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Biomechanical Characterization of the Human Upper Thoracic Spine – Pectoral Girdle (UTS-PG) System: Anthropometry, Dynamic

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Biomechanical Characterization of the Human Upper Thoracic Spine – Pectoral Girdle (UTS-PG) System: Anthropometry, Dynamic Biomechanical Characterization of the Human Upper Thoracic Spine – Pectoral Girdle (UTS-PG) System: Anthropometry, Dynamic Properties, and Kinematic Response Criteria for Adult and Child ATDs DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jason Anthony Stammen Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Professor Rebecca Dupaix, Advisor Professor John Bolte Professor Dennis Guenther Professor Ahmet Kahraman Copyright by Jason Anthony Stammen 2012 Abstract The dynamic response of the human thoracic spine is not well understood in the field of injury biomechanics, largely because of experimental challenges in isolating the properties of the upper thoracic spine segment from the rest of the thorax. Even though research has indicated that increased compliance in the anthropomorphic test device (ATD) posterior thorax improves the biofidelity of head and spine kinematics, the majority of ATDs designed for frontal crash regulatory testing have a rigid thoracic spine component. The Hybrid III family of ATDs, which possesses a rigid steel thoracic “spine box”, has been the standard tool for many years for improving restraint designs and crash injury prevention. Thoracic spine rigidity simplifies chest instrumentation and maintains a stable reaction surface for the ribs. However, there are reasons to incorporate a flexible thoracic spine. Advances in material science, computer-aided manufacturing, and electronics make it possible to implement compliant yet durable components into ATDs. Restraint systems are more sophisticated, requiring ATD tools to discern higher resolution performance differences, which is more feasibly achieved with sensitive and more compliant ATDs. Head injuries continue to occur in restrained occupant situations, indicating that assessment of head and spine kinematics has room to improve. Finally, and most relevant to this study, is the question of whether ATDs simulating the population of booster-seat aged children can accurately depict human head and spine ii kinematics or provide useful head or neck injury assessment without some sort of flexible thoracic spine component. The objectives of this study were to (a) characterize the dynamic response of the intact human upper thoracic spine while considering the effects of pectoral girdle restraint configuration, speed, and anthropometry, (b) quantify the link between upper thoracic spine – pectoral girdle (UTS-PG) system dynamics and whole-body spinal kinematics in crash simulation (sled) testing, and (c) develop a methodology to estimate large child UTS-PG properties using anthropometry, kinematics, and adult UTS-PG material properties. A novel approach, Isolated Segment Manipulation (ISM), was developed and used to quantify the intact upper thoracic spine – pectoral girdle (UTS-PG) dynamic response of nine adult post-mortem human subjects (PMHS). A system identification technique was employed to obtain the non-parametric, dynamic response. Mechanical parameters of the upper thoracic system were determined from a second-order model and statistically analyzed in each speed/restraint configuration. These properties were confirmed to be applicable in more realistic crash conditions by applying them in a sled model with an input acceleration applied directly to the mid-thoracic spine. This was achieved by coupling the PMHS to the sled via a seat fixture designed for both ISM and sled tests. Thoracic spine displacements were measured in twelve HYGE sled tests conducted on three of the nine PMHS at various speeds (ΔV = 3.8 – 7.0 m/s) indicative of spine velocities observed in typical belted sled tests. Using two different models, it was determined that the dynamic properties from ISM testing could be used to accurately iii reflect T3 spine displacements for multiple sizes of PMHS and various combinations of restraint and speed. Head, shoulder, and spine kinematics were calculated through three- dimensional kinematic measurement (3aω and 6aω instrumentation schemes), and T3 displacement vs. T6 force relationships were presented as preliminary ATD response targets. Anatomic and kinematic statistical analyses were then completed to aide in translating the adult UTS-PG data to the child population. Structural anatomy measurements were taken from radiology data of both adult PMHS and pediatric patients, and statistically significant age-dependent measures were identified for scaling purposes. Head displacements of both children and adults were estimated through calculation of occupant available space (OAS) in 71 real-world crash cases, where face/head contact with the front row seatback was used as a doubly-censored binary response surrogate for head displacement. Differences between real world estimates for children (age 6-13) and adults were consistent with experimental sled data from the literature. A distributed parameter analysis was employed to estimate the elastic modulus of the adult UTS-PG to be 7.5 – 16.5 MPa using anthropometric, ISM test, and kinematic data from this study. Extension of this methodology to the large child using anatomic and kinematic age- dependent scale factors from this study, along with information from the literature, resulted in normalized mode shape differences consistent with kinematic differences. Using the techniques, findings, and tools from this study, it is believed that biofidelity response corridors and a test method can be developed for the upper thoracic region of large child ATDs used to evaluate booster seat designs. iv Dedication To Liz and our children v Acknowledgments I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to my dissertation committee for lending their expertise and feedback to my project: Dr. Rebecca Dupaix, my advisor, for her understanding and guidance in helping me to pull this thesis together; Dr. John Bolte, who provided the opportunity to use his laboratory at will and encouraged me to take the leap back into school; Dr. Dennis Guenther and Dr. Ahmet Kahraman, who both provided helpful and constructive feedback to this work. I thank my colleagues at the NHTSA Vehicle Research & Test Center for keeping my projects going while I was in school. I especially credit Dr. Bruce Donnelly for re- starting the academic study pilot program at NHTSA so that I could have the opportunity to pursue my degree. I thank Dr. Kevin Moorhouse for taking the time to teach me about system identification. I am grateful to Mike Monk and Dr. Roger Saul for their support. Rod Herriott provided invaluable assistance in conducting the extensive amount of fabrication and hands-on tasks required for this study. Dr. Yun Seok Kang lent his considerable expertise to nearly every portion of this research. I am grateful also to Kyle Icke for exhibiting extreme patience while I used and modified his TAPPER device. Finally, I thank my family for their support. I am indebted to my wife Liz especially, for keeping me positive throughout this journey. My children Kasey, Henry, and Nick remind me every day why I chose this topic. vi Vita July 24, 1974 ..................................................Born: Coldwater, OH 1998................................................................B.S. Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 2000................................................................M.S. Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 2000-2001 .....................................................Research Engineer, Transportation Research Center, Inc., East Liberty, OH 2001-present ..................................................Mechanical Engineer, Applied Biomechanics Division, NHTSA Vehicle Research & Test Center, East Liberty, OH Selected Publications Ott K, Wiechel J, Guenther D, Stammen J, Mallory A. “Assessment of the Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon) in Analyzing Head Injuries in Pedestrian Crashes,” SAE World Congress Technical Paper 2012-01-0569 (2012). Stammen J, Bolte J, Shaw J. “Biomechanical Impact Response of the Human Chin and Manubrium.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 39(11): 1-13 (2011). vii Kremer, M, Gustafson, H, Stammen, J, Donnelly, B, Herriott, R, Bolte IV, JH. "Pressure -Based Abdominal Injury Criteria Using Isolated Liver and Fill-Body Post- Mortem Human Subject Impact Tests." Stapp Car Crash Journal. Vol. 55: 317- 350 (2011). Sparks, J.L., Stammen, J., Herriott, R., Jones, K. “Development of a Fluid-Filled Catheter System for Dynamic Pressure Measurement in Soft Tissue Trauma.” International Journal of Crashworthiness 13(3):255-264 (2008). Sparks, J.L., Dupaix, R.B., Jones, K.H., Steinberg, S.M., Herriott, R.G., Stammen, J, Donnelly, B., Bolte IV, J.H. "Using Pressure to Predict Liver Injury Risk From Blunt Impact." Stapp Car Crash Journal. Vol. 51st. (2007). Stammen J, „„Technical Evaluation of the Hybrid III Ten Year Old Dummy (HIII–10C),‟‟ Docket # NHTSA-2005-21247 (2004). Stammen, J., Ko, S., Guenther, D., and Heydinger, G., "A Demographic Analysis and Reconstruction of Selected Cases from the Pedestrian Crash Data Study," SAE World Congress Technical Paper 2002-01-0560 (2002). Stammen J, Williams S, Ku D, Guldberg R. “Mechanical properties of a novel PVA hydrogel in shear and unconfined compression.” Biomaterials. 22(8): 799-806 (2001). Fields of Study Major Field: Mechanical Engineering viii Table of Contents Abstract ..............................................................................................................................
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