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Million Book Collection EPOCHSof MODERNHISTORY EDITED BY DWARD "¬. MORRIS, M.A., J. SURTEES PHILLPOTTS, B.C.L, AND C. COLBECK, M.A. FREDERICK THE GREAT and the SEVEN YEARS' WAR F. W. LONGMAN By the sameAuthor. A POCKET DICTIONARY of the GERMAN -ENGLISH and ENGLISH-GERMAN LAN- GUAGES. Third Edition (1880). Square iSmo. price 5^. cloth. ' By far the best Dictionary himself familiar with the pre- we have seen for practical use.' cise nature of the aid which the EXAMINER. English reader or Student of ' The handiest and most con- German needs, has set himself venient of dictionaries ; the sort to supply it on the simplest and most perfect plan.' of book never to be away from MORNING POST. the study table of a literary man.' ' We have not seenany Pocket LITERARY CHURCHMAN. Dictionary, German and Eng- * It is incapable of being sur- lish, that can bear comparison passed. ... It has evidently with this. It is remarkably beencompiled by a thorough compendious,andthe arrange- German scholar, who, being ment is clear.' ATHENAEUM. Rpochs of Modern History FREDERICK THE GREAT AND THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR BY "£'"~W. LON BALLIOL COLLEGE OXFOR, AutJtor of a. Pocket Dictionary oftke G rman LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1881 All rights reserved LONDON: PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODEAND CO.5 NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET PREFACE. ALTHOUGH this little book is mainly intended for school- boys, it may perhapsbe read by some who will desire a fuller knowledge of Frederick the Great, and of the time in which he lived, than can be derived from its pages: for the sake of these I proposeto mention a few of the best books on the subject. Anything like an ex- haustive list of the authorities I have laid under con- tribution would be out of place, for, as may well be supposed, in the case of-events which happened in a period so near to us as the middle of the eighteenth century, the literature of the subject is very extensive. All I offer, therefore, is a selected list containing the bookswhich appearmost likely to be of use. The first to be mentioned is, of course, Carlyle's * History of Frederick the Great,' a noble work which is appreciated most by those who know it best. Much, however,has been written since the publication of its last volume, especially in Germany, where several books have appeared founded in part on materials that were not accessible to its author. Foremost among- these are Arneth's f Geschichte Maria Theresia's,'a very important work based on vi Preface. ments in the Vienna archives,from which until recently - historical enquirerswere jealously excluded,and Schafer's 1 Geschichte des Siebenjahrigen Kriegs,3 the most accu- rate and comprehensive history of the war in existence. Some of Ranke's works deal with parts of the subject. For the war itself the professor has only a series of short studies,but its origin is elaborately investigatedin his ' Ursprung des Siebenjahrigen Kriegs.' An excellent account of the early part of Frederick's reign and of the history of Prussia, up to the king's accession,will be found in his ' Zwolf Biicher Preussischer Geschichte,3 while the later policy of Frederick is discussedin c Die Deutschen Machte und der Fiirstenbund.' To the works of these great modern writers may be added Preuss's well-known biography of Frederick the Great, and the king's own historical writings, of which a separateedition has recently beenpublished in France. For Ferdinand of Brunswick, and that part of the war in which England was directly concerned,the great authority is Westphalen's l Geschichte der Feldziige des Herzogs Ferdinand,' but though this work is invaluable to students, it is altogether unsuited to the general reader > who will find Manvillon's biography more adapted to his requirements. Of contemporary French history most readers will find as much as they want in Voltaire's c Siecle de Louis XV.,' and in either Sismondi or Martin. Several recent publications, such as the Due de Broglie's £ Le Secret du Roi,' and the £ Memoires et Lettres du Cardinal de Bernis,3 possess considerable interest, though the amount of new information which they contribute is somewhat less than has been supposed. For the English history of the period, andfor the war . regarded from an English point of view, the standard modern work is Lord Mahon's ' History of England from Preface. vii the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles,' but here it is easier as well as more desirable for the student to bring himself into contact with some of the original au- thorities. The following may be consulted with advan- tage : Horace Walpole's Letters and Memoirs, cThe Chatham Correspondence,' c The Annual Register,' and <The Gentleman'sMagazine7 for the years in question. The Memoirs of Sir Andrew Mitchell, the English am- bassador at the Prussian Court, derive great value from the fact that Mitchell accompanied the king throughout the campaigns of the Seven Years' War. Among later English works, Coxe's £House of Austria,' and Thackeray's c Life of Pitt,' are useful though dull. Several of Macaulay's Essays relate to the period, but that on Frederick is rather to be admired for its brilliancy than commended as trustworthy. Mr. Lecky's c History of England in the Eighteenth Century' will be read with deepinterest by suchas alreadypossess someknowledge of the period. For America Bancroft's 4 History of the United States' is the standard work. Readers who desire a more detailed account of the affairs in India will find in Orme the storehouse whence subsequent historians have drawn their materials. The French side of the story is admirably represented in Colonel Malleson'sinteresting £History of the French in, India.' CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. PAGE Why the Seven Years' War is an Epoch in History , . i CHAPTER II. BRANDENBURG AND PRUSSIA. SECT. i. Foundation of the Margraviate, 928-1440 .... 3 2. The Hohenzollerns in the i6th and i7th Centuries, 1440- 1640 .6 3. The Great Elector, 1640-88. The First King, 1700 . 9 CHAPTER III. THE REIGN OF FREDERICK WILLIAM, 1713-40. i. Frederick William and the Army . 15' 2. Frederick William and the Balance of Power . 17 3. Father and Son . 23 4. The Polish Election War and the Close of Frederick William's Reign , 26 M.H. a x Contents. CHAPTER IV. FREDERICK THE GREAT AND THE FIRST SILESIAN WAR. SECT. , PAGE i. Accession and Character of Frederick, 1740 . 30 2. State of Europe at Frederick's Accession .... 37 3. The Emperor's Death and its Results 40 4. The Conquestof Silesia,1740-2 49 CHAPTER V. THE SECOND SILESIAN WAR, 1744-5, AND THE PEACE OF AIX-LA CHAPELLE, 1748 53 CHAPTER VI. ENGLAND AND FRANCE. i. The North American Colonies 63 2. Newcastle and Pitt 65 3. Breaking out of the Naval War, 1756 75 CHAPTER VII. POLICY OF AUSTRIA DURING THE PEACE. i. Kaunitz 79 2. Negotiations with France, 1755-56 83 3. Austria and Russia .86 CHAPTER VIII. COMMENCEMENT OF THE SEVEN YEARS* WAR. i. Frederick's reasons for War . * . , . 89 2. The Invasion of Saxony, 1756 94 3. The War becomes general 98 4. EnglishAffairs during the Winter, 1756-7 . ,102 Contents. xi CHAPTER IX. SECT. PAGE i. The Invasion of Bohemia . 106 2. The French in North Germany 115 3. Rossbach, November 5 118 4. Silesia regained 126 5. Pitt and the War ........ 135 CHAPTER X. FREDERICK REDUCED TO EXTREMITIES. i. The Last Year of Offensive Warfare, 1758 . 140 2. Kunersdorf and Maxen, 1759 148 CHAPTER XL THE WAR IN WESTERN GERMANY . 157 Battle of Minden, August i, 1759 163 CHAPTER XII. THE CONQUEST OF CANADA AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FRENCH FLEETS. i. Preliminary Operations, 1758 . 167 2. Quebec, September 13, 1759 169 3. QuibeYon, November 20, 1759 177 4. The Capitulation of Montreal, 1760 181 CHAPTER XIII. INDIA. " i. Dupleix .... ... 185 - 2. k. Clive .. , . - . t . - . "- . " . 190 3. Clive in Bengal, 1756-60 195 4. Lally, 1756-62 . 201 CHAPTER XIV. PAGE THE FALL OF PITT, 1761 . ."> . 205 CHAPTER XV. END OF THE WAR. SECT. i. Prussia, 1760-2 215 2. England, France, and Spain, 1762 223 3. The Peace and its Results, 1763 227 CHAPTER XVI. CLOSEOF FREDERICK'SREIGN . 232 The Partition of Poland, 1772 The Bavarian SuccessionWar, 1778 The League of Princes, 1785 . Death of Frederick, 1786 MAPS. Europe at the Accession of Frederick . To face title The Seat of War " p. 45 WOODCUTS. Rossbach . 1-23 Leuthen ........... 131 Minden ......... ... ... 162 Quebec .....* 171 FREDERICK THE GREAT AND THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. THE importance of the Seven Years' War as an epoch in the history of Europe lies chiefly in its bearing on the question of German unity. The war resulted ... , T» " i " j The Seven in placing the young Prussian kingdom on a years'War footingof equalitywith the old monarchy of^h^ the the Hapsburgs, and so raising up within Ger- historyof urope* many a rival and counterpoise to Austria, a rallying point round which all opposition to her might gather. It thus laid the foundations of the unification of Germany, which could never have been effected as long as the Austrian supremacy remained unbroken. For though Austria, before the time of Frederick the Great, was indisputably the greatest of German powers, she was after all more foreign than German. Her external interests in Hungary, Italy, and elsewhere were too ex- tensive for her to care much for the welfare or union of Germany ; in fact, the tendency and avowed aim of her policy was to .keep it weak and divided.
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