsaasuanka(n) ~ tsaasuanke(n) locate teki” [tahna” pl, tekih instr]; 2like ni(sen) [-nni]; wa’ih [wa’ihte(n), tsattekih(kan); tsattanah [tsattani’ih pl] wa’ihku, wa’ise(n), wa’ihkuse(n)] located natsattekihkante(n) like each other natsaasuanka(n) ~ lock in -temah natsaasuanke(n) lock up wettemah [wettemi’ih pl]; like each other na’wa’i [na’wa’iten] wennehki ~ we’nika like one semmewa’i(se) locked neettemappeh like that owa’ih, sowa’ih; onni, sonni; locust kea mawa’ih log huuppi(n) [huu”-]; wopi(n) like that out of sight unni; sunni [sun- loin cloth toppata nikku, sunniunte(n); susunni pl]; uwa’ih; Lone Mountain Anta Katete(n) suwa’ih [suwa’iten, suwa’ihku(ten)] long kepetaa(nten) like that yonder anni, sanni; awa’ih, long ago peai, himpaise(n), apaise(n); sawa’ih a’akkuse(n), i’ana hattu(n) like this aiwa’ih, saiwa’ih; mawa’ih long time eei(ttsi) like this nearby ainni, sainni look napuih ~ napuni [nanapui pl] like this right here iwa’ih, siwa’ih; inni, look (instilling feeling) sinni nanapuisunka’a(n) like what hakanni look after manapuih ~ manapunnih likely not kai sampai look at punni” ~ pui”; puikka(n); line wooppihte(n) puisunkanna lined wooppih ~ wookki look for antsi, puhai(n), waikki(n) lip tempai look good tsaan napunni liquid paa [pa- comb, pappa distrib] looking napuite(n) liquor paa [pa- comb, pappa distrib] looking bad kaitsaan napuite(n) 252 Newe Hupia lookout hoawoppih ~ huawoppih make fire kottooh looks napuinna make fire for kottoonka(n) kottoonke(n) loosen tsahoyonki, tsakkwaitu’ah make footpath tetappo’ihapinka(n) ~ loosen with tools wekkwaitu’ah tetappo’ihapinke(n) lope poyoha make for meenka(n), nahanke(n); - lose nanakwaha(n); watsinka(n) ~ nainka(n) ~ -nainke(n); mapaianka(n) ~ watsinke(n) mapaianke(n), temapaianka(n), losings (in a game) nanakwahappeh hanninka(n) lost watsinkappeh ~ watsinkeppeh; make fun of ni’aipui ~ ni’aipunni; nawatsinkappeh ~ nawatsinkeppeh nanisuntsaa ~ ninnasuntsaa, lost (be) watsi” teninnasuntsaa lots soo(n); soonte(n) [soon- comb, make function nukkinka(n) ~ sooyente(n)]; soose(n); natia(n), nukkinke(n) tukkumpai make gravy kuttsaah ~ kottsaah ~ louse posia(ttsi) ~ pusia(ttsi) kwattsaah love -sunka’a(n) ~ -sunka’ah; tsaa make gruel kwattsaah ~ kuttsaah ˜ suanka(n) ~ suanke(n); tuku kottsaah kammanka(n) ~ kammanke(n) make house wekkahninai ~ lunch tapaitekkanna, tenooppeh wekkahnittsinaih lung sonko ~ sonno make jam tette’aikanai lupine kwitakkwana make knife wihinai lying in state (of a deceased) make laugh with actions mayahnai(n) natsattekihkante(n) make laugh with words niyahnai(n) lying on one’s stomach (face down) make love yoko” muttehappi make music hupianai make nest noote(n), nottsoninai M make noise nananka”, nankah, -peittseiki(n) made naippeh; mapaiappeh, make noise like nanankasuanka(n) ~ temapaiappeh, namapaiappeh; nanankasuanke(n) nahappeh, hannippeh make numb sese’nika(n) ~ sese’ninkeh made up make oneself shine namapataatsiki made up (with face paint or makeup) make pinenuts tepannai teaikappeh; napisappeh make popping sound pottainnanankah maggot wo’api(n) make pudding kwattsaah ~ kuttsaah ˜ magpie kwitawoyo(n) kottsaah make hannih, mapaiah, temapaiah, make rasping sound wehe’neki”(kkin) naha”, mee” ~ mehe(n), -nai make run nukkinka(n) ~ nukkinke(n) make camp noopite make shine mapataatsi make ceremonial house pahunkahninai make sick eating kettemmaih make crashing sound tottsapikkah make speech sounds te’ampaito’ih make cry tsiyakaih make stand (up) tsawenenka(n) ~ make cut in wekki’ah tsawenenke(n); tsiwenenka(n) ~ make disappear wehanninkah(tain) tsiwennehka(n) make drink hipinka(n) ~ hipinke(n), make stop mawenenka(n), tsawenenka(n) tsihipinka(n) ~ tsihipinke(n) make well tsaa . . . mee” make feel wesunkanna, maneesunka’ah Maker of People Nemi ~ maneesunkanna Manemenaippehkante(n) English to Shoshoni 253 male kuha ~ kuhma medicine power puha mallard duck pehye(n) ~ peye(n) Medicine Woman Puha Wa’ippe man tainna meet waikia man (one’s own, said by a woman) meet each other or together nanawaikia natainna(n) meet face to face takkamah man’s nephew/niece haih melt patehwi ~ patuhi mano (pestle) tusunnompeh member of (family) mante(n) many soo(n); soonte(n) [soon- comb, member of this (family) imante(n), sooyente(n)]; himpaikan(ten) simante(n) mare piapeh, punkum piapeh member of that (family) umante(n), mark tenapoo sumante(n) marriage nakweekkante(n) ~ menses hunni nakwehekkante(n) menstrual blood hunni married (of a man) kweekkante(n) ~ menstrual flow hunna peeppi(n) kwehekkante(n) menstrual house hunna kahni married (of a woman) kuhakante(n) menstruate hunnapekkayu(n), hunnito’ih married couple nanakweenneweh ~ ~ hunnitu’ih nanakwehennewe menstruation hunni marrow tuuku mentally ill (person) tesu’aimeate(n) marry (of a man) kweettu ~ kwehettu mention nanikkimma, niikwi” marry (of a woman) kuhatu merchant natemakate(n) marry each other na’kweettu ~ merely tese(n) nanakweettu Merrit Mountain, NV (northeast of mash -tsokkwaih Mountain City) Oosaanten Kate(n) mash with hand makitsa’a mesquite beans ohpi matches mantsih, sonikuna” metal wiihimpeh mate tui, taka Mexican Tsippani mate (of animals) nanakai ~ nanaki; midday tokwaittapaini napi’ai(yun) middle tepihante(n), tepiha(ka) maternal grandfather toko middle (in the) na’akka maternal grandmother kaku middle finger mattepiha mature grass soni(ppeh) midnight (at) tukattepiha maybe kia ~ ki’a; noo; okia ~ osen kia; might noo; witsa seepa ~ seepa kia might be noha kia maybe so noo sampai, sunni kia migrate (of birds) pommi’a me nei, ne mildew aippo’intsiappeh meadow puhitapai(n) milk pitsa meadowlark hiittoo(n) milk cow pitsa kuittsu(n) 1mean atsa, tehuppeh ~ tuhuppeh milkweed pitsite puhippeh 2mean niikwi”, ninnapunni ~ ninnapui Miller Creek, NV Kettaa Okwai”, meander okkwaikki(nnemmi) Kettaa See meat tukku, meat pihetsih mimic manakki(n) medicate oneself nanattahsu’a mind suappeh medicinal plant (large leaves, white mink tuuppantsuku flowers) piapoko mint pa’kwana medicine nattahsu’u(n) miss (someone) watekih, wesuatekih medicine person puhakante(n) miss aim or miss shooting ahwai ~ ahwi [puppuhakantee(n) pl] ~ awi [a’ahwai pl], te’awi 254 Newe Hupia miss out on tsimmianka(n) ~ mountain range on the Duck Valley tsimmianke(n) Reservation Tenkatsu(n) missing nawate’inte(n) mountain sheep waseppi(n) ~ waseppeh mix around tsakkwinuhi mountain sitting alone toyakatete(n) mix together mayaah, tsammayaa, mountain top toya’ana natsammayaappeh mournful tettehan(ten) mix up mayaah, tsammayaa, mouse po’naih natsammayaappeh mouth tempai, natempai moldy aippo’intsiappeh move nua ~ nuwa, noommi’a; tonnuyuah; mole pammuhi, pampo’naih wennua; yeme” molt kwayu’i move (away) noomi’a(taih) mom pii ~ pia move about nooh mommy pii move about moving up and down Monday Semme Nawookkah tsennenneki(n) money muunih, nappiasi(n) ~ nappiaseh, move away (from) yunka(n) ~ yunki(n) puhwih move feet tase’yekwi monkey munkih, kwasi taipo move repeatedly wemme’ekki monkey flower (medicinal plant) move slowly from being weak or dis- antapittseh kwana abled yu’inahannemmi monster tso’apittseh moved away noomi’ataippeh month mea mover noomi’ate(n) moon mea mow soniwekka’ah moon house hunna kahni much soo(n); soonte(n) [soon- comb, more than haiyani, makuppa(n), mayani sooyente(n)]; himpaikan(ten); natia(n) ~ mahyani, ka’wi; pa’a(n) [pa’ai, much (this/that) paika(nten) ~ pika(nten) pa’anku, pa’antu(n), pa’ante(n)] Muchacho (name) Muittsaittseh Mormon cricket maiso(n) mucous, mucus yokappeh, mupisippeh Mormon tea tuttumpih mud pasakwinappeh morning imaa muddy pasakkwinapa’i mosquito mooppo, wa’wata(n) mudhen saiya(n) ~ saya(n) moth tso’appatuntsih ~ tso’appuntunkih mule muuta mother pia ~ pii murderer tepaikkappehkante(n) mother and daughter (relationship) must noo, tukuh nana paitenneweh dl mute kaitai’kwa’a, sua mother’s brother ata my ne ~ neai” mother’s sister piattsi my own nease(n) mother-in-law pahattsi myself nese(n) mountain toyapi(n) [toya-] myth natekwinappeh [nanatekwinappeh pl] mountain area toyawaiki(n) myth marker kia ~ ki’a, wihnu mountain canyon toyahunupi(n) Mountain Dwellers (= Shoshoni in N Jarbridge area) Toyatepia mountain lion toyatukkupittseh naked maniyunte(n) mountain near Mountain City, NV name naniha(n), nanihanna; niha ~ nihya Wonko Senkwi ~ nia”; niha; niakka(n) ~ nihakka(n); mountain pass wia [wiya song form] tepinniha(n); mai [maiti] mountain range toyahapite(n) name (woman’s) Kiiki English to Shoshoni 255 names (men’s) Amputih, Antannewe, , niece of a man ata Chikko, Itsapehe, Itsataipo, niece of a woman piattsi, paha Muittsaittseh, Pamuseh, Pianampai, night tuka Tapai Pui, Tokoa Wiittsi, Tsikuttih, nighthawk wai’yapoo ~ wa’yapoo Tso’apittseh, Waipo, Wattsi Kahni, nine seewemmihante(n) [seewemmihan-] Yokottsi nine hundred seewemmiha pia narrate natekwina, natemu’i ~ nateme’i seemaahte(n) narrate to natemu’inka(n) ~ nineteen seemayente seewemmihamman natemu’inke(n) ~ nateme’inke(n); to’inkanna natekwinanka(n) ~ natekwinanke(n) ninety seewemmihammaahte(n) narrow teiwaikite(n) [seewemmihammaah-] nasty atsa nipple pitsi ko’i naughty person natekwinappeh nit(s) tatsii navel punu no kai near mii(sen) no good kaitsaan(ten) [kaitsaayente(n)] near here aikkih, saikkih no more kaihaiwa(n); tsu’appeh near here somewhere aipi~aipai; saipai nod head tso’wintukih ~ saipi noon tapaini, tokwaittapaini neck toyo(n) north kwinahainankuhte(n) necklace kotokki Northern Paiute Paiyuti ~ Payuti, need sua” [suan aux] Papiyotsa needle wihupi(n) ~ wihyupi(n) northward kwinahaippaitu(n) negative particle kai nose mupi(n) ~ muupi(n) negro tuuttaipo not kai; kaite(n) ~ kaiti nephew of a man ata not be strong kai tapu’i nephew of a woman paha, piattsi not certain noon (kwa’i) kia nest nottsoni not do well kai tapu’i; kai tapu’inna naakka nest (laying) nokahni not enough kai tokaiyu nest(le) noote(n) not even kai sampai 1net wana not ever kai himpai 2net kwisinka(n) ~ kwisinke(n) not good kaikkaitsaa(n) nettles painke(n) not like kai sumpaitsappih ~ kai never kaite(n) ~ kaiti; kai himpai sumpitsappih new eke not love (kai) sumpaitsappih ~ (kai) new growth tuattsi sumpitsappih newborn tuattsi not sure noon (kwa’i) kia newly eke, newly e’eki not there kai himpai next day imaa not well kaitsaan(ten) [kaitsaayente(n)] next morning u’imaa not yet kaise(n) next time pinnanku nothing kaihaiwa(n) next to kemaka ~ kemahka ~ kematu; notice tesumpite paiyekwi now eki”; mai’ukka next to each other nanappaiyekwi now then maaikkuh Nez Perce Indian(s) Tsoika Tekka’a nowadays ekittapaima ~ ekittapaini nice tsaa(n) nurse pitsinka(n) ~ pitsinke(n) nick wekki’ah nurse (for a mother to) nempitsinka(n) nick oneself neekki’ah ~ nempitsinke(n) 256 Newe Hupia

O only one semmettsi, pennaipih, takattsi obnoxious nasu’yekwite(n) only sometimes u’ukapa (taka) obsidian tuuppi(n) 1open -tawai” ~ -tawi”; tsattainka(n), obtain tsayaah tsattawaih ~ tsattawih, wettawai”~ occlude tsi’ah wettawi” ocean piapaa 2open tsattawaippeh ~ tsattawippeh, offspring (poetic) tuantsi wettawaippeh ~ wettawippeh oil yuhu open legs apart tasaa okay maaikkuh open mouth kesaa, kesaapah old peai ~ peaite(n) open up (of pinecones) ake”; old (person) peaittempeh wettawih(tain) [pepeaittempehnee(n) ~ pepeaitte(n) pl] opened tsattawaippeh ~ tsattawippeh, old lady hepitsoo(ttsi) wettawaippeh ~ wettawippeh old maid kuhawatte(n) opened mouth kesaapappeh old man tsukuppe(ttsi), tainnappe opening natsattawih, tawe(n) old woman hepitsoo(ttsi) openly pianku on ma(n) [mannai, manku, mantu(n), operate on weppaikoah mante(n), mayente(n)] opponent woho; nanatemmuneweh on (top of) pa’a(n) [pa’ai, pa’anku, or (else) noon tea pa’antu(n), pa’ante(n)] Oregon grape sokoteheyampehe on it mapa’a(n), uma(n) oriole na’tsawaini ~ wanatsawaini on one side senkwinanku orphan tettehantempeh on one’s back pa’atai ~ pa’ataihku other seepatte(n) on one’s side senkwippu(n) other things nanasumma(nten) on other side of maananku ~ mananku otter pantsuku on that uma(n), suma(n); supa’a(n) ouch! ataa, oto’oto [supa’ante(n)] our (excl) nemme(n) on the right side tematahain nankuh(ten) our (incl) tamme(n) on the side of nanku ~ nankwa; tepana ~ our two (excl) nehe(n) teppanna our two (incl) taha(n) on this sima(n) [simanku]; mapa’a(n) ourselves (excl) nemmese(n) on top of each other nanappa’a(n) ourselves (incl) tammese(n) [nahpa’a(n) dl] ourselves (dl excl) nehese(n) on which pemma(n); pempa’a(n) ourselves (dl incl) tahase(n) once seme ~ sewe ~ semme out of tsumah ~ tsu’ah once and for all seme ~ sewe ~ semme out of place antananku once in a while sesewekka ~ semekka outdoors maittenkah(ten) one seme ~ sewe ~ semme outer covering pehe, po’a(n) one (someone) ta(n) outhouse kwitakkahni one-sided senkwi outside maittenkah(ten), peattenkah one at a time sesemanikku ~ sesema over pa’a(n) [pa’ai, pa’anku, pa’antu(n), one dollar wantatah pa’ante(n)] one from here sainankuhte(n) over it or that upa’a(n) ~ supa’a(n)] one hundred pia seemaahte(n) over that way opuhni ~ opu(n), sopuhni one’s ta(n) ~ sopu(n); ottu(n) ~ sottu(n) oneself pesu’a, taka(n), takattsi over that way out of sight upuhni ~ onion muha upu(n), supuhni ~ supu(n); uttu(n), only nanah, noo(n), tukuh, taka(n) suttu(n) English to Shoshoni 257 over that way yonder apuhni ~ apu(n); partake tonikah sapuhni ~ sapu(n); attu(n ~ sattu(n) partner taka over this way ipuhni ~ ipu(n), sipuhni ~ pass wia sipu(n) pass away wihtuha ~ wituha, over this way nearby aipuhni ~ aipu(n); wituha’ihkante(n), kaihaiwan naammi’a saipuhni ~ saipun; aittu(n) ~ saittu(n) pass on nekkamaih overcast toomoahkante(n) pass up tsimmianka(n) ~ tsimmianke(n) overcome matsuhninka(n) ~ pass wind pukkiih, pisuuh matsuhninke(n) ~ matsuhinka(n) passed away long ago wituhappeh overpower with the mind paternal grandfather kenu summatsuhninka(n) ~ summatsuhninke(n) paternal grandmother huttsi overpower with words path po’i” nimmatsuhinka(n) ~ nimmatsuhinke(n) patient temmaihkante(n) owl (burrowing) pokkoo pay a bill or debt temanakkih owl (great horned) muumpittseh ~ pay attention nankasuanka(n) ~ muhumpittseh nankasuanke(n) owner of -kante(n) pay attention to tesumpite Owyhee, NV Un Kwahai(n) pay for temeeh, temanakkih pay to temanakkinka(n) ~ P temanakkinke(n) payment natepahappeh pacer horse pisenteki peaceful yuu(n) pack noote’aikah, nookka(n) peak ko’i paddle wekkwintuih, tewekkwintuih peck tottsi’ah, tottantaki ~ tottontaki paid for temeeppeh pee sii”; siippeh; si’si’we(n) pain kammahpuinna; kammanna peek kuhuyah(kan), tokkuhuyah paint pisa”; teaika peel by hand tsattsino’a [tsattsino’ih pl] painted teaikappeh peel with knife wettsino’a [wettsino’ih Paiute Paiyuti, Paiyuttsi pl] pal taka pen tepoonnompeh pale aapihte(n) [aa-]; papumpihte(n) pencil tepoonnompeh [papun] penis we’a”, paka(n) Pale Point (valley of North Fork, NV) people neme ~ newe [newenee(n) pl] Aamutsa perceive wesuntapu’i palm mappana perfect tokai” ~ tokwai” pants kusa perforate tsittainka(n), tottainka(n) paper tepooppeh perfume na’kwana’a parade natayaa perhaps noo; kia ~ ki’a; seepa, seepa kia paralyzed yu’ito’ihtaippeh perhaps not naketsa hattu(n) parent tutuakante(n) persist nittunaitseh parents appe ma’ai pii person neme ~ newe [newenee(n) pl] park (a vehicle) tewenenka(n) ~ person afflicted with an eye disease tewenenke(n) puihpekkate(n) parsnip haappai person doing the cry dance parsnip (poison) hattai yakainnekkate(n) part of mante(n) person from Fort Hall, ID part of it or that umante(n), sumante(n) Pohoko’ikkate(n) part of this imante(n), simante(n) person who prays nanisuntehaite(n) 258 Newe Hupia persuade nimma’i(n) ~ nimma’ikki pitch in tsiyuuma(n) pertaining to timma(sen) pitiful tettehan(ten), nanatetteha(n) pestle tusunnompeh pitiful(ly) tetteha(n) pet punkuttsi, sateettsi pitifully nanatettehase(n) pet bird kwi’naattsi pity tettehan(ten) petroglyph tempimpooh 1place himpeh; wia peyote wokaipi(n) ~ wokwaipi(n), 2place teki” [tahna” pl, tekih instr]; Piyotti(ttsi) wekkatenkah ~ wekkatenke(n); phlegm yokappeh tsakkatenkah ~ tsakkatenkeh; photo napooppeh tsattanah [tsattani’ih pl] piano tan tetsayakainkanna ~ tan place for tsattekinka(n) ~ tsattekinke(n) tetsayakainkenna place head on tsottekih, tsottekinke(n) piano/accordion player tet- place in a hole standing up sayakainkante(n) ~ tetsayakainkente(n) towenenka(n) ~ towenenke(n) pick tso’i, tsappoah, poma, tso’immai ~ place in a hole tamping in with foot tso’mai tsottekinka(n) pick on nasuntsaa place mouth on mutekih pick up or carry with a pointed instru- place post (or other object) in a hole ment tsiyaah towene, tetowenne picture napooppeh place somewhere tosi’a pierce tsittainka(n), tottainka(n) place with hand matekih, pig pikih tsattekih(kan) pika rabbit tseke(n) placed natsattekihkante(n) pile up koa; toppaikkwah ~ toppaihkwah; plant seakkante(n), maseanka(n) ~ wettono’ih; wekkatenkah ~ maseanke(n); tepaiti” wekkatenke(n) plant (a garden) temaseanka(n) ~ pile up on top of tottani’i temaseanke(n) pile up with frost aikkawekkatuah plant in mountains with strong pleas- pile up with rock takkoa ant smell toyakwana pillow tsoppiteki’i plants temaseankappeh ~ pinch tsattsi’ah temaseankeppeh pine (cedar or juniper) waappi(n) plate tekkanompeh [waa”-], sanawaappi(n) play nuhi(n) ~ nui(n) pine (tall) wonkopi(n) play a horned instrument pine cone kappeh muyakainka(n), temuyakainka(n) pine cone hook aihko(n) play a piano tsayakainka(n) ~ pine jay kaiyattsih ~ kayattsih tsayakainke(n), tetsayakainka(n) pinenut tepa” play a violin or stringed instrument Pinenut Eaters Tepattekka’a weyakainka(n), teweyakainka(n) pinenut pudding tepakkwattsappeh play an accordion tsayakainka(n), pinenut tree tepawaappi(n) tetsayakainka(n) pinyon (piñon) nut tepa” play handgame (or stickgame) naaiyawi pinyon (piñon) pine tepawaappi(n) Pleasant Valley Canyon Pia Tettsohpai pipe to’ih please e witsa . . . ne suntehai piss sii”; siippeh; si’si’we(n) pliable yontsoka(nten) pissant a’ni(n) plow -yottah, teeyottah, weyottah pistol kepi aiti pluck tsannoo’i pitch sanappi(n) pocket pimmokottsih English to Shoshoni 259

1point mutsipi(n); mutsa, ko’i prepare for temapaianka(n) ~ 2point tsitte’ahwaih temapaianke(n) point out te’ahwaih; tsittsukah prepare oneself namapaiah; namayekwi point out to tsittsukanka(n) ~ prepared nahappeh, namatenkappeh; tsittsukanke(n) mapaiappeh, namapaiappeh, point to tsittsukah temapaiappeh poison parsnip hattai present to tsattekinka(n) ~ tsattekinke(n) poisonous kai natekkate(n) pretend nasuyekwi” ~ nasu’yekwi” poke tona”, tsittona; tsittekwah pretend to be dead nama’atiyaihku poke (around) to see tsippunni(kin) pretty tsaa(n); tsaan napuite(n) policeman teettemate(n) pretty soon ekise(n) ponder about tenisua” previous pinna pool pakatete(n) prisoner neettemahkante(n) poop kwitappeh probably kia noo(n); okia ~ osen kia pooped out enuhi probe with a pointed object tsisunka’ah poor (person) tettehannaakkante(n) prod tona” poorly susu’a prod in the back tsiyuppu’i poplar sohopi(n) proper tokai” ~ tokwai” porcupine yehne(n) ~ yehnettsi properly tokainku ~ tokwainku possessions himpeh, oyonte(n) ~ oyontettsi property himpeh, oyonte(n) ~ oyontettsi possessor of -kante(n) protector hoawoppih ~ huawoppih possessor of destructive power provide hanninka(n) ~ hanninke(n) teitseppuha pubic hair suhi possibly seepa pudding kuttsaappeh ~ kottsaappeh ~ pot wittua kwattsaappeh potato pettitah ~ tetesih pull away or forward wettunaittseh, potato bug aattoko neettunaittseh pound tatsokkwaih ~ tattsokwaih pull hair out tsahopi’i pound on tottanihka pull out tsatto’ih [tsakkea pl] pour wettiah pull with hands tsattunaittseh pour out tsittuuh, towehtiah, towiihtain pulverize tatsokkwaih [toppaitihtain pl] punch holes in tsittatawene powdery stuff homokaite(n) puppy satee’an tuattsi power puha purify mapuisi” power being puha naakkante(n) [puha purify oneself namapuisi” naakkantee(n) pl] purify oneself with smoke nawaiti powerful natia(n) purify with (e.g., a feather, smoke, or prairie dog keempai ashes) wemmapuisi” pray nanisuntehai(n); taikwa” [niweneh pl] purify with smoke waiti pray for nanisuntehainka(n) ~ purifying word wisaa nanisuntehainke(n) purple aikkwimpihte(n) [aikkwin-] prayer nanisuntehai pursue temahai” prayer song nanisuntehai hupia pus pisippeh praying nanisuntehai push along (as water) tottsatekkah preceding pinna push away mawiih(tain), tonnuyuah pregnant no’akante(n) push down or out from within the butt prepare mapaiah, temapaiah; mapitsi’a; pittunaittseh mayekwi; hannih; -tenkah/n push hard with the feet tattunaittseh 260 Newe Hupia push in tsekke’i rancid ta’oo(n) put teki” [tahna” pl, tekih instr]; tottekih, rascal cho’appeh, natekwinappeh, tsattekih(kan); matekih, tosi’a, hannih; yokottsi tsattanah [tsattani’ih pl]; mee” ~ rasping dance (= bear dance) mamakkoi mehe(n) put away matemah; ~ ta wehe’neki nekkanna tekikka(n) [tahnakka(n) pl] rat kaa(n) put clothes on namahannih rat urine powder (medicine) (kaan) put face paint on pisa” tetahain naappeh put in a hole standing up towenenka(n) rations meeppeh ~ towenenke(n) rattlesnake (tepitsi) tokoa put in a hole tamping in with foot raven haih tannehki; Raven Nest Haihan Nokahni put makeup on teaika ravine hunupi(n) put post in a hole towene raw saampittseh put priority on doing mapitsi’a real tepi(tsi) put rouge or red face paint on real property tepia napisah(ka) really kettaa(n), kettaanku; naketsa, put saddle on natenootekih natia(n); naketsa natia(n); haiya; put water out (for an animal) in a con- tsaappai; tepi(tsi); tsaa(n); tokainku ~ tainer patsawenneh(kan) tokwainku, tokaise(n) ~ tokwaise(n) pygmy rabbit tseke(n) really bad kaikkaitsaa(n) rear ma’nahna Q rear up (like a horse) ma’nahayetse rebirth tuattsi quaking aspen sennapi(n) recently e’eki quarter (25 cents) tupittsih recognize puisumpana’ih question particles ha, hattu(n) rectum kwitattsi quickly yoyoha, teiku red ainkapihte(n) [ainka”-] quill aikopi(n) red ant hu’nita(n) ~ hunnita(n) quiver huukkuna” ~ huukuna red face paint pisappi(n) red ocher pisappi(n) R red-winged blackbird saipakantsukkih refuse teetto’ippeh ~ teetto’ihtaippeh rabbit (cottontail) tapu(n) ~ taputtsi regain consciousness suapitai(n) rabbit (jack) kammu ~ kamme reject nimmuya’i rabbit (pika or pygmy) tseke(n) relation(s) nanewe ~ naneme rabbit (snowshoe) piakammu [nananewenee(n) pl]; newetuhi rabbit brush sipappi(n) [newetuhinee(n) pl] raccoon paakkwitahawo ~ pankwitahawo relative(s) nanewe ~ naneme race (in a footrace) na’natea [nananewenee(n) pl]; nanatea; newe- rain ema” ~ pa’emah ~ pa’emeah; tuhi [newetuhinee(n) pl]; nanewettsi emate(n) ~ pa’emate(n) religion nanisuntehai, nanisuntehaippeh rainbow emappatompittseh, tapai remain katekka(n) [yekwikka(n) pl]; patompittseh naakka(n); pennaihka(n) raise ma’nahna; tsayetseh remember nasuntamah(kan) raise up ma’nahayetse remind niikwi” raise up the behind (bending over) renew spiritual power tahma puhatuah pippupuah(kan) renewed tahma English to Shoshoni 261 rest hapinnemmi road po’i” rest in the daytime tapai hapi” roam nemi [yeyenkah dl, yenka ~ retarded kaisuante(n) nayekwin pl]; yeme” retarded person aimeattsi ~ ai’meattsi roam around neminemmi return ko’ih [koko’ih dl]; pite [pippite dl]; 1roast kwase” noopite ~ nooppite, panipite, 2roast nokko(n) ~ nokkoh; kwasenka(n) ~ tsakko’inka(n), yaappite kwasenke(n) reveal tsatto’ih [tsakkea pl] roast in cones kanokkoh(ka) revive suapitai(n) roasted nokkoppeh, nanokkoppeh rhythmical song words hainai(h) ~ rob tetekkah hainna(h), haainna(h), haina(h); robin suikkokko(n) haiyo(n), haiyaho, haaiyuh, haaiyaanna; rock tempi(n) [ten- ~ te”-] ho, aiyoo, nai, tuu; yanna, yaainno(h), rock chuck yaha(n) wainna(h) Rock Corral Tempin Kutaha rhythmical song words to bless songs rock face tewene(ten) haiya wainna, yaaya wainna rock hill tekko’i rib amattampeh rock mound tempokoh ~ tempo’i Riddle, ID Yakwahnim Paa rock peak tekko’i ride a horse punku kate” Rock Springs Tempaa ride a horse away punku katemi’a rock writing tempimpooh ride a horse hither punku katekki(n) rogue cho’appeh ride along on a horse punku katenooh roll over on face mukwantuah ride around katenooh roll up makwantupi, wekkwantupi ride away katemi’a roll up for makwantupinke(n) ~ right tokai” ~ tokwai”, tokainku ~ makwantupinka(n) tokwainku, tokainte(n) ~ tokwainte(n); root tetena(n) haa(‘a); tepi(tsi) rope temukku(n) right amount tokaippaika(n) ~ rope (an animal) kuuhkinka tokwaippaika(n) rose (blossom) tsi’atontsia right away supaise(n); tunnaa(n); rose hip tsi’ampih yawise(n) rosebush tsi’api(n) right here ikkih, sikkih rot pisi” right here somewhere i’ana, si’ana rotten pisippeh right now ekittsi round poppontsanite(n), ponopihte(n), right side (on the) tematahain puinui, punnunkaite(n) nankuh(ten) round up takkooni rigorous natianku round up (animals) takkamah rigorously natianku round up for takkooninke(n) ring ma’nika’a rub -kunaih ring finger mattepiha nankuhte(n) rub butt against pikunaih, pisunaih rip siwah ~ si’wah; tsasiwah rub together making a rasping sound rip with mouth or teeth kesi’wah wehe’neki”(kkin) ripe kwaseppeh rub with hand makunaih ripen kwase”, kwasenka(n) ~ kwasenke(n) rubber sanakkoo rise to’ih [toto’ih dl, kea” ~ nakea” pl] rubbish teetto’ippeh ~ teetto’ihtaippeh rise up yetse” [yoyoti dl, yoti” pl] rug tasoni ritual done before round dance tan rump pittehku ~ pittuhku natayaanna run nukki [nunukki dl, nutaa(n) pl] 262 Newe Hupia run along nukkinooh save makwisunai run along slowly nukkikki(nna) say te’ahwaih; nisua”, tenisua”; yekwi” run away namanukkih [niweneh pl]; ninnapunni ~ ninnapui run away from namakuhnai” say to niikwi”, nimma’i(kki); run fast nukkimi’a te’ahwainka(n) ~ te’ahwainke(n) run off kuhnai”, namawene say(s) mai [maiti] run out of tsumah ~ tsu’ah scare with hands makwiya’a run out of breath suakkwaiyah scare with words nikkwiya’a run short of wemmiha” scared kwikkwiya’wente(n), te’eyante(n) rust oosaante(n); oosaanto’ih scary enee rusted oosaanto’ippeh scary! eenee rusty oosaanto’ippeh scatter tepaiti” rye grass waatontsippeh scold nittehu’i(n) ~ nittuhu’i(n) Rye Grass Trail Waatontsippeham Po’i” scold each other nanannittehu’i(n) scoop (a liquid) yunnah S scorn nimmakwittsi scorpion kwipuntsih sack mokottsih scoundrel cho’appeh sad tettehan(ten) scout hoawoppih ~ huawoppih saddle natenoo, natenootekih scrape off wekwenai saddle horn natenoo’am pampi scratch -situ’ih, tsasitu’ih, wesitu’ih; saddle horse natenoo punku tsaso’ih; tsasunaih ~ tsasu’naih; sadness tettehan(ten) tsisunaih sage hen huittsaa(n) [huintsaantsi song scratch oneself natsasunaih form] scream nikkwitah; tsitattaki(n) sage thrush yeittoko ~ yaittoko screw with a screwdriver tsikkwinuhi sagebrush pohopi(n) scurry petette(kin) sagebrush (large) pakwinompi(n) sea piapaa sagebrush bark wattsippeh search antsi Sagebrush Bark House (man’s name) search for puhai(n); waikki(n) Wattsi Kahni secure -tamah [-tami’ih pl]; wettamah Sagebrush Butte (near Fort Hall) [wettami’ih pl] Pohoko’i see pui” ~ punni” said mai [maiti]; taikwappeh; yekwippeh see with feeling puisunkanna saliva hettsippeh, tusippeh see you all later memmi puinnuhi salmon akai see you later Em puinnuhi ~ Ne Salmon Eaters (Shoshoni on Snake noohimpai puinnuhi River) Akai Tekka’a see you two later mehi puinnuhi salt ohapi(n) seed paihai Salt Lake City soonkahni seed beater tanihku sand pasiwampi(n) ~ pasiwompi(n) seed pod kappeh sand dune pasiwakkatete(n) seem napuih ~ napuni [nanapui pl]; sua” Sand Pass (near Horseshoe Bend, NV) [suan aux] Pasiwa Wia seen napuippeh sandhill crane koanta Sees the Sun (man’s name) Tapai Pui sandpiper kuwii sego lily sikoo sass naniwaiki’a self pesu’a, taka(n), takattsi Saturday Naahpain Nawookkah sell natemaka English to Shoshoni 263 sell to natemakanke(n) ~ natemakanka(n) sharp-pointed mutsippeh, mutsikante(n) seller natemakate(n) sharpen wemmutsia semen noittsi’ippeh, noittso’i(ppeh), takka(n) shatter tappihah [tappiyuih pl]; weppihah send tiyoih ~ tiyohih [weppiyu’ih pl] send away nimmawiih(tain) shave wesipi sentinel hoawoppih ~ huawoppih shave (oneself) neesipi separate (a couple) napuittai(n) ~ she mate(n) na’puittai(n) ~ napuihtai(n) shed kwaitu’a, kwayu’i separate from neempeattai(n) ~ shed fur or hair hopi’i neempuihtai(n); takka’ah [tapponka’ih sheep sippeh ~ tappunka’ih pl] shine tatsiki, patatsi(ki) separated napuihtaippeh ~ napuittaippeh shine (of sun) tapaituah separately antakku ~ antananku, shine through clouds in spots na’antappu(n) toottatawene separately from each other shiver kwippikka(n) nana’antappu(n) shiver from cold sekkwippiki(n) serviceberry te’ampih shiver furiously from cold serviceberry bush te’api(n) sekkwipippiki(n) set tsakkatenkah ~ tsakkatenkeh; shoe nampeh wekkatenkah ~ wekkatenke(n) shoestring tammuhka set a trap hea” shoot kuttih ~ kwettih set aside katenkahka(n) shoot at aiti kuttih set hand on makateh(kan) shopper temeete(n) set on fire kottooh short kepihte(n) [kepih]; kepi wenete(n); set up (e.g., a tent) tsikkatenke(n) ~ pono’ihkante(n) tsikkatenka(n) short and stocky pottsa’ni (weneten) seven taattsewihte(n) [taattsewi-] short-legged dog ma’nii seven hundred taattsewi pia shorter than ina; tukka(n) [tukkai, seemaahte(n) tukkanku, tukkantu(n) tukkante(n)] seventeen seemayenten taattsewihtem- Shoshoni neme ~ newe [newenee(n) pl]; man to’inkanna Sosoni seventy taattsewimaahte(n) Shoshoni in Jarbridge mountains area [taattsewimaah-, taattsewimaayenten] Toyatepia several (times) he’eh(ten) Shoshoni story newe natekwinappeh sew tsakkenah [tsakkeni’ih pl]; tetsakkenah should witsa sexual intercourse (have) yoko” shoulder tsoappeh sexually aroused na’isape shoulder blade sikkumpeh shade heki; wehekiah(ka) shut up teittseh shade house hekikahni sibling samuppe ~ samappe; shadow heki, wewehekittsi nanasamunneweh shake rhythmically wentsituih sick te’oi; temmaihkante(n) shall (future tense) -to’ih sick person te’oipekkate(n), shaman puhakante(n) [puppuhakantee(n) temmaihkante(n) pl] sickness te’oi share nanahoih side nanku ~ nankwa; tepana ~ sharp edge kemah teppanna; senkwi sharp-edged kemappeh side of waiki(ten); kemaka ~ kemahka ~ sharp point(ed) tetsimmuka kematu 264 Newe Hupia sideways sikki, senkwippu(n), waikippu(n) sky husband tukunkuha silver money aisemmunih sky sickness (epilepsy) tukumpiwaa silverish aisempihte(n) [aisen-] sky wife tukunkwee similar to ni(sen) [-nni] slanted sikki similar to each other na’wa’i Slanted Mountain Sikkikate(n) [na’wa’iten] slap matakki ~ mattakki; wettekwah simpleminded person aimeattsi ~ [weppa’ih pl] ai’meattsi slap around matakihka since way back in time apai mannaise(n sleep eppeih [ekkoih pl] ~ apai mannise(n) slice weppahkah [weppako’i(n) ~ sinew tammu weppako’ai(n) pl] sing hupianai, nitto’i(n), tenitto’ih, slice up/open wettsiyu’i tenippuiyih slingshot sanakkoo aiti sing for nitto’inka(n), tenitto’inka(n) ~ slip on slippery surface takkwitihku tenitto’inke(n) slow(ly) upitaa(nku) singe waiti small teaite(n) ~ teite(n) [teteaitee(n) pl]; singer hupiakante(n) teiku single mother kuhawatte(n) small amount heite(n), mapaitettsi Sioux Pampittsimminna small boy tuineppe [pihianneweh dl, pihi- sissy piapeh annee(n) pl] sister (man’s) samuppe ~ samappe small lone hill in valley po’a katenoa sister (older) patsi small reddish duck sokopehye(n) sister (younger) nammi small sunflower with gray-green leaves sister-in-law of man pahampia kusiakke(n) sister-in-law of woman atantohi small yellow bird ohahuittsuu sisters (relationship) nana nammineweh smaller than ina; tukka(n) [tukkai, sit katekka(n) [yekwikka(n) pl] tukkanku, tukkantu(n) tukkante(n)] sit around katettai(n) smallest teaiwoppih sit down kate” [yekwi” pl] smart natia suante(n) sit on top of pikkenah smart aleck nasu’yekwite(n) sit still kateppui; yuun kate” smash wekkitsa’a sitting in a row nanappaiyekwi smash by sitting on pikkitsa’a six naahpaihte(n) [naahpai-] smash with foot tahiipa; takkitsa’ah; six hundred naahpai pia seemaahte(n) takkintsai” ~ takkintsaih; tattahkinah sixteen seemayenten naahpaihtemman smash with hand makitsa’a to’inkanna smash with pointed instrument sixty naahpaimaahte(n) [naahpaimaah-, tsikkitsa’a naahpaimaayente(n)] smell ekwi”; kwana” size paika(nten) ~ pika(nten) smell (for breath to) kekkwanah sizzle kusaakakakai”, kuppeittseittseiki(n) smell rancid ta’oon kwana” 1skin po’a(n) smell rotten pisikkwanah 2skin tsakkwai’a smile yahnaisuah, yahnaisuante(n), skinny pasampeh, tekipettsi mu’yahnaisuah skinny one pasampettsi smoke kwiippeh skunk pohni’attsih smoke oneself nawaiti skunk cabbage wantapasa smoke tobacco pahu’i sky tukumpeh ~ tukumpi(n) ~ smokey colored aikkwimpihte(n) tukumpana(n) [tukun-] [aikkwin-] English to Shoshoni 265 smolder kukkwiikkih, kwiiweneh someone’s hakka(n); ta(n) smooth seeppaite(n) something himpeh; noohii(n) [noohinna smudge waiti obj]; hii(n) ~ hinni [hinna obj, hinna(n) smudge oneself nawaiti poss]; ta [ta(n) poss] snake tokoa something there sukkuhte(n) Snake Eaters Tokoa Tekka’a sometime himpai, noohimpai Snake Knife (name) Tokoa Wiittsi sometimes nanakkapa(n); u’ukapa (taka) snakeweed kwitawoyampeh someway noohakanni(kku) snap at kennaawai somewhere himpai, noohimpaika; sneak up on mahoi(n) noohakka; noohakattu(n); haka’ana, sneeze akwisi” hakappu(n); a’ate(n), a’ayente(n) sniff (around) ekkwikki(n) son tua” [tutua(neen) ~ tutuattsinee(n) ~ snort out mosotto’ih tuannee(n) pl] snot mupisippeh son-in-law munappe snow takkapi(n) [takka]; takkatuah, song hupia ~ nahupia takkaweai” song of nahupia snowbird takkahuittsuu Song Woman Hupia Waimpe so kwa’i; tsaa(n) sop up (gravy, soap) tottsakwakkiyu so be it ha tukuh sorcerer teitseppuha 1soak patekkih; patsawenneh(kan) sore e’attsih 2soak patsawennenka(n) ~ sore throat kuittseh kammanna patsawennenka(n) soreness kammahpuinna sock tappiha(a) ~ tappihyaa sorrowful nanatetteha(n) soft yuun [~ yoo- song form]; sorrowfully nanatettehase(n) yontsoka(nten) soul mukua(pin) soften beating on weso’ih sound nankah, nisua”, nananka”; tenisua” soften pulling on tsaso’ih sound like nanankasuanka(n) ~ soil sokoppeh nanankasuanke(n) sold natemakappeh soup saappeh sole of foot tappana south yu’ainankuhte(n) some he’eh(ten; himpeh; noo; sesema; Southern Paiute Paiyuttsi ~ Payuttsi hii(n) ~ hinni [hinna obj, hinna(n) poss]’ southward yu’aippaitu(n) some kind hakaitte(n), noohakaitte(n) sow maseanka(n) ~ maseanke(n); some of mante(n) temaseanka(n) ~ temaseanke(n); some of it or that umante(n), sumante(n) tepaiti” some of this imante(n), simante(n) sparkle patasikaih some(times) sesewekka ~ semekka sparrow huittsuu somebody hakate(n) [hakkai” ~ hakki” speak taikwa” [niweneh pl], ninnaah obj]; noohakate(n) [noohakkai obj]; ta speak English taipo taikwa” [ta(n) poss] speak Shoshoni newe taikwa”, sosoni somebody’s hakka(n); ta(n) taikwa” somehow hakai, noohakai; hakanni; speak tenderly or kindly to nittehai noohakanni(kku) speak to taikwanka(n) somehow weird hakaitte(n), speak with nimma’i(kki) noohakaitte(n); noohakanni(kku) speaker taikwawoppih someone hakate(n) [hakkai” ~ hakki” obj]; speech taikwa(nna), yekwippeh noohakate(n) [noohakkai obj]; ta [ta(n) speech sound te’ampai poss] spend the night tehapi [tekwapi pl] 266 Newe Hupia spend the winter tommoh(ka) spread out with something pointed sperm noittsi’ippeh, noittso’i(ppeh), tsippatah [tsippati’ih pl] takka(n) 1spring patetsoppih ~ patetsoppeh sphere poono ~ pono, takapoo 2spring tahma, tahmani spherical punnunkaite(n), ponopihte(n) Spring Creek Puhi Paa Hunupi(n) spider wankasu’attsih spring forth paatua(mpite) spill wehtiah ~ wettiah, mawehtiah, spring water patetsoppih ~ patetsoppeh neettiah, towehtiah sprinkle weppatekkih spin puinuinuh sprinkle around tsahuyuyu(ki) spin around punuhaki, sprout leaves sekituah kuppunnunnukki(n), neeppuinuinuh; spruce wonkopi(n) wepuinuinuh, tsappuinuinuh, spurt huittsi tappuinuinuh sputter in a fire kuppeittseittseiki(n) spine kwahaintsuhni spy on watsippuih spinal cord kwahain kupisi spy on (song word) pui’awatsi spirit mukua(pin), namukua squirrel (ground) tsippih spirit (being) ene’e squirrel (golden mantled) tsikih spiritual medicine puha squirt noittsi’i 1spit hettsippeh; tusippeh staff poto(n) 2spit tusi” stag aan kuha ~ aan kuhma spit out muto’ih stalk hoami’a ~ hoamahaih ~ huamahaih splash pakwittsu’ih; wooyompa (song form) stalker hoawoppih ~ huawoppih spleen haikwi stallion noyopunku split weppahkah [weppako’i(n) ~ stand (up) wene” [tsatsakki dl, weppako’ai(n) pl] topo’ih(kan) ~ tsattsakai ~ topihka pl] split into splinters wettsiyu’i stand around wenekki(n); tookka split open paikko’ah ~ paikoah [paiko’ih stand by itself on end (e.g., feather, pl] stick) namattsiwene split pieces teppako’aippeh stand of trees huuppi(n) [huu”-]; wene” spoken taikwappeh stand scattered about tetawenne spokesman taikwahni, taikwawoppih stand still wenekka(n); yuu wene spokesperson taikwawoppih, taikwahni stand up tawene; tawenenuki; tawe- sponge off patottsema, tottsema nenka(n) ~ tawenenke(n); tsiwenenka(n) sponge oneself off napatottsema, ~ tsiwennehka(n) natottsema star(s) tatsempi(n) ~ tatsinnompi(n) ~ spook makwiya’a tatsiyempi(n) spooky tso’a start teki(n) spoon kwininnompeh; sippunneh start a fire mawaihyanke(n) spread legs apart tasaa start to burn mawaihyanke(n) spread on wette’aika start to run kuhnai” spread out -patah [-pati’ih pl], neeppatah startle makwiya’a [neeppati’ih pl]; weppatah [weppati’ih startle with words nikkwiya’a pl]; weyaah; wekkatookka(n) 1starve pahotiyaih ~ pahutiyaih [wenkato(mpi) song form]; natekotah [pahoko’ih ~ pahunakoih pl] spread out by hand tsappatah 2starve tsippahunakoi [tsappati’ih pl] stash noote’aikah Spread Out Lava Rock Hill Oon stay naakka(n); katekka(n) [yekwikka(n) Natsippata pl], kateppui English to Shoshoni 267 stay around katettai(n) stop drinking keppeah stay around not being welcome stop the swelling paikwiwainkah tepiatekwi stop walking wenettekih [tsatsakkihtekih stay at home nokateh dl, topo’ihtekih pl/dl stay the night tehapi [tekwapi pl] 1store temeehkahni steal tetekkah 2store teki” [tahna” pl, tekih instr]; steam aikotooweneh, tekikka(n) [tahnakka(n) pl] aikotooweneh(pui)te(n) store owner temeehkahnikante(n) steel wiihimpeh storm weai”, weainna stepfather natsuku stormy weainna step on tattekih story natekwinappeh [nanatekwinappeh pl] 1stick huuppi(n) [huu”-] stove kottoonnompeh 2stick tona”; tsittekwah, tsittona; tosi’a; straight tokaittunnaa(n) tokwaittunnaa(n); tsekke’i tunnaa(n) stick arrow huuppaka(n) straight ahead tokaittunnaa(n) tokwait- stick in tonikah; tsinnehki ~ tsi’nika; tunnaa(n) tsiwehki straight up tukuppeh stick on matsappaki straightforward tokaittunnaa(n) stick to tsappahkih tokwaittunnaa(n) stick up behind (e.g., like a stinkbug) strange antapittseh; antappunte(n) piwonua [anta”, antappu(n)] stick up for ninnaah ~ ninnaha stranger antannewe, antapittseh stickily noitsai [nointsai song form] strangle tsakkwisinkah ~ tsakkwisinke(n) sticky sanakkante(n) ~ sanankante(n) straw hat saitetsoih sticky (as feet in mud) noitsai stream okwaite(n) still ekise(n); yuu(n) strength tsuhnippeh still (of water) pakatete(n) strengthen mapitsi’a stinger (e.g., of bee) wihupi(n) ~ wihyupi(n) strengthen with words nimmapitsi’a stinkbug pipusi stretch wettutai”; wettutua stir -kwintuih, -kwinuhi; wekkwintuih, stretch by pulling with hands tsattutai” tewekkwintuih; tsakkwinuhi, stretch oneself neettutua ~ neettutai” tsikkwinuhi, tsikkwintuih stretch out arms mattutua stocking tappiha(a) ~ tappihyaa stretch with the feet tattutai” stocky pottsa’ni (weneten) stretcher (e.g., fence stretcher) stocky-shaped pono’ihkante(n) teettutua stomach sappeh [sasappeh pl] 1string wisu stone tempi(n) [ten- ~ te”-] 2string tsakkenah [tsakkeni’ih pl], stoop over piwonua tetsakkenah stoop over with legs spread apart stringed instrument ta weyakainkanna ~ pittataah ta weyakainkenna 1stop wene” ~ wenettai(n) [tsatsakki dl, strip off tsakkwai’a, tsakkwaitu’ah topo’ih(kan) ~ tsattsakai ~ topihka pl]; stripe wooppihte(n) peattai(n) ~ peaittai(n) ~ puittai(n) striped wooppih ~ wookki 2stop makia(han); mawenenka(n) ~ strong natia(n), natianku; tsuhnippeh mawenenke(n); tsawenenka(n) ~ strong-arm matsuhinka(n) ~ tsawenenke(n) matsuhinke(n) ~ matsuhninka(n) stop breathing suakkwaiyah, strong-armed mattsuhnippeh suakkimmaah strong-handed tsattsuhnippeh 268 Newe Hupia strong-legged tattsuhnippeh swirl around pampunua strongly natianku swirling water pampunuaniite(n) study tepoohpui swollen paikwippeh stuff himpeh, oyonte(n) ~ oyontettsi swollen part or area paikwikante(n) stumble tattsannih syringe wihupi(n) ~ wihyupi(n) suck pitsih [pintsi song form] suck out mupitsi T sucker fish mukate suckle pitsih [pintsi song form], pittsi” table tipoh suffer kamma(n) ~ kammah; tail kwasi [kwasintsi song form] maneettsikkwa tail feather kwasi [kwasintsi song form] suffer from -pekka(n) take yaa” [hima” pl, -yaah comb], suffer from grief tettehampekka(n) yaakka(n) [himakka(n) pl]; hannih; suffering kammanna noo”; yunah sugar pihaa ~ pihnaa ~ pihyaa take (a person) paitse” sugar diabetes pihyatukku ~ pihatukku take aim aitiki(n); wapuih; yewampontsi summer tatsa take away yunahku(n) Summit Creek Koanta Paa take away from yaanka(n) ~ yaanke(n) sun tapai [himanka(n) himanke(n) pl] sun (ritually) appe take back noopite ~ nooppite sun (special name sometimes used in take care of mayekwi; mapitenka(n) ~ myths) tatapai mapitenke(n); manapuih ~ Sunday Nasanti” ~ Nasuntih ~ Taattsewin manapunnih; mapaiah; temapaiah; Nawookkah nokatenka(n) ~ nokatenke(n) sunflower akke(n) take care of for temapaianka(n) ~ supernatural power puha, napuha temapaianke(n) [puha] take care of oneself namanapuih(kan); supplicate nanittsawaih(kan) namapaiah; namayekwi supplicate (someone) for take for yaanka(n) ~ yaanke(n) nanittsawainka(n) ~ nanittsawainke(n) [himanka(n) himanke(n) pl] sure haa(‘a) take off kwaitu’a; tsakkwai’a; surely naketsa tsakkwaitu’ah surely not kai (kia) naketsa take off (e.g., pants, skirt) pikkwaitu’ah surround koappeh take off of feet takkwaitu’ah survive kwitsunaih take off with tools wekkwaitu’ah 1swallow yewe” take out tsatto’ih [tsakkea pl] 2swallow pasokompii taken care of temapaiappeh swat wekkumpahku 1talk taikwa” [niweneh pl]; ninnaah sweat takusippeh, takusito’ih 2talk taikwa(nna) sweaty takusito’ihtaippeh(ttsi) talk about nihannih [nimmeeh pl]; sweep wesunaih, teesunaih tenisua” sweet pihaa ~ pihnaa ~ pihyaa talk to taikwanka(n) sweet cicely pasokwai talk with nimma’i(kki) swell paikwi” talker taikwawoppih swim pahapi tall kepetaa(nten), kepetaa wenete(n), swimmer pahapite(n) kekkepetaa; piante(n) [pia comb, pipia, swing wainua” pipiante(n) pl]; piappehte(n) [pia, pipia swirl wekkwintuih, tewekkwintuih pl, pipiappete(n) pl] English to Shoshoni 269 tall grass whose seeds were harvested that (one) ote(n) [okka obj]; sote(n) sihu(n) ~ sihuh [sokka obj, sokka(n) poss] tall rye grass piasonippeh that (one out of sight) ute(n) [ukka obj, taller than ka’wi, makuppa(n) ukka(n) poss]; sute(n) [sukka obj, tap wettantaki sukka(n) poss] tapaderos on saddle tahippa that (which is said) semmai taste kamma(n) ~ kammah; temmaih that amount opaika(nten) ~ opika(nten), taste bitter muha kamman(na) sopaika(n) taste of onion muha kamman(na) that amount out of sight upaika(n) ~ taste rancid ta’oon kammanna upika(nten), supaika(n) taste rotten pisikkamman(na) that amount yonder apika(nten) ~ taste salty ohakamma(n) apaika(nten); sapaika(n) taste sour seken kamman(na) that is ma’i; kwa’i taste sweet pihyaa kamman(na) that kind oitte(n), soitte(n) Taylor Canyon NV Pia Pohopi Hunupi(n) that kind out of sight uitte(n), suitte(n) tea tiih [suittee(n) pl] teach teniwaah that kind yonder aitte(n), saitte(n) teacher teniwaate(n) that much opaika(nten) ~ opika(nten), teal duck sokopehye(n) sopaika(n) tear siwah ~ si’wah; tsasiwah that much out of sight upaika(n) ~ tear with mouth or teeth kesi’wah upika(nten), supaika(nten) tease nisummaa that much yonder apika(nten) ~ teenage girl naipi(n) [nai’yannee(n) pl] apaika(nten), sapaika(n) tell niikwi”; natemu’i ~ nateme’i; that not visible (is the) one use(n) te’ahwaih, te’ahwainka(n) ~ that (is the) one ose(n) te’ahwainke(n); ninnapunni ~ ninnapui; that place o’ana, so’ana nate’ahwaikka(n) that place out of sight u’ana, su’ana tell (how to) niyekwi [su’anahtu(n)] tell a lie isannai that place yonder a’ana, sa’ana tell a lie to isannainka(n) ~ isannainke(n) that time sopai; sapai; supai tell a story natekwina that time long ago apaise(n) tell a story to natekwinanka(n) ~ natek- that was it sunni taka winanke(n) that way onni, sonni tell each other nanatemu’i ~ nanateme’i that (particular) way suikkuh tell to natemu’inka(n) ~ natemu’inke(n) ~ that way out of sight unni, sunni nateme’inke(n) [sunnikku] tell to go away nimmawiih(tain) that way yonder anni, sanni ten seemaahte(n) [seemaah-, that yonder ate(n) [akka obj, akka(n) seemaayente(n)] poss]; sate(n) [sakka obj, sakka(n) poss] tendon tammu that yonder (is the) one ase(n) tent wanakahni that’s (that one’s) okka(n), sokka(n); tepee wanakahni akka(n); sakka(n); ukka(n), sukka(n) termite aantsi’i that’s all peai taka; usen taka terrible natia(n), teittse the best one tsaawoppih terribly natia(n), naketsa natia(n) the biggest one piawoppih testicle noyo the end (e.g., of a story) Kaan kwasi than tempah kwai’ahku! thank you Aise! (Aise!); aisem ma’i tsa’i The Point Tesi Koi 270 Newe Hupia the right time tokaintempai ~ thing himpeh tokwaintempai thing(s) hii(n) ~ hinni [hinna obj, hinna(n) the same as pikase(n) poss]; noohii(n) [noohinna obj]; their matee(n) oyonte(n) ~ oyontettsi their two matehe(n) think sua” [suan aux]; suwai; suyekwi, their own pemme(n), pemmese(n) tesuyekwi; suhannih their own (dl) pehe(n) think about suanka(n) ~ suanke(n); them matii summeeh(kan) themselves pemmese(n), pemmi think angrily tuhusuahka(n) themselves (dl) peweh(sen), pehi think deeply teesuah(tekih) then wihnu; sipai, saipai, sopai, sapai, think negatively of su’aipui supai think of suanka(n) ~ suanke(n); there okkuh ~ sokkuh summeeh(kan) there are -pa’i(n), -kante(n) think of oneself as nasuyekwi” ~ there is -pa’i(n), -kante(n) nasu’yekwi” there out of sight ukkuh(ten); sukkuh think through teesuah(tekih) [sukkuhte(n), sukkuhtu(n) sukkuhse(n)] think well about tsaa suanka(n) there somewhere ana, o’ana ~ so’ana think well of tsaasuanka(n) there somewhere out of sight u’ana ~ tsaasuanke(n); tsaa . . . sua” su’ana thinking suanna, suante(n) there somewhere yonder a’ana, sa’ana, thirst taku” a’akkuh thirteen seemayentem pahaittemman there yonder akkuh, sakkuh(te(n) to’inkanna thereabouts opi ~ sopi thirty pahaimaahte(n) [pahaimaah-, thereabouts out of sight upi, supi pahaimaayente(n)] [supitte(n)] this mate(n) [makka obj]; ite(n) [ikka obj, thereabouts yonder api, sapi ikka(n) poss]; site(n) [sikka obj, sikka(n) therefore kwa’i, ma’i poss] therein ukkuhte(n), sukkuhte(n) this (is the one) ise(n) these matee(n) [matii obj]; itee(n) [itii obj, this amount ipika(nten) ~ ipaika(nten), itee(n) poss]; sitee(n) [sitii obj, sitee(n) sipaika(n) poss] this amount near here aipaika(nten) ~ these near here aitee(n) [aitii obj, aipika(nten), saipaika(n); aipaika(n), aitee(n) poss]; saitee(n) [saitii obj, saipaika(n) saiteen poss] this kind iitte(n), sitte(n) these two mateweh [matehi obj]; iteweh this kind nearby aitte(n), saitte(n) [itehi obj, itehe(n) poss]; siteweh [sitehi this much ipaika(nten) ~ ipika(nten), obj, sitehe(n) poss] sipaika(n); aipaika(n), saipaika(n) these two near here aiteweh [aitehi obj, this much near here aipaika(nten) ~ aitehe(n) poss]; saiteweh [saitehi obj, aipika(nten) saitehe(n) poss] this near here aite(n) [aikka obj, aikka(n) they matee(n) poss]; saite(n) [saikka obj] they say mai [maiti] this near here (is the) one aise(n) they two mateweh [matehi obj] this one’s saikka(n) thick tenkwi; pohonte(n) ~ pohontante(n) this place i’ana, si’ana thicken tenkwito’ih; tsikkwintuihpui this place near here ai’ana ~ sai’ana thigh tohopi(n) this side ina; sainankuh [sainankuhten] thin pasampeh this time saipai English to Shoshoni 271 this time exactly sipai throw down or aside tsawiih [tsappaitih pl] this way ainni, sainni throw out towiihtain [toppaitihtain pl] this way right here inni, sinni thumb mattoko thorn aikopi(n) thunder toyakaite(n); toyakainnai those otee(n) [otii obj, otee(n) poss]; Thursday Wattsewin Nawookkah sotee(n) [sotii obj, sotee(n) poss] thus ma’i; kwa’i; mase(n) those out of sight utee(n) [utii obj, thus (something said) semmai utee(n) poss]; sutee(n) [sutii obj, tie -tamah [-tami’ih pl] sutee(n) poss] tie (up) tsattamah [tsattami’ih pl] those two oteweh [otehi obj, otehen tie in a bundle tsattempono’i poss]; soteweh [sotehi obj, sotehe(n) tie shoes tammuhkah poss] tie tight wettamah [wettami’ih pl] those two out of sight uteweh [utehi tied up natsattamappeh [natsattami’ippeh obj, utehe(n) poss]; suteweh [sutehi pl]; natsattamahkante(n) obj, sutehe(n) poss] tighten tsannehki those two yonder ateweh [atehi obj, till -yottah, weyottah, teeyottah atehe(n) poss]; sateweh [satehi obj, time pai [paite(n)] satehe(n) poss] timepiece tapai those yonder atee(n) [atii obj, atee(n) times past uttuse(n) poss]; satee(n) [satii obj, satee(n) poss] tiny teaitettsi though noo(n) tip katsu(n) thought(s) suanna tiptop ko’i thoughtless kaisuante(n) tired (be) wemmiha”, wemmihakkante(n); 1thread tenkwisippeh, tammu enuhi 2thread tsakkenah [tsakkeni’ih pl], to ka” [kai, kakku, kattu(n), katte(n), katti, tetsakkenah; tenkwisi; tsiweh(ki) kayente(n)]; nai [naiten]; mante(n) ~ three pahaitte(n) [pahai-] mantu(n) [ma(n)] Three Fork (on Duck Valley to (someone) waka(n) [wakante(n), Reservation) Te’akate(n) wakantu(n), wakayente(n)] three hundred pahai pia seemaahte(n) to a lesser degree tsappe’a(n) ~ throat kuittseh ~ kuittsih, toyo(n) tsappe’ase(n) through tu(n) (-ttun); mantu(n) [ma(n)] to him or her uwaka(nten), suwaka(n) through it or that umantu(n) [suwakanten] through that suttu(n); sumantu(n) to it or that umantu(n) through there suttu(n); pentu(n) to one side senkwippu(n) through this area ittu(n), sittu(n) to that umantu(n), sumantu(n) through wherever hakattu(n) tobacco pahu(n) through which pentu(n), penkahtu(n) today ekittsi, mai’ukka, tapaima throughout kapa(n); attu(n) toe taseki throw tahwi ~ tawi [tappaitih ~ paiti” pl]; toenail tasitoo(n) takkuhnai”; tepaiti” together nana” [nahma(ten) dl]; throw aside or away towiih [toppaitih pl] nanamma’ai ~ nanama’ai [nahma’ai dl] throw aside or down tawiih ~ tahwii toilet kwitakkahni [tappaitih ~ paiti” pl] told te’ahwaippeh, te’ahwainkappeh ~ throw away wiittai(n) ~ wiihtai(n) teahwainkeppeh [paitittai(n) pl]; tawiih(tain) [tappaitih(tain) tomorrow imaa ~ toppaitihtain pl]; tsawiihtai(n) tongue aiko(n) [tsappaitihtai(n) pl]; wekkuhnai” Tonopah, NV Tonampaa 272 Newe Hupia too tea(n) ~ tease(n); natia(n), naketsa trot poyokka natia(n) true tokai” ~ tokwai”; tukka(n), tooth tama(n) tukkukante(n) toothache taman kammanna truly tokainku ~ tokwainku, tokaise(n) ~ top of (hill or mountain) ana tokwaise(n) torment nasuntsaa truthful tokaise(n) ~ tokwaise(n) tormented nasuntsaappeh truthfully tokainku ~ tokwainku touch tsakkwaiha(n) try mapuih, matsu’ah touch with behind pittekih tuberculosis pasattukku touch with feet tattekih Tuesday Wahan Nawookkah touch with nose mutekih tule sai ~ saippeh toward mante(n) ~ mantu(n) [ma(n)]; tule blackbird saipakantsukkih nanku ~ nankwa; ka” [kai, kakku, tule hat saitetsoih kattu(n), katte(n), katti, kayente(n)] turkey tokkih toward (someone) waka(n) [wakante(n), turkey vulture waikkumpittseh wakantu(n), wakayente(n)] turn metekki toward him or her uwaka(nten), turn a wrench wekkwinuhi suwaka(n) [suwakanten] turn around kwinuhi; tsakkwinuhi toward it umantu(n), sumantu(n) turn inside out tsammito’ih toward that umantu(n), sumantu(n) turn inside out with something pointed toward the east tapaito’ippaitu(n) tsimmito’ih toward the mountains toyapaitu(n) turn into tuah toward the north kwinahaippaitu(n) turn key in lock wekkwinuhi toward the south yu’aippaitu(n) turn loose tsattoyah(tain) toward the west tapaiyuappaitu(n) turn over on face mukwantuah track (down) nayaa, nampuih, turn over with foot tammetekki yewampontsi turn over with hand tsammetekki trade nappihtuh ~ napittuh turn over with something sharp or trail po’i” pointed tsimmetekki trample in tannehki turn pale aato’ih transparent papumpihte(n) [papun] turned pale aato’ihtaippeh 1trap hea”; kwisinka(n) ~ kwisinke(n) Tuscarora, NV Tosa Konoki 2trap wampu, wana twelve seemayente wahattemman trap fish painkwihea to’inkanna trap with words nikkwisinka(n) ~ twenty wahamaahte(n) [wahamaah-, nikkwisinke(n) wahamaayente(n)] trash teetto’ippeh ~ teetto’ihtaippeh Twenty-Five Mile Station Penka Tan travel nemi [yeyenkah dl, yenka ~ Tapaitekka’inna nayekwin pl]; yeme” twin taka travel around neminemmi; nukkikki(nna) twin(s) wawaha [wawahaneweh dl, treat manapuih ~ manapunnih; puhanai; wawahanee(n) pl] nattahsu’a twirl around pampunua treatment napuhakante(n) twist tsakkwintsunah [tsakkwintsuni’ih tree huuppi(n) [huu”-]; sennapi(n); pl] huukwitsappeh twist around kwinuhi 1trick isa(n), two wahatte(n) [waha-] 2trick isannainka(n) ~ isannainke(n), two bits tupittsih itsapaikkah two hundred waha pia seemaahte(n) English to Shoshoni 273

U very few he’ehtettsi very good tepitsi tsaa(n) ugly atsa napuite(n) ~ atsa napunnite(n); very much tukkumpai kaitsaan napuite(n) violin ta weyakainkanna ~ ta umbilical cord siku weyakainkenna unable to kai . . . -wa’i visible napuippeh unable to breathe suakkwaiyah visit wakapite uncertain hakanni kia noo(n) voice natempai uncertain about kwa’i kia vomit wetto’ih; wetto’ippeh uncertainly sampai noo(n) vomit vigorously repeatedly uncle ata, haih wehuitsittsiki(n) unclean tottsappeh ~ tuttsappeh vomit violently wehuittsi under tukka(n) [tukkai, tukkanku, vulva ta’i” tukkantu(n) tukkante(n)] under it matukka(n), utukka(n) under that utukka(n), sutukka(n) W under this matukka(n) wade pato’ih ~ patu’ih; nampatu’ih under which pentukka(n) wager tepaha; natepahappeh underarm ahnatukka wagon wopi(n) understand sumpana’ihki(n), waist pittsoka nankasumpana’i, nankasumpaatu(n/h) wait for wesumpana’ih unpleasant teittse wake up tepuih, nittepui up panai; pa’a(n) [pa’ai, pa’anku, walk mi’ah ~ miah [mimi’ah dl] pa’antu(n), pa’ante(n)] walk along miannooh, mi’aki(n) upright wene” [tsatsakki dl; topo’ih(kan), walk in ritual procession praying tsattsakai, topihka pl] before round dance natayaa upwards panai, panippu(n) walk in single file one behind the other urinal siiawo woyoah(ka) urinate sii” [sisiiwen pl distrib] walk on tattekih urinate all over or frequently si’si’we(n) walk stooped over tu’ummi’akki(n) ~ sisiiwe(n) walk wiggling the behind piyuppuki(n) urine siippeh walk with a cane natsittoo us (excl) nemmi walk with head bobbing up and down us (incl) tammi ~ tai winnooki(n) ~ wi’nooki(n) us two (excl) nehi wander nemi [yeyenkah dl, yenka ~ us two (incl) tahi nayekwin pl]; yeme” use hannih, mee” ~ mehe(n) wander around neminemmi used nahappeh want suwai, sua” [suan aux] used to noha (kwa’i) war dance tan tase’yekwinna uterus no’ipeh war song tase’yekwi hupia warm (be) yu’aih V warm up yu’ainka(n) ~ yu’ainke(n); vagina ta’i” kuyu’ainka(n) ~ kuyu’ainke(n) value ninnakkih ~ ninnahki” warn against ninnatawi’i(n) vein(s) paikwakkwapih ~ peekkwakwapih warrior hoakkante(n) ~ huakkante(n), venereal disease tempahai hoawoppih ~ huawoppih very kettaa(n), kettaanku; natia(n); wash koitsoih ~ koitsohi tepi(tsi); haiya wash oneself nakoitsoih ~ nakuitsoih 274 Newe Hupia washed koitsoippeh well-worn footpath tetappo’ihapinkappeh wasp paina(n) ~ tetappo’ihapinkeppeh 1watch iya’ih, puikka(n) wellness tsaayunna 2watch tapai west tapaiyuanankuhte(n) watch (as entertainment) tempuih(kan) westward tapaiyuappaitu(n) watch closely puihtamah ~ puitamah 1wet patso’ippeh Watch out! eenee 2wet patekkih, weppatekkih watch over iya’ihka(n) wet oneself neemapatekki(n), watch secretly watsippuih neeppatekki(n) 1water paa [pa- comb, pappa distrib] what hii(n) ~ hinni [hinna obj, hinna(n) 2water hipinka(n) ~ hipinke(n), pamaka poss]; hakai water baby (mythological being) pa’ohaa what is said semmai Water Baby’s Bed Pa’ohaa’an Kappai what kind of hakaitte(n) water basket osa ~ pa’osa what time hakapai, heettenka water bottle osa ~ pa’osa what way hakanni water hemlock hattai whatever noohii(n) [noohinna obj]; water jug osa ~ pa’osa noohakai; nanah hinna water snake patokoa whatever kind hakaitte(n), noohakaitte(n) water spider (that runs on top of whatever time hakapai water) pasu’attsih whatever way hakannikku, water willow paseepi(n) noohakanni(kku) water willow stand or place when himpai; pempai; ukka paseeweyaa whenever noohimpai watermelon paatekkappeh where haka’ana, hakattu(n), hakakka waterworn cobblestone patsittempi(n) where (rel) pempa’a(n), penka watery foam pasaattointsi [penkayente(n)] wave in the wind (as grass) yommannai where from hakannai way hakannikku where to hakappu(n) way (this/that) ni(sen) [-nni]; pu(n) ~ puhni wherever haka’ana, noohakattu(n), way back then aattuse(n), a’akkuse(n) noohakka, noohimpaika ways pakku which direction hakannanku we (excl) nemme(n) which side hakannanku we (incl) tamme(n) while noo(n) we two (excl) neweh whip wettekwah [weppa’ih pl] we two (incl) taweh whirlpool pampunuaniite(n) weak yu’ito’ihtaippeh whirlwind wettso’appeh weaken yu’ito’ih whiskers motso(n) weakened yu’ito’ihtaippeh whiskey ontempaa wear on the head tsoyaah white tosapihte(n) [tosa”-] wear out wihtuha ~ wituha white (person) taipo wear out (shoes) tawituha white chalky clay aipi(n) weasel papitsii White Gate (on the Duck Valley weave kwisi” Indian Reservation) Tosan weaving wanappeh Natsattawih web wana White Knife Shoshoni Tosawihi(n) Wednesday Pahain Nawookkah White Wolf (= Jesus Christ) Tosa Isa well tsaanku, tsaa(n), well maaikkuh whitish aapihte(n) [aa-] well-to-do tsaannaahkante(n) whitish gray aipuipihte(n) [aipui”-] English to Shoshoni 275 who hakate(n) [hakkai” ~ hakki” obj] wing kasa whoever hakate(n) [hakkai” ~ hakki” obj]; winnings kwakkuhuppeh ~ noohakate(n) [noohakkai obj] kwakkwahappeh whoever else noohihiintsinee(n) winnow mayunaih, wettenta’ni, whoever’s hakka(n) weyannai, wettai(ni) whole ooyoku(sen) ~ oyoku(sen) ~ winnowing tray or basket yantu(n) ooyote(sen) winter tommo; tommoh(ka) whom hakkai” ~ hakki” winter house tookkahnih whomever hakkai” ~ hakki” wipe off patottsema, tottsema whose hakka(n) wipe oneself off natottsema 1why hakanni, hakanniyun(ten) ~ with (accompaniment) ma’ai ~ mai ~ hakanniu(ten) ma’i [ma’aihku, ma’aise(n)] 2why sunni [sunnikku, sunniunte(n); with (instrument) ma” ~ ma(n) susunni pl] [mante(n), manku] wide piawaikite(n) with (someone) waka(n) [wakante(n), wide area piawaiku wakantu(n), wakayente(n)] widow kuhatiyainkappeh, tem- with back, behind, or butt pi”- atiyainkappeh with cold se”- widower kwehetiyainkappeh, with each other namante(n) tematiyainkappeh [namantu(n)]; na’ma’ai; nanamma’ai wife kwehe” ~ kwee” [nahma(ten) dl] wiggle yuppu with face mu- ~ mo- wild iyampeh with feet ta”- wild carrot yampa, payampa with fire ku”- wild iris tosittoya with fist or hand violently to”- wild onion kenka with hand ma- wild parsnip haappai with hand grasping tsa”- wild rice piatetsii with hard or rock-like object ta”- wild rose blossom tsi’atontsia with head tso”- wild rose hip tsi’ampih with heat ku”- wild rosebush tsi’api(n) with long instrument we”- wild rye waata with mind sun- wild tobacco newe pahu(n) with mouth or teeth ke”- wildcat tukkupittseh with nose mu- ~ mo- wilderness tepoo(n) with sharp or pointed instrument tsi”- will (future tense) to’ih with that (instrument) sama(n), ama(n), Willis Meadows, NV Nakaha uma(n); suma(n) ~ summa(n) Payuppuka [sumanku, sumayente(n)] willow sehepi(n) ~ seepi(n); sakappi(n) ~ with that (person) sama’ai, ama’ai, wakappi(n) suma’ai, uma’ai willow shoots patewintsi with the night tukama(n) willow stand or place seeweyaa with this (instrument) sima(n) ~ wilt takwittsih simma(n), saima(n), aima(n) win kwakkuhu(n) ~ kwakkwaha(n) with this (person) sima’ai 1wind neaippeh ~ neaippi(n) ~ neaite(n) with which pemma” ~ pemma(n) 2wind tsakkwinuhi; wekkwintsunah with whom pemma’ai [wekkwintsuni’ih pl] with words ni”- window panapui within kuppa(n) 276 Newe Hupia wolf isa ~ pia isa Y woman wa’ippe yank out tsakkwai’a woman who has children tutuanaite(n) ~ yarrow patontsia tutuammi’ate(n) year tommo woman’s name Kiiki yellow ohappihte(n) [oha”-] womb no’ipeh Yellow Huni (north of Duck Valley wonder kia ~ ki’a Reservation) Waiki Hunupi(n) wonder about sampai noo(n), yellow jacket paina(n) nankasuanka(n) ~ nankasuanke(n) yes haa(‘a) wonderful nanasuwekai(n) yes/no question particle ha wood huuppi(n) [huu”-] yesterday kentu(n) woodchuck yaha(n) you e(n) ~ enne [emmi ~ e(n) obj] wooded place (end of) huummutsi you all memme(n) ~ mee(n) [memmi obj] woodpecker putumpittsi ~ kuttumpittseh; you all’s memme(n) ~ mee(n) wopin tottontaki; wampuni; woppimpono you two meweh [mehi obj] Woods End, NV huummutsi you two’s mehe(n) woodtick mittaa ~ mitteha young eke words taikwa(nna) young (of animal) tuintsi work teteai, wookkapi(n) young (poetic) tuantsi work for wages wookkah young daughter (prepuberty) paiteppe worker teteaiwoppih, wookkawoppih young lady naipi(n) [nai’yannee(n) pl] workhorse teeyaahpunku Young Ladies’ Rock Peak Nai’yan Tekkoi worm wo’api(n) young man tuintsi, tuittsi(ttsi) worn out neewihtuhappeh [tuittsianee(n) pl]; tuipittsi worthless nanahteppeh [tuipittsi’anee(n) ~ tuttuipittsi’anee(n) pl wound e’attsih young person ekepittseh [ekepittsehnee pl] wrap in a bundle wekkwantupi young son tuappe wrap up tsattono’ih, tsakkwantupi younger brother tami wreck wekkih ~ wikkah ~ wikkih, younger sister nammi wekkisinah youngest (of offspring) nakaha wrestle nakwehe your e(n) ~ emme(n) ~ enne(n) wrist mawintsa, mattsinko’no your two mehe(n) write pooh, tepooh your two selves mehese(n) write on rocks tempimpooh your (you all’s) mee(n) ~ memme(n) write Shoshoni newe tepooh yourself ese(n) ~ eese(n), emmese(n) write with finger tsippooh yourselves memmese(n) writer tepoowoppih youth ekepittseh [ekepittsehnee pl]; tuintsi writing napooppeh writing instrument tepoonnompeh written tepooppeh Z wrong kaikkaitsaa(n) wrong way antananku zenith tukuppeh