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Appendix 1: The Prose Works of Sir Walter Ralegh

The following survey of the prose works of Ralegh is intended to com• plement the preceding chapters. It is necessary because of the absence of a modem, critical edition of Ralegh's works, and should be consulted alongside other, more substantial, bibliographical tools, such as the Index of Literary Manuscripts and the Short Title Catalogue of English Books. The original date of composition for each work is given, together with informa• tion about subsequent editions. For each work it should be possible to ascertain the relationship between manuscript and printed texts. Selected texts receive more detailed coverage because more bibliographical information is needed for an understanding of the related chapter. This is not intended to be a definitive analysis of the prose canon. The problems facing an editor of Ralegh's work are formidable, and an entire study could be devoted to the subject. As Peter Heal, the editor of the Index of Literary Manuscripts points out, 'since so few of his works were pub• lished in his lifetime, and since many anonymous poems and tracts were posthumously attributed to him, the canon is highly problematical' (1. ii. 365). These difficulties were no doubt responsible for the decision, taken by the Clarendon Press some years ago, to abandon the preparation of an edition of the collected works. The most recent contribution to this area of study is Sir Walter Ralegh: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by Chris• topher M. Armitage (Chapel Hill: University of Press, 1987). The texts are organised by date of writing, rather than by date of pub• lication. M.C. selected information about surviving manuscript copies. F.P. date and form of first publication.

1591: A Report of the Trvth of the fight about the Iles of Afores, this last Sommer. Betwixt the Reuenge, one of her Maiesties Shippes. And an Armada of the King of Spaine. M.C.: None known. F.P.: 1591; anonymous pamphlet, entered in Stationer's Register, 23 November: : J. Windet for W. Ponsonbie. First edition ascribed to Ralegh: 1599 I 1600, , Principal Navigations. February 1592/3: On the Succession. M.C.: Hatfield House, Cecil Papers 139/139-40v, AUTOGRAPH. Only sur• viving MS. F.P.: 1960; Pierre Lefranc, Etudes Anglaises, 13 (1960) 38-46. 1595: The Discoverie of the large, rich and bewtiful Empire of Guiana. M.C.: c.1595(?) Lambeth Palace, MS Tenison 250, ff.315a-337 (without ded• ications). Only surviving MS. F.P.: 1596 (three editions).

179 180 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers

Summer 1596: A Relation of the Action at Cadiz. M.C.: Dr Williams Library, MS Jones B60, pp. 1-15, directed to the Earl of Northumberland. Only one other MS. F.P.: 1700; Echard, Laurence, An Abridgement of Sir 's History of the World in Five Books ... with some genuine remains publ. by P. Raleigh, (London: Matthew Gelliflower). 1596: Opinions Delivered by the Earl of Essex, Lord Burleigh, Lord Willoughby, Lord North, Sir William Knollys, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Sir George Carew, on the Alarm of an Invasion from in the Year 1596, and the Measures proper to be taken on the occasion. M.C.: MS Tanner 235, ff.18-22. Only one other MS. F.P.: 1829; Works. c.1602-3: Considerations concerning Reprisalls. M.C.: Public Record Office, S.P. 12.253.117, AUTOGRAPH. F.P.: 1864; J. P. Collier, N.Q. 5 (1864) 208. 1603: A Discourse touching a War with Spain, and of the protecting of the Netherlands. M.C.: MS Tanner 103 and numerous other copies. F.P.: 1702; in Three Discourses of Sir Walter Ralegh as Of a War with Spain, and our protecting the Netherlands. 1608-10 (?):A Discourse of the Invention of Ships, Anchors, Compass & c. M.C.: , Sloane MS 1856, ff.50v--6v. Five other copies. F.P.: 1650; Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations by that Renowned and Learned Knight Sir Walter Ralegh (London: Humphrey Moseley). 1608-10 (?): Of the Art of Warre by Sea. (fragments of plans and contents pages) M.C.: British Library, Cotton MS Titus B VIII, ff.226, 228, AUTOGRAPH: Dr. William's Library, MS Jones B60, pp. 230-4, AUTOGRAPH. F.P.: 1968; Pierre Lefranc, Sir Walter Ralegh, ecrivain (Paris: Librarie Armand). 1597--8, 1607-10 and after 1612: Observations and Notes concerning the Royal Navy and Sea-Service. (Some versions are ascribed to Sir .) Three distinct manuscript versions. M.C.: 1597--8. For Folger library (MS J.a.1, not listed in ILM) see Gossett (1987). 1608. British Library, Add. MS 9298, ff.39-54v: 'Excellent Obser• vations and Notes, concerning the Royall Navy and Sea Service written by sr Walter Rawleigh and by him Dedicated to the most noble and illustrious Prince, Henry, Prince of Wales: H:H.' Carries no mention of the death of Prince Henry. Post-1612. Introductions written after Henry's death. MS Ballard 52, ff.125-36v (c.1640s) published by Sandison in Modem Language Association of America, ed., Essays and Studies in Honor of Carleton Brown (New York: New York University Press, 1940). Two manu• scripts ascribed to Arthur Gorges: British Library, Harley MS 4311 and R.P. 3898 (microfiche), a presentation copy from Gorges. F.P.: 1625; Ilands Voyage printed in Purchas his Pi/grimes (London). Observations (1608 version) printed 1650 in Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations by that Renowned and Learned Knight Sir Walter Ralegh. The Prose Works of Sir Walter Ralegh 181

1609 (?): Instructions to his Son and to Posterity. M.C.: British Library, Add. MS 22587, ff.ll-16 (chapters I-IX only and letter): Inner Temple, Petyt MS 538, Vol. 18, f.215. No other MSS. F.P.: 1632; six more editions before 1636, with the addition of the Advice of a Loving Son to his Aged Father (attributed to Ralegh). Published with Maxims of State (also attributed to Ralegh) in 1642, 1650, 1651, etc. 1612 (?): Touching a Marriage between Prince Henry of and a Daughter of Savoy (possibly a later date if it refers to Prince Charles) M.C.: 'Copy in volume of tracts owned by Ralegh' (I.L.M.). This volume is in the possession of a private collector who will not permit access. Numerous other copies including British Library, MS Carte 77, ff.89-102. F.P.: 1750; The Interest of England with regard to Foreign Alliances, explained in two discourses. 1612: Concerning a Match propounded by the Savoyan, between the Lady Eli• zabeth and the Prince of Piedmont. M.C.: 'Copy in volume of tracts owned by R' (I.L.M.); see above. Numerous other MSS from early to mid-seventeenth century. F.P.: 1750; The Interest of England with regard to Foreign Alliances, explained in two discourses. 1610-14 (?): Notebook. M.C.: British Library, Add. MS 57555, AUTOGRAPH. F.P.: 1952-68; extracts printed in The Times, 29 November 1952; Walter Oakeshott, The Queen and the Poet, 1960; and Walter Oakeshott, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Library', Library, 23 (1968) 285-327. 1614: The History of the World. M.C.: No manuscript copies; notes for The History appear in Notebook (see above). F.P.: 1614; anonymous publication. See John Racin, Sir Walter Ralegh as Historian, (Salzburg: Institut fiir Englische Sprache und Literatur, 1974) for further details of publication. 1615: A Dialogue between a Counsellor of State and a Justice of Peace (published in 1628 with the title The Prerogative of Parliaments in England). M.C.: There are two distinct versions of the text; one complete, the other considerably abridged. For ease of reference these will be indicated as Text 1 (complete) and Text 2 (abridged). Both Texts 1 and 2 were submitted to King James late in 1615. All manuscript copies have roughly, if not pre• cisely, similar variants to the printed edition, unless otherwise stated. Comparison of manuscript with print version reveals such minor variants as: inversions of syntax, abbreviations of words (unto/upon becomes to/ on), plural to singular, and vice versa. More important are the infrequent changes in the sense of the text. The MS often gives a 'better' (in terms of meaning and interest) reading, although this is not always the case. Points of interest in each MS are noted in bold.

Bradfer Lawrence 61, ff.148-70v. 'Copy with a few minor autograph corrections and additions in the ded• icatory epistle to King James, in a volume of tracts owned by R. (I.L.M.)' This manuscript was until recently owned by Bradfer-Lawrence family, 182 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers but was then sold to a 'secretive' private collector by Quaritch. All attempts to pursue this private collector have failed. S.P. 14/85 (Text 1) Date: 1615. S.P. 14/84/44 (Text 2) Date: (December?) 1615. Marked as 'Sr Walter Ralegh Dialogue 1615'. British Library, Harley MS 6191 (Text 1) Date: late (?) seventeenth century: heavily annotated. The similar MS variants suggest there was a transmission tradition stretching into the late seventeenth century which did not refer to the printed edition. Dr William's Library, MS Jones 56, ff.36v-46v (Incomplete text 1) Date:(?) Ends at p. 17 of 1628 published edition. Port Eliot, Cornwall annotated by John Eliot. Property of Lord Eliot (Text 1) Date: 1620s. Carries Sir John Eliot's marginal annotations. Exeter College, Oxford, MS 139, ff.190v-2. (Text 1) Date: (?) early-mid-seventeenth century. In a collection of parliamentary material. Title given is: 'A Dialogue ... of the Successe of Parliam15 since the conquest to this time written in the by Sir Walter Raleigh and dedicated to King James our soueraigne Lord. In Anno 1610.' Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments in Sheffield City Libraries, MSS 1, f£.95-130: copy owned by Strafford. (Text 1) Dated by librarian as c.1617. No annotations. More examples of singular variants than other MSS. Unusual in that there is nothing to indicate that it is Ralegh's work in the heading. British Library, Stowe MS 177, ff.138-70 (Text 1) Date: before 1616(?) (MS appears between texts arranged chronologically from 1610 and 1616). 'A dialogue betweene a Counsellor of State and a Justice of peace the one diswadinge the other perswadinge the callinge of a pliament, Written by sr Walter Raleigh knight imediatlie after the dissolution of that pliamente for pliaments cannot be called where noe acte hath bene passed in the twelth yeere of the kinge, Which nowe discontentedly broke upp wthout doeing anie thinge to the greefe and discontente of both kinge and people.' British Library, Additional MS 34631, f£.20-59 (Text 1) Date: (?) early-mid-seventeenth century. Text missing at beginning and end (ends on p. 57 of 1628 text). MS in collection of biographical documents such as letters, 1603 trial details, and the Short Apology for the voyage to Guiana. Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 103, f£.213-20 (Text 2) Date: early seventeenth century. British Library, Lansdowne MS 806, f£.28-39 (Text 2) Date: (?) 1620s. Title of volume in which MS appears is 'Against Imprisonment for Debt'. Title ('Out of the Dialogue') shows awareness that it is an abridgement. The Prose Works of Sir Walter Ralegh 183

Dr William's Library, MS Jones B60 pp. 235~ and pp. 245-6. Date:(?) The work appears as two untitled fragments, in a collection of works and letters by and attributed to Ralegh. This extract differs considerably (and uniquely) from all other MSS and the 1628 edition. Although quite similar ideas are expressed (in a similar order) the phrasing and emphases are different: for example, impositions are not mentioned, tyranny is men• tioned, and overall the argument appears more confused. F.P.: 1628 Hamburghe [London]. There were five editions in its first year of publication, the other four using the imprint Midelburge. There were two further editions in 1640. Works prints the 1628 text with minor (unmarked) changes: for example countrey becomes contrary (counter in MS). 1604-16: On the Seat of Government (fragment). M.C.: Early-mid-seventeenth century (?) Northamptonshire Record Office, FH 3641/3 (imperfect) and Dr Williams Library, MS Jones B60, pp. 17-22. Only two manuscripts. F.P.: 1651; Sir Walter Raleigh's Sceptick or Speculations (London: W. Bentley for W. Sheares, 1651). 1616(?): A Discourse of the Original and Fundamental Cause of Natural, Arbitrary, Necessary and Unnatural War. MS: British Library, Sloane MS 1856, ff.57~2v. Nine other MSS. F.P.: 1650, Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations by that Renowned and Learned Knight Sir Walter Ralegh (without a section on civil war). 1702, Three Discourses of Sir Walter Ralegh, (London). 3 May 1617: Orders to be Observed. M.C.: (c.1619) National Maritime Museum MS LEC/8 pp. 35 et seq. A presentation copy formerly at Petworth House and thus probably owned by the Earl of Northumberland. Eight copies, of which four are attributed to Sir Arthur Gorges. F.P.: 1932; Harlow, V.T., Ralegh's Last Voyage (London: The Argonaut Press, 1932). See Sir Julian Corbett, 'The Elizabethan Origins ofRalegh's Instructions', in Fighting Instructions 1530-1816, Navy Record Society (London: Spotti• swoode and Co., 1905), pp. 27-45 and Helen Sandison, 'Ralegh's Orders once more', Mariners Mirror, 20 (1934) 323-30 for analysis of British Library MS Stowe 426, ff.30v~, a 1619 MS with Gorges' autograph revisions. 1617: Newes of Sir Walter Rawleigh. M.C.: none known. F.P.: 1618; Newes of Sir Walter Rauliegh With the true description of Guiana. Entered in Stationer's Register, 17 March. 19 August 1617-13 February 1617/18: Journal of Second Voyage to Guiana. M.C.: 1617-18, British Library, Cotton MS Titus B VIII, f£.162-75, AUTOGRAPH. F.P.: 1848; The Discovery of the Empire of Guiana, ed. Sir R. H. Schomburgk. Summer 1618: The Short Apology (a letter to Lord George Carew). MS: MS Carte 77, ff.41-2. Numerous other MS versions. F.P.: 1650; Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations. 28-31 July 1618: Sir Walter Rawleigh, his Apologie for his Voyage to Guiana. Also known as Ralegh's Large Apology. 184 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers

M.C.: StJohn's College, Cambridge, MS I 4 Games 305), ff.2-llv (tran• scribed by A. Throkmorton, with an accompanying letter, for an aristo• cratic friend). Numerous other MS versions. F.P.: 1650; Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations. September 1618: Letter to James. M.C.: S.P. 14.96.69. Numerous other MS versions. F.P.: 1651; Sir Walter Raleigh's Sceptick or Speculations. October 1618: Will. M.C.: S.P. 14.103.37. F.P.: 1868; Edwards, Edward, The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh, 2 vols, (London: Macmillan, 1868). October 1618: Defence. Ralegh's second testamentary note: 'a list of points which Ralegh prepared for his own defense' (J.L.M.). M.C.: British Library, Cotton MS Titus C VII, f.93. Other MS versions. F.P.: 1751; Thomas Birch, The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh, Kt., political commercial and philosophical, with his letters and poems, To which is prefix' d a new account of his life, 2 vols (London: R. Dodsley). October 1618: Speech in Pocket. M.C.: (c.1618) British Library, Harley MS 3787, ff.182r-v (ascribed to Ralegh) 1679; All Souls, MS 155, ff.144v -5 (not ascribed to Ralegh). F.P.: Unpublished. 29 October 1618: Speech on Scaffold. A listing of manuscripts I have seen, divided into groups. Eye-witness accounts: Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 830, ff.102v-103v British Library, Add. MS 4106, ff.82r-v British Library, Harley 6353, ff.80r-86r British Library, Add. MS 6789, f.533 For analysis of this version see B. J. Sokol, 'Thomas Hariot's Notes on Sir Walter Raleigh's address from the scaffold', Manuscripts, 26 (1974) 198-205. Group One Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 299, ff.26v-28v Cambridge University Library, MS Ee 5 23, pp. 464-7 Queen's College (Oxford), MS 32, ff.14r-16v Somerset County Record Office, DD/MI loose papers 76-89: ff.lr-2r (my foliation) See also the version printed by R. H. Bowers, 'Raleigh's Last Speech: The 'Elms' Document', R.E.S., 1/2 (1951) 212-15. Group Two Bodleian Library, MS Eng. Hist. c 319, ff.19r-21r Bodleian Library, Jesus MS 83, ff.68v-70r British Library, Egerton MS 3165, f.115r Group Three British Library, MS Harley 7056, ff.49r-50r British Library, Add. MS 40838, ff.27v-30r Queen's College (Oxford), MS 121, ff.512r-517v The Prose Works of Sir Walter Ralegh 185

Group Four Balliol College, MS 270, ff.165r-167r Bodleian Library, MS Rawl. D 180, ff.46r-52v Bodleian Library, MS Rawl. D 859, ff.84r-85v British Library, Add. MS 44848, ff.267r-269v Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, MS 73/40, ff.214r-215r Public Record Office, S.P. 14.103.74-76 Group Five Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 74/2, ff.148r-150v Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 830, ff.114r-115v British Library, MS Stowe 141 (ff.74r-74v AND 75r-75v) British Library, MS Stowe 180, ff.47r-48r British Library, MS Harley 852, ff.29r-32r British Library, MS Harley 1893, f.81r (incomplete) British Library, MS Harley 39, ff.361r-368v Cambridge University Library, MS MM 6 33, ff.l81v-185v Somerset Record Office, DD SF 4514 26-33, ff.1r-2v (my pagination) 'Unique' versions with no clear links to other groups British Library, Harley MS 791, ff.49v-50v British Library, Harley 1327, ff.55r-56v F.P.: 1651; Sir Walter Raleigh's Sceptick or Speculations. Note that this version of the speech is incomplete. Appendix II: Publications Attributed to Ralegh, or Written in Response to Ralegh's Life and Work, Published between 1618 and 1660

November 1618: Stukeley, Sir Lewis, The humble petition and information of Sir Lewis Stucley, Knight, touching his owne behaviour in the charge committed vnto him, for the bringing up of Sir Walter Ralegh and the scandalous aspersions cast upon him for the same (London: B. Norton and I. Bill). November 1618: A Declaration of the Demeanour and Cariage of Sir Walter Raleigh, knight, as well in his Voyage, as in, and sithence his Returne; And of the true motives and inducements which occasioned His Maiestie to Proceed in doing Justice upon him as hath bene done (London: B. Norton and I. Bill). 1618: Sir Walter Ralegh his Lamentation who was beheaded the 29 October 1618 (London: P. Birch). 1620: Ford, John, Honour Triumphant: and A Line of Life (London: W.S. for N Butter). 1620: Scott, Thomas, Vox Populi or Newes from Spayne, translated according to the Spanish coppie Which may serve to forewarn both England and the Vnited Provinces how farre to trust to Spanish pretences (London). 1621: Ralegh, Sir Walter, The History of the World (London: W. Jaggard for W. Burre). 1626: Scott, Thomas, Sir Walter Rawleighs Ghost, or Englands Forewarner, ('Utricht'). 1628: Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Prerogative of Parlaments [sic] in England proued in a Dialogue (pro & contra) betweene a Councellor of State and a Justice of Peace (Midelburge [London]). 5 editions. 1628: Ralegh, Sir Walter, The History of the World (London: H. Lownes). 1631: Lessius, Rawleigh his Ghost Or, a Feigned Apparition of Syr Walter Rawleigh, to a friend of his, for the translating into English, the Booke of Leonard Lessius (that most learned man) entituled, De Prouidentia Numinis, & Animi immortalitate: written against Atheists, and Polititians of these dayes, translated by A.B. (London). 1632: Ralegh, Sir Walter, Sir Walter Raleigh's Jnstrvctions to his Sonne, and to Posterity (London: Benjamin Fisher).

186 Publications Published between 1618 and 1660 187

1632: Ralegh, Sir Walter, Sir Walter Raleigh's Instrvctions to his Sonne, and to Posterity with the Adviuce of a loving sonne to his aged father (London: Benjamin Fisher). 2 editions. 1633: Ralegh, Sir Walter, Sir Walter Raleigh's Instrvctions to his Sonne, and to Posterity with the Adviuce of a loving sonne to his aged father (London: Benjamin Fisher). 3 editions. 1634: Ralegh, Sir Walter, Sir Walter Raleigh's Instrvctions to his Sonne, and to Posterity with the Adviuce of a loving sonne to his aged father (London: Benjamin Fisher). 1634: Ralegh, Sir Walter, The History of the World (London: R. Young). 1636: Ralegh, Sir Walter, Sir Walter Raleigh's Instrvctions to his Sonne, and to Posterity with the Adviuce of a loving sonne to his aged father (London: Benjamin Fisher). 1636: Tubus Historicus: An Historical Perspective (London: Benjamin Fisher). 1637: The Life and Death of Mahomet. The Conquest of Spaine Together with the Rysing and Ruine of the Sarazen Empire (London: R.H. for Daniel Frere). 1640: Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Prerogative of Parlaments [sic] in England proued in a Dialogue (pro & contra) betweene a Councellor of State and a Justice of Peace (London: T. Cotes). 2 editions. 1642: Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), The Prince or Maxims of State (London). 1644: To day a man, tomorrow none (London: R. H.). 1646: Vox Plebis or The Peoples Out-cry Against Oppression, Injustice, and Tyranny. Wherein the Liberty of the Subject is asserted, Magna Charta briefly but pithily expounded. Lieutenant Colonell Lilburnes Sentence published and refuted. Committees arraigned, Gaolers condemned, and remedies provided. London printed 1646. in the sitting of Parliament; during which time the Presse ought to be free and open, as the Parliament declared to the Bishops at the beginning thereof (London). 1647: A notable and memorable story of the cruel war between the Carthaginians and their own Mercenaries, Gathered out of Polybius, and other Authors, by that famous Historian, Sir Walter Ralegh (London: Thomas Underhill). 1648: Overbury, Sir Thomas, The Arraignment and Conviction of Sr Walter Rawleigh (London: William Wilson for Abel Roper). 1649: Eliot, Sir John, The Arguments upon the Writ of Habeas Corpus, con• cerning bans in the Court of the Kings Bench. Whereunto is annexed The Petition of Sir John Elliot Knight, in behalf of the Liberty of the Subject (London: M.F. for W. Lee, M. Walbancke, D. Pakeman, and G. Bedell). Written in late 1620s. 1650: Ralegh, Sir Walter, Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations (London: Humphrey Moseley): includes Excellent Observations and Notes Concerning the Royall Navy and Sea-Service, Apology, Discourse of War, and scaffold speech. 1650: Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Maxims of State (London: W. Bentley for W. Sheares). 1650: Weldon, Sir Antony, The Court and Character of King James, (London). 1650: Sanderson, William, Aulicus Coquinariae: or a Vindication in Answer to a Pamphlet entitled the Court and Character of King James (London: Humphrey Moseley). 1650: Bradstreet, Anne, The Tenth Muse (1650), ed. Josephine K Piercy (Gainesville, FL: Scholar's Press Facsimiles, 1965). 188 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers

1650: Ross, Alexander, The Marrow of Historie, Or an Epitome of all Historical Passages from the Creation to the end of the last Macedonian War, First set out at large by Sir Walter Rawleigh, And now Abreviated [sic] by A. R. (London: W. Du-Gard for John Stephenson). 1650: Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Maxims of State (London: W Bentley for W. Sheares). Includes Instructions, Son's Advice ... 1651: Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Maxims of State (London: W. Bentley for W. Sheares). 1651: Lessius, Sir Walter Rawleigh's Ghost; or, his apparition to an intimate Friend, willing him to translate into English, this learned book of L. Lessius (London: Thomas Newcomb). 1651: Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Sir Walter Raleigh's Sceptick or Speculations (London: W. Bentley for W. Sheares). Contains Cities, Seat of Government, and letters. 2 editions. 1651: All is not that glisters: Or, A WARNING-PIECE TO ENGLAND (London: G. Horton). 1652: Ralegh, Sir Walter, The History of the World, (London: S. Cartwright, R. Best and J. Place). 3 editions. 1652: Weldon, Sir Antony, A Cat may look upon a King (London: William Roybould). 1653: Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Sir Walter Raleigh's Observations touching Trade & Commerce with the Hollander, and other Nations, as it was presented to K. James. Wherein is proved, that our Sea and Land Commodities serve to inrich and strengthen other Countries against our owne. With other Passages of high Concernment (London: T.H. for William Sheeres). Previously published as A cleare and evident way for enriching the Nations of England and and for setting very great Numbers of Poore on work (London: T.M. & A.V. for John Saywell, 1650). 1653: Ross, Alexander, Som Animadversions and Observations upon sr Walter Raleigh's Historie of the World. Wherein his mistakes are noted, and som doubtful passages cleered (London: William Du-Gard for Richard Royston). 1653: Wilson, Arthur, The History of Great Britain, being the Life and Reign of King James the First (London: Richard Lownds). 1655: Writer, Clement, The Jus Divinem of Presbyterie: newly enlarged: and therine, by many Reasons, Justifying the present GOVERNMENT in not giving Power to any to judge Errors or Heresies & c (London). 1655: Howell, James, Epistolae Ho-Elianae: Familiar Letters Domestic and Farren (London: Humphrey Moseley). 1656: Sanderson, William, A Compleat History of the lives and reigns of Mary queen of Scotland and of her son and successor, James the sixth (London: Humphrey Moseley, Richard Tomlins, George Sawbridge). 1656: Ralegh, Carew, Observations upon some particular Persons and Passages in a Book lately made publick; Intituled A Compleat History .... Written by a lover of the truth (London: G. A. Bedell and Thomas Collins). 1656: Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.),Maxims of State (London: W. Sheares Junior). 1657: Ralegh, Sir Walter, Remains of Sir Walter Raleigh (London: William Sheares Junior, Westminster Hall). 1658: The Cabinet-Council: Containing the Chelf ARTS OF EMPIRE, And MYSTERIES of STATE; DISCABINETED In Political and Polemical Apho- Publications Published between 1618 and 1660 189 risms, grounded on Authority and Experience; And illustrated with the choicest Examples and Historical Observations. By the Ever-reknowned knight, Sir WALTER RALEIGH, Published by Esq (London: Thomas Newcomb for Thomas Johnson). Bibliography

PRIMARY TEXTS

All is not Gold that glisters: Or, A WARNING-PIECE TO ENGLAND (London: G. Horton, 1651). Arber, Edward, ed., The Last Fight of the Revenge at Sea (London: English Reprints, 1871). Ashley, Robert, Almansor the Learned and Victorious King that conquered Spaine. His Life and Death (London: John Parker, 1627). Aubrey, John, Brief Lives, ed. Andrew Clark, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898). Bacon, Francis, The Letters and Life, ed. James Spedding (London: Longman & Co., 1872). Bacon, Sir Francis, His Apologie in Certaine imputations concerning the late Earle of Essex written to the right Honorable his very good Lorde, the Earl of Deuonshire, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (London: Felix Norton, 1604). Bolton, Edmund, Nero Caesar, or Monarchie Depraued (London: T. Walkley, 1624). Botero, Giovanni, Obseruations upon the liues of Alexander, Caesar, Scipio (London: A. Islip for I. laggard, 1602). Bowers, R. H., 'Raleigh's Last Speech: The 'Elms' Document', R.E.S., 1/2 (1951) 209-16. Bradstreet, Anne, The Tenth Muse (1650), ed. Josephine K. Piercy (Gai• nesville, FL: Scholar's Press Facsimiles, 1965). Breton, Nicholas, The Mother's Blessing (London: John Smethick, 1602). A Briefe and trve relation of the mvrther of Mr Thomas Scott (London: Nath. Butter, 1628). Browne, William, Brittania's [1613]-1616 (Menston: The Scolar Press, 1969) Brushfield, T. N., 'Raleghana', Transactions of the Devonshire Association (1905-7). Carew, Lord George, Letters from George, Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe 1615- 1617, ed. John Maclean (London: Camden Society, 1860). Chamberlain, John, The Chamberlain Letters ed. E. M. Thomson, (London: Murray, 1966). Chamberlain, John, The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. N. E. McClure, 2 vols (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1939). Chapman, George, The Memorable Maske of the two Honorable Houses or Inns of the Court, the , and Lyncolns Inne (London: George Norton, 1613) Chapman, George, The Poems of , ed. Phyllis Brooks Bartlett (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1941). Chapman, George, The Works of George Chapman, ed. R. H. , 3 vols (London: Chatto and Windus, 1874-5). Charles I, Bibliotheca Regia, ed. Peter Heylen (London: Henry Seile, 1659).

190 Bibliography 191

Cotton, Robert, A short view of the long life and raigne of Henry the third, king of England (London: 1627). Cromwell, Oliver, Letters and Speeches, ed. Thomas Carlyle, 3 vols (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1908, 1929). Daniel, Samuel, The First Part of the Historie of England (London: The Company of Stationers, 1613). A Declaration of the Demeanour and Cariage of Sir Walter Raleigh, knight, as well in his Voyage, as in, and sithence his Returne; And of the true motives and inducements which occasioned His Maiestie to Proceed in doing Justice upon him as hath bene done (London: B. Norton and I. Bill, 1618). Echard, Laurence, An Abridgement of Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the World in Five Books .... Wherein the particular Chapters and Paragraphs are suc• cinctly Abridg'd according to his own Method, in the larger Volume. To which is Added, His Premonition to Princes, (London: Matthew Gelliflower, 1698). Echard, Laurence, An Abridgement of Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the World in Five Books . .. with some genuine remains publ. by P. Raleigh, (London: Matthew Gelliflower, 1700). Edwards, Edward, The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh, 2 vols (London: Macmillan, 1868). Edwards, Philip, ed., Last Voyages: Cavendish, Hudson, Ralegh. The Original Narratives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988). Eliot, Sir John, The Arguments upon the Writ of Habeas Corpus, concerning bans in the Court of the Kings Bench. Whereunto is annexed The Petition of Sir John Elliot Knight, in behalf of the Liberty of the Subject (London: M.F. for W. Lee, M. Walbancke, D. Pakeman, and G. Bedell, 1649). Ford, John, Honour Triumphant: and A Line of Life (London: W.S. for N. Butter, 1620). Goodman, Godfrey, The Court of King James the First, ed. John S. Brewer, 2 vols (London: 1839). Hakluyt, Richard, Richard Hakluyt: Voyages and Discoveries, ed. Jack Beeching, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1985). Hakluyt, Richard, The Original Writings and Correspondence of the two Richard Hakluyts, ed. E. G. R. Taylor, 2 vols (London: Hakluyt Society, 1935). Hakluyt, Richard, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Dis• coveries of the English Nation (London: G. Bishop, R. Newberie, R. Barker, 1598). Hall, Bishop Joseph, The Balme of Giliad or Comforts for the Distressed, both Morall and Divine (London: M. Flesher, 1646). Harcourt, Robert, A Relation of a Voyage to Guiana (1613), The Hakluyt Society Second Series LX (London: E. Allde, 1926). Hayward, John, The first part of the life and reigne of King Henrie the IIII (London: John Woolfe, 1599). Hayward, John, The Lives of the III Normans, Kings of England (London: R.B., 1613). Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). 192 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers

Hoskins, Dr John, Two Sermons Preached: The One At St Maries in Oxford, The Other Being the Conclusion of the Rehearsall Sermon at Pauls Crosse, 1614 (London: W. Stansby, 1615). Howell, James, Epistolae Ho-Elianae: Familiar Letters Domestic and Farren [sic] (London: Humphrey Moseley, 1655). Hughes, P. L. and Larkin, J. F., eds, Tudor Royal Proclamations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969). Ingoldsby, William, The Doctrine of the Church of England Established by Parliament against Disobedience and wilfull Rebellion (London: William Sheares, 1642). James I, Letters of King James VI and I, ed. G. P. V. Akrigg (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984). James I, The Basilikon Doran of King James VI, ed. James Craigie (London: W. Blackwood & Sons Ltd, 1944). James I, The Poems of James VI of Scotland, ed. James Craigie, 2 vols (Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1955, 1958). Jonson, Ben, Sejanus his Fall, ed. Philip J. Ayres (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990). Jonson, Ben, Works, eds C. H. Herford, Percy and Evelyn Simpson, 11 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925-52). Keymer, John, A cleare and evident way for enriching the Nations of England and Ireland and for setting very great Numbers of Poore on work (London: T.M. & A.C. for John Saywell, 1650). See Ralegh (attrib.), Observations on Trade ... Keymis, Lawrence, A Relation of the second Voyage to Guiana (London: T. Dawson, 1596). The Kings Cabinet opened: or certain packets of secret letters & papers, written with the Kings own hand, and taken in his Cabinet at Nasby-Field, June 14, 1645, (London: Robert Bostock, 1645). Lessius, Rawleigh his Ghost Or, a Feigned Apparition of Syr Walter Rawleigh, to a friend of his, for the translating into English, the Booke of Leonard Lessius (that most learned man) entituled, De Prouidentia Numinis, & Animi immor• talitate: written against Atheists, and Polititians of these dayes, translated by A.B. (London: 1631). Lessius, Sir Walter Rawleigh's Ghost; or, his apparition to an intimate Friend, willing him to translate into English, this learned book of L. Lessius (London: Thomas Newcomb, 1651). Livy, The War with Hannibal, translated by Aubrey de Selincourt (Har• mondsworth: Penguin Books, (1965) 1972). The Lord Digby's Cabinet and Dr Goff's Negotiations; Together with his . Majesties, the Queens, and the Lord Jermin's and other Letters Taken at the Batte/ at Sherborn (London: Edward Husband, 1646). Machiavelli, The Portable Machiavelli, eds Peter Bondanella and Mark Musa (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1979). Martyn, William, The Historie and Lives, of Twentie Kings of England (London: W. Stansby for H. Featherstone, 1615). Martyn, William, Youths Instruction (London: I. Beale for R. Redmer, 1612). Bibliography 193

Masham, Thomas, The Third Voyage set forth by Sir Walter Ralegh to Guiana, with a pinnesse called The Watte, in the yeere 1596. Written by M. Thomas Masham a gentleman of the companie (London: 1596). May, Thomas, A Breviary of the History of the Parliament of England (London: J. Cottrel for Thomas Brewster, 1655). Milton, John, Complete Prose Works, revised edition, 8 vols (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980). Osborne, Dorothy, Letters to William Temple, ed. Kenneth Parker (Har• mondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987). Overbury, Sir Thomas, The Arraignment and Conviction of Sr Walter Rawleigh (London: William Wilson for Abel Roper, 1648). , The Metamorphoses of Ovid, trans. M. M. Innes (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1955). Parker, Henry, Animadversions upon those Notes which the late Observator hath published (London: William Sheares, 1642). Percy, Henry (Ninth Earl of Northumberland), Advice to his Son, ed. G. B. Harrison (London: E. Berm, 1930). Polybius, The Histories, trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, 2 vols (London: Mac• millan & Co., 1889). Proceedings in Parliament 1610, ed. Elizabeth Read Foster (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966). Proceedings in Parliament 1614 (House of Commons), ed. Maija Jansson (Phi• ladelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988). Proceedings in Parliament 1625, eds Maija Jansson and William B. Bideswell (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987). Purchas, Samuel, Purchas His Pi/grimes (London: William Stansby for Henrie Featherstone, 1625). Ralegh, Carew, A Brief Relation of Sir Walter Raleigh's Troubles, 1669, printed in The Harleian Miscellany, vol. IV (London: 1745). Ralegh, Carew, Observations upon some particular Persons and Passages in a Book lately made publick; Intituled A Compleat History .... Written by a lover of the truth (London: G. A. Bedell and Thomas Collins, 1656). Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Tubus Historicus: An Historical Perspective (London: Benjamin Fisher,1636). Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Maxims of State (London: W. Bentley for W. Sheares, 1650). Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Sir Walter Raleigh's Observations touching Trade & Commerce with the Hollander, and other Nations, as it was presented to K. James. Wherein is proved, that our Sea and Land Commodities serve to inrich and strengthen other Countries against our owne. With other Passages of high Concernment (London: T.H. for William Sheeres, 1653). Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Sir Walter Raleigh's Sceptick or Speculations (London: W. Bentley for W. Sheares, 1651). Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), The Cabinet-Council: Containing the Chelf ARTS OF EMPIRE, And MYSTERIES of STATE; DISCABINETED In Political and Polemical Aphorisms, grounded on Authority and Experience; And illustrated with the choicest Examples and Historical Observations. By the Ever• reknowned knight, Sir WALTER RALEIGH, Published by John Milton Esq. (London: Thomas Newcomb for Thomas Johnson, 1658). 194 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers

Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), The Life and Death of Mahomet. The Conquest of Spaine Together with the Rysing and Ruine of the Sarazen Empire (London: R.H. for Daniel Frere, 1637). Ralegh, Sir Walter, A notable and memorable story of the cruel war between the Carthaginians and their own Mercenaries, Gathered out of Polybius and other Authors, by that famous Historian, Sir Walter Ralegh (London: Thomas Underhill, 1647). Ralegh, Sir Walter, A report of the truth of the fight about the iles of Acores, this last sommer, betwixt the Revenge, one of her Maiesties Shippes, and an armada of the King of Spaine (London: J. Windet for W. Ponsonbie, 1591). Ralegh, Sir Walter, Considerations concerning Reprisalls, ed. J.P. Collier, N.Q. 3rd Series 5 (1864) 208. Ralegh, Sir Walter, Excellent Observations and Notes Concerning the Royall Navy and Sea-Service (London: Humphrey Moseley, 1650). Ralegh, Sir Walter, Journal, British Library, Cotton MS Titus B VIII, ff.162-75 Ralegh, Sir Walter, Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations (London: Humphrey Moseley, 1650). Ralegh, Sir Walter, On the Succession, ed. Pierre Lefranc, Etudes Anglaises, 13 (1960) 38-46. Ralegh, Sir Walter, Remains of Sir Walter Raleigh (London: William Sheares Junior, Westminster Hall, 1657). Ralegh, Sir Walter, Sir Walter Raleigh's Instrvctions to his Sonne, and to Posterity (London: Benjamin Fisher, 1632). Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Discoverie of Guiana, ed. V. T. Harlow (London: The Argonaut Press, 1928). Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Discoverie of the large, rich and beautiful empyre of Guiana (London: R. Robinson, 1596). Ralegh, Sir Walter, The History of the World, ed. C. A. Patrides (London: Macmillan, 1971). Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh, ed. Agnes Latham (London: Constable & Co. Ltd, 1929). Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Poems of Sir Walter Raleigh, ed. John Hannah (London: G. Bell, 1875). Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Prerogative of Par/aments [sic] in England proued in a Dialogue (pro & contra) betweene a Councellor of State and a Iustice of Peace (Midelburge [London]: 1628). Ralegh, Sir Walter, The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh, eds W. Oldys and T. Birch, 8 vols (London: 1829). Ralegh, Sir Walter, Three Discourses of Sir Walter Raleigh (London: 1702). Raymond, Joad, ed., Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England 1641-1660 (Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush, 1993). A Remonstrance of the State of the Kingdom (London: H. Elsinge, 1641). Ross, Alexander, Som Animadversions and Observations upon S' Walter Raleigh's Historie of the World. Wherein his mistakes are noted, and som doubtful passages cleered (London: William Du-Gard for Richard Royston, 1653). Ross, Alexander, The Marrow of Historie, Or an Epitome of all Historical Passages from the Creation to the end of the last Macedonian War, First set Bibliography 195

out at large by Sir Walter Rawleigh, And now Abreviated [sic] by A. R. (London: W. Du- Gard for John Stephenson, 1650). Sanderson, William, A Compleat History of the lives and reigns of Mary queen of Scotland and of her son and successor, James the sixth (London: Humphrey Moseley, Richard Tomlins, George Sawbridge, 1656). Sanderson, William, Aulicus Coquinariae: or a Vindication in Answer to a Pamphlet entitled the Court and Character of King James (London: Humphrey Moseley, 1650). Sanderson, William, The Arraignment of Dr Peter Heylins Advertisement on the Three Histories Mary Queen of Scots, King James & King Charles, Vindicated by the Author William Sanderson Esq (London: Thomas Leach, 1658). Scott, Thomas, Robert Earle of Essex his Ghost Sent from Elizian: To the Nobility, , and Communaltie of England (printed in Paradise: 1624). Scott, Thomas, Sir Walter Rawleighs Ghost, or Englands Forewarner ('Utricht': 1626). Scott, Thomas, Vox Populi or Newes from Spayne, translated according to the Spanish coppie Which may serve to forewarn both England and the Vnited Provinces how farre to trust to Spanish pretences (London: 1620). Selden, John, Titles of Honour (London: W. Stansby for I. Helme, 1614). Sidney, Algernon, Discourses concerning Government (London: 1698) Sidney, Sir Philip, Prose Works, ed. Albert Feuillerat, 4 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1912), 1962). Sir Walter Ralegh his Lamentation who was beheaded the 29 October 1618 (London: P. Birch, 1618). Sliedan, John, A Briefe chronicall of the foure principall empyres, to witte, of Babilon, Persia, Grecia, and Rome. Wherein is compendiouslye conteyned the whole discourse of histories (London: Rouland Hall, 1563). Sokol, B. J., 'Thomas Hariot's Notes on Sir Walter Ralegh's address from the scaffold', Manuscripts, 26 (1974) 198-205. Straffords Plot discovered, and the Parliament vindicated (London: Ruth Raworth for John Dallam, 1646). Stukeley, Sir Lewis, The humble petition and information of Sir Lewis Stucley, Knight, touching his owne behaviour in the charge committed vnto him, for the bringing up of Sir Walter Ralegh and the scandalous aspersions cast upon him for the same (London: B. Norton and I. Bill, 1618). Vox Plebis or The Peoples Out-cry Against Oppression, Injustice, and Tyranny. Wherein the Liberty of the Subject is asserted, Magna Charta briefly but pithily expounded. Lieutenant Colonell Lilburnes Sentence published and refuted. Committees arraigned, Gaolers condemned, and remedies provided. London printed 1646. in the sitting of Parliament; during which time the Presse ought to be free and open, as the Parliament declared to the Bishops at the beginning thereof (London: 1646) Weldon, Sir Antony, A Cat may look upon a King (London: William Roybould, 1652). Weldon, Sir Antony, The Court and Character of King James (London, 1650). Wilson, Arthur, The History of Great Britain, being the Life and Reign of King James the First (London: Richard Lownds, 1653). 196 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers

Wright, Louis B., ed., Advice to a Son: Precepts of Lord Burghley, Sir Walter Raleigh and Francis Osborne (Ithaca, NY: Published Press, 1962). Writer, Clement, The Jus Divinem of Presbyterie: newly enlarged: and therine, by many Reasons, Justifying the present GOVERNMENT in not giving Power to any to judge Errors or Heresies & c (London: 1655).

MANUSCRIPTS

(See Appendix I for details of manuscript copies of works by Ralegh.)

All Soul's College, MS 155, verse attacks on Ralegh. Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 830, Sir Lewise Stukelyes Appollogie. Bodleian Library, MS Rawl. 100, a parliamentary speech by Ralegh. Bodleian Library, MS Wood 1722, Bolton, Edmund, Hypercritica, or a rule of iudgement, for writing or reading our Histories. British Library, Sloane MS 1856, A Discourse of Mr St Johns affirming that the kind of benevolence demanded is against law, reason, and religion. British Library, Sloane MS 1133, Ralegh, Sir Walter (attrib.), Of the Voyage to Guiana. Exeter College, Oxford, MS 139, proposals for the Lord Chamberlainship Public Record Office, S.P. 12.240.53, letters about the loss of the Revenge. Public Record Office, S.P. 13.26.42: S.P. 14.23.10: S.P. 14.8.123, papers con- cerning the early years of Ralegh's imprisonment. Public Record Office, S.P. 14.103. 86-180, papers concerning Ralegh's execution. StJohn's College, Cambridge, MS James I 4, Ralegh's Large Apology with accompanying letter from A. Throckmorton.

SECONDARY TEXTS

Allen, J. W., English Political Thought 1603-1660 (London: Methuen, 1938). Andrews, K. R., Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering during the Spanish War 1558-1603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964). Andrews, K. R., The Spanish Caribbean: trade and plunder, 1530-1630 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978). Andrews, K. R., Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the , 1480-1630 (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni• versity Press, 1984). Armitage, David, Himy, Armand, and Skinner, Quentin, eds, Milton and Republicanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Aylmer, Gerald, ed., The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement 1646-1660, (London: Macmillan (1972), 1979). Baker, Herschel, The Race of Time: Three Lectures on Renaissance Historio• graphy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967). Bibliography 197

Barker, Francis, Hulme, Peter, and Iversen, Margaret, eds, Uses of History: Marxism, Postmodernism and the Renaissance (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991). Beer, Anna R., 'Knowinge shee cann renew": Sir Walter Ralegh and the Virgin Queen', Criticism, 34 (1992) 497-516. Bennett, H. S., English Books and Readers 1558-1603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965). Berkowitz, David Sandler, John Selden's Formative Years: Politics and Society in Early Seventeenth-century England (London: Associated University Presses, 1988). Bernthal, Craig A., 'Staging Justice: James I and the Trial Scenes of Measure for Measure', S.E.L., 32 (1992) 247-69. Berry, Philippa, Of Chastity and Power: and the Unmarried Queen (London: Routledge, 1989). Bindoff, S., Hurstfield, J. and Williams, P., eds, Elizabethan Government and Society (London: Athlone Press, 1961). Blair, Ann, see Grafton (1990). Brenner, Robert, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653 (Cambridge, Cam• bridge University Press, 1993). Brown, Cedric C., John Milton: A Literary Life (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995). Bushnell, Rebecca, Tragedies of Tyrants: Political Thought and Theater in the , (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990) Butler, Martin, 'Jonson's Folio and the Politics of Patronage', Criticism, 35 (1993) 377-90. Campbell, Marion, 'Inscribing Imperfection: Sir Walter Ralegh and the Elizabethan Court', E.L.R., 20 (1990) 233-53. Capp, Bernard, Cromwell's Navy: the Fleet and the English Revolution 1648- 1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1989), 1992). Carlton, Charles, Archbishop William Laud (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987). Chartier, Roger, Cultural History. Between Practices and Representations, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Cambridge: Polity, 1988). Clark, Peter, 'Josias Nicholls and Religious Radicalism 1553-1639', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 28 (1977) 133-50. Clark, Sandra, The Elizabethan Pamphleteers: Popular Moralistic Pamphlets 1580-1640 (London: Athlone Press, 1983). Collinson, Patrick, The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 2nd edn. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991). Collinson, Patrick, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1967), 1990). Condren, Conal, The Language of Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994). Corbett, Margery and Lightbown, Ronald, The Comely Frontispiece: the Emblematic Title-Page in England 1550-1660 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979). 198 Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers

Corns, Thomas N., Uncloistered Virtue: English Political Literature, 1640-1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992). Coughlan, Patricia, ed., Spenser and Ireland: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (Cork: Cork University Press, 1989). Crane, Mary Thomas, Framing Authority: Sayings, Self, and Society in Six• teenth-Century England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). Cust, Richard and Hughes, Ann, Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics 1603-1642 (Harlow: Longman, 1989). Cust, Richard, 'Honour and Politics in Early Stuart England', Past & Present, 149 (1995) 57-94. Cust, Richard, The Forced Loan and English Politics 1626-1628 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987) Damton, Robert, The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History (New York: Norton, 1990). Davis, Herbert and Gardner, Helen, eds, Elizabethan and Jacobean Studies presented to F. P. Wilson (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959). Deakins, Roger, 'The Tudor Prose Dialogue: Genre and Anti-Genre', S.E.L., 20 (1980) 1-23. Doelman, James, '"A King of thine own heart": the English Reception of King James VI and I's Basilikon Doron', The Seventeenth Century, 9 (1994) 1-9. Dowling, Margaret, 'Sir John Hayward's Troubles over his Life of Henry IV', Library, 11 (1930) 212-24. Dubrow, Heather and Strier, Richard, The Historical Renaissance: New Essays on Tudor and Stuart Literature and Culture, (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988). During, Simon, Foucault and Literature: Towards a Genealogy of Writing, (London: Routledge, 1992). Dutton, Richard, 'Buggeswords: Samuel Harsnett and the Licensing, Sup• pression, and Afterlife of Dr John Hayward's The First Part of the Life and Reign of King Henry IV', Criticism, 35 (1993) 305--40. Dutton, Richard, Mastering the : The Regulation and Censorship of English Renaissance Drama (London: Macmillan, 1991). Eley, Geoff and Hunt, William, eds, Reviving the English Revolution: Reflections and Elaborations on the Work of Christopher Hill (London: Verso, 1988). Evans, Joan, A History of the Society of Antiquaries (Oxford: Oxford Uni• versity Press, 1956). Fox, Alistair and Guy, John, eds, Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics and Reform 1500-1550 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986). Friedman, Jerome, Miracles and the Pulp Press during the English Revolution: The Battle of the Frogs and Fairford's Flies (London: UCL Press, 1994). Frye, Susan, : The Competition for Representation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). Fuller, Mary, 'Ralegh's Fugitive Gold: Reference and Deferral in The Dis• coverie of Guiana', Representations, 33 (1991) 42-64. Fussner, F. Smith, The Historical Revolution: English Historical Writing and Thought 1580-1640 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962). Gardner, Helen, see Davis (1959). Bibliography 199

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A Cat may look upon a King, 140-1 Elizabeth I, 29, 71, 119, 121-2 Abbot, George, Archbishop of Ralegh's career under, 2, 4, 18n, Canterbury, 60, 116 20n,25,80n, 101,142 All that Glisters is not Gold, 155-6, Ralegh's representation of, 4, 7, 164 9-10, 25, 72, 76-7, 80n, 93-4, Anne, Queen, wife of James I, 3, 85 164 Arundel, Charles, Earl of, 94, 101 Essex, Earl of, see Robert Devereux Aubrey, John, 67, 104n, 142, 172n. executions, 82, 88, 90-3, 104 exploration, see colonisation Bacon, Francis, 62, 70-1, 108n. Bolton, Edmund, 29,37 Felton, John, 116 Bradstreet, Anne, 141, 152-3, 154 Filmer, Robert, 176 Browne, William, 56, 107n, 168 forced loan, see taxation Buckingham, Duke of, see George Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 125 Villiers Burre, Walter, see printers and Gondomar, Count, 83-4, 96, booksellers 118-20, 122, 168; see also Spain Byron, Due de, 107-Bn Gorges, Sir Arthur, 23, 25-7, 32, 34, in drama, 93, 100, 107n 35, 103 Grenville, Sir Richard, 3-7 Carew, Sir George, 23, 57n, 85 Carr, Robert, 37-8, 61, 73, 94 Hakewill, William, 63 Cecil, Sir Robert, 9, 35, 83 Hall, Bishop Joseph, 171 censorship, 3, 8, 12, 15, 30, 60, 68, Hayward, John, 29-31 102-3, 116, 122, 124, 141 Henry, Prince of Wales, 22-8, 30-1, Chapman, George, 23, 29, 55n, 100 48, 55n, 61, 105n, 154 Charles I, 15-16, 24, 69, 100, 112, Herbert, George, 128 113, 120-1, 125, 129-30, 132, historiography, seventeenth• 159, 161, 174n century, 13, 22, 26, 28-30, 36, Civil War, 1, 19n, 122, 131-2, 153, 40, 45-6, 69, 75, 77, 102, 113, 161, 172n 135n, 140-1, 153-4, 159-62, 167, Coke, Edward, 114 169-71 colonisation, 9-10, 24, 35, 84, 166-7; Hobbes, Thomas, 15 see also trade Holland, see the Netherlands Cotton, Sir Robert, 30, 75 honour, 6-7, 52-3, 93-4, 135n Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 150-2, 154, Hoskins, Dr John, 32-3, 67 156, 159-60, 162-5, 167 Hoskins, John, 32-5, 63, 67-8, 133n Howard, Lord Charles, 19n, 35 Daniel, Samuel, 29, 30, 37 Howard, Lord Thomas, 4, 6 Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, 18n, 56n, SOn, 93-4, 100, imperialism, see nationalism 119, 176 impositions, see taxation Edwards, Thomas, 141 James I, 37-8, 61-5, 70, 75, 117, 120, Eliot, Sir John, 110-15 127

205 206 Index

and Ralegh, 1, 8, 14, 23, 60-2, 83, Ralegh's views on 84-7,97-8,158-9,168,170 parliament, 60-7, 73-6, 143 as reader, 14, 37-8, 60-1, 69, Rump, 165 102 Sir John Eliot and, 112, 114 Ralegh's representation of, patriarchy, 129-31 47, 49, 63, 65, 75-6, 87, 93, 94, patronage, 3, 8-9, 15, 22-3, 26, 32, 128 34, 66-7, 111, 116 Jonson, Ben, 32, 34-5, 39, 93 Percy, Henry, Earl of Jus Populi, 142 Northumberland, 127 Pett, Phineas, 27-8 Keymis, Lawrence, 9-10, 83, 170 prerogative parliamentary, 115 last speeches, see executions royal, 60, 63, 64, 75, 136n Laud, William, Archbishop of Printers and booksellers Canterbury, 69, 125, 139, 172n Burre, Walter, 31-2, 103 Lessius, Leonard, 123-4, 154 Moseley, Humphrey, 157, 169 Levellers, 12, 19n, 142-9, 154, Sheares, William, 157 173n Stansby, William, 31-2, 103 Lord Digby's Cabinet, 161-2 providentialism, 7, 39-40, 44-6, 54, 116-18, 149-52, 155-6, 159, Machiavelli, Niccolo, 18n, 20n, 119, 161-2, 167, 174n 159 Purchas, Samuel, 27 Markham, Gervase, 19n Marvell, Andrew, 156, 165 Ralegh, Carew, 1, 85, 104-Sn, 138n, May, Thomas, 136n, 161 140, 170-1 Milton, John, 142, 154, 159-63, 165 Ralegh, Lady Elizabeth, 1, 67, 84, Moseley, Humphrey, see printers 94, 138n, 140 and booksellers Ralegh, Philip, 138n Ralegh, Sir Walter nationalism, 121, 158; see also 1603 trial, 1, 7-8, 14, 18n, 61, 94, colonialism 100, 106n, 107n, 168 Naunton, Robert, 84, 107n. 1618 arraignment, 97, 100, 140, Navy, the, 25-8 171 Netherlands, the, 18n, 164-5 and Oliver Cromwell, 8, 150-2, Northumberland, Earl of, see Henry 154, 156, 159-60, 162-5, 167 Percy and foreign policy, 25, 49-50, 163-7 Parliaments and parliamentarians and militarism, 6-7, 34, 40, 1610, 63, 70, 79n 49-54, 60, 118-20, 167 1614, 49, 62-4, 67-8, 69, 73, 112 and John Milton, 159-63 1625, 114 and Parliament, 25, 62, 63-4, 1626, 121 66-7, 69, 79n, 168 1628, 15-16, 110, 115, 124 and Spain, 3-7, 25, 28, 106-7n 1629, 124 and textual scholarship, 11, 79n, 1649, 143, 19n 137n, 179 Barebones, 165 and Robert Devereux, Earl of and, 32-3 Essex, 18n, 56n, BOn, 93-4, 100, Ralegh as parliamentarian, 25, 119, 176 67, 79n, 80n, 168 and trade, 163-7 Index 207

as censor, 102 Opinions ... on the Alarm of an career under Queen Elizabeth, 2, invasion from Spain, 25, 66 4-5, 14, 25, 94, 101 poetry, 3, 18, 95, 112 execution, 1, 19n, 55, 88-96, 112, Short Apology (Letter to Lord 118, 139, 140, 155, 176 George Carew), 85, 86 first Guiana voyage, 9-10, 35, 44, Speech from the Scaffold, 2, 11, 166, 170 17-18, 55, 88-96, 135n, 140, 168 imprisonment, 20n, 22-6, 61 state responses to: Declaration of in ghosts, see Scott, All that the Demeanour, 97-100, 102 Glisters, Lessius Petition, 96-100, 102 in the eighteenth century, 177 The Discoverie of the large, rich and representation of Queen bewtiful Empire of Guiana, 3, Elizabeth, 4-5, 7, 9-10, 25, 72, 9-10, 12, 17, 35-6, 44 76-7,164 The History of the World, 2, 8, second Guiana voyage, 62, 82-5, 11-14, 17, chapter 2, 66-8, 70, 170, 174n 77-8,96, 102-3, 111, 118, 123-4, Ralegh, Sir Walter: texts 127-9, 142-54, 161, 167-8, 171, A Dialogue betweene a Counsellor of 174n, 176 State and a Justice of Peace, 2, 8, Touching a Marriage between Prince 14, 30-1, chapter 3, 96, 110-16, Henry of England and a Daughter 138n, 139, 143, 176-7 of Savoy, 24, 27 A Discourse on the Original and Ralegh, Sir Walter: works attributed Fundamental Cause [. . .] of Advice of a Loving Sonne, 130-2 war, 13, 129-30, 174n Cabinet Council, 56n, 159-63 A Discourse on the invention of Life and Death of Mahomet, 123 Ships, 164, 174n Maxims of State, 56n, 123, 140, 157 A Discourse touching a War with Observations touching trade with Spain and the protecting of the the Hollander, 157-9, 174n Netherlands, 1, 18n, 66 Sceptick, 157 A Relation of the Action at Tubus Historicus, 123 Cadiz, 25 Ralegh, Wat, 34, 83, 84 A Report of the Truth of the reading practices, 8-10, 12-14, fight . .. betwixt the Reuenge 36-41, 42, 60-1, 69-71, 102, ... and an Armada of the King of 111-14, 128, 140, 141, 149-50, Spaine, 3-7 159, 167-9, 171, 177 Apology for his Voyage to republicanism, 34, 163, 172n, 173n, Guiana, 85-6, 103-4, 140, 168 176-7 Concerning a Match propounded by Ross, Alexander, 153-4, 169-70 the Savoyan, between the Lady Elizabeth and the Prince of Salisbury, Earl of, see Cecil, Sir Piedmont, 23 Robert Instructions to his son and to Sanderson, William, 170-1 Posterity, 110-11, 123, 125-7, Scott, Thomas, 110, 116-22, 131, 129-32 143, 155, 164, 167, 175n Observations and Notes concerning Selden, John, 29-30, 32, 34 the Royal Navy and Sea Shakespeare, William, 18n, 93, 100 Service, 23, 25-7, 174n Sheares, William, see printers and Of the Art of Warre by Sea, 25, 28 booksellers On the Succession, 25 Sidney, Algernon, 176-7