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From Military Peace to Social Justice? Issue 15 2004 A ccor d Concilia tion Resourc es 15 From military peace to social justice? The Angolan peace process Angola’s long war formally ended in April 2002 with the signing a n i n t ern a t i o n a l re v i e w o f p e ace i n i t i a t i ve s of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding between the government and the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).Marking the successful completion of the government’s drive to achieve ‘peace through war’,the Luena Memorandum built on a series of previous failed peace agreements and cleared the way for the demobilization of thousands of UNITA combatants. This Accord issue asks ‘what next?’for a nation that has reached a ‘military peace’but still faces huge challenges in post-conflict peacebuilding,not to mention an ongoing secessionist war in Cabinda.It provides an overview of the lessons to be learned from Angola’s history of conflict and peacemaking,reviewing T past peace processes and the roles of actors such as the United h e Nations and Angolan civil society.The authors also identify key Ango challenges faced in working towards greater social justice, including the need for deeper democratization,more l a accountable management of resource wealth and a positive n p role for the media and women in Angolan society. ea c e The publication also contains summaries of peace agreements, p r profiles of key actors and a chronology of the peace process. o c e Conciliation Resources and the Accord programme ss Conciliation Resources (CR) was established in 1994 to provide an international service in the field of peacebuilding and conflict transformation.CR’s Accord programme works collaboratively to support those engaged directly in reducing the number of lives affected by armed conflict and transforming situations of violence into opportunities for sustainable human development. The programme seeks to promote for learning from past and comparable peace processes, by documenting specific conflicts and peace processes,as well as looking comparatively at cross- cutting issues in peacemaking experiences worldwide. “The whole series is a really valuable tool for people who do practical work on conflicts... I particularly appreciate the fact that a variety of viewpoints are included, not only political but also civil society, refugee, etc., and that the series works with local authors and researchers.” Sue Williams,independent trainer in conflict transformation,Northern Ireland From military peace to social justice? “We find your publications of tremendous use for our work Con here in Uganda. Sharing experiences in conflict resolution c The Angolan peace process work is important as we learn lessons for our own situations.“ ili a Livingstone Sewanyana,Foundation for t i Human Rights Initiative,Uganda on R e s ISSN 1365-0742 The full text of all issues in the Accord series can be found on the ou r £17.00 or $29.00 Conciliation Resources website at http://www.c-r.org c Issue Editor Guus Meijer e s A c c o r d 1 5 i n s i d e s . a w 1 3 / 7 / 0 4 1 : 2 2 p m P a g e 1 From military peace to social justice? The Angolan peace process Issue Editor: Guus Meijer Conciliation Resources London 2004 A c c o r d 1 5 i n s i d e s . a w 1 3 / 7 / 0 4 1 : 2 2 p m P a g e 2 Acknowledgements Accord Series Editor Celia McKeon Issue Editor Guus Meijer Accord Editor/Researcher Aaron Griffiths Distribution Coordinator Nathalie Wlodarczyk Outreach Coordinator Sarah Wheeler Accord Programme Supervisor Andy Carl Translation Luísa Camara, Marta Amaral, Bruno Creis, Gonçalo Borges de Sousa Conciliation Resources would like to extend grateful thanks to all those who have contributed to this project, in particular Maria de Conceição Neto and Imogen Parsons. We would also like to thank our authors, peer readers, photographers and advisors, in particular: Dame Margaret Anstee, David Birmingham, Michael Comerford, Margrit Coppé, Mary Daly, Blanca Diego, Henda Ducados, Arvind Ganesen, Marrack Goulding, Tony Hodges, Ruth Jacobson, Johan van Kesteren, Steve Kibble, Filomeno Vieira Lopes, Jean-Michel Mabeko-Tali, Ismael Mateus, Christine Messiant, António de Miranda, Carlinda Monteiro, Domingos Oliveira, Abbey Onadipe, Fernando Pacheco, Justin Pearce, Manuel Paulo, Clare Riches, René Roemersma, Astrid Schipper, Patricia Schor, David Sogge, Ralf Syring, Mário Adauta de Sousa, Oliver Sykes, Fernando Viegas, Alex Vines, Sarah Wykes, Alex Yearsley, and Henk van Zuidam. The publication was made possible thanks to the financial support of the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Swiss Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Published by Conciliation Resources 173 Upper Street London N1 1RG United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20-7359 7728 Fax +44 (0)20-7359 4081 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.c-r.org © Conciliation Resources 2004 Permission is granted for reproduction and use of these materials for educational purposes. Please acknowledge your source when using the materials and notify Conciliation Resources. People in Luanda celebrate the UK charity registration number 1055436 signing of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding, 5 April 2004 ISSN 1365-0742 Source: AFP/Getty Images A c c o r d 1 5 i n s i d e s . a w 1 3 / 7 / 0 4 1 : 2 2 p m P a g e 3 Map 4 Acronyms and Glossary 5 Introduction: lessons from the Angolan ‘peace process’ 6 Guus Meijer Angola from past to present 10 Guus Meijer and David Birmingham Why did Bicesse and Lusaka fail? A critical analysis 16 Christine Messiant Contents The end of the war: the Luena Memorandum of Understanding 24 Aaron Griffiths The role of the United Nations in the Angolan peace process 28 Manuel J. Paulo Alternative voices: the Angolan peace movement 32 Michael Comerford Cabinda between ‘no peace’ and ‘no war’ 36 Jean-Michel Mabeko-Tali Beyond the silencing of guns: demobilization, disarmament and reintegration 40 Imogen Parsons The land issue in the context of peacebuilding: development or conflict? 44 Fernando Pacheco The role of resource management in building sustainable peace 48 Tony Hodges The challenge of democratization 54 Filomeno Vieira Lopes Angolan women in the aftermath of conflict 58 Henda Ducados The role of the media during the conflict and in the construction of democracy 62 Ismael Mateus Peace and reconciliation 66 Carlinda Monteiro Key texts and agreements 68 Lessons for the UN from UNAVEM II 79 Profiles 80 Chronology 88 Further reading 96 About Conciliation Resources 97 The Accord series 98 Order form 100 Contents 3 A c c o r d 1 5 i n s i d e s . a w 1 3 / 7 / 0 4 1 : 2 2 p m P a g e 4 Angola Angola is situated on the west coast of Africa, bordering Angola’s main exports are oil, diamonds, minerals, coffee, Namibia, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and fish, and timber. The gross domestic product (total output the Republic of Congo. Its population is nearly 14 million, of goods and services) is around $1,700 per capita. of whom the largest ethnic group is Ovimbundu (estimated 37%), and others are Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestiço Living conditions are hard. In the United Nations (mixed European and African) 2%, European 1%, and others Development Programme’s 2003 Human Development 22%. The official language is Portuguese, and Umbundu, Report, Angola ranked 164th out of 175 countries in ‘human Kimbundu, and Kikongo are widely spoken. Christianity is development indicators’. Life expectancy is around 40 years, the main religion. and its infant mortality rate was 154 per 1,000 live births. 4 Accord 15 A c c o r d 1 5 i n s i d e s . a w 1 3 / 7 / 0 4 1 : 2 2 p m P a g e 5 Acronyms ADRP Angola Demobilization and MFA Movement of the Armed Forces Reintegration Programme MMC Joint Military Commission CCPM Joint Political-Military Commission MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola CMVF Joint Ceasefire Verification and MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Monitoring Commission OAU Organization of Africa Unity COIEPA Inter-Ecclesiastical Committee for Peace in Angola OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs DDR Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration OMA Organization of Angolan Women DRC Democratic Republic of Congo QF Quartering and Family Area FAA Angolan Armed Forces SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organization FALA Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola UCAH Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Unit FAPLA Popular Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola UNAVEM United Nations Angolan Verification Mission FLEC Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola UNITA Union for the Total Independence of Angola GA Gathering Area UNITA-R Union for the Total Independence of Angola – Renewed GDP Gross Domestic Product GRAE Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile UNMA United Nations Mission in Angola GURN Government of National Unity and UNOA United Nations Office in Angola Reconciliation UNSC United Nations Security Council IDP Internally Displaced Person UPA Union of the Peoples of Angola LIMA Independent League of Angolan Women UPNA Union of the Peoples of Northern Angola Glossary Assimilado Indigenous person management responsibilities to government and UNITA to refrain ‘assimilated’ by the colonial regime lower levels of central government from acquiring lethal material, as enjoying some of the rights of structures, often to provincial and well as indicating the agreement of Portuguese citizens district levels the US and the Soviet Union to cease Mestiço Person of mixed black the supply of lethal material to any Source: Ilse van Velzen/IFProductions van Ilse Source: Clientelismo The practice whereby Angolan party and to encourage political leaders or party officials (African) and white (European) other countries to do the same provide benefits or services in parentage exchange for loyalty Musseques Slums in Luanda Troika Portugal, the US and the USSR Deconcentration The redistribution Triple zero clause A clause in the (later Russia) in their role as observers of decision-making, financial and Bicesse Accords which obliges the of the Angolan peace processes A c c o r d 1 5 i n s i d e s .
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