APLIKASI ADI PARWA DALAM RELIEF SITUS CANDI KIDAL the Aplication of Adi Parwa at Kidal Temple Site Ni Nyoman Tanjung Turaeni Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Timur Jl

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APLIKASI ADI PARWA DALAM RELIEF SITUS CANDI KIDAL the Aplication of Adi Parwa at Kidal Temple Site Ni Nyoman Tanjung Turaeni Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Timur Jl APLIKASI ADI PARWA DALAM RELIEF SITUS CANDI KIDAL The Aplication of Adi Parwa at Kidal Temple Site Ni Nyoman Tanjung Turaeni Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Timur Jl. Siwalanpanji, Buduran Sidoarjo, 61252 Email: [email protected] Naskah diterima: 07-04-2015; direvisi: 16-06-2015; disetujui: 28-07-2015 Abstract Old Javanese literatures which are visualized into relief are in limited number few of them are the story of Partayadnya, Kunjarakarna, Arjuna Wiwaha, Adi Parwa and so on. This study aims to describe completely the structure and social phenomenon of Adi Parwa literature with wall relief at Kidal Temple Site. The analysis of this research describes descriptively with media changing approach, Adi Parwa literature into relief at Kidal temple. On the wall of Kidal Temple. There are three Garuda relief with different characteristic. All of those Garuda relief have close relation with parts of Adi Parwa. Keywords: the story of garuda, kidal temple relief, media changing. Abstrak Karya sastra Jawa Kuno yang divisualisasikan ke dalam bentuk relief cerita jumlahnya sangat terbatas seperti Partayadnya, Kunjarakarna, Arjuna Wiwaha, Adi Parwa, dan lainya. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendeskripsikan secara lengkap fenomena struktural dan sosial dalam cerita Adi Parwa dengan relief Situs Candi Kidal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan alih wahana, cerita Adi Parwa ke dalam relief Candi Kidal. Pada dinding Candi Kidal ditemukan tiga relief Garuda dengan laksana yang berbeda. Semua relief Garuda tersebut memiliki hubungan yang sangat erat dengan penggalan-penggalan cerita Adi Parwa. Kata kunci: cerita sang garuda, relief candi kidal, dan alih wahana. PENDAHULUAN sastra yang berasal dari berbagai daerah dengan Karya seni sebagai bagian dari letak geografis yang berbeda-beda. Di kawasan kebudayaan, ditentukan oleh geografi dan Nusantara kita menemukan genre wiracarita sumber daya alam. Kedua hal tersebut, dalam dengan berbagai bentuk seperti syair, kidung, karya seni dicatat dan ditanggapi secara kreatif. kakawin, hikayat, berbagai jenis teater rakyat, Berbagai karya seni warisan nenek moyang dan penglipur lara. Wiracarita bisa muncul kita, sampai saat ini masih dapat dinikmati. dalam syair dan hikayat, bentuk-bentuk aslinya Sebagai contoh, legenda yang diciptakan oleh berasal dari bahasa dan kebudayaan Arab. masyarakat Sangihe, dengan basis kehidupan Genre itu juga muncul dalam kakawin, yang laut, tentu berbeda dengan dongeng yang muncul bentuk aslinya berasal dari India. Genre yang dalam kebudayaan Bali, yang bercorak agraris. ditulis dalam berbagai bentuk itu dapat juga Puisi lisan yang dihasilkan oleh masyarakat muncul dalam wahana yang berbeda. Rote berbeda dengan yang ditumbuhkan oleh Pengalihan wahana, dari satu jenis etnis Aceh. (Damono 2005, 43-44). Perbedaan kesenian ke jenis kesenian lain. Alih wahana semacam itu banyak dijumpai dalam karya mencakup kegiatan penerjemahan, penyaduran, Aplikasi Adi Parwa dalam Relief Situs Candi Kidal 131 Ni Nyoman Tanjung Turaeni dan pemindahan dari satu jenis kesenian ke cerita apa pun (Munandar 2004, 54). Selain jenis kesenian lain. Wahana berarti kendaraan, cerita Ramayana dan Mahabharata, wiracarita jadi alih wahana adalah proses pengalihan dari yang berasal dari India, muncul di Indonesia satu jenis kendaraan ke jenis kendaraan lain. dalam berbagai bentuk. Dikenal sejumlah Sebagai kendaraan suatu karya seni merupakan besar kakawin yang kisahnya berdasarkan alat yang dapat mengalihkan sesuatu dari satu Mahabharata, seperti kakawin Arjuna Wijaya, tempat ke tempat lain. Wahana juga diartikan kakawin Bima Swarga, kakawin Arjuna sebagai medium yang dipergunakan untuk Wiwaha, kakawin Bharatayudha, kakawin mengungkapkan, mencapai, atau memamerkan Gatotkacasraya. Di samping itu terdapat gagasan atau perasaan. Jadi, pada intinya, hikayat yang berasal dari sumber yang sama, pengertian itu adalah pemindahan dan seperti hikayat Pandawa Lima Kakawin ditulis pengubahan. Dalam arti yang lebih luas, istilah dalam bahasa Jawa Kuno, sedangkan hikayat ini bahkan juga bisa mencakup pengubahan ditulis dalam bahasa Melayu. Genre wiracarita dari berbagai jenis ilmu pengetahuan menjadi tersebut bertahan sampai sekarang, karena karya seni (Damono 2012, 1). pada hakikatnya menggambarkan kaidah hidup Banyak faktor menentukan munculnya manusia yang penuh dengan perjuangan, yang ciri, fungsi, peran bunyi, gambar, dan aksara dapat saja berakhir sedih atau bahagia. Dalam dalam pergeseran dari satu wahana ke wahana wiracarita ini, tokoh-tokoh dapat memperoleh yang lain. Sebagai contoh relief di candi nilai yang ditafsirkan secara simbolik atau Prambanan yang merekam kisah Rama dan Sita alegori, dan karenanya dapat memperkaya memiliki fungsi dan peran yang berbeda dengan bahasa dan sastra. (Damono 2005, 45-46). kisah serupa yang kita temui pada komik. Kalau Pada penelitian ini akan membahas Ramayana dipahatkan di candi Prambanan pengalihwahanaan Adi Parwa sebagai mula-mulanya merupakan relief yang tidak salah satu bagian dari parwa dalam cerita dapat dipisahkan dari upacara keagamaan. Mahabharata, ke dalam relief sebuah candi. Demikian juga halnya dengan relief-relief Adapun penelitian yang telah dilakukan dinding kaki candi-candi Hindu atau Budha yang terkait dengan hal tersebut adalah penelitian terdapat di Jawa khususnya, terdapat hiasan yang dilakukan oleh Mudjianto (1999/2000) ornamental yang turut memperindah bangunan dengan laporan penelitian yang berjudul suci masa lalu tersebut. Hiasan ornamental Legenda Berbagai Situs Kerajaan Singosari di yang dimaksudkan dalam kajian ini adalah Malang. Penelitian ini menghasilkan timbulnya relief naratif yang umumnya menggambarkan legenda berbagai situs kerajaan, adanya hal- cerita keagamaan dan pendidikan. Namun hal spiritual yang berhubungan dengan agama ada juga latar belakang ceritanya adalah kisah dan alam gaib, bentuk bangunan, yang spesifik, romantis atau bahkan sesuatu cerita yang belum memadukan antara sejarah dengan hal-hal dikenal. Kebanyakan panil-panil relief naratif yang metafisik, pemujaan yang berhubungan ditempatkan di bagian-bagian yang strategis dengan syariat agama, hal-hal spiritual pada bangunan candi, sehingga mudah untuk yang berhubungan dengan permohonan dan diamati oleh para pengunjung di masa silam penyembuhan, penghormatan kepada raja, dan ataupun di masa kini. Sudah tentu dengan para pembuat candi. Kemudian, penelitian yang hadirnya relief-relief naratif, bangunan candi berjudul Cerita Tantri Kamandaka dalam Situs tersebut menjadi semakin menarik, terkesan Candi Peninggala Kerajaan Singosari: Kajian berwibawa dan anggun. Walaupun demikian, Transformasi Teks oleh Ni Nyoman Tanjung tidak semua candi dihias dengan panil-panil Turaeni, Balai Bahasa Provisi Jawa Timur relief naratif, ada juga candi yang ukurannya tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menghasilkan, bahwa relatif besar tetapi tidak dihiasi dengan relief umumnya dinding kaki candi-candi Hindu 132 Forum Arkeologi Volume 28, Nomor 2, Agustus 2015 (131 - 144) atau Budha yang terdapat di Jawa khususnya seperti sejarah, agama, filsafat, arsitektur, dan candi peninggalan Kerajaan Singosari, terdapat sebagainya yang bersinggungan dengan sastra. hiasan ornamental yang turut memperindah Kedua belah pihak kadang-kadang saling bangunan candi. Hiasan ornamental yang mendukung ada titik-temu, dan sebaliknya juga dimaksudkan dalam adalah relief naratif yang ada yang berseberangan. Untuk itu, diperlukan umumnya menggambarkan cerita keagamaan perbandingan agar ditemukan varian-varian dan nilai pendidikan. Namun, ada juga yang yang jelas di antara ilmu tersebut (Endraswara latar belakang ceritanya adalah kisah romantis 2008, 129). atau bahkan sesuatu cerita yang belum dikenal. Menurut Wellek dan Warren (1989, Dari sekian banyak karya sastra Jawa Kuno 40), istilah sastra bandingan pertama dipakai yang dikenal hingga saat ini, diketahui hanya untuk kajian studi sastra lisan, cerita rakyat beberapa karya sastra saja yang divisualisasikan dan migrasinya, bagaimana dan kapan cerita ke dalam bentuk relief cerita, seperti cerita rakyat masuk ke dalam penulisan sastra yang Partayadnya, Kunjarakarna, Arjuna Wiwaha, lebih artistik. Istilah sastra bandingan dalam dan lain-lain. hal ini, mencakup studi hubungan antara dua Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, kesusastraan atau lebih. Sastra bandingan permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini disamakan dengan studi sastra menyeluruh. adalah bagaimanakah struktur cerita berkenaan Lebih lanjut, mengatakan bahwa sastra dengan pemahatan karya sastra Jawa Kuno yaitu bandingan lahir dari kesadaran bahwa sastra cerita sang Garuda yang terpahat di relief Candi tidak tunggal, namun sastra itu plural, serta Kidal dan hubungan antara teks cerita dengan semua sastra ada kesamaan-kesamaan dan penggalan-penggalan relief yang ada dalam perbedaan-perbedaannya. Kesamaan dapat candi. Dengan tujuan mendeskripsikan secara terjadi karena masalah manusia, sebagaimana lengkap fenomena struktural dan fenomena yang terekam dalam sastra, pada hakikatnya sosial dalam cerita Adi Parwa dengan relief Situs universal, dan perbedaan-perbedaan terjadi Candi Kidal, dan secara khusus penelitian ini karena mau tidak mau sastra didominasi oleh bertujuan mendeskripsikan keberadaan relief- situasi dan kondisi tempatan. relief yang ada dalam Situs Candi Kidal, dan Menurut Basnett (dalam Damono 2005, keberadaan teks cerita Adi Parwa sebagai karya 7), sastra bandingan adalah studi teks lintas sastra Jawa Kuno dan sejauh mana terjadinya budaya, berciri
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