Topics in the History of Neuroscience

Home , History of neuroscience, Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, Neuroscientist, Vladimir Bekhterev

4 January 2016 1

PSYO/NESC 4587 [Dalhousie University, Faculty of Science]

HSTC 4301.03 [King's College History of Science and Technology]

Winter (Jan-April) 2016

Tuesdays & Thursdays 4:00-5:30 pm Room = Dunn 221C CHANGE

Professor: Richard E. Brown E-mail: [email protected] LSC Room # 3335 Office hours: Tuesday and Thursday 2:00-4:00 PM or by appointment

Course website on BBLEARN (OWL). Contact Jackie Benedict [[email protected]]

This course examines the history of the attempts to find the neurobiological basis for human thought and behaviour. This will involve the examination of the theories, methods and experimental data, which have attempted to link neural activity with thought and behaviour. Historical documents and web-based resources will be used to examine original sources.

Assignments. The course will consist of lectures by the professor and student presentations. Students will be expected to do the readings each week and write 3 short reports throughout the term (10 marks each), which will be presented to the class. Students will also present 3 long papers to the class as Power point presentations (3 x 20 marks) and participate in class discussions (10 marks). The final "term paper" will be an essay or website created by each student on one aspect of the history of Neuroscience (50 marks).

Grades. Three short reports @10 marks each = 30 Three presentations @20 marks each = 60 Class discussion participation = 10 Website/Term paper = 50 For a total grade out of 150 marks.

Grades are assessed on the Faculty of Science scale: 80%; 85%; 90% = A-, A, A+ 70%; 73%; 77% = B-, B, B+ 55%; 60%; 65% = C-, C, C+ 50% = D Below 50% = F.

4 January 2016 2 Background readings in Neuroscience.

Because some students in the History of Science program may not have a background in neuroscience, the following background reading will be useful.

Two small booklets introducing Neuroscience.

Brain Facts: a primer on the brain and nervous system. Published by the Society for Neuroscience. 96 pages. Available on-line. [http://www.brainfacts.org/book]

Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain. Published by the British Neuroscience Association and the European Dana Alliance for the Brain. 60 pages. Download from the Internet.

Some introductory Neuroscience textbooks.

Bear, M.F., Connors, B.W., and Paradiso, A.P. 2016. Neuroscience: Exploring the brain. (4th edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott. This book is an excellent introduction to neuroscience.

Purves, D., Augustine, G.J., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W.C., LaMantia, A.-S. and White, L.E. 2012. Neuroscience, 5th edition. Sinauer Associates.

Diamond, M.C., Scheibel, A.B., and Elson, L.M. 1985. The human brain coloring book. New York. Barnes and Noble Books. A fun way to learn neuroanatomy.

Nolte, J. 2009. The human brain, Sixth edition. St. Louis, Mosby. An introduction to functional neuroanatomy. .

Some background references in the History of Neuroscience

Afifi, A.K. & Bergman, R.A. 1998. Functional neuroanatomy, New York: McGraw-Hill. The margins of this text are filled with historical facts about the origins of neuroanatomical structures and discoveries.

Brazier, M.A.B. 1988. A History of Neurophysiology in the 19th Century, New York: Raven Press.

Burrell, B. 2004. Postcards from the brain museum: The improbable search for meaning in the matter of famous minds. New York: Broadway books. (356 pages)

Clarke, E. and Dewhurst, K. 1972. An Illustrated History of Brain Function, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Clarke, E. and O'Malley, C.D. 1968. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Finger, S. 1994. The Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. New York: Oxford University Press. (462 pages).

Finger, S. 2000. Minds behind the brain: A history of the pioneers and their discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press. (364 pages)

4 January 2016 3 Glickstein, M. 2014. Neuroscience: A historical introduction. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Gross, C.G., 1998. Brain, Vision, Memory. Tales in the History of Neuroscience, Cambridge MA, MIT Press.

Marshall, L.H. & Magoun, H.W. 1998. Discoveries in the Human Brain, Totowa, Humana Press.

Martensen, R.L., 2004. The Brain Takes Shape. An Early History, New York: Oxford University Press.

Millon, T. 2004. Masters of the Mind. Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from Ancient Times to the New Millennium, Hoboken (NJ): Wiley.

Rose, F.C. and Bynum, W.F. 1982. Historical Aspects of the Neurosciences. A Festschrift for Macdonald Critchely. New York: Raven Press.

Sebastian, A. 2000. Dates in Medicine. A Chronological Record of Medical Progress Over Three Millennia, New York: Parthenon.

Shepherd, G.M., 1991. Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine, New York: Oxford University Press.

Shepherd, G.M. 2010. Creating modern neuroscience: The revolutionary 1950's. Oxford University Press.

Swanson, L.W. 2015. Neuroanatomical terminology: A lexicon of classical origins and historical foundations. Oxford University Press.

Squire, L. (editor). 1996-2014. The history of neuroscience in autobiography, 8 volumes. Published by the Society for Neuroscience. Each volume details the lives and discoveries of 14-16 eminent neuroscientists.

Swartz, B.E. and Goldenshon, E.S. 1998. Timeline of the history of EEG and associated fields, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 106:173-176. van Hemmen, J. L. & Sejnowski, T. 2006. 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience. Oxford University Press.

Wickins, A.P. 2015. A history of the brain: From stone age surgery to modern neuroscience. New York: Psychology Press. (389 pages).

What if you wanted to buy a book for this course? The top 3 would be:

1. Wickins, A.P. 2015. A history of the brain: From stone age surgery to modern neuroscience. New York: Psychology Press. (389 pages). This book seems to have been written for this course.

2. Finger, S. 2000. Minds behind the brain: A history of the pioneers and their discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press. (364 pages) Biographical chapters in the history of neuroscience.

3. Finger, S. 1994. The Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. New York: Oxford University Press. (462 pages). An encyclopedic history of neuroscience.

4 January 2016 4 Course outline 2016

Class 1. Tues. 5 January 2016. Course outline. Why study the History of Neuroscience? The vanishing history of Neuroscience. The History of Neuroscience in Milan, Italy.

Readings:

Brown, R.E. 2014. Why study the history of neuroscience? Unpublished MS. [unwritten!]

Brown R.E. 2014. The vanishing history of neuroscience. Unpublished MS. [unwritten!]

Oxford University History of Neuroscience [History of medical sciences] website [https://cslide.medsci.ox.ac.uk/]

1.1. Santoro, G., Wood, M.D., Merlo, L., Anastasi, G.P., Tomasello, F., Germanò, A. 2009. The anatomic location of the soul from the heart, through the brain, to the whole body, and beyond: A journey through western history, science and philosophy. Neurosurgery 65: 633–643.

1.2. Kandel, E.R. and Squire, L.R. 2000. Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science 290: 1113-1120.

1.3. Langmoen, IA and Apuzzo, MLJ. 2007. The brain on itself: Nobel laureates and the history of fundamental nervous system function. Neurosurgery 61, 891–908.

1.4. Kelenmann, H. and Wade, N. 2014. A short history of European neuroscience from the late 18th to the mid 20th century. 10 pages. FENS website: [www.FENS.org]

Class 2. Th. 7 Jan. 2016. The History of Neuroscience in Florence, Italy. Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Neuroscientist. A Leonardo Tour of Italy.

Original sources.

The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci by Jean Paul Richter (1883) http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/

Leonardo wrote backwards in Italian. His book on Human Anatomy was never published and all we have are the pages of figures and jottings that survived from his notebooks. Many of these have been translated and published. This is the first time that the Da Vinci notebooks have appeared on the Internet with all of the images in context. This electronic edition is based on the Project Gutenberg e- text, with extensive additional material.

Readings:

2.1. Del Maestro, R.F. 1998. Leonardo da Vinci: the search for the soul. Journal of Neurosurgery 89: 874–887.

2.2. Pevsner, J. 2002. Leonardo da Vinci’s contributions to neuroscience. Trends in Neurosciences 25: 217-220. 4 January 2016 5

2.3. Kemp, M. and Pagiavla, M. 2014. Inventory/The master's shelf. Culture: A quarterly journal of art and culture, issue 52 Celebration, pages 15-19.

2.4. Veltman. K. H. 1992. Leonardo da Vinci: Studies of the human body and principles of anatomy. Published in German as: Leonardo da Vinci Untersuchungen zum menschlichen Körper. In: Gepeinigt, begehrt, vergessen. Symbolik und Sozialbezug des Körpers im späten Mittelalter und in der fruhen Neuzeit, ed. Klaus Schreiner, Bad Homburg: Werner Reimers Stiftung, 1992, pp. 287-308. [from the internet]

2.5. Gross, C.G. 1997. Leonardo da Vinci on the brain and eye. The Neuroscientist, 3, 347-354.

Class 3. Tues. 12 Jan. 2016. Leonardo da Vinci. Student presentations.

Three students will be asked to present their papers each week (10 or 20 mark papers). See study questions for class 3.

Class 4. Th. 14 Jan. 2016. Neuroscience in the ancient world 1: The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks. Neuroscience in ancient India and China.

Original sources.

The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: Hieroglyphic Transliteration, Translation And Commentary V1 Hardcover – May 23, 2010 by James Henry Breasted (Editor) This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original.

The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries Hardcover – October 31, 2012 by Gonzalo M. Sanchez and Edmund S. Meltzer (Author)

This volume contains the original text, complete transcription into hieroglyphs, transliteration, English translation, philological apparatus and copiously illustrated medical commentaries for the 48 clinical cases of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, as well as extensive bibliographical resources, and a lucid introduction exploring the importance of the document, the history of previous scholarship, and distinctive aspects of the current edition. It offers an authoritative treatment of the Egyptian text, which clarifies the meaning of many passages from the papyrus and points the way to their correct medical interpretation.

The Edwin Smith Papyrus is the first comprehensive trauma treatise in the history of medicine. Not only is it the source of numerous anatomical and functional concepts of the nervous system, it is the basis for the development of modern objective clinical thinking, establishing the foundations of modern medicine more than a thousand years before Hippocrates.

The volume features an impressive array of medical material that reveals the precise conditions described by the ancient physician and explores the Egyptian contribution to modern diagnostics, clinical practice, and methodology. This publication sets the standard in the presentation of ancient medical documents. It also includes the previously unpublished translation of the papyrus by Edwin Smith himself. 4 January 2016 6 Readings:

4.1. Wilkins, R.H. 1964. Neurosurgical classic-XVII. Edwin Smith surgical papyrus. Journal of Neurosurgery, March 1964: 240–244.

4.2. Stiefel, M., Shaner, A., and Schaefer, S.D. 2006. The Edwin Smith papyrus: the birth of analytical thinking in medicine and otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 116: 182-188.

4.3. Hart, G.D. 1965. Asclepius, God of medicine. Canadian Medical Association Journal 92: 232- 236.

4.4. Debernardi, A., et al. 2010. Alcmaeon of Croton. Neurosurgery 66: 247-252.

4.5. Doty, R.W. 2007. Alkmaion's discovery that brain creates mind: a revolution in human knowledge comparable to that of Copernicus and of Darwin. Neuroscience 147: 561-568.

4.6. Crivellato, E. and Ribatti, D. 2007. Soul, mind, brain: Greek philosophy and the birth of neuroscience. Brain Research Bulletin 71: 327–336.

4.7. Demetrios J. Sahlas,D.J. 2001. Functional neuroanatomy in the Pre-Hippocratic Era: Observations from the Iliad of Homer. Neurosurgery 48: 1352-1357.

4.8. Hippocrates: On head wounds. Edited and translated by Maury Hanson, 1999. Berlin.

4.9. Martin, G. 2000. Was Hippocrates a beginner at trepanning and where did he learn? Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 7: 500-502. 4.10. Panourias, IG., Skiadas, PK, Sakas, DE, and Marketos, SG. 2005. Hippocrates: A pioneer in the treatment of head injuries. Neurosurgery, 57: 181-189.

4.11. Retief, FP and Cilliers, L. 2008. The nervous system in antiquity. South African Medical Journal 98(10): 768-772.

4.12. Subbarayappa, B.V. 2001. The roots of ancient medicine: An historical outline. J. Biosci. 26: 135- 144. Covers Egyptian, Greek, Arabic, Indian and Chinese medicine.

4.13. [India] Mishra S, Trikamji B, Singh S, Singh P, Nair R. 2013. Historical perspective of Indian neurology. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 16: 467-477.

4.14. [China] Hong, F.F. 2004. History of medicine in China. McGill Journal of Medicine 8: 79-84.

4.15. [China]. Han, J-S. 2008. Special issue entitled "Neuroscience in China". Cell Molec Neurobiol. 28: 1-155.

Class 5. Tues. 19 Jan. 2016. Neuroscience in the ancient world 2: Aristotle. Alexandria.

Readings: 5.1. Barnes, J. 1984. The complete works of Aristotle. Volume 1. Princeton University Press. 4 January 2016 7 5.2. Gross. C.G. 1995. Aristotle on the brain. The Neuroscientist 1: 245-250.

5.3. Clarke, E. and Stannard, J. 1963. Aristotle and the anatomy of the brain. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 18:130-48.

5.4. Crivellato, E. and Ribatti, D. 2007. A portrait of Aristotle as an anatomist: Historical article. Clinical Anatomy 20: 477–485.

5.5. Chapman PH. 2001. The Alexandrian Library: crucible of a renaissance. Neurosurgery 49: 1-13.

5.6. Serageldin I. 2013. Ancient Alexandria and the dawn of medical science. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2013: 395-404.

5.7. Acar F, Naderi S, Guvencer M, Türe U, Arda MN. 2005. Herophilus of Chalcedon: a pioneer in neuroscience. Neurosurgery 56: 861-867.

5.8. Wiltse LL and Pait TG. 1998. Herophilus of Alexandria (325-255 B. C.). The father of anatomy. Spine 23: 1904-1914.

BOOK: Heinrich Von Staden 1989. Herophilus: The art of medicine in early Alexandria. [King's College R126 H373 V66 2004]

Class 6. Th. 21 Jan. 2016. Neuroscience in the ancient world 3: Roman Empire and Galen. Byzantium.

6.1. Gross, C.G. 1998. Galen and the squealing pig. Neuroscientist 4: 216-221.

6.2. Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Ghabili K, Griessenauer CJ, Balch MW, Cuceu M. 2015. The Roman Empire legacy of Galen (129-200 AD). Childs Nerv Syst. 31(1): 1-5.

6.3. Riese, W. 1968. The structure of Galen's diagnostic reasoning. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 44: 778-791.

6.4. Totelin, L.M.V. 2012. And to end on a poetic note: Galen’s authorial strategies in the pharmacological books Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 43: 307–315.

6.5. Stavros J. Baloyannis. The Neurosciences in the Byzantine era http://www.encephalos.gr/pdf/49-1-04e.pdf

6.6. Missios S, Bekelis K, Roberts DW. 2014. Neurosurgery in the Byzantine Empire: the contributions of Paul of Aegina (625-690 AD). J Neurosurg. 120: 244-249.

6.7. Economou, NT and Lascaratos, J. 2005. The Byzantine physicians on epilepsy. J Hist Neurosci. 14: 346-352.

BOOK. Margaret Tallmadge May. 1968. Galen: On the usefulness of the parts of the body. 2 Volumes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 802 pages.

4 January 2016 8 BOOK. Duckworth, W.L.H. 1962. Galen: On anatomical procedures. The later books. Cambridge University Press, 279 pages.[Book IX ch 6 to book XV]

BOOK. Rocca, J. 2003. Galen on the brain. Leiden: Brill. 313 pages.

BOOK. Finger, S. 2000. Minds behind the brain. Oxford University Press. [Ch.4. Galen]

Class 7. Tues. 26 Jan. 2016. Surgical tools. Trephaning and early brain surgery. Medicinal plants.

Readings:

7.1. Bliquez LJ. 2015. The tools of Asclepius: Surgical instruments in Greek and roman times. Studies in Ancient Medicine 43: IX-XXXV, 1-439.

7.2. Bliquez LJ. 1982. Roman surgical instruments in the Johns Hopkins University Institute of the History of Medicine. Bull Hist Med. 56(2):195-217.

7.3. Bliquez LJ. 1982. The tools of Asclepius: The surgical gear of the Greeks and Romans. Veterinary Surgery 11: 150-156.

7.4. Anonymous. 1916. Primitive Trephining. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2900 (Jul. 29, 1916), pp. 150-151

7.5 West, J. F. 1879. Trephaning for traumatic epilepsy. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 987 (Nov. 29, 1879), pp. 865-866

7.6. Clower, W.T. and Finger, S. 2001. Discovering trepanation: The contribution of Paul Broca. Neurosurgery 49: 1417–1425.

7.7. Finger, S. and Clower, W.T. 2001. Victor Horsley on “Trephining in Pre-historic Times” Neurosurgery 48: 911–918.

7.8. Papagrigorakis, M.J., Toulas, P., Tsilivakos, M.G., Kousoulis, A.A., Skorda, D., Orfanidis, G., and Synodinos, P.N. 2014. Neurosurgery During the Bronze Age: A Skull Trepanation in 1900 BC Greece World Neurosurg. 81: 431-435.

7.9. Gross C G. 1989. A hole in the head. Neuroscientist 5: 263-269.

7.10. Tullo, E. 2010. Trepanation and Roman medicine: a comparison of osteoarchaeological remains, material culture and written texts. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 40: 165- 171.

7.11. Jamila, F. and Mostafa, E. 2014. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 154: 76-87.

7.12. Petrovska, BB. 2012. Historical review of medicinal plants' usage. Pharmacognosy Review 6(11): 1-5. 4 January 2016 9

Class 8. Th. 28 Jan. 2016. How the Arabs saved Greek neuroscience. The Arabs bring Greek neuroscience to Europe.

Readings:

8.1. Aciduman, A. et al. 2009. What does Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) say on head unjuries? Neurosurg. Rev. 32, 255-263.

8.2. Aciduman, A., Arda, B., Kahya, E., and Belen, D. 2010. The Royal Book by Haly Abbas From the 10th Century: One of the Earliest Illustrations of the Surgical Approach to Skull Fractures. Neurosurgery 67, 1466–1475.

8.3. Aciduman, A., Askit, C. and Belen, D. 2014. Medieval Times’ Influencing Figure Rhaze’s Approach to Head Injuries in Liber Almansoris. World Neurosurgery 82, 1325-1330.

8.4. Mohammed, W. M.Y. 2008. Arab and Muslim contributions to modern neuroscience. IBRO History of Neuroscience website. [http://www.ibro.info/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=3433]

8.5. Zargaran, A et al. 2012. Avicenna (980-1037 AD). J Neurol. 259, 389-390.

8.6. Russell, G.A. 2010. After Galen: late Antiquity and the Islamic world. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 95: 61-77. (3rd series). Edited by S. Finger and F. Boller, K.

BOOK: Freely, J. 2010. Aladdin’s lamp: How Greek science came to Europe through the Islamic world. New York; Vintage/Random House. 303 pages.

BOOK: Lindberg, D. 1992/2007. The beginnings of western science, second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 472 pages.

BOOK: Pormann, PE & Savage-Smith, E.2007. Medieval Islamic medicine. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. 223 pages.

4 January 2016 10 Class 9. Tues 2 Feb. 2016. Neuroscience in the Middle Ages: Paracelsus (1493- 1541 and Jean Fernel (1497 –1558).

A. Paracelsus.

9A.1. Borzelleca, JF. 2000. Paracelsus: Herald of modern toxicology. Toxicological Sciences 53, 2-4.

9A.2. Feder, G. 1993. Paradigm lost: A celebration of paracesus on his Quincentenary. Lancet, 341 [8857], 1396-1397.

BOOK: Stillman, J. S. 1920. Paracelsus: His personality and influence as physician, chemist and reformer. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. 184 pages [Dal: R147 P2 S8]

B. Fernel:

9B.1. Cameron, Malcolm H.V. 1953. Men and books: Jean Fernel. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 68, 393-396.

BOOK: Jean Fernel, John M. Forrester and John Henry. 1567. The "Physiologia" of Jean Fernel. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 93, No. 1 (2003), 1-601, 603-636. [This is an e-book which can be downloaded]

BOOK: Sherrington, Sir Charles. 1946. The Endeavour of Jean Fernel, with a list of the editions of his writings. Cambridge University Press. 223 pages. [Dal Killam R147 F36]

Class 10: Thurs. 4 Feb. 2016. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) and the new anatomy of the brain.

10.1. Benini A, Bonar SK. 1996. Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 21: 1388-1393.

10.2. McMurrich, JP. 1906. Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius: A review. Medical library and Historical Journal, 4, 338-350.

BOOK: Vesalius, Andreas. 1543. De Humani Corporis Fabrica. The book on-line at: http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/vlshum/index.html

BOOK: Saunders, J.B. deC M. & O'Malley, CD. 1973. The illustrations from the works of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, with annotations and translations, a discussion of the plates and their background, authorship and influence, and a biographical sketch of Vesalius. New York: Dover Publications. [King's Library QM25 V43 1973]

4 January 2016 11 Class 11: Tues. 9 Feb. 2016. The History of Neuroscience in Art and Illustration. [Class taught in Killam Library].

11.1. Baljet, B. 2000. The painted Amsterdam anatomy lessons: Anatomy performances in dissecting rooms? Annals of Anat. 182, 3-11

11.2. Cavalcanti, D.D., Feindel, W., Goodrich, J.T., Dagi, T.F., Prestigiacomo, C.J. and Preul, M.C. 2009. Anatomy, technology, art, and culture: toward a realistic perspective of the brain. Neurosurg Focus 27(3): E2, 1-22

11.3. Geranmayeh, F., and Ashkan, K. 2008. Mind on canvas: anatomy, signs and neurosurgery in art. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 22, 563 - 574.

11.4. Ginn, S.R. and Lorusso, L. 2008. Brain, Mind, and Body: Interactions with Art in Renaissance Italy. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 17, 295–313.

11.5. Gross, CG. 1999. 'Psychosurgery' in renaissance art. Trends in Neurosci., 22, 429-431.

11.6. Ijpma, F.F.A. et al. 2006. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt (1632): A comparison of the painting with a dissected left forearm of a Dutch male cadaver. J. Hand Surgery, 31A, 882-891.

11.7. Kruger, L. 2005. The scientific impact of Dr. N. Tulp, portrayed in Rembrandt's "Anatomy Lesson". J. Hist. Neurosci., 14, 85-92.

11.8. Suk, I. and Tamargo, RJ. 2010. Concealed neuroanatomy in Michelangelo's Separation of Light From Darkness in the Sistine chapel. Neurosurgery, 66, 851-861.

11.9. Aubert, G. 2002. From photography to cinematography; Recording movement and gait in a neurological context. J. Hist Neurosci. 11, 255-264.

11.10. Berkowitz, C. 2011. The Beauty of Anatomy: Visual Displays and Surgical Education in Early- Nineteenth-Century London. Bull. Hist. Med., 85, 248–278

11.11. Flis, N. 2012. Drawing, etching, and experiment in Christopher Wren's figure of the brain. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 37, 145-160.

11.12. Kemp, M. 2010. Style and non-style in anatomical illustration: From Renaissance Humanism to Henry Gray. J. Anat. 216, 192–208.

11.13. Riva, A., Conti G., Solinas, P. and Loy, F. 2010. The evolution of anatomical illustration and wax modelling in Italy from the 16th to early 19th centuries. J. Anat. 216, 209–222

11.14. Smith, SB. 2006. From Ars to Scientia: The Revolution of Anatomic Illustration. Clinical Anatomy 19, 382–388

4 January 2016 12

Class 12. Th. 11 Feb. 2016. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and the Philosophy of Neuroscience.

Rene Descartes 1596-1650 and neuroscience.

12.1. Berhouma, M. 2013. Beyond the pineal gland assumption: A neuroanatomical appraisal of dualism in Descartes’ philosophy. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 115, 1661– 1670.

12.2. Fishman, R.S. 2008. The Study of the Wonderful: The First Topographical Mapping of Vision in the Brain. Arch Ophthalmol. 126, 1767-1773

12.3. Lokhorst, G-J C and Kaitaro, TT. 2001. The originality of Descartes' theory about the pineal gland. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 10, 6-18.

12.4. Smith, CUM. 1998. Descartes’ Pineal Neuropsychology. Brain and Cognition, 36, 57-72.

12.5. ?? Rene Descartes and the birth of neuroscience. Chapter 1, pages 3-31 of an unknown book. on- line: https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/.../9780262572279_sch_0001.p...

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[Study break 13-21 February 2016.]

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4 January 2016 13 Class 13. Tuesday 23 Feb. 2016. Thomas Willis (1621-1675). Soul made flesh. Neuroscience in Europe between 1600 and 1700.

Thomas Willis (1621-1675).

13B.1. O'Connor, JPB. 2003. Thomas Willis and the background to Cerebri Anatome. J Royal Soc Med. 96, 139-143.

13B. 2. Meyer A, Hierons R. 1965. On Thomas Willis's concepts of neurophysiology. I. Med Hist. 9:1- 15.

13B.3. Meyer A, Hierons R. 1965. On Thomas Willis's concepts of neurophysiology. II. Med Hist. 9: 142-155.

13B.4. Molnar, Z. 2004. Thomas Willis (1621–1675), the founder of clinical neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, 329-335.

BOOK: Dewhurst, K. 1980. Thomas Willis's Oxford Lectures. Oxford: Sanford Publications 182 pages. [UCCB R128.7 W55 1980]

BOOK: Willis, T. 1664/1964. The anatomy of the brain and nerves, edited by William Feindel. Montreal: McGill University Press, 2 Vols. [Dal Killam Library QM451 W713 1965 2 volumes]

BOOK: Zimmer, Carl. 2004. Soul made flesh: Thomas Willis, the English Civil War and the mapping of the Mind. London: Heinemann, 367 pages.

Class 14. Thurs. 25 Feb. 2016. Brain Museums. Models and Anatomical displays. [Class taught in Anatomy Museum, 14th floor, Tupper Building]

Student reports. Importance of anatomy museums/brain museums. Neuroscience from 1750-1850.

Study questions. See separate pages.

14.1. Ballestriero, R. 2010. Anatomical models and wax Venuses: art masterpieces or scientific craft works? J. Anat. 216, 223–234.

14.2. Berkowitz, C. 2011. The Beauty of Anatomy: Visual Displays and Surgical Education in Early- Nineteenth-Century London. Bull. Hist. Med., 85, 248–278

14.3. Cooke, R. A. 2010. A moulage museum is not just a museum: Wax models as teaching instruments. Virchows Arch., 457, 513-520.

14.4. Maraldi, N.M. et al., 2000. Anatomical waxwork modeling: The history of the Bologna Anatomy Museum. The Anatomical Record, (New Anatomy) 261, 5-10. 4 January 2016 14

14.5. [same as 11.2] Riva, A., Conti G., Solinas, P. and Loy, F. 2010. The evolution of anatomical illustration and wax modelling in Italy from the 16th to early 19th centuries. J. Anat. 216, 209–222.

Dissection

10.9. Moon, K., Filis, AK, Cohen, AR. 2010. The Birth and Evolution of Neuroscience Through Cadaveric Dissection. Neurosurgery 67: 799-810.

10.10. Stelmackowich, C. 2012. The instructive corpse: Dissection, anatomical specimens, and illustration in early nineteenth-century medical education. Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science, 6, 50-64.

Class 15. Tuesday 1 March 2016. Electricity and neuroscience; The founding of physiology 1750- 1850.

Readings:

15.1. Brazier, MA. 1963.The history of the electrical activity of the brain as a method for localizing sensory function. Med Hist. 7, 199-211.

15.2. Bresadola M. 2008. Animal electricity at the end of the eighteenth century: the many facets of a great scientific controversy. J Hist Neurosci. 17, 8-32.

15.3. Cajavilca C, Varon J, Sternbach GL. 2009. Luigi Galvani and the foundations of electrophysiology. Resuscitation. 80, 159-162.

15.4. Parent A. 2004. Giovanni Aldini: from animal electricity to human brain stimulation. Can J Neurol Sci. 31, 576-584.

15.5. Piccolino, M. 1997. Luigi Galvani and animal electricity: two centuries after the foundation of electrophysiology. Trends in Neuroscience 20: 443-448

15.6. Piccolino M. 1998. Animal electricity and the birth of electrophysiology: the legacy of Luigi Galvani. Brain Res Bull. 46, 381-407.

15.7. Stone JL. Hughes JR. 2013. Early history of electroencephalography and establishment of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. J Clin Neurophysol. 30, 28-44.

15.8. Verkhratsky A, Krishtal OA, Petersen OH. 2006. From Galvani to patch clamp: the development of electrophysiology. Pflugers Arch. 453, 233-247.

BOOK: Brazier, M.A.B., A History of the Electrical Activity of the Brain, London: Pitman, 1961.

4 January 2016 15 Class 16. Thurs. 3 March 2016. Phrenology and the search for localization of function in the cerebral cortex.

Readings: Phrenology

16.1. Brown JW and Chobor KL. 1992. Phrenological studies of aphasia before Broca: Broca's aphasia or Gall's aphasia? Brain Lang. 43, 475-486. [not on Dal e-journals]

16.1a. Kaitaro, T. 2001. Biological and epistemological models of localization in the nineteenth century: from Gall to Charcot. J Hist Neurosci. 10, 262-276.

16.2. Simpson D. 2005. Phrenology and the neurosciences: contributions of F. J. Gall and J. G. Spurzheim. ANZ J Surg. 75, 475-482.

Cortical Localization

16.3. Rose, FC. 2009. Cerebral localization in antiquity. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 18, 239-247.

16.4. Steinberg, DA. 2009. Cerebral localization in the nineteenth century: The birth of a science and its modern consequences. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 18, 254-261.

16.5. Zola-Morgan S. 1995. Localization of brain function: the legacy of Franz Joseph Gall (1758- 1828). Annu Rev Neurosci. 18: 359-383.

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Website: The History of Phrenology on the Web, By John van Wyhe. This website contains many electronic editions of books and papers on phrenology.

[Gordon, John], 'The Doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim.' Edinburgh Review, 25, June, 1815, pp. 227-268. One of the most important reviews ever published on phrenology.

[Jeffrey, Francis,] 'A System of Phrenology', Edinburgh Review, 44, Sept, 1826, pp. 253-318. An important review of phrenology. [html].

Lewes, George Henry, "Phrenology," from idem The Biographical History of Philosophy from its origins in Greece down to the present day. 1857. [uncorrected text].

Moscati, "Biographical Paper on the Character and Phrenological Organization of Dr. Spurzheim 'London Phrenological Society', Lancet, 1832. [uncorrected text].

Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar, The Anatomy of the Brain, with a General View of the Nervous System. 1826. [Preface & plates].

Walsh, A. A., (1984). Johann Christoph Spurzheim, in memoriam. History of Psychology, April. [pdf]

Walsh, A. A., (1970). Is phrenology foolish? A rejoinder. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 6, 358-361. [pdf]

Wyhe, John, van, 'Was phrenology a reform science? Towards a new generalization for phrenology?', History of Science, xlii, 2004, pp. 313-331.

+++++++++++++++++ 4 January 2016 16 Class 17. Tuesday 8 March 2016. Localization of function. Neuroscience between 1850 and 1900.

Study questions. See separate pages.

"Detecting the material substance of genius"

Postcards from the Brain Museum: measuring the brains of famous people: Does genius reside in anatomical details?

Famous brains

Gauss Lenin Einstein see book

4 January 2016 17 Class 18. Thurs. 10 March 2016. Golgi, Cajal and Sherrington: Nerve and Synapse

Readings:

General. 18.1. Bennett, M.R. 1999. The early history of the synapse: From Plato to Sherrington, Brain Research Bulletin, 50, 95-118.

18.2. De Carlos JA, Borrell J. 2007. A historical reflection of the contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience. Brain Res Rev. 55, 8-16.

18.3. Grant, G. 2007. How the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared between Golgi and Cajal. Brain Research Reviews, 55, 490-498.

Golgi. 18A.1. Bentivoglio, M. 2011. Golgi and modern neuroscience. Brain Research Reviews, 66, 1-4. [Introduction to the special issue on Golgi]

18A.2. Kruger L, Otis TS, Shtrahman M. 2011. Golgi in retrospect: a historiographic examination of contextual influence in tracing the constructs of neuronal organization. Brain Res Rev. 66, 68-74.

18A.3. Mazzarello P. 2011. The rise and fall of Golgi's school. Brain Res Rev. 66, 54-67.

18A.4. Pannese, E. 1999. The Golgi stain: Invention, diffusion and impact on neurosciences. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 8, 132–140.

Cajal. 18B.1. DeFelipe J. 2002. Sesquicentenary of the birthday of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the father of modern neuroscience. Trends in Neurosciences, 25, 481-484.

18B.2. Fairen, A. 2007. Cajal and Lorente de Nó on cortical interneurons: Coincidences and progress. Brain Research Reviews, 55, 430-444.

18B.3. Lopez-Munoz, F.L., Boya, J., and Alamoa, C. 2006. Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramon y Cajal. Brain Research Bulletin 70, 391–405

4 January 2016 18 Sherrington.

18C.1. Molnar, Z. and Brown, R.E. 2010. Insights into the life of Sir Charles Sherrington. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 429-436. Plus 6 Supplements.

18C.2. Fulton, JF. 1947. Sherrington's impact on neurophysiology, British medical Journal, 22 Nov. 1947, 807-810.

18C.3. Grunbaum, A.S.F. & Sherrington, C.S. 1901. Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of some of the higher apes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 69, 206-209.

18C.4. Grunbaum, A.S.F. & Sherrington, C.S. 1903. Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of the Anthropoid apes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 72, 152-155.

18C.5. Brown, TG and Sherrington, CS. 1911. Observations on the localisation in the motor cortex of the baboon ("Papio anubis") J. Physiol. 43, 209-218.

BOOK: Sherrington, C. S. 1906. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven

BOOK: Granit, R. 1966. Charles Scott Sherrington: An Appraisal. Nelson, London

BOOK: Eccles, J. C. & Gibson, W. C. 1979. Sherrington, His Life and Thought. Springer, Berlin.

4 January 2016 19

Class 19. Tues. 15 March 2016. What is the brain? Naming the brain. Brain chemistry Neurotransmitters. Neuroscience from 1850-1900.

Study questions. See separate pages.

19.1. Swanson, LW. 2000. What is the brain? Trends Neurosci. 23, 519–527.

19.2. López-Muñoz F, Alamo C. 2009. Historical evolution of the neurotransmission concept. J Neural Transm. 116(5), 515-533.

19.3. Todman, J. 2008. John Eccles (1903–1997) and the experiment that proved chemical synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 15, 972–977.

19.4. Valenstein ES. 2002. The discovery of chemical neurotransmitters. Brain and Cognition 49, 73–95.

BOOK: Valenstein ES. 2005. The War of the Soups and Sparks: The Discovery of Neurotransmitters and the Dispute over How Nerves Communicate. New York: Columbia University Press.

BOOK: Swanson, L.W. 2015. Neuroanatomical terminology: A lexicon of classical origins and historical foundations. Oxford University Press. 1051 pages!!

4 January 2016 20 Class 20. Thurs. 17 March 2016. Postcards from the Brain museum: The Darwinian revolution: Evolution, neuroscience and comparative brain mapping

Brain structure and mental ability.

Study questions. See separate pages.

20.1. Smulders, TV. 2009. The relevance of brain evolution for the biomedical sciences. Biol Letters, 5, 138-140.

20.2. Jacyna, S. 2009. The most important of all the organs: Darwin on the brain. Brain 132, 3481–3487.

20.3. Hofman, MA. 2014. Evolution of the human brain: when bigger is better. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 27 March 2014. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00015

Comparative brain mapping. 1. Cécile (1875–1962) and Oskar (1870–1959) Vogt.

20A.1. Bentivoglio, M. 1998. Cortical structure and mental skills: Oskar Vogt and the legacy of Lenin’s brain. Brain Research Bulletin, 47, 291–296.

20A.2. Haymaker, W. 1961. Obituarty Oskar Vogt: April 6,1870-July 31,1959. Arch Neurol. 4, 675- 684.

20A.3. van Gijn, J. 2003. The Vogts: Cécile (1875–1962) and Oskar (1870–1959) J Neurol 250, 1261– 1262.

BOOK: Igor Klatzo, I. 2002. Cécile and Oskar Vogt: The Visionaries of Modern Neuroscience. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,

Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918).

20B.1. Zilles, K. and Amunts, K. 2010. Centenary of Brodmann’s map — conception and fate. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 139-145.

20B.2. Garey, L (2002) History of Neuroscience: Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918), IBRO History of Neuroscience website [http://www.ibro.info/

20B.3. Miloš Judaš, M., Cepanec, M., and Sedmak, G. 2012. Brodmann's map of the cerebral cortex - or Brodmann's maps? Translational Neuroscience, 3, 67-74.

4 January 2016 21 Class 21. Tues 22 March 2016. Bekhterev, Sechenov, Pavlov and Konorski: conditioned reflexes. Russian neuroscience. [Vin LoLordo will give the lecture]

Readings:

Bechterev.

Lerner, V., Margolin, J, and Witztum, E. 2005. Vladimir Bekhterev: his life, his work and the mystery of his death. History of Psychiatry, 16(2): 217–227.

Sechenov,

Grigorievi, AI and Grigorian, NA. 2007. I.M. Sechenov: The Patriarch of Russian Physiology. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 16, 19–29.

Pavlov

Wood, JD. 2004. The first Nobel Prize for integrated systems physiology: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, 1904. Physiology, 19: 326-330.

Windholz, G. 1987. Pavlov as a psychologist: A reappraisal. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 22, 103-112.

Windholz, G. 1997. Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work. American Psychologist, 52, 941-946.

Konorski

Gross, GC. 2002. Genealogy of the “Grandmother Cell”. The Neuroscientist, 8(5), 512–518.

Konorski, J. 1974. Jerzy Konorski. In G. Lindzey (editor), A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volume VI, 185-217. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. [http://www.konorski.nencki.gov.pl/autobiography]

BOOK: R. A. Boakes (1984). From Darwin to Behaviourism. Pages 103-109 are good on Sechenov

Class 22. Thurs. 24 March 2016. History of the neural basis of learning and memory to 1949: Watson, Lashley, Skinner, and others.

Hubener, M. and Bonhoeffer, T. 2010. Searching for engrams. Neuron, 67, 363-373.

4 January 2016 22 Class 23. Tues. 29 March 2016. The neural-endocrine connection.

A lecture by Roger Guilleman on the History of Neuroendocrinology.

[https://webtv.univ-rouen.fr/videos/a-short-history-of-neuroendocrinology/[

Readings:

Arthur P. Arnold, AP. 2009. The organizational–activational hypothesis as the foundation for a unified theory of sexual differentiation of all mammalian tissues. Hormones and Behavior 55, 570–578

Brambilla, F. 2000. Psychoneurendocrinology: a science of the past or a new pathway for the future? European Journal of Pharmacology, 405, 341-349.

Charlton, H. 2008. Hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary function: a history. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20, 641-646. de Weid, D. 1997. The neuropeptide story. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 18, 101-113.

Hughes, AFW. 1977. A history of endocrinology. Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences, 32, 292-313.

Kreier, F. and Swaab, D.F. 2010. History of neuroendocrinology: “the spring of primitive existence”. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 95 (3rd series) History of Neurology, S. Finger, F. Boller, K.L. Tyler, S. Finger, F. Boller, K.L. Tyler (Editors) Elsevier B.V. pages ???

Wallen K. 2009. The Organizational Hypothesis: Reflections on the 50th anniversary of the publication of Phoenix, Goy, Gerall, and Young (1959). Horm Behav. 55, 561-565.

Watts, A. G. 2011. Structure and function in the conceptual development of mammalian neuroendocrinology between 1920 and 1965. Brain Research Reviews, 66, 174-204.

BOOK:

4 January 2016 23 Class 24. Thurs 31 March 2016. The limbic system and the emotions.

Readings:

Albano, C. 2008. The puzzle of human emotions: some historical considerations from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 50: 494–497.

Cannon, W. 1927. The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory. The American Journal of Psychology 39, 106–124.

Kluver H, Bucy PC. 1939. Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 42, 979-1000,

Lang, P J. 1994. The Varieties of Emotional Experience: A Meditation on James–Lange Theory. Psychological Review 101, 211–221.

LeDoux J. 2003. The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 23, 727-738.

MacLean PD. 1949. Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosom Med. 11: 338-353.

Roxo, MR, Franceschini, PR, Zubaran, C., Kleber, FD, and Sander, JW. 2011. The limbic system conception and its historical evolution. The ScientificWorld JOURNAL 11, 2427–2440.

4 January 2016 24 Class 25. Tuesday 5 April. The Hebbian Revolution; the influence of Hebb on neuroscience.

Readings:

Brown, R.E. and Milner, P.M. 2003. The legacy of Donald O. Hebb: more than the Hebb synapse. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 1013-1019.

Brown, R. E. 2007. The life and work of Donald Olding Hebb: Canada's greatest psychologist. The Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 44, 1-25.

Cooper SJ. 2005. Donald O. Hebb's synapse and learning rule: A history and commentary. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 28, 851-74.

McGaugh JL. 2000. Memory-A century of consolidation. Science. 287, 248-251.

Squire, L.R. 2004. Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 82, 171–177.

4 January 2016 25 Class 26. Thurs. 7 April 2016. Summary and concluding thoughts: What have we (not) learned about the functions of the brain?

David Eagleman. 2007. 10 Unsolved Mysteries of the Brain. Discover magazine. August 2007 issue.

1. How is information coded in neural activity? 2. How are memories stored and retrieved? 3. What does the baseline activity in the brain represent? 4. How do brains simulate the future? 5. What are emotions? 6. What is intelligence? 7. How is time represented in the brain? 8. Why do brains sleep and dream? 9. How do the specialized systems of the brain integrate with one another? 10. What is consciousness?

A few others:

How did language arise?

What really caused the dramatic increase in human mental ability (what Jared Diamond has called the great leap forward) about 60,000 years ago?

How are specific personality traits related to differences in brain chemistry and anatomy?

What is going on in the brain during depression?

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