DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Engagement at the State Level

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Engagement at the State Level World Bank Engagement at the State Level The Cases of Brazil, India, Nigeria, and Russia http://www.worldbank.org/ieg 2010 http://www.ifc.org/ieg The World Bank http://www.miga.org/ieg Washington, D.C. ©2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 This volume, except for the “Chairperson’s Comments,” is a product of the staff of the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. This volume does not support any general inferences beyond the scope of this evaluation, including any references about the World Bank Group’s past, cur- rent, or prospective overall performance. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, de- nominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover: Illustration by Nip Rogers, ©Images.com/Corbis, reproduced by permission. ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-8224-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-8213-8225 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8224-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data have been applied for. World Bank InfoShop Independent Evaluation Group E-mail: [email protected] Communication, Learning, and Strategy (IEGCS) Telephone: 202-458-5454 e-mail: [email protected] Facsimile: 202-522-1500 Telephone: 202-458-4497 Facsimile: 202-522-3125 Printed on Recycled Paper Contents v Abbreviations vii Acknowledgments ix Foreword xi Executive Summary xvii Chairperson’s Comments: Informal Subcommittee of the Committee on Development Effectiveness (CODE) 1 1 Introduction 4 Scope and Objective of the Evaluation 5 Structure 9 2 Which States? Evolution of the Bank Strategy 11 Brazil 13 India 16 Nigeria 18 Russia 20 Conclusions 23 3 The Scope of Bank Engagement 25 Fiscal Reform 34 Multisector Engagement at the State Level 37 4 Modalities of State-Level Engagement 39 Evolution of Instruments 46 Partnership 47 5 Summary of Findings 49 Future Research Agenda 50 Findings 107 Endnotes 113 Bibliography iii WORLD BANK ENGAGEMENT AT THE STATE LEVEL Boxes 26 3.1 Increasing Use of Earmarked Transfers in India and Russia 27 3.2 The Fiscal Adjustment Program in Brazil 28 3.3 Analytic Work on Fiscal Federalism in Russia 33 3.4 Improved Governance in the Fiscal Area in Orissa 35 3.5 The Bank Program in Andhra Pradesh 40 4.1 Multisector SWAp 41 4.2 Minas Gerais—From Management Shock to Results-Oriented State 45 4.3 Bank Engagement in Bihar: An Example of Effective Partnership 50 5.1 Client Views Figure 11 2.1 Distribution of Projects by State Tables 4 1.1 Bank Lending to State/Provincial Governments (1998–2008) 10 2.1 Comparative Data on Population and Gross Domestic Product per Capita in States/Regions 12 2.2 Evolution of Bank Engagement in Brazil, Fiscal 1998–2008 15 2.3 Evolution of Bank Engagement in India, Fiscal 1998–2009 17 2.4 Evolution of Bank Engagement in Nigeria, Fiscal 1998–2008 19 2.5 Evolution of Bank Engagement in Russia, Fiscal 1998–2008 44 4.1 Average Preparation and Supervision Costs of State- and Federal-Level Projects, Fiscal 1998–2008 Appendixes 53 A Portfolio Performance 55 B Key Fiscal Indicators and Legal Framework at the State Level 57 C The Global Financial Crisis and State-Level Lending 59 D Countries at a Glance 69 E Key State Social and Economic Indicators 75 F Distribution of Projects by States 95 G Fiscal Responsibility Law—Brazil 97 H Partnerships with Other Development Agencies 101 I People Met iv Abbreviations AAA Analytic and advisory activities ADB Asian Development Bank AfDB African Development Bank AusAID Australian Agency for International Development CAE Country Assistance Evaluation CAF Andean Development Corporation CAS Country Assistance Strategy CASPR Country Assistance Strategy Progress Report CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CMSIDP Ceará Multisector Social Inclusion Development Project CODE Committee on Development Effectiveness CPS Country Partnership Strategy DFID Department for International Development (U.K.) DPL Development policy lending/loan EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Commission ESW Economic and sector work FFRFRP/L Fiscal Federalism and Regional Fiscal Reform Project/Loan FRL Fiscal Responsibility Law GDP Gross domestic product GSDP Gross state domestic product IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IDB Inter-American Development Bank IEG Independent Evaluation Group (World Bank Group) IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation MDGs Millennium Development Goals MGDPL Minas Gerais Development Policy Loan NGO Nongovernmental organization PAF Fiscal adjustment program PBL Policy-based lending PER Public Expenditure Review RFRF Regional Fiscal Reform Fund RFTAP Regional Fiscal Technical Assistance Project SAL State-level adjustment loan SEEDS State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SWAp Sectorwide approach UN United Nations USAID U.S. Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization All dollar ($) amounts are in U.S. dollars. v View down central boulevard with high-rise construction in the background, Russian Federation. Photo by Yuri Kozyrev, courtesy of the World Bank Photo Library. Acknowledgments This report was prepared by the Independent Tapas Sen (India), Olufemi Taiwo (Nigeria), and Evaluation Group Country Evaluation and Regional Galina Kurlyandskaya (Russia). Relations evaluation team: Konstantin Atanesyan (Task Team Leader, Senior Evaluation Officer), Ravi Kanbur (Cornell University), Steven Webb Basil Kavalsky (consultant), and Sarwat Jahan (con- (Adviser, LCSPS), and Thomas O’Brien (Manager, sultant). It is based on the results of field visits to SARDE) were the peer reviewers. Sarwat Jahan and all four countries and interviews with key local Tim De Vaan provided data and research assis- (federal and state) counterparts and Bank teams. tance. Cecilia Tan and Corky de Asis provided administrative support and William Hurlbut pro- The study draws extensively on four country back- vided editorial support. Caroline McEuen edited ground papers prepared by Joao Oliveira (Brazil), the report for publication. Director, Independent Evaluation Group-World Bank: Cheryl Gray Senior Manager, IEG, Country Evaluation and Regional Relations: Ali Khadr Task Manager: Konstantin Atanesyan Note: Vinod Thomas, Director-General, Evaluation, The World Bank Group, was recused from management oversight of the evaluation owing to his prior association with the Brazilian program as country director. vii The Women in Movement Project sponsors an AIDS prevention clinic, Brazil. Photo by Alejandro Lipszyc, courtesy of the World Bank Photo Library. Foreword This report summarizes the past 10 years lending, the aim being to derive synergies from (1998–2008) of World Bank engagement at the the mix. The instruments deployed by the Bank state level in four selected large federal coun- evolved over the review period and included tries: Brazil, India, Nigeria, and Russia. This pilot state-level development policy loans, multisector cross-country study combines elements of a coun- results-based investment lending, and reim- try assistance evaluation and a thematic review, bursable technical assistance. There was consid- looking at the evolution of four country strategies erable successful innovation in the development as well as the Bank’s state-level operations. The of the instruments used, yet little knowledge evaluation limited its review to selected cases of sharing among countries. lending and analytic work where the state gov- ernments were the principal partners of the Bank The report identifies lessons and good practice ex- and the primary party responsible for develop- amples that warrant further examination and ment outcomes. wider dissemination. First, the study confirms the desirability of continued selective lending in Evaluating state-level engagement posed several a few focus states. The Bank’s engagement with strategic and operational questions, among them progressive, reformist states has added value and the selection of states,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: the Rt Agedy of Endowment Nurudeen Akinyemi Kennesaw State University, [email protected]
    Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective Volume 3 Article 10 Number 2 Globalization and the Unending Frontier June 2010 Book Review: Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The rT agedy of Endowment Nurudeen Akinyemi Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Akinyemi, Nurudeen (2010) "Book Review: Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The rT agedy of Endowment," Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: Vol. 3 : No. 2 , Article 10. Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol3/iss2/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal for Global Initiatives 3(2) (2008). pp. 219-223 BOOK REVIEW Abiodun Alao, Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The Tragedy ofEndowment. Rochester, NY: University ofRochester Press, 2007. Nurudeen Akinyemi, Kennesaw State University In this book, Abiodun Alao explored the relationship between natural resources and conflicts in resource rich African countries. The fact that several domestic conflicts on the African continent have been associated in one way or the other with competition over the control ofnatural resources, have given some credence to the popular notion of a "resource curse" on resource rich African countries. The assumption, specifically, is that the mere existence of a valuable and highly sought after natural resource, is enough to trigger and perpetuate violent conflicts in African countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics and Development of Contemporary China
    Politics and Development of Contemporary China Series Editors Kevin G. Cai University of Waterloo Renison University College Waterloo, ON, Canada Pan Guang Shanghai Center for International Studies Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Shanghai, China Daniel C. Lynch School of International Relations University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA As China’s power grows, the search has begun in earnest for what superpower status will mean for the People’s Republic of China as a nation as well as the impact of its new-found influence on the Asia-Pacific region and the global international order at large. By providing a venue for exciting and ground-breaking titles, the aim of this series is to explore the domestic and international implications of China’s rise and transformation through a number of key areas including politics, development and foreign policy. The series will also give a strong voice to non-western perspectives on China’s rise in order to provide a forum that connects and compares the views of academics from both the east and west reflecting the truly international nature of the discipline. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14541 Olayiwola Abegunrin • Charity Manyeruke China’s Power in Africa A New Global Order Olayiwola Abegunrin Charity Manyeruke Howard University and University of Zimbabwe University of Maryland Harare, Zimbabwe Hyattsville, MD, USA Politics and Development of Contemporary China ISBN 978-3-030-21993-2 ISBN 978-3-030-21994-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21994-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Historical Context
    INTRODUCTION China-Africa ties have expanded beyond trade and investment in extractive industries to engagement in telecommunications, infrastructure, manufacturing, finance, media, agriculture and peace and security issues. HISTORICAL CONTEXT While not as well documented as Africa’s links with Europe, China-Africa relations date back to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) when a series of expeditions reached East Africa under the command of Admiral Zheng He, at roughly the same time as the Portuguese were exploring Africa’s Atlantic coast. However, formal political relations were only forged during the early years of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (1949), which intersected with the first wave of African independence. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were originally established in 1954 by India’s prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Chinese premier, Zhou Enlai. These principles rose to popularity during the 1955 Bandung Conference – which paved the way for the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement – and have become an important basis for China’s foreign policy and its relations with Africa and Asia. China’s support for Africa’s liberation also played an influential role in shaping the outcomes of newly independent states. 2015 is also 60 years since the 1955 Bandung Asian-African conference, a turning point of world history when for the first time representatives of the former colonised nations united and proposed alternatives to a world order dominated by superpowers. - Remarks by African Union Commission Chairperson, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, 30 January 2015. …The relationship between ourselves and China is founded, as the Prime Minister reminded us recently, on four basic principles: treating each other sincerely and equally; consolidating solidarity and mutual trust; jointly pursuing inclusive development; and promoting inventive practical cooperation between our countries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Report on the Mapping Study of Peace & Security Engagement In
    A Report on the Mapping Study of Peace & Security Engagement in African Tertiary Institutions Written by Funmi E. Vogt This project was funded through the support of the Carnegie Corporation About the African Leadership Centre In July 2008, King’s College London through the Conflict, Security and Development group (CSDG), established the African Leadership Centre (ALC). In June 2010, the ALC was officially launched in Nairobi, Kenya, as a joint initiative of King’s College London and the University of Nairobi. The ALC aims to build the next generation of scholars and analysts on peace, security and development. The idea of an African Leadership Centre was conceived to generate innovative ways to address some of the challenges faced on the African continent, by a new generation of “home‐grown” talent. The ALC provides mentoring to the next generation of African leaders and facilitates their participation in national, regional and international efforts to achieve transformative change in Africa, and is guided by the following principles: a) To foster African‐led ideas and processes of change b) To encourage diversity in terms of gender, region, class and beliefs c) To provide the right environment for independent thinking d) Recognition of youth agency e) Pursuit of excellence f) Integrity The African Leadership Centre mentors young Africans with the potential to lead innovative change in their communities, countries and across the continent. The Centre links academia and the real world of policy and practice, and aims to build a network of people who are committed to the issue of Peace and Security on the continent of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Militancy and Violence in West Africa: Reflecting on Radicalisation, Comparing Contexts and Evaluating Effectiveness of Preventive Policies
    1 Militancy and violence in West Africa: reflecting on radicalisation, comparing contexts and evaluating effectiveness of preventive policies ’Funmi Olonisakin, Ismail Rashid and James Gow By 2000, ‘radicalisation’ had become a major global issue. Although ‘9/11’ was still a year away, the American Embassies in East Africa had been bombed in 1998 and violent conflicts simmered in many parts of the world. At just about the same time, bitter civil wars, resource-centred conflicts and intra- ethnic strife raged in West Africa. Against the background of research being undertaken at King’s College London,1 the mutually reinforcing links between ‘radicalisation’ and ‘violence’ (potentially sensitive terms, discussed below) in West Africa became clearly obvious and a successful application to investigate this was submitted to the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).2 This Special Issue contains articles emerging from that work, with a set of country studies complemented by overarching synthetic analysis. ’Funmi Olonisakin is Director of the African Leadership Centre and Conflict, Security and Development Group, King’s College London. She is Research Associate with the Department of Political Science, University of Pretoria. She previously worked in the Office of the UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict. Ismail Rashid, a Sierra Leonean, is a Professor of History at Vassar College. He received his PhD in African History from McGill University. He is currently completing an anthology (with Sylvia Macaulay) tentatively titled, The ‘Province of Freedom’ at Fifty: Paradoxes of History and Memory in Post-colonial Sierra Leone (forthcoming 2013). James Gow is Professor of International Peace and Security and Co-Director of the War Crimes Research Group, King’s College London.
    [Show full text]
  • China and Zimbabwe: the Context and Contents of a Complex Relationship
    CHINA & ZIMBABWE: CONTEXT & CONTENTS OF A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP OCCASIONAL PAPER 202 Global Powers and Africa Programme October 2014 China and Zimbabwe: The Context and Contents of a Complex Relationship Abiodun Alao s ir a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. ABOUT SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs, with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website http://www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. ABOUT THE GLOBA L POWERS A ND A FRICA PROGRA MME The Global Powers and Africa (GPA) Programme, formerly Emerging Powers and Africa, focuses on the emerging global players China, India, Brazil, Russia and South Africa as well as the advanced industrial powers such as Japan, the EU and the US, and assesses their engagement with African countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria and the Brics: Diplomatic, Trade, Cultural and Military Relations
    OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 101 China in Africa Project November 2011 Nigeria and the BRICs: Diplomatic, Trade, Cultural and Military Relations Abiodun Alao s ir a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. About SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think-tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. About the C h INA IN AFRICA PR o J e C t SAIIA’s ‘China in Africa’ research project investigates the emerging relationship between China and Africa; analyses China’s trade and foreign policy towards the continent; and studies the implications of this strategic co-operation in the political, military, economic and diplomatic fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Professional Women Engineers of Nigeria (Apwen) Honours Uniosun Acting Vc
    A monthly news publication of the Corporate Affairs/Public Relations Unit, VC’s Office| Vol. IV Issue 8 & 9, Aug. & Sept. 2016 ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL WOMEN ENGINEERS OF NIGERIA (APWEN) HONOURS UNIOSUN ACTING VC Engr. Abimbola said that as part of the strategic plan of APWEN, the association remains committed to addressing issues of diversity in engineering faculty and women participations through proactive efforts and strengthening retention practices. She added that female student all the world achieve comparable retention rates. The Acting Vice Chancellor, Prof Oguntola Jelil Prof. Oguntola Alamu with his wife receiving an award from AWPEN Alamu, who gave all the glory to God while Association of Professional Women Engineers of appreciating the association, noted that any female Nigeria (APWEN) Osogbo Chapter, a division of the engineering student who studies hard will always excel. Nigerian Society of Engineers, during the Investiture of He also commended the efforts of APWEN on its Engr. (Dr.) Abimbola Rhoda Iyanda, MNSE, MAPWEN, as programmes geared towards encouraging Nigeria’s nd the 2 chapter Chairman and award presentation on female engineers in nation building. Thursday, 18th August, 2016, at the NSE Secretariat, Osogbo, Osun State, presented special award of The Association of Professional Women Engineer of excellence to Prof. Oguntola Jelil Alamu, Acting Vice Nigeria (APWEN) formally inaugurated in 1983 was Chancellor, Osun State University, for supporting formed by a handful of women engineers led by Engr. women progress in engineering technology. (Mrs.) J. O. Maduka in 1982. The association was originally meant to be a pressure group since most Engr. (Dr.) Abimbola noted that the award is in employer of labour would rather have women in the recognition of the progress and continuing commitment kitchen and not on construction sites or behind the desk of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 1 Nigeria and the Struggle for the Liberation of South
    Notes Introduction 1. Kwame Nkrumah, Towards Colonial Freedom: Africa in the Struggle against World Imperialism, London: Heinemann, 1962. Kwame Nkrumah was the first president of Republic of Ghana, 1957–1966. 2. J.M. Roberts, History of the World, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 425. For further details see Leonard Thompson, A History of South Africa, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990, pp. 31–32. 3. Douglas Farah, “Al Qaeda Cash Tied to Diamond Trade,” The Washington Post, November 2, 2001. 4. Ibid. 5. http://www.africapolicy.org/african-initiatives/aafall.htm. Accessed on July 25, 2004. 6. G. Feldman, “U.S.-African Trade Profile.” Also available online at: http:// www.agoa.gov/Resources/TRDPROFL.01.pdf. Accessed on July 25, 2004. 7. Ibid. 8. Salih Booker, “Africa: Thinking Regionally, Update.” Also available online at: htt://www.africapolicy.org/docs98/reg9803.htm. Accessed on July 25, 2004. 9. For full details on Nigeria’s contributions toward eradication of the white minority rule in Southern Africa and the eradication of apartheid system in South Africa see, Olayiwola Abegunrin, Nigerian Foreign Policy under Military Rule, 1966–1999, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003, pp. 79–93. 10. See Olayiwola Abegunrin, Nigeria and the Struggle for the Liberation of Zimbabwe: A Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making of an Emerging Nation. Stockholm, Sweden: Bethany Books, 1992, p. 141. 1 Nigeria and the Struggle for the Liberation of South Africa 1. “Mr. Prime Minister: A Selection of Speeches Made by the Right Honorable, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa,” Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Lagos: National Press Limited, 1964, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: the Tragedy of Endowment
    alao.mech.2 5/23/07 1:42 PM Page 1 “Here is another important work from one of Africa’s finest scholars on Conflict and Security Studies. Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa is a treasure of scholarship and insight, with great depth and thoroughness, and it will put us in Abiodun Alao’s debt for quite some NATURAL RESOURCES time to come.” —Amos Sawyer, Co-director, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University AND CONFLICT “As extensive in information as it is rich in analysis, Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa IN AFRICA should help this generation of scholars appreciate the enormity and complexity of Africa’s conflicts and provide the next generation with a methodology that breaks down disciplinary boundaries.” —Akanmu G. Adebayo, Executive Director, Institute for Global Initiatives, Kennesaw State University THE TRAGEDY “Abiodun Alao has provided us with an effulgent book on a timely topic. This work transcends the perfunctory analyses that exist on natural resources and their role in African conflicts.” OF ENDOWMENT —Abdul Karim Bangura, Researcher-In-Residence at the Center for Global Peace, and professor of International Relations and Islamic Studies, School of International Service, American University onflict over natural resources has made Africa the focus of international attention, particularly during the last decade. From oil in Nigeria and diamonds in the Democra- Abiodun Alao Ctic Republic of Congo, to land in Zimbabwe and water in the Horn of Africa, the poli- tics surrounding ownership, management, and control of natural resources has disrupted communities and increased external intervention in these countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Face of Conflict in Africa
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 23 The role of African regional and sub-regional organisations in conflict prevention and resolution Abiodun Alao African Security Unit Centre for Defence Studies King’s College University of London Strand WC2R 2LS United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] July 2000 These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction: the “new” face of conflict in Africa Security analysts now seem to have agreed that the nature of global conflicts has changed since the end of the Cold War.1 One of the most frequently cited manifestations of this change is the increase in the number of intra-state conflicts. Grisly developments in Cambodia, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Liberia, just to mention a few, left devastating consequences for a world that was expecting peace dividends after the end of the Cold War. Amongst others, this emergent pattern of conflict is rooted in: (a) tensions between sub-national groups stemming from the collapse of old patterns of relationships that provided the framework for collaboration among the many ethnic groups in most states; (b) disputes over resource sharing arising from gross disparities in wealth among different groups within the same countries and the consequent struggles for reform of economic systems to ensure an equitable distribution of economic power; (c) absence of democratic
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Nigerian Citizens' Perspectives on Boko Haram
    Understanding Nigerian citizens’ perspectives on Boko Haram Anneli Botha, Martin Ewi, Uyo Salifu and Mahdi Abdile ISS MONOGRAPH NUMBER 196 Contents Executive summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................v Tables and fi gures ......................................................................................................................... vi Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vi Figures ........................................................................................................................................ vi Chapter 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Research methodology, limitations and structure ....................................................5 Chapter 3 The political context as a means of understanding Boko Haram .............................7 Voting ...........................................................................................................................................9 Trust in leadership and political institutions ...................................................................................16 Chapter 4 Who to call when in danger? ...................................................................................23
    [Show full text]