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Of Sir Walter Ralegh 1940 C Experience as reflected in the poetry of Sir Walter Raleigh Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Vickers, Martha Huxtable, 1915- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 21:47:38 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553541 EXPERIENCE AS REFLECTED IN THE POETRY OF SIR WALTER RALEGH by Martha Huxtable Vickers A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Department of English In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Graduate College University of Arizona 1940 Approved: C. % * ____ H 1 V ^ * Major Professor Date %7 Crtl. 2— TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 I. THE COURTIER, AN AMBITIOUS POET............... 1 II. THE LOVER, A CONVENTIONAL POET............... 30 III. THE TRANSITION............................... 46 IV. THE PRISONER, A SERIOUS "OFT................. 63 CONCLUSION........................................... 82 ? BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................... 83 13U73li IHTRODUGTIOH The greatest Influenee shaping Ralegh’s poetry was his experience. The literary significance of Ralegh's poetry lies in his representation of the change from Renaissance love poetry to Jacobean metaphysical poetry* My purpose in making a study of Ralegh as a poet is to reveal the circum­ stances which caused the change in M s poems. This thesis purposes to show that Ralegh* s experience# Influenced the character of his poems. While a favorite in Elizabeth’s court, his struggle for favor induced him to use poetry for a self-seeking end. Hie career as a poet in the Renaissance age Influenced him to write his poems according to conventional forms. Later in life, his bitter experiences during the reign of James produced a change in his attitude which resulted in a new poetry— a serious, meditative poetry. The first chapter summarizes the political and economic background of the period, emphasizing Elizabeth’s strength as a monarch. By engaging qualities Ralegh attracted the Queen and by his achievements as a soldier and colonizer he gained her favor* He wrote .the early poem Cynthia during a period of disgrace to flatter the Queen and to regain her favor. The second chapter is an examination of the Renaissance poetry that prevailed at Elizabeth’s court and a study of tl Ralegh’s love poems, written while he was Elizabeth’s favor­ ite. We observe that the literary age led Ralegh to conform to the conventional patterns of the day in his poems. The third chapter deals with the last years of Elizabeth* s reign and Ralegh’s turbulent fortunes during this period* prose works Indicate a growing seriousness of mind, which is reflected in the poems of this transitional period. The fourth chapter reviews the story of Ralegh’s fall and Imprisonment under James* Bitter experiences Imbue hie late poems with an Intellectuality and a seriousness that is quite foreign to hie earlier poetry. For the background of the age and for biographical data on Ralegh I have used numerous histories and contemporary re­ ports, all of which are included in the footnotes and biblio­ graphy, I found In William Oldy’s "Life of Ralegh," which Is in his edition of .The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh.^ the most detailed study and in William Stebbing'o Sir Walter Ralegh2 a most reliable and discriminating authority. For the text and dating of Ralegh’s poems I have used exclusively Agnes Latham’s anthology, The foems ofSirWalter Ralegh.3 1% WilliamOldys."The ^Ife of Ralegh." The Works ofSir Walter Ralereh (William Oldys and Thomas Birch, editors, Oxford: University Press, 1829). 2, William Stebblna. Sir Walter Ralegh: A Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891). 3. Agnes Latham, The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh (London: Constable & do., Ltd., 1929). Ill In my reading I have not found available any study of the topic of this thesis. Hiss Latham devotes her intro­ duction to a technical criticism of Ralegh's poems; vrillia® Stabbing's Sir Walter Ralegh. Irvin Anthony's Ralegh and His World,4 and Milton'Wridman* s Sir Walter Ralegh^ are primari­ ly biographies, I have found useful material on Ralegh* a atheism in M.C, Bradbrook's The School of Night.6 Q. E. Hado*7 and Frank Mersey® have collected and printed antholo­ gies of Ralegh* a poems. My thesis endeavors to supply a study of Ralegh1 s poet­ ry, early and late, In relation to his experiences. The value of this study Is that it provides a key to a more sym­ pathetic understanding of Ralegh*s poetry. (N ew Yor k: C harle s71 Irvin Anthony, ________ _ (New York: Charles71 Scribner's Sons, 1934). 5. Milton Waldman. Sir Walter Ralegh (Hew York: Harper & Bros., 1928). 6. M. C, Bradbrook, Ihe School of Night (London: Cambridge University Press, 1936), 7. Q. E. HadOT, editor. S l r K a ^ e r Raleigh i^geleot^on^ from His "Hletorie of t EBBSaieaQBiBE ^ere, Clarendon Press, 1926). 8. Frank Mersey, editor, Sir Walter Ralegh; of the Ocean (Hew York: CHAPTER I THE COURTIER* AH AMBITIOUS POET That Ralegh perceived in hie conventional love poems a means for personal advancement, a way to flatter the sus­ ceptible , middle-aged Queeri Is understandable If vre realize the absolute monarchical authority vested In Elizabeth, her encouragement of Individual ability among her courtiers, and Ralegh's struggle for her favor by services In sundry fields. The present chapter first undertakes to summarise the political and economic background of the Elizabethan period. My purpose is, first, to show how Elizabeth strengthened her position as a monarch so that all who sought position in Eng­ land must necessarily secure her favor to secure their for­ tunes and, second, to show how she encouraged the rise of In­ dividualism in the oourt so that every man was extended the opportunity to advance his estate by his ability and achieve­ ments. Competition for Elisabeth*o favor became a very ar­ duous career. The second part of the chapter presents Ralegh as the courtier who won the Queen's attention and reviews the story of Ralegh's struggle to maintain Elizabeth's favor by his achievements. Ralegh strove to please his Queen by engaging in colonization, exploration, privateering, and Industry. The third seetton Is devoted to a study of Ralegh* s poems and the part that poetry played in his struggle for favor. Ralegh, It seems highly probable, wrote his poems as another means to flatter the Queen*s feminine vanity and to provide the adoration that she craved from her favorites. When Ralegh entered the Court, Elizabeth had unified her nation and had set her monarchical principle of govern­ ment on unshakable foundations. She had ascended the Eng­ lish throne twenty-three years before and had found Eng­ land in a desperate state of affaira.^ The strong govern­ ment that had been established by Henry VIII had become disintegrated during the turbulent reigns of Edward VI and Mary, When Elizabeth came to the throne, the treasury was bankrupt, and the credit of the government was so low that it had to pay 14 per cent for its loans. Domestic trades were stagnant. Vagrancy and pauperism were spreading. The administration itself was disorganized, and England was threatened with a religious civil war. Her military and naval strength being deficient, England's position among nations was critical. With the solution of these urgent problems, the reign of Elizabeth ushered in a period of prosperity for all except the poorest classes and laid the foundations of that commercial and industrial supremacy T: In studying tne background or the period, I have found Mandell Creighton*o The Age of Elizabeth useful. 3 which England was to enjoy for several centuries among the nations of the world. The greatest advantage for the young Queen was the poll- tlcal theory of the Renaissance movement that had reached England at the beginning of the Tudor reign.2 This was the concentration of the supreme power of the state In the mon­ arch. Activities centered around and emanated from the court, while during the Middle Ages authority had been de­ centralized among small castles, each a miniature court com­ plete In itself, Tilth this powerful weapon, Elizabeth set about to unify her nation and to stabilize It internally. First, she withdrew England from participation in for­ eign affairs and adopted a temporizing foreign policy. To destroy dissension within her kingdom, Elizabeth made a settlement of religious conflicts end renounced tyrannical religious persecutions that had stained Mary's reign with blood. The church was once more made English, the Act of Uniformity in 1559 restoring the second prayer book of Edward VI.3 Having re-established the Church of England, which she treated very much as a branch of civil service, Queen Elizabeth assumed supreme authority. With these two powerful causes of dissension— war with foreign powers and 2. An excellent study of the Renaissance in England will be found In Lewis Einstein'o The Italian Renaissance in Ejiglagd . 3. I have relied, in part, upon H. D. Traill’s Social England. Ill, for the facts of the political and religious re­ organization of England. 4 conflict with the Church— under her control, Elisabeth turned to the problem of developing and extending her country*e in­ dustries. The first problem to be dealt with was that of the cur­ rency , which was b o depreciated in value that there was little chance of a revival of trade and prosperity, Elizabeth's council called in the whole currency, standardized it, and issued a new set of coins.
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