Politics and Development of Contemporary China

Series Editors Kevin G. Cai University of Waterloo Renison University College Waterloo, ON, Canada

Pan Guang Shanghai Center for International Studies Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Shanghai, China

Daniel C. Lynch School of International Relations University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA As China’s power grows, the search has begun in earnest for what superpower status will mean for the People’s Republic of China as a nation as well as the impact of its new-found influence on the Asia-Pacific region and the global international order at large. By providing a venue for exciting and ground-breaking titles, the aim of this series is to explore the domestic and international implications of China’s rise and transformation through a number of key areas including politics, development and foreign policy. The series will also give a strong voice to non-western perspectives on China’s rise in order to provide a forum that connects and compares the views of academics from both the east and west reflecting the truly international nature of the discipline.

More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14541 Olayiwola Abegunrin • Charity Manyeruke China’s Power in Africa

A New Global Order Olayiwola Abegunrin Charity Manyeruke Howard University and University of University of Maryland Harare, Zimbabwe Hyattsville, MD, USA

Politics and Development of Contemporary China ISBN 978-3-030-21993-2 ISBN 978-3-030-21994-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21994-9

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgments

Every serious work of research owes a considerable debt to the many who have, even without their knowledge, contributed to shaping it. Our pri- mary indebtedness is to the forerunners among scholars, of whom there are too many to name, whose ideas, theories, and hypotheses are tested, while examining the relevant sources they cite, and others who one encounters along the way. Next are archivists and librarians; they often work unobtrusively but show geniality and willingness to oblige and facili- tate work through a maze of diverse sources from the ever-intense students anxious to see as many sources as are relevant or which might shed light on just a single point, including those which are peripheral to the study. In writing this book, we give very special thanks and love to our two families—Olayiwola Abegunrin’s wife, Mrs. Funmilola Atoke Abegunrin, and the children, and to Charity Manyeruke’s husband, Mr. Shingirai Manyeruke and their children for their moral support throughout the period of working on this book. Our deepest gratitude to Abiodun Alao, School of Global Affairs, King’s College, London, and Professor Ezra Chitando, , and Zimbabwe National Defence College, Harare, Zimbabwe, for their wonderful and timely commendations. We thank the United States Office of Energy Information Administration, Washington DC, for providing us sources and materials on African trade with China. We thank the Staff of the African and Middle Eastern Division, especially Angel Batiste of the Library of Congress, Washington DC, for making available to us very use- ful documents and materials on Sino-African Relations and China’s eco- nomic engagement with Africa, and we thank the staff of Howard

v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

University Library, Washington DC. We also thank the publisher, Palgrave Macmillan, especially Alina Yurova, Editor for Regional Politics and Development Studies, and Politics & International Studies. Finally, we are responsible for the ideas expressed in this book.

Hyattsville, MD, USA Olayiwola Abegunrin Harare, Zimbabwe Charity Manyeruke March 2019 Also by Olayiwola Abegunrin

1. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (authored), -United States Relations, 1960–2016, MD, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2018 2. Olayiwola Abegunrin, and Sabella O. Abidde (co-editor), African Intellectuals and the State of the Continent: Essays in Honor of Professor Sulayman S. Nyang, London: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018 3. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (authored), Nigeria, Africa, and the United States: Challenges of Governance, Development and Security, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016 4. Olayiwola Abegunrin, and Sabella O. Abidde (co-editor), Pan-­ Africanism in Modern Times: Challenges, Concerns, and Constraints, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016 5. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (Authored), The Political Philosophy of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015 6. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (editor), Africa in the New World Order: Peace and Security Challenges in the Twenty-First Century, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014 7. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (editor), AFRICA: The State of the Continent Fifty Years After the Liberation, New York: Nova Publishers, 2013 8. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (Authored) Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009 9. Olayiwola Abegunrin, and Olusoji Akomolafe (co-editor), Nigeria in Global Politics: Twentieth Century and Beyond; Essays in Honor of Professor Olajide Aluko, Nova Publishers, 2006

vii viii Also by Olayiwola Abegunrin

10. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (Authored) Nigerian Foreign Policy under Military Rule, 1966–1999, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003) 11. Olayiwola Abegunrin, and Franklin Vivekananda (co-editor), The Political Economy of South-South Cooperation: Towards A New International Economic Order, Stockholm, Sweden: Bethany Books, 1998 12. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (Authored) Nigeria and the Struggle for the Liberation of Zimbabwe: A Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making of An Emerging Nation, Stockholm, Sweden: Bethany Books, 1992 13. Olayiwola Abegunrin, (Authored) Economic Dependence and Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa: SADCC and South Africa in Confrontation, Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990 14. Olayiwola Abegunrin, and H.E. Newsum (Co-authored), United States Foreign Policy Towards Southern Africa: Andrew Young and Beyond, London & New York: Macmillan and St. Martin’s, 1987 15. Olayiwola Abegunrin, Ralph Onwuka and Dhajoo Ghista (co-­ editor), African Development: OAU/ECA Lagos Plan of Action and Beyond, Brunswick Publishing Company, 1985 Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Sino-Africa Relations: An Overview 9

3 China’s Economic Engagement in Africa 27

4 China and Resource (Oil) Diplomacy in Africa 59

5 China’s Involvement in Southern African Liberation Struggles 75

6 China-Zimbabwe Relations: A Strategic Partnership? 95

7 Zambia’s Bilateral Relations with China 115

8 Ethiopia-China Relations: A Focus on Factors Driving Investment Inflows and the Socioeconomic Impact 131

9 China and Regional Integration in Africa 151

10 China’s Military Involvement and Peacekeeping in Africa 173

ix x Contents

11 China’s One Belt One Road Initiative in Africa 187

12 Conclusion 207

Selected Bibliography 217

Index 225 About the Authors

Olayiwola Abegunrin is Professor of International Relations, African Studies, and Political Economy, Howard University and University of Maryland. He was formerly Chair, Department of International Relations, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. He is a Carnegie Mellon Foundation Fellow and a Distinguished Professor in teaching and service in African Studies. He is author, co-author, editor, and co-editor­ of fifteen books, several book chapters, and many articles in referred journals. He was a recipient of Howard University’s Distinguished Faculty Author for scholarly work published during 1998–2000 and 2002–2003 academic year. His latest book isNigeria—United States Relations, 1960–2016 (2018). He is Series Editor, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, editor and consultant to publishers and journals, and consultant to international organizations. He is a member of the Honor Society of International Scholars and the Academic Advisory Board for Global Studies: AFRICA. Charity Manyeruke is a professor of political science and international rela- tions, and the Dean of the Faculty of Social Studies at the University of Zimbabwe. She has taught both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Politics and Governance in Africa, International Relations, Political Science, Strategic Studies, Conflict Management, and International Organizations over the years. She has published books and book chapters on politics, women, land, trade, and elections, and many referred articles. Manyeruke is also the former Chairperson of the Department of Politics and Administrative Studies at the University of Zimbabwe. She is a member of the International Political Science Association and the South African Association of Political Studies.

xi Abbreviations

ACFTA African Continental Free Trade Area ADB African Development Bank AFRICOM U.S. African Command AGOA African Growth Opportunity Act AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank ANC African National Congress (of South Africa) ANLF Algeria National Liberation Front AU AUCC African Union Conference Center BRF Belt and Road Forum BRI Belt and Road Initiative CAC China Africa Cooperation CADF China-Africa Development Fund CADRG China Architecture and Design Research Group CAF Central African Federation CATIC China Aero Technology Import-Export Cooperation CCB China Construction Bank CCECC China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation CCP Chinese Communist Party CCPIT China’s Council for the Promotion of International Trade CCTV China Central Television CCYL Chinese Communist Youth League CDB Chinese Development Bank CET Common External Tariff CGTN (TV) China Global Television Network CIA Central Intelligence Agency

xiii xiv ABBREVIATIONS

CIF Chinese Investment Fund CJTF-HOA Joint Task Force for the Horn of Africa CMBIC China Machine Building International Corporation CMC Central Military Commission CMHI China Merchant Holdings International CNBC Chinese National Broadcasting Corporation CNBS China’s National Bureau of Statistics CNMC China Non-Ferrous Metals Group Company CNOC Chinese National Oil Companies CNOOC China National Offshore Oil Corporation CNPC Chinese National Peoples’ Congress COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa States COREMO Mozambique Revolutionary Committee CPC Communist Party of China CPLA Chinese People’s Liberation Army CPWF Communist Party’s Women Federation CREC China Railway Engineering Corporation CSCE China State Construction Engineering DPFZA Djibouti Ports and Free Zone Authority DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EAC East African Community ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EIBC Export-Import Bank of China EITI Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative EPA Economic Partnership Agreements ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Program ETCZ Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones EU EXIM BANK of China Export-Import Bank of China FDI Foreign Direct Investment FOCAC Forum on China-Africa Cooperation FRELIMO (Frente de Libertacaio de Mozambique) Front for the Liberation of Mozambique FTLRP Fast Track Land Reform Program GDP Gross Domestic Products GNPOC Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company GWIC Great Wall Industry Corporation HUAWEI Huawei Technologies Limited ICC International Criminal Court ICT Information and Communication Technology IEA International Energy Agency ABBREVIATIONS xv

IFI International Financial Institution IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization of Migrants LDC Less Developing Countries MFEZ Multi-Facility Economic Zones MNR (RENAMO) Mozambique National Resistance MOFCOM Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola MSR Maritime Silk Road NAASP New Asian-African Strategic Partnership NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NFCA Non-Ferrous Metals Corporation of Africa NICTIB National Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure Backbone OAU Organization of African Unity OBORI One Belt One Road Initiative OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and development PAC Pan-Africanist Congress of South Africa PAIGC Partido Africano do Independencia da Guine e Cabo Verde PIDA Program for Infrastructure Development for Africa PKO Peacekeeping Operation PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s Republic of China REC Regional Economic Communities ROC Republic of China (Taiwan) SACP South African Communist Party SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern Development Coordination Conference SALM South African Liberation Movement SEZ Special Economic Zone SGR Standard Gauge Railway SIRI Stockholm International Research Institute SIRPA School of International Relations and Public Affairs, (China Fudan University) SOE State-owned Enterprises SREB Silk Road Economic Belt SSA Sub-Saharan Africa UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights xvi ABBREVIATIONS

UN UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNSC United Nations Security Council USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WAEC West African Economic Community WB World Bank WTO World Trade Organization ZANLA Zimbabwean African National Liberation Army ZANU-PF Zimbabwean African National Union-Patriotic Front ZAPU Zimbabwean African People’s Union ZCCZ Zambia-China Cooperation Zone ZESA Zimbabwean Electricity State Association ZESCO Zambian Electricity Supply Corporation ZISCO Zimbabwean Iron and Steel Company ZNPU Zambian National Power Utility ZRDA Zambia Road Development Agency ZREA Zimbabwean Rural Electrification Agency List of Tables

Table 3.1 Sino-African trade 2003 33 Table 3.2 Trans-African highway network route 51 Table 4.1 Major African sources of oil for China 62 Table 4.2 Other African sources of oil for China 64 Table 4.3 China foreign direct investment top destinations in Africa 2005–2017 71 Table 8.1 Chinese Exports to Ethiopia (1995–2015) 139 Table 8.2 Chinese Imports from Ethiopia (2005–2015) 140 Table 8.3 Top 10 Recipients of Chinese Developmental Assistance (2000–2014) 142

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