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17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes. -
Familienbrief 2019 En
- 1- Wolter v.Tiesenhausen Buchenhof 4 D-53340Meckenheim-Merl [email protected] Family Letter 2019 Of the v.Tiesenhausen Family Content The Tiesenhausen Family during the Protestant Reformation Family Day 2019 We commemorate our Deceased Family News Family Letter 2019 of the v.Tiesenhausen Family - 2- The Tiesenhausen Family during the Protestant Reformation The influence of the Tiesenhausen family on the public life in the Baltic coun- tries in the 16th Century was legendary. According to a summary by Eduard Tiesenhausen (1806 – 1878), in 1556 the 96 male members of the family owned a total of 6 chateaus and 40 homesteads providing 206 horse mounted fighters. They occupied important roles within the knighthood, served as councilmen for archbishops and bishops, as well as for the German Order. They represented the interests of the knighthood during the congregations. During these days, Livo- nia, Estonia, Courland and the island of Ösel were part of ’Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation’. Consequently, they also played an important role during the implementation of the protestant reformation following the ideas of Martin Luther in the Baltic countries. In 1517 Luther had published his thesis in Wittenberg and his criticism of the Roman Church became increasingly widespread. In 1520 further important writ- ings were published like ‘von der Freiheit des Christenmenschen’ (about the freedom of Christians), ‘an den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation’ (to the Christian nobles of German nation), and ‘von der babylonischen Gefangenschaft der Kirche’ (about the Babylonian confinement of the church). These thoughts continued to make his ideas known and finally also reached the people in the Baltic countries. -
Merchants of War: Mercenaries, Economy, and Society in the Late Sixteenth-Century Baltic
Merchants of War: Mercenaries, Economy, and Society in the Late Sixteenth-Century Baltic by Joseph Thomas Chatto Sproule A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Joseph Thomas Chatto Sproule 2019 Merchants of War: Mercenaries, Economy, and Society in the Late Sixteenth-Century Baltic Joseph Thomas Chatto Sproule Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2019 Abstract The polities of the sixteenth-century Baltic competed and cooperated with one another and with local power groups in fluctuating patterns of rivalry and expedient partnership. Mercenarism thrived in this context, as early modern governments were seldom equipped with the fiscal and logistical tools or the domestic military resources needed to wholly meet the escalating challenges of warfare, while mercenaries themselves were drawn to a chaotic environment that afforded opportunities for monetary gain and promotion into the still- coalescing political elites of the region’s emerging powers. This study sits, like the mercenary himself, at the intersection of the military, the economic, the social, and the political. Broadly, it is an analysis of mercenaries in Livonian and Swedish service during the so-called Livonian War of 1558 to 1583. Mercenaries are examined as agents of the polities for whom they fought and as actors with goals of their own, ambiguously positioned figures whose outsider status and relative independence presented both opportunities and challenges as they navigated the shifting networks of conflict and allegiance that characterized their fractious world. The aims of this study are threefold. The military efficacy of Western and Central European professional soldiers is assessed in an Eastern ii European context, problematizing the notion of Western military superiority in a time of alleged military revolution. -
Publikationen Der Baltischen Historischen Kommission Und Das Baltikum Betreffende Veröffentlichungen Ihrer Mitglieder
Publikationen der Baltischen Historischen Kommission und das Baltikum betreffende Veröffentlichungen ihrer Mitglieder 11. Ausgabe Stand: 20. März 2018 Die hier von Paul Kaegbein zusammengestellten und jetzt auch durchsuchbaren Verzeichnisse werden kontinuierlich ergänzt und aktualisiert. Sie enthalten zunächst Titel, die seit 2005 eine Reihe von Jahren der Arbeitsgemeinschaft historischer Forschungseinrichtungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (AHF) in München bis zu ihrer Auflösung Ende 2013 für die von ihr damals herausgegebene „Historische Bibliographie“ gemeldet wurden. Für die seither erschienenen Titel wurde das ursprüngliche Konzept beibehalten. Von Mitgliedern der Baltischen Historischen Kommission publizierte Beiträge über andere Kommissionsmitglieder sind in dem ebenso als Online-Publikation erscheinenden Verzeichnis „Veröffentlichungen über Mitglieder der Baltischen Historischen Kommission“ - URL: www.balt-hiko.de - enthalten. Im Abschnitt A sind die Titel chronologisch, im Abschnitt B zunächst alphabetisch nach Autoren und dann wiederum chronologisch geordnet. Bei erneuter Veröffentlichung von früher erschienenen Texten oder solchen in anderen Sprachen wurde zusätzlich die Original-Publikation genannt. Ein knappes Drittel der in dieser Ausgabe verzeichneten Titel - 759 von insgesamt 2492 - enthält Hinweise auf Texte, die auch im Internet zu finden sind. Hinsichtlich dieser ständig zunehmenden Zahl von Online-Publikationen sei auf das Verzeichnis „Baltica online“ verwiesen, das ebenfalls unter dem genannten URL zu finden ist. Um freundliche Mitteilung noch fehlender Titel (auch Online-Publikationen) sowie eventuell inzwischen geänderter URL-Adressen wird per E-Mail ([email protected]) gebeten. A. Von der Baltischen Historischen Kommission bzw. ihren Mitgliedern herausgegebene und betreute Publikationen 1 1. Aspekte der Reformation im Ostseeraum. (Verantw.: Ralph Tuchtenhagen. Red.: Konrad Maier.) Lüneburg 2005. 514 S. (Nordost-Archiv. N. F. Bd. 13: 2004.) [Betr. -
Helmut Walser Smith, Ph.D. Celia S. Applegate, Ph.D. David G
Germany and the Question of Slavery, 1750-1850 By Christopher David Mapes Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August 31, 2018 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Helmut Walser Smith, Ph.D. Celia S. Applegate, Ph.D. David G. Blackbourn, Ph.D. Alexander Joskowicz, Ph.D. Copyright © 2018 by Christopher Mapes All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a great deal to many generous people. First and foremost, I owe a substantial debt to my advisor Dr. Helmut Walser-Smith, the Chairman of my committee, for his mentorship, close reading of my work, and tireless effort. My committee members, Celia Applegate, David Blackbourn, and Ari Joskowicz, have all given me the support and guidance necessary to complete the project. Their intellectual rigor, commitment to scholarship, and devotion to the craft of history provide an endless source of inspiration. Their willingness to serve on my committee and to donate their time has been invaluable to the development of this project. This work would never have been completed without the financial support of the Vanderbilt University’s History Department, the German-American Fulbright Kommission, and the Herzog Ernst Scholarship program provided by the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung. Their generous funding has allowed me the time to delve into the archives and produce this work. I also am indebted to the archival staff and fellow researchers at archives in Berlin, including the Geheimes Staatsarchiv, the Bundesarchiv, the Evangelisches Zentralarchiv, the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin, as well as the Archiv der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, the Perhes Sammlung Gotha, and the city archives of Hanover, Hamburg, and Bremen. -
In Religious Conflicts in Livonia at the Beginning of Confessionalisation
European Researcher. Series A, 2016, Vol.(113), Is. 12 Copyright © 2016 by Academic Publishing House Researcher Published in the Russian Federation European Researcher Has been issued since 2010. ISSN 2219-8229 E-ISSN 2224-0136 Vol. 113, Is. 12, pp. 599-605, 2016 DOI: 10.13187/er.2016.113.599 www.erjournal.ru UDC 940.18 «Aliens» in Religious Conflicts in Livonia at the Beginning of Confessionalisation Dmitriy I. Weber a , * a Saint-Petersburg State University, Russian Federation Abstract This article discusses the relationship between the religious - political events in Livonia and Prussia. Taking into account the existence of close links between this Baltic lands it seems quite natural question, whether there was any - any influence on the Duke of Prussia on processes within Livoniaand how it happened? In the limelight is figure of Albrecht of Brandenburg – Ansbach, previously occupied Grand Master of the Teutonic Orde, and since 1525 became Duke of Prussia. If the 20-s years Prussia's influence was limited only by Riga, then starting with the 30-s traced the geographical expansion of the political influence of Albrecht of Prussia. It can be knit with two phases. The marker can be considered in 1529, after which the influence of the Duke of Prussia, i.e. the "alien" to Livonia political forces intensified, not only because of the burghers, but also the emergence of the possibility of support from the Archbishop and his coadjutor. E. There was a specific mechanism of action both through the city and through the church institutions through his brother Wilhelm. Keywords: Livonia, Duke of Prussia, Albrecht von Brandenburg – Ansbach, feud of Ösel. -
Livonian Canons and Challenge of the Reformation M
Вестник СПбГУ. История. 2019. Т. 64. Вып. 3 Livonian Canons and Challenge of the Reformation M. Maasing For citation: Maasing M. Livonian Canons and Challenge of the Reformation. Vestnik of Saint Peters- burg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 3, рp. 996–1013. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.311 The article examines five Livonian cathedral chapters — Riga, Dorpat, Osilia, Curonia and Reval — during the Reformation era (1522–1566): from the beginning of Livonian Reforma- tion to the dissolution of the Chapter of Riga. The main aim is to identify the most important changes in the chapters, and to examine reactions to the Reformation and to the religious al- terations amongst the canons. Although there are obvious gaps in the statistical data, it is pos- sible to present an overall picture of the situation. If one compares the beginning and the end of the period, the numbers of the canons seem to have remained almost the same. The number of local canons that came from burgher families drops which could be connected with the suc- cess of the Reformation in Livonian towns, while the increase in the number of canons from Germany might be connected to the intensifying relations of Livonia with the Holy Roman Empire. The falling number of cumulations (i. e., cases when a canon held multiple chapter seats simultaneously) might indicate pursuit to enhance internal discipline in the chapters and attempt to face the challenge of the Reformation. The data about religious affiliations shows that the chapter of Riga was dominantly Catholic at the end of the 1540s, but mainly Prot- estant by the end of the 1550s. -
Pamphlet As a Means of a Propaganda in Baltic Region in Early
Вестник СПбГУ. История. 2017. Т. 62. Вып. 2 D. I. Weber PAMPHLET AS A MEANS OF A PROPAGANDA IN BALTIC REGION IN EARLY MODERN TIME The article describes the context in which Caspar von Münster wrote his pamphlet (the so-called “Verteidigungsschriftˮ). The author was landmarshal of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. It was published in 1556 during the time of the so-called “Coadjutors’ Warˮ. Attention is paid not only to the context of the creation of this source and its author, but to pamphlet’s publisher. The fact that it was Johann Daubmann, a typographer of the Prussian Duke Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach, emphasizes the connection between the publication of pamphlets and political interests of the rulers of the neighbour- ing lands of the Order in Livonia, for example the Duke of Prussia, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. This pamphlet showed internal conflicts in the Teutonic order. A lesser part of this article directs attention to the dating of pamphlet publication. One part of this pamphlet was a letter was writ- ten by the landmarshal to the Livonian landmaster Heinrich von Galen. Identified copies of this letter provoke further questions. The first question is about two copies in the archives of the Duke of Prussia. It was made before sending the letter to the Landmaster. Was one of these Münster’s draft document, which he later may have given to the Duke of Prussia, and then later to the press? Not less important is the answer to the question of whether this pamphlet drew a wide response or not. -
Forschungen Zur Baltischen Geschichte
FORSCHUNGEN ZUR BALTISCHEN GESCHICHTE FORSCHUNGEN12 ZUR BALTISCHEN2017 GESCHICHTE 8 Herausgegeben2013 von Mati Laur und Karsten Brüggemann unter Mitwirkung von Anti SelartHerausgegeben und Andris von Levans Mati Laur und Karsten Brüggemann unter Mitwirkung von Anti Selart, Andrisin Verbindung Levans und mit Konrad Maier Detlef Henning (Lüneburg), Carsten Jahnke (Kopenhagen), Juhan Kreem (Tallinn), Enn Küng (Tartu), in Verbindung mit MārīteDetlef Henning Jakovļeva (Lüneburg), (Riga Carsten), Ilgvars Jahnke Misāns (Kopenhagen), (Riga), Evgenija NazarovaJuhan Kreem (Moskau (Tallinn),), Enn Ulrike Küng Plath(Tartu), (Tallinn), GvidoIlgvars Straube Misāns (Riga), (Riga Evgenija), Tõnu NazarovaTannberg (Moskau), (Tartu ), Ülle TarkiainenUlrike Plath ( Tartu(Tallinn),), Matthias David J. Smith Thumser (Glasgow), (Berlin), Andris Šnē (Riga), Gvido Straube (Riga), Rita Regina TrimonienėTõnu Tannberg ( Šiauliai(Tartu), Ülle), Ralph Tarkiainen Tuchtenhagen (Tartu), (Berlin), HorstMatthias Wernicke Thumser (Greifswald (Berlin), Rita), Seppo Regina Zetterberg Trimonienė (Šiauliai), (Jyväskylä ) Ralph Tuchtenhagen (Berlin), Horst Wernicke (Greifswald), Seppo Zetterberg (Jyväskylä) Akadeemiline Ajalooselts Akadeemiline Ajalooselts Forschungen zur baltischen Geschichte - Bd. 12 hrsg. von Mati Laur und Karsten Brüggemann Tartu: Akadeemiline Ajalooselts, 2017 Redaktion und Drucklegung wurden gefördert durch das Bildungs- und Wissenschaftsministerium der Republik Estland die Wissenschaftsförderung der Republik Estland (IUT31-6) die Akademische Historische