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Cigarettes Sold in China: Design, Emissions and Metals Downloaded from tobaccocontrol.bmj.com on November 10, 2010 - Published by group.bmj.com Cigarettes sold in China: design, emissions and metals Richard J O'Connor, Qiang Li, W Edryd Stephens, et al. Tob Control 2010 19: i47-i53 doi: 10.1136/tc.2009.030163 Updated information and services can be found at: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/19/Suppl_2/i47.full.html These include: References This article cites 18 articles, 10 of which can be accessed free at: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/19/Suppl_2/i47.full.html#ref-list-1 Open Access This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode. Email alerting Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up in the service box at the top right corner of the online article. Notes To request permissions go to: http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions To order reprints go to: http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform To subscribe to BMJ go to: http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/ep Downloaded from tobaccocontrol.bmj.com on November 10, 2010 - Published by group.bmj.com Research paper Cigarettes sold in China: design, emissions and metals Richard J O’Connor,1 Qiang Li,2 W Edryd Stephens,3 David Hammond,4 Tara Elton-Marshall,2 K Michael Cummings,1 Gary A Giovino,5 Geoffrey T Fong2,6 1Department of Health Behavior, ABSTRACT largest tobacco company (by sales volume), the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Background China is the home to the world’s largest China National Tobacco Company (CNTC), which Buffalo, New York, USA 2 cigarette maker, China National Tobacco Company is overseen by the State Tobacco Monopoly Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, (CNTC), yet little is known publicly about the design and Administration (STMA). Thirty-one independent Canada emissions of Chinese cigarettes. CNTC is currently in the cigarette factories operate in China under the 3School of Geography and process of consolidating its brands and has ambitions to direction of CNTC and STMA.5 STMA has Geociences, St Andrews export its cigarettes. Machine-measured tar yields of undertaken a plan of modernisation, which University, Scotland, UK 4Department of Health Studies many of its cigarette brands have also been reduced, includes brand and manufacturing consolidation, and Gerontology, University of similar to what occurred in Western countries from the aiming to create about 10 large tobacco Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 1970s through the 1990s with so-called ‘low-tar’ manufacturing enterprises under CNTC. As part of 5 Department of Health Behavior, cigarettes introduced to address consumer concerns this modernisation, the number of cigarette brands University at Buffalo, SUNY, about health risks from smoking. in China has dropped from 1181 in 2000 to 173 in Buffalo, New York, USA 4 6 6Ontario Institute for Cancer Method The current study examines the design and 2007, further dropping to 154 as of October 2008. Research, Toronto, Ontario, physical characteristics, labelled smoke emissions and The goal is to create larger brand families with Canada tobacco metals content of leading brands of Chinese national and potentially international markets as cigarettes from seven cities purchased in 2005e6 and in opposed to locally popular varieties.45 Correspondence to 2007. Dr Richard J O’Connor, As part of the CNTC modernisation strategy, Department of Health Behavior, Results Findings suggest that similar to most countries, efforts are under way to reduce tar levels under Division of Cancer Prevention tar levels of Chinese cigarettes are predicted primarily by machine testing. In April 2006, a cap of 15 mg of tar and Population Sciences, tobacco weight and filter ventilation. Ventilation was implemented, with a reported national average Roswell Park Cancer Institute, explained approximately 50% of variation observed in tar machine yield of 13.2 mg, as measured by the ISO Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, 4 < NY 14263, USA; richard. and 60% variation in carbon monoxide yields. We found method. Lower tar ( 10 mg) varieties account for 4 [email protected] little significant change in key design features of about 2% of the market, probably due to a lack of cigarettes purchased in both rounds. We observed demand and limited competition from foreign Received 27 February 2009 significant levels of various metals, averaging 0.82 mg/g brands.7 However, the publicly stated goal of the Revised 26 June 2009 arsenic (range 0.3e3.3), 3.21 mg/g cadmium (range tar level reduction is to reduce harm caused by Accepted 1 July 2009 2.0e5.4) and 2.65 mg/g lead (range 1.2e6.5) in smoking,89which raises the spectre of the low-tar a subsample of 13 brands in 2005e6, substantially cigarette debacle experienced by Western countries higher than contemporary Canadian products. from the 1970s to the 1990s. Conclusion Results suggest that cigarettes in China Reductions in tar levels to meet the newly increasingly resemble those sold in Western countries, adopted 15 mg tar yield ceiling have primarily been but with tobacco containing higher levels of heavy achieved through design modification, most prom- metals. As CNTC looks to export its product around the inently increasing filter ventilation, which has the world, independent surveillance of tobacco product effect of reducing the amount of smoke collected characteristics, including tobacco blend characteristics, using the ISO machine smoking protocol. It is well will become increasingly important. established that the ISO regimen is not represen- tative of human smoking patterns and that values obtained from smoking machines cannot be used to distinguish health risks associated with different e brands.10 14 Nevertheless, tar, nicotine and carbon INTRODUCTION monoxide emission from the ISO test are required Approximately 57% of adult males and 3% of adult by law to be printed on packs in China. It is females in China smoke.1 The WHO estimates increasingly recognised that these numbers are not tobacco-related diseases currently kill one million valid indicators of health risk and can actively e Chinese smokers each year,2 with substantial mislead consumers.11 13 Indeed, Article 11 of the increases expected in the coming years. China is WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control increasingly a target market for multinational (FCTC) has recommended the removal of tar and tobacco companies given its large population and nicotine numbers from packages.15 high smoking rates.3 Tobacco Journal International There are few published reports on the design recently pointed to China as ‘. the only area of the characteristics of cigarettes sold in China. Chen and world that the industry can look on with any colleagues reviewed news reports about herbal- This paper is freely available degree of optimism.’4 However, multinational tobacco cigarettes in China, which claimed health online under the BMJ Journals brands have yet to gain substantial market share benefits but for which supporting data were diffi- unlocked scheme, see http:// 16 17 tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/site/ within China. China’s domestic market is instead cult to locate. Akpan and colleagues reported about/unlocked.xhtml dominated by a state monopoly, and the world’s the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels Tobacco Control 2010;19(Suppl 2):i47ei53. doi:10.1136/tc.2009.030163 i47 Downloaded from tobaccocontrol.bmj.com on November 10, 2010 - Published by group.bmj.com Research paper in Chinese cigarettes purchased in 2003e4 when smoked under determined as the percentage change in weight after heating the the ISO regimen. Tar yields ranged from 6.3 mg/cigarette to tobacco from five cigarettes with a halogen bulb at 1258C until 17.4 mg/cigarette, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) levels from 5.8 mg/ an asymptote was reached. Weight is reported as the average of cigarette to 14.2 ng/cigarette. The reported BaP levels were 2e7 tobacco from five cigarettes prior to drying. The level of times higher than contemporary cigarettes from the European permeability of each cigarette paper was also examined using Union. But the authors did not report physical characteristics or a PPM1000M paper porosity device (Cerulean, Milton-Keynes, design features of the tested cigarettes, such as tobacco weight UK) using the vacuum method. Lastly, the measurements of the or filter ventilation, which would have a strong influence on cigarette filter ventilation and pressure drop were taken using observed BaP levels. Such measurements are critically important a KC3 combined dilution/pressure drop instrument (Borgwaldt- for understanding variability in TNCO yields across brands; in KC, Richmond, Virginia, USA). For consistency, all products particular, filter ventilation can explain virtually all of the inter- were tested contemporaneously and laboratory analysis was brand variability in tar levels.18 19 completed in April 2009. In order to better understand the emerging epidemic of tobacco-caused illness in China and globally, given CNTC’s role Emissions as the largest producer of cigarettes in the world, data on the Values of tar, nicotine and CO (where available) as reported on changing design and emission characteristics of Chinese ciga- packs were recorded for all products. These are ostensibly rettes are needed (eg, Geoffrey T, Fong, Yuan Jiang, et al. Intro- measured using the ISO testing regimen (ISO 3308),i in which duction to the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation 35 ml puffs of 2-second duration are drawn from the cigarette Project in China (ITC China Project). Tobacco Control, unpub- every 60 seconds until a fixed butt length is reached. lished). This paper presents data on the physical characteristics, tobacco contents and selected smoke emissions of popular Metals concentration cigarette brands manufactured and sold in seven cities in China A randomly selected subsample of 2006 brands (n¼13) was during 2005e6 and 2007.
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