Remedies in Australian Private Law Katy Barnett , Sirko Harder Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-61083-5 — Remedies in Australian Private Law Katy Barnett , Sirko Harder Frontmatter More Information

Remedies in Australian Private Law

Remedies in Australian Private Law offers a clear, logical and complete treatment of remedies in common law, equity and statute. Designed in response to the rapid expansion of interest in this ﬁeld of law, this book provides readers with a theoretical and practical framework for understanding the principles of private law remedies and how they are applied. Clearly structured with a strong black-letter law focus, this book includes detailed coverage of remedies for tort, breach of contract, the Australian Consumer Law and equitable obligations. It also includes discussion of theoretical perspectives on issues such as the fusion of common law and equity, the nature of reasonable fee awards and the concept of unjust enrichment. The systematic and accessible approach set out in this book will enable students, practitioners and others to develop an overarching conception of remedial law, and thereby enhance their capacity to analyse legal problems and ﬁnd the best solutions.

Katy Barnett is Senior Lecturer in the Melbourne Law School, the University of Melbourne. Sirko Harder is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Law, Monash University.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-61083-5 — Remedies in Australian Private Law Katy Barnett , Sirko Harder Frontmatter More Information

Remedies in Australian Private Law

Katy Barnett and Sirko Harder

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Foreword

The law of civil remedies is a fascinating subject. More than any other field of study in the core curriculum, it lays bare fundamental questions as to the nature and purpose of the law of obligations. The law of remedies defines what it means to have particular private law rights and to owe particular private law duties. Difficult issues concerning remedies necessarily direct attention to questions as to what precisely is to be rem- edied, why particular obligations are imposed, and the nature of the interests protected by different private law causes of action. The law of remedies is also an immensely practical subject. Remedies are, after all, the ends of civil litigation. The principles that govern their application are in many cases simple to state in the abstract but give rise to great difficulty in their application to particular fact situations. The finer points of the law of remedies are therefore not only matters of great theoretical interest and intense academic debate, but also of great day-to-day importance for legal practitioners. For all of these reasons, the publication of this substantial new book on the Australian law of civil remedies is an exciting event. It is the more so since Remedies in Australian Private Law has been written by two up-and-coming remedies scholars who have recently published monographs offering insightful analyses of particular aspects of the field. Sirko Harder is the author of Measuring Damages in the Law of Obligations: The Search for Harmonised Principles (Hart Publishing, 2010), and Katy Barnett is the author of Accounting for Profit for Breach of Contract: Theory and Practice (Hart Publishing, 2012). Readers of their new jointly authored book are offered new perspectives on the nature of the subject and new ways of approaching the many thorny issues that make it so challenging. Dr Barnett and Dr Harder adopt a functional approach to the law of remedies. They begin their study with those remedies that compensate for breach of private law duties, moving to those that compel performance of private law duties, then to those that seek to deter breaches, then those that vindicate rights, and then those that require restitution of unjust gains, dealing finally with proprietary remedies and the enforcement of remedies. Their approach brings different causes of action, different categories of obligation and different subject areas together in productive and interesting ways. Substantial parts of the book are necessarily devoted to the treatment of particular remedies in particular contexts, and the authors navigate these discrete topics as deftly as they do the general principles. Remedies in Australian Private Law provides an admirably clear and concise analysis of the law of civil remedies in Australia. The authors’ deep learning on the law of remedies is evident in many areas. They are able to provide clear

vi FOREWORD

guidance in relation to complex topics, valuable insights into the nature of particular remedies and particular remedial issues and incisive critical comment where appropriate. The result is an instructive and thought-provoking treatment of this complexandimportantareaoflaw.

Andrew Robertson Melbourne Law School

Contents

Foreword by Professor Andrew Robertson v Preface xvii Table of cases xix Table of statutes lvi

I Introduction 1 I Why have a book on remedies? 1 II What is a remedy? 2 A Monism and dualism 4 B Sources of remedies in Australia 5 C Other ways of organising private law causes of action – the unjust enrichment school of thought 6 III The common law and equity divide in Australia 8 A Fusion fallacy 8 B Unjust enrichment scholars breaking down the common law and equitable divide 10 C Australian reception of unjust enrichment scholarship 10 D The position of the authors 12 IV A functional approach to remedies 12 A Parts 1 and 2: Compensation 14 B Part 3: Remedies compelling performance and related remedies 15 C Part 4: Remedies as vindication 15 D Part 5: Account of proﬁts and other gain-based relief for wrongs 16 E Part 6: Restitution and giving back 17 F Part 7: Proprietary remedies 17 G Part 8: Enforcement of remedies 18 H Conclusion 18

PART 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMPENSATION 19 2 Assessment of compensation 21 I Introduction 21 II The compensatory principle and the identiﬁcation of the wrong 21 III Losses and beneﬁts 23 A Non-pecuniary loss 23 B Cost of repair and diminution in value 24 C Betterment discount 25

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D Beneﬁts arising from the wrong 28 E The impact of tax law 29 IV Certainty of loss and recovery for the loss of a chance 32 V Temporal considerations 39 A The lump sum rule and the ‘once and for all’ rule 39 B Date of assessment 41 C Relevance of inﬂation 46 D Determining the present equivalent of future pecuniary loss 46 E Interest on compensation awards and compensation for the loss of the use of money 48

3 Attribution of responsibility 53 I Introduction 53 II The legal concept of causation 54 III Factual causation 57 A The ‘but for’ test and its application 57 1 The ‘but for’ test 57 2 Overtaking cause 58 3 Alternative cause 59 B Factual causation even though the ‘but for’ test is not satisﬁed 61 1 Multiple sufﬁcient causes 61 2 Evidential uncertainty 64 IV Scope of liability 69 A Intervening cause 69 B Remoteness of damage 76 C The purpose of the duty breached 77 D The plaintiff’s contribution to the loss 78 1 Overview of the three relevant doctrines 78 2 Contributory negligence 80 3 Mitigation 80

4 Multiple wrongdoers 84 I Introduction 84 II Common law rules 85 III Contribution statutes 88 IV Proportionate liability statutes 92 V Interplay of the three regimes 97

PART 2 COMPENSATION IN SPECIFIC CONTEXTS 99 5 Compensation for breach of contract 101 I Assessment of compensation 101 A Protection of the plaintiff’s expectation interest 101 B Measure of expectation loss in particular contexts 103 1 Failure to deliver goods as promised 104 2 Failure to convey land as promised 107 3 Breach of an obligation to build, maintain or repair property 108 C Compensation of reliance loss 112

CONTENTS ix

D Non-pecuniary loss 116 1 Restrictions at common law 116 2 Restrictions under statute 119 E Damages awards exceeding loss 120 II Attribution of responsibility 122 A Remoteness of damage 122 1 The Hadley v Baxendale test 122 2 The signiﬁcance of the defendant’s knowledge of the plaintiff’s circumstances 124 3 Assumption of responsibility as overriding criterion? 125 B Contributory negligence 127

6 Compensation in tort 131 I Assessment of compensation 131 A General principle 131 B Speciﬁc contexts 131 1 Damage to reputation: defamation 132 2 Damage to land or ﬁxtures 134 3 Other wrongful interference with land 136 4 Damage to goods 137 5 Other wrongful interference with goods 139 6 Defective premises or goods 141 7 Damage to economic interests: reliance on a misrepresentation 144 II Attribution of responsibility 145 A Remoteness of damage 145 1 The test of natural and probable consequences 145 2 The test of reasonable foreseeability 147 3 The test of reasonable contemplation 151 4 The ‘eggshell skull’ rule 152 B Contributory negligence 154 1 Common law 154 2 Contributory negligence statutes 155 3 Civil liability statutes 155 4 The plaintiff’s conduct 156 5 Causation and scope of the duty 158 6 Apportionable loss 159 7 Apportionment 159

7 Compensation for personal injury and death 162 I Introduction 162 II The impact of legislation 162 A Statutory compensation schemes 162 B Civil liability statutes 164 III Meaning of ‘personal injury’ 165 IV Loss suffered by an injured person 167 A Pecuniary loss resulting from needs created by the injury 167

x CONTENTS

1 Medical expenses and cost of institutional care 167 2 Cost of nursing and other services provided to the injured person at home 168 3 Increased cost of living at home 170 4 Cost of managing compensation award 170 B Pecuniary loss resulting from the impairment of capacities 171 1 Loss of earning capacity 171 2 Loss of employment-related benefits 174 3 Loss of social security benefits 174 4 Loss of capacity to do domestic work 175 C Non-pecuniary loss 176 1 Pain and suffering 176 2 Loss of amenities 177 3 Loss of expectation of life 177 4 Statutory regulation 177 D Overlap between different heads of loss 179 V Benefits arising from an injury 179 VI Claims based on injury to another person 181 A Loss of an employee’s services 181 B Loss of consortium 183 VII Actions on death 184 A Claim by the estate of the deceased 184 B Claim by the dependants of the deceased 186

8 Compensation under the Australian Consumer Law 193 I Introduction 193 II Assessment of compensation 195 A General principles 195 B Compensation for misleading or deceptive conduct 196 1 Reliance loss as the general measure of compensation 196 2 Compensation of expectation loss 197 3 Compensation of reliance loss in excess of expectation loss 198 C Non-pecuniary loss 199 D Certainty of loss and recovery for the loss of a chance 200 III Attribution of responsibility 200 A The common-sense test of causation 200 B Factual causation 201 C Scope of liability 202 1 Intervening cause 202 2 Remoteness of damage 203 3 The purpose of the provision contravened 203 4 The plaintiff’s contribution to the loss 204 D Multiple wrongdoers 205

9 Equitable compensation for equitable wrongs 206 I Introduction 206 II Assessment of equitable compensation 208

CONTENTS xi

A Object of equitable compensation 208 B Recoverability of non-pecuniary loss 209 C Basic measure of equitable compensation 210 III Attribution of responsibility 211 A Factual causation 211 1 Misapplication of trust property 211 2 Breach of fiduciary duty 214 B Intervening acts and remoteness of loss 218 1 Breach of trust 218 2 Breach of fiduciary duty 219 3 Breach of an equitable duty of care 221 C Contributory negligence 223 1 Breach of fiduciary duty 223 2 Breach of an equitable duty of care 225 D Mitigation 226

PART 3 REMEDIES COMPELLING PERFORMANCE AND RELATED REMEDIES 227 10 Specific performance 229 I Introduction 229 II The nature of specific performance 230 III The relationship between specific performance and injunctions 232 IV Inadequacy of damages and subject matter of the contract 233 A Inadequacy of damages 233 B Subject matter of contract 236 1 Contracts involving land 236 2 Contracts involving goods 238 3 Contracts involving shares and stock 239 4 Contracts to loan money 239 5 Contracts for the benefit of third parties 240 6 Contracts involving intellectual property 241 7 Contracts for services 241 V Other requirements for specific performance 242 A Personal remedy 242 B Binding contract 243 1 Consideration 243 2 Uncertainty 244 3 Illegality 245 4 Impossibility and futility 246 VI Discretionary factors and bars to relief 247 A General equitable bars to relief 248 1 Hardship and the public interest 248 2 Lack of clean hands 249 3 Laches: delay with acquiescence and delay with prejudice 250 B Bars to relief relevant only to specific performance 251

xii CONTENTS

1 Mutuality 251 2 Continuous supervision and personal services 253 3 Readiness and willingness 255 VII Speciﬁc performance under the Australian Consumer Law 255

11 Injunctions 257 I Introduction 257 II The rights protected by injunctions and inadequacy of damages 259 A Inadequacy of damages 260 B The rights protected by injunctions 261 1 Injury to property rights in land 261 2 Injury to property rights in goods and funds of money 262 3 Injury to intellectual property 263 4 Injury to economic rights 263 5 Injury to bodily integrity 265 6 Injury to reputation 265 7 Injury to privacy 266 8 Injunctions restraining breaches of negative covenant in a contract 266 9 Contracts for services 267 III Quia timet injunctions 269 IV Discretionary factors and bars to relief 270 A General equitable bars to relief 270 1 Hardship and the public interest 270 2 Lack of clean hands 271 3 Laches: delay with acquiescence and delay with prejudice 272 B Bars to injunctions that are equivalent to those in speciﬁc performance 272 V Injunctions under statutes 272 A Intellectual property 273 B The Australian Consumer Law 273 C The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) 274 D Other statutory injunctions 274

12 ‘Equitable damages’ or Lord Cairns’ Act damages 275 I History 275 II Advantages of Lord Cairns’ Act damages for a plaintiff 276 III Jurisdiction to award Lord Cairns’ Act damages 278 IV The need for a ‘wrongful act’ in some Australian jurisdictions 279 A Australian legislation which does not mention ‘wrongful act’ 280 B Australian legislation which mentions ‘wrongful act’ 280 C Lord Cairns’ Act damages for statutory wrongdoing 281 V Factors inﬂuencing the exercise of the jurisdiction 281 A Generally – Lord Cairns’ Act damages as a ‘middle ground’ 281 B The Shelfer criteria 283 VI The basis of assessment 284

CONTENTS xiii

A General principles 284 B Gain-based relief –‘reasonable fee’ awards 285 C Loss-based relief – compensatory awards of various kinds 286 1 Future wrongdoing 286 2 Causes of action where compensatory damages ordinarily unavailable 286 3 In addition to speciﬁc relief 287 VII Discretionary bars to relief 287 VIII Part 9.5, Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) 288 IX The future of Lord Cairns’ Act damages 288

PART 4 REMEDIES AS VINDICATION 291 13 Self-help remedies 293 I Introduction 293 II Tort and self-help 294 A Eviction of trespassers and protection of land and goods from trespass 294 B Self-defence of property 296 C Self-defence of the person 298 D Recaption, replevin and speciﬁc restitution 298 E Abatement of nuisance 301 III Contract and self-help 302 A Rescission 303 B Liquidated damages and penalties 303 C Debt 307 D Other stipulated contractual remedies 308

14 Exemplary damages and aggravated damages 310 I Introduction 310 II Exemplary damages 310 A The nature and history of exemplary damages in Australia 310 1 Need to make out the ‘host’ cause of action 313 2 Unavailable if criminal punishment already imposed 314 3 Calculation of exemplary damages 315 B The causes of action for which exemplary damages can be awarded in Australia 316 1 Exemplary damages available for tort 316 2 Exemplary damages available for breach of some statutes 318 3 Exemplary damages not available for breach of contract 319 4 Exemplary damages not available for equitable wrongdoing 322 5 Exemplary damages not available for breaches of Australian Consumer Law 324 C Normative objections to exemplary damages generally 324 D Conclusion on exemplary damages 325 III Aggravated damages 326 A The distinction between exemplary damages and aggravated damages 326

xiv CONTENTS

B Availability of aggravated damages in Australian law 328 1 Aggravated damages available for tort 328 2 Aggravated damages available for some statutory causes of action 329 3 Aggravated damages not available for contract 330 4 Aggravated damages not available for equitable wrongdoing 330 5 Aggravated damages available for Australian Consumer Law 330

15 Apologies and declaratory relief 332 I Apologies, declarations and nominal damages 332 A Apologies 332 B Declarations, nominal damages and contemptuous damages 335 1 Declarations 335 2 Nominal damages 339 3 ‘Contemptuous damages’ 340 II Other vindicatory remedies under Australian Consumer Law 341

PART 5 ACCOUNT OF PROFITS AND OTHER GAIN-BASED RELIEF FOR WRONGS 343 16 Disgorgement of gains and ‘reasonable fee’ damages 345 I The distinction between compensation, restitution and disgorgement and the nature of gain-based remedies 346 A Compensation 346 B Restitution 346 C Disgorgement 347 D ‘Gain-based’ remedies 347 II Disgorgement 348 A Equity and the account of proﬁts 348 B Election 350 C Intellectual property and the account of proﬁts 351 D Torts and ‘waiver of tort’ 353 E Breach of contract 355 F Australian Consumer Law 359 III ‘Reasonable fee’ damages 359 A Introduction and history 359 1 Academic accounts 360 2 The approach of the courts 363 B Equity 363 C Intellectual property 364 D Tort 365 1 Torts protecting proprietary rights in land 365 2 Torts protecting proprietary rights in goods 366 3 Other torts 368 C Contract 368 IV Allowances, discretionary factors and bars to relief 370 A Allowances for skill and effort 371

CONTENTS xv

1 Allowances for skill and effort for breach of ﬁduciary duty 371 2 Allowances for skill and effort for intellectual property breaches 372 3 Allowances for skill and effort and disgorgement in contract 373 B Discretionary factors and bars to relief 374 1 Hardship 374 2 Lack of clean hands 374 3 Delay and acquiescence 375 V The future of gain-based relief in Australia 376

PART 6 RESTITUTION AND GIVING BACK 379 17 Personal remedies for unjust enrichment 381 I Introduction 381 II The elements of unjust enrichment 384 III Precise remedies for unjust enrichment 385 A Money claims 385 B Services claims 386 C Goods claims 387 IV Defences to a claim in unjust enrichment 387 V The relationship between contract and restitution for unjust enrichment 388

18 Rescission 392 I Introduction 392 A Legal rescission 394 B Equitable rescission 395 C Rescission under the Australian Consumer Law 396 II The requirement of restitutio in integrum 397 III Election 400 A How to make an election to rescind 400 B The consequences of an election to rescind 402 C The reasons behind the election requirement 404 IV ‘Partial’ rescission 404 V Bars to rescission 407 A Impossibility of complete restoration 407 BAfﬁrmation 408 C Delay 409 D Intervening third party rights 409 E Executed contracts and innocent misrepresentation 411

PART 7 PROPRIETARY REMEDIES 413 19 Proprietary remedies 415 I Introduction 415 II Proprietary remedies 416 A Constructive and resulting trusts 416 B Proprietary powers 419 C Equitable liens 420

xvi CONTENTS

III Criteria for award of proprietary remedies 421 A Proprietary remedies and unconscionability 422 B Proprietary remedies and unjust enrichment 424 C Proprietary remedies and wrongdoing 428 IV Discretionary factors and bars to relief 431 V The need for more deﬁned criteria 431

PART 8 ENFORCEMENT OF REMEDIES 433 20 Enforcement of remedies 435 I Introduction 435 II Interlocutory injunctions 436 A A legal, equitable or statutory right 437 BA‘serious question to be tried’ (or a ‘prima facie case’) 437 C The balance of convenience 439 1 Likelihood of success 440 2 Irreparable injury, hardship and inadequacy of damages to the plaintiff 440 3 Hardship to the defendant and third parties 441 4 Adequacy of undertaking as to damages for the defendant 442 5 Delay on the part of the plaintiff 442 6 Example of the balancing process 442 D Mandatory interlocutory injunctions 443 E Quia timet interlocutory injunctions 443 F Interlocutory injunctions which finally determine the matter 444 G Undertakings as to damages 444 H Interim injunctions under statute 445 III Other pre-judgment remedies 446 A Arrest of the person 446 B Freezing orders (Mareva orders) 447 C Search orders (Anton Piller orders) 449 IV Post-judgment enforcement 450 A Enforcement of money remedies 451 1 Historical background 451 2 Current Australian law 451 B Enforcement of specific remedies 454 1 Enforcement against property 455 2 Coercive enforcement: imprisonment, sequestration and fines 455

Index 457

Preface

The law of civil remedies is an area of ever-increasing complexity. Since the abolition of juries in most civil cases, the measure of common law damages has come under heightened appellate scrutiny and has become more and more sophisticated. Aggravated and exemplary damages have been disentangled. Equitable compensation has moved out of the shadow and developed into a powerful remedy for equitable wrongdoing. New forms of relief have emerged and presented challenges of catego- risation. For example, it is highly controversial whether reasonable fee awards in cases of unauthorised use of property are best categorised as gain-based, loss-based or something else. In addition to the judicial development of the common law and equity, Australian legislators have been very active in the field of remedies. A legislative intervention of great significance was the enactment of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), which introduced a statutory prohibition of (among others) misleading or deceptive conduct in trade or commerce, and a ‘smorgasbord’ of remedial options for the court. That Act became the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), which contains the ‘Australian Consumer Law’ in its Schedule 2. The significance of this peculiarly Australian inno- vation cannot be overstated. Another extremely important legislative intervention was the civil liability reform of 2002/03 in the wake of the Ipp Report. That reform involved changes to a number of common law rules on remedies (as well as liability), but those changes were not uniform across Australia. Indeed, so fragmented was the reform that it left no two jurisdictions in Australia with the same law on, for example, contributory negligence or compensation for personal injury, if all details are consid- ered. It made Australian law of civil remedies very complex. This book provides a detailed and scholarly discussion of remedies in Australian private law, covering remedies for breach of contract, torts, equitable wrongs and contraventions of the Australian Consumer Law. Following convention, this book includes a discussion of interlocutory orders and the enforcement of remedies. In our previous research, we often consulted Andrew Burrows’ Remedies for Torts and Breach of Contract (3rd edn, OUP 2004) and Donald Harris, David Campbell & Roger Halson’s Remedies in Contract and Tort (2nd edn, CUP 2005), each of which deals with the English law of remedies. However, there was no up-to-date Australian equivalent, as Michael Tilbury’s magisterial work, Civil Remedies, was last updated in 1993. So, with some trepidation, we decided to write our own book on remedies in Australian private law. It is perhaps inevitable that we are open-minded towards the idea of categorising private law according to broad thematic principles. Sirko undertook his undergraduate degree in Germany and has taught law in England and Scotland (as well as Australia). Although Katy was born in Australia, she spent a substantial part of her childhood in

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xviii PREFACE

England. Consequently, while this is a book about remedies in Australian private law, we are cognisant of developments in remedies law in other countries and how Australian law ﬁts within those developments. We have discovered through writing this book that we share views on most questions of remedies law, and that we have the same love of logic and structure. The law of remedies can be somewhat daunting as it cuts across so many areas of private law, but we hope to provide a useful, thematically organised ‘map’ with this book. While primary responsibility for Chapters 2 to 9 lay with Sirko, and for the rest of the book with Katy, we take joint responsibility for the whole book. We have consid- ered material available to us before 1 September 2013, though we have been able to include some later material. Katy would like to thank her colleagues, especially Elise Bant, Michael Bryan, Matthew Harding, Jeannie Paterson and Andrew Robertson for many enlightening discussions on the law of remedies. Her students also deserve thanks, as their questions have been very useful in helping her to work out the best way to explain certain areas of remedies law. Finally, she would like to thank her long-suffering family (Scott, Eloise and Josh), who had thought that the days of book-writing and hair-tearing were over when her monograph was published. Sirko would like to thank his colleague Normann Witzleb and the members of the Obligations Group at Melbourne Law School for many insightful discussions on the law of remedies. He would also like to thank his family (Huan and Oliver) for their constant support and for putting up with his occasionally reclusive existence during the work on this book. We both would like to thank the anonymous (and not-so-anonymous) reviewers who made uniformly helpful comments on draft chapters. We would also like to thank Nina Sharpe, Pippa Whishaw, Jessica Pearce, Jodie Fitzsimmons, Joy Window and the other staff at Cambridge University Press for their professionalism and patience.

Katy Barnett Sirko Harder December 2013

Table of cases

Australia 2144 Broke Road Pty Ltd v ACN 062 859 358 Pty Ltd [2010] NSWSC 489 113 A v New South Wales (2007) 230 CLR 500 316, 328 A H McDonald & Co Pty Ltd v Wells (1931) 45 CLR 506 241, 398, 405, 407 Abigroup Contractors Pty Ltd v Sydney Catchment Authority (No 3) (2006) 67 NSWLR 341 198 Ackerley v Palmer [1910] VLR 339 264 Ackland v Commonwealth (2007) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–916 79–80 Adams v Kennedy (2000) 49 NSWLR 78 316 Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak (2009) 239 CLR 420 57–58, 73 Adelaide Stevedoring Co Ltd v Forst (1940) 64 CLR 538 69 ADI v Aerospace Systems Management Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 758 443 Administrative and Clerical Officers Association v Commonwealth (1979) 26 ALR 497 232, 438 Aequitas Ltd v Sparad No 100 Ltd (2001) 19 ACLC 1006 410 Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle v Aerospatiale Helicopters Pty Ltd (1986) 11 FCR 38 443 AFA Airconditioning Pty Ltd v Mendrecki (2008) 101 SASR 381 173 Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564 336, 337 Air Express Ltd v Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd (1979) 146 CLR 249 436, 445 Air Manymak v Jeffs [2006] NTCA 12 173 Airloom Holdings Pty Ltd v Thales Australia Ltd [2011] NSWSC 1513 102 Akron Securities Ltd v Iliffe (1997) 41 NSWLR 353 6, 396 Alati v Kruger (1955) 94 CLR 216 303, 393, 398, 400, 401, 407 Albion Insurance Co Ltd v Government Insurance Office (NSW) (1969) 121 CLR 342 87 Aldersea v Public Transport Corporation (2001) 3 VR 499 145, 162, 328 Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corporation Ltd (1987) 9 NSWLR 310 55, 70, 71, 124 Alexander v Perpetual Trustees WA Ltd (2004) 216 CLR 109 207, 265 Allan v Fletcher (2001) 79 SASR 559 158, 159 Allan v Loadsman [1975] 2 NSWLR 789 172 Allan v Snyder [1977] 2 NSWLR 685 423 Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v Girone [2011] QCA 245 174 Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v GSF Australia Pty Ltd (2005) 221 CLR 568 55, 203 Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v Kerr (2012) 60 MVR 194 171, 173 Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v Waterbrook at Yowie Bay Pty Ltd [2009] NSWCA 224 72, 74 Allianz Australia Ltd v Sim [2012] NSWCA 68 69 Allison v Hewitt (1974) 3 DCR (NSW) 193 118 Alucraft Pty Ltd (in liq) v Grocon Ltd (No 2) [1996] 2 VR 386 112 Amaca Pty Ltd v Banton (2007) 5 DDCR 314 316 Amaca Pty Ltd v Booth (2011) 283 ALR 461 62, 65, 67, 69 Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis (2010) 240 CLR 111 66, 69 Amaca Pty Ltd v King [2011] VSCA 447 69 Amaca Pty Ltd v New South Wales (2003) 199 ALR 596 91 Amcor Ltd v Barnes [2012] VSC 434 250 AMEV-UDC Finance Ltd v Austin (1986) 162 CLR 170 306, 309 Amoco Australia Pty Ltd v Rocca Bros Motor Engineering Co Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 331 268 AMP General Insurance Ltd v Roads and Traffic Authority (2001) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–619 149, 151 Ampol Petroleum Ltd v Mutton (1952) 53 SR (NSW) 1 267 Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 424 91 Anderson v Hotel Capital Trading Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 1195 74 Anderson v Liddell (1968) 117 CLR 36 452 Andjelic v Marsland (1996) 186 CLR 20 41, 50 Andrew Shelton & Co Pty Ltd v Alpha Healthcare Ltd (2002) 5 VR 577 387 Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2011) 211 FCR 53 305

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xx TABLE OF CASES

Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2012) 247 CLR 205 304–06 Andrews v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd [1980] 2 NSWLR 225 132, 133, 327 Andrews v Westpac Banking Corp [2012] QSC 22 174 Anyco Pty Ltd v Kleeman (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–933 64 ANZ Executors and Trustees Ltd v Humes Ltd [1990] VR 615 239, 248, 249, 250 Aquagenics Pty Ltd v Break O’Day Council [2010] TASFC 3 97 Ardlethan Options Ltd v Easdown (1915) 20 CLR 285 80 Argy v Blunts & Lane Cove Real Estate Pty Ltd (1990) 26 FCR 112 204 Aristoc Industries Pty Ltd v RA Wenham (Builders) Pty Ltd [1965] NSWR 581 238, 249, 262, 267, 300, 415 Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd v DAP Services (Kempsey) Pty Ltd (2007) 157 FCR 564 318, 330 Armour v Fewster [2004] SADC 1 104 Arnott v Choy (2010) 56 MVR 390 80, 81 Arthur Robinson (Grafton) Pty Ltd v Carter (1968) 122 CLR 649 171 AS v Murray [2013] NSWSC 733 316 ASA Constructions Pty Ltd v Iwanov [1975] 1 NSWLR 512 278 Ashrafi Persian Trading Co Pty Ltd v Ashrafinia (2001) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–636 73 ASIC v Mauer-Swisse Securities Ltd (2002) 42 ACSR 605 445, 446 ASIC v Parkes (2001) 38 ACSR 355 445 ASIC v Pegasus Leveraged Options Group Pty Ltd (2002) 41 ACSR 561 445 ASIC v Triton Underwriting Insurance Agency (2003) 48 ACSR 249 445 Associated Grocers Co-operative Ltd v Hubbard Properties Pty Ltd (No 2) (1986) 45 SASR 57 108 Associated Midland Corp Ltd v Bank of New South Wales [1983] 1 NSWLR 533 139 Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks (1951) 83 CLR 322 308 Associated Products and Distribution Pty Ltd v Sunkist Holdings Ltd (1967) 41 ALJR 61 336 Association of Quality Child Care Centres of NSW Inc v Manefield (2012) Aust Torts Reports ¶82–103 134 Astley v Austrust Ltd (1999) 197 CLR 1 79, 128, 129, 157, 224 ATCO Controls Pty Ltd (in liq) v Stewart (in his capacity as liquidator of Newtronics Pty Ltd) [2013] VSCA 132 391 Athens-MacDonald Travel Service Pty Ltd v Kazis [1970] SASR 264 118 Atkinson v Hastings Deering (Qld) Pty Ltd (1985) 8 FCR 481 106 Atlas Steels (Australia) Pty Ltd v Atlas Steels Ltd (1948) 49 SR (NSW) 157 241, 267 Attorney-General for NSW v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1955) 92 CLR 113 181, 182 Auspac Trade International Pty Ltd v Victorian Dairy Industry Authority (Supreme Court of Victoria, Southwell, Nathan and O’Bryan JJ, 22 February 1994) 106 Australasian Meat Industry Employee’s Union v Mudginberri Station Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 98 455, 456 Australasian Performing Rights Association v Grebo Trading Co Pty Ltd (1978) 23 ACTR 30 364 Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1988) 164 CLR 662 383 Australian and International Pilots Association v Qantas Airways Ltd [2011] FCA 1487 440 Australian and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Widin (1990) 26 FCR 21 243 Australian Breeders Co-operative Society Ltd v Jones (1997) 150 ALR 488 89 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Comalco Ltd (1986) 12 FCR 510 82, 132, 133 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199 2, 260, 266, 437 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v McBride (2001) 53 NSWLR 430 133 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v O’Neill (2006) 227 CLR 57 264, 266, 437, 438–39, 440 Australian Coarse Grain Pool Pty Ltd v Barley Marketing Board of Queensland (1982) 46 ALR 398 438 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v AirAsia Berhad Company [2012] FCA 1431 337 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Dataline.Net.Au Pty Ltd (in liq) (2007) 161 FCR 513 274 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Dermalogica Pty Ltd (2005) 215 ALR 482 274 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Midland Brick Co Pty Ltd (2004) 207 CLR 329 337 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Top Snack Foods Pty Ltd (1999) ATPR ¶41–708 331 Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Morgan (1965) 112 CLR 483 455, 456 Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren (1967) 117 CLR 221 313 Australian Hardwoods Pty Ltd v Commissioner for Railways [1961] 1 WLR 425 230 Australian National Airlines Commission v Commonwealth (1986) 17 FCR 445 443 Australian Paper Ltd v Communications, Electrical, Electronic, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing and Allied Services Union (1998) 81 IR 15 444 Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna (1987) 162 CLR 479 297 Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich (2009) 236 FLR 1 222 Australian Telecommunications Commission v Parsons (1985) 59 ALR 535 188 Australian Winch and Haulage Co Pty Ltd v Collins [2013] NSWCA 327 33, 38 Autodesk Inc v Yee (1996) 68 FCR 391 318 Automotive, Food, Metals, Engineering, Printing and Kindred Industries Union v McCain Foods (Aust) Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 1126 242

TABLE OF CASES xxi

Avram v Gusakoski [2006] WACA 16 157 AW v New South Wales [2005] NSWSC 543 316 Awad v Twin Creeks Properties Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 200 396–97 Axiak v Ingram (2012) 82 NSWLR 36 159 B J McAdam Pty Ltd v Jax Tyres Pty Ltd (No 3) [2012] FCA 1438 123 Bacchus Marsh Concentrated Milk Co Ltd (in liq) v Joseph Nathan & Co Ltd (1919) 26 CLR 410 268 Backwell v AAA [1997] 1 VR 182 316, 328, 329 Bacon v Rose [1972] 2 NSWLR 793 336 Badman v Drake [2008] NSWSC 1366 395, 407, 424, 425, 427, 431 Baghdadi v Quality P & M Smallgoods Pty Ltd [2008] NSWSC 406 168 Bahr v Nicolay (No 2) (1988) 164 CLR 604 241, 255 Baig v Baig [1970] VR 833 239 Bailey v Namol Pty Ltd (1994) 53 FCR 102 318, 319, 330 Bailey v Nominal Defendant [2004] QCA 344 74 Baily v Truth and Sportsman Ltd (1938) 60 CLR 700 340 Baird v BCE Holdings Pty Ltd (1996) 40 NSWLR 374 412 Baird v Roberts [1977] 2 NSWLR 389 172 Bak v Glenleigh Homes Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 10 79 Baker v Sheridan (No 2) [2005] NSWSC 121 216 Balanced Securities Ltd v Bianco (No 2) (2010) 27 VR 599 52, 136, 365 Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (1993) 176 CLR 344 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 176, 330, 383 Bamford v Albert Shire Council (1996) 93 LGERA 335 143 Bamford v Albert Shire Council [1998] 2 Qd R 125 44, 107, 143 Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina (1986) 160 CLR 301 160 Barbagallo v J & F Catelan Pty Ltd [1986] 1 Qd R 245 136, 137, 276, 278, 283, 286 Barclay v Penberthy (2012) 246 CLR 258 182, 186 Barescape Pty Ltd v Bacchus Holdings Pty Ltd (No 9) [2012] NSWSC 984 220 Barlow v Neville Jeffress Advertising Pty Ltd (1994) 4 Tas R 391 270 Barnard v Towill (1998) 72 SASR 27 159 Bartlett v Arbuckle [2004] WASC 169 117 Bartley v Myers (2002) 83 SASR 183 203 Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104 395 Batchelor v Burke (1981) 148 CLR 448 50 Bateman v Face Accountants Pty Ltd (2010) 81 ATR 102 198 Bateman v Nominal Defendant (2012) 15 DCLR (NSW) 239 157 Bathurst City Council v PWC Properties Pty Ltd (1998) 195 CLR 566 421–22, 428 Bathurst Regional Council v Local Government Financial Services Pty Ltd (No 5) [2012] FCA 1200 94, 97 Baume v Commonwealth (1906) 4 CLR 97 339 Baumgartner v Baumgartner (1987) 164 CLR 137 417, 423 Bawn Pty Ltd v Metropolitan Meat Industry Board [1971] 2 NSWLR 47 336 Bayne v Stephens (1908) 8 CLR 1 48 Beach Petroleum NL v Kennedy (1999) 48 NSWLR 1 207, 214, 220 Beard v Richmond (1987) Aust Torts Reports ¶80–129 74 BearingPoint Australia Pty Ltd v Robert Hillard [2008] VSC 115 269 Beasley v Marshall (1985) 40 SASR 544 167 Bechara v Campbell-Williams [2011] NSWCA 177 200 Beck v Farrelly (1975) 13 SASR 17 180 Becker Group Ltd v Motion Picture Company of Australia Ltd [2004] FCA 630 104 Beecham Group Ltd v Bristol Laboratories Pty Ltd (1968) 118 CLR 618 436, 437, 438, 439, 444 Beechwood Homes (NSW) Pty Ltd v Camenzuli [2010] NSWSC 521 263, 264 Belan v Casey (2003) 57 NSWLR 670 87 Belgrave Nominees Pty Ltd & Ors v Barlin-Scott Airconditioning (Aust) Pty Ltd [1984] VR 947 261 Bell v Pitt [1956] Tas SR 161 294 Bellgrove v Eldridge (1954) 90 CLR 613 109–10, 111, 112 Bellingen Shire Council v Colavon Pty Ltd (2012) 188 LGERA 169 151 Bendal Pty Ltd v Mirvac Project Pty Ltd (1991) 23 NSWLR 464 261, 262, 282, 283 Bendigo and Country Districts Trustees and Executors Co Ltd v Sandhurst and Northern District Trustees, Executors and Agency Co Ltd (1909) 9 CLR 474 269 Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307 68 Beneﬁcial Finance Corporation Ltd v Alzden Pty Ltd (NSWSC Equity Division, 10 May 1993) 299 Benjamin v Currie [1958] VR 259 187 Bennett v Goodwin (2005) 62 ATR 515 31, 140 Bennett v Minister of Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 68, 72, 220 Berger v Boyles [1971] VR 321 340

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Bergman v Haertsch [2000] NSWSC 528 329 Berryman v Hames Sharley (WA) Pty Ltd (2008) 38 WAR 1 35 Beswicke v Alner [1926] VLR 72 261 BHP Coal Pty Ltd v O & K Orenstein & Koppel AG [2008] QSC 141 139 BHPB Freight Pty Ltd v Cosco Oceania Chartering Pty Ltd (No 3) [2009] FCA 1087 204 BI (Contracting) Pty Ltd v Strikwerda (2005) 3 DDCR 149 190 Bialkower v Acohs Pty Ltd (1998) 83 FCR 1 88 Big River Timbers Pty Ltd v Stewart (1999) 9 BPR 16,605 421 Bilambil-Terranora Pty Ltd v Tweed Shire Council [1980] 1 NSWLR 465 31, 140, 359, 367 Bilyak v Pesor [2012] NSWSC 193 207 Birch v Taubmans Ltd (1956) 57 SR (NSW) 93 184 Birmingham v Renfrew (1937) 57 CLR 666 423 Biscayne Partners Pty Ltd v Valance Corp Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 874 355, 358 Bitumen and Oil Reﬁneries (Australia) Ltd v Commissioner for Government Transport (1955) 92 CLR 200 90 Black v S Freedman & Co (1910) 12 CLR 105 423, 427, 428 Black v Walden (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–950 191 Black Uhlans Inc v NSW Crime Commission (2002) 12 BPR 22,421 250 Blackham v Haythorpe (1917) 23 CLR 156 410 Bland Shire Council v Anthoness [1960] NSWR 254 26 Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 395 Blundell v Musgrave (1956) 96 CLR 73 167 Bobo’s Fashion Pty Ltd v MJF Property Developments Pty Ltd [2004] VCAT 1090 125 Body Technology Pty Ltd v Babak Moini [2010] NSWSC 1414 441 Boﬁnger v Kingsway Group Ltd (2009) 239 CLR 269 383 Bonarrigo v DSF Pty Ltd [2012] VCAT 1404 74 Boncristiano v Lohmann [1998] 4 VR 82 117 Bond v Sulan (1990) 26 FCR 580 339 Bonett v Barron & Dowling Property Group Pty Ltd (2006) 67 NSWLR 475 198 Bonette v Woolworths Ltd (1937) 37 SR (NSW) 132 297 Booker Industries Pty Ltd v Wilson Parking (Qld) Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 600 244 Borg v Howlett (1996) 8 BPR 15,535 238 Bosaid v Andry [1963] VR 465 249, 278, 279, 287 Boyarsky v Taylor (2008) 14 BPR 26,553 249 Boyns v Lackey (1958) 58 SR (NSW) 395 278, 288 Bradford v Zahra [1977] Qd R 24 245 Bradford House Pty Ltd v Leroy Fashion Group Ltd (1983) 68 FLR 1 107 Bradto Pty Ltd v Victoria (2006) 15 VR 65 438, 443 Brady v Tamworth Base Hospital and Health Service (NSWDC, 31 January 2000) 329 Brambles Constructions Pty Ltd v Helmers (1966) 114 CLR 213 90 Brand v Monks [2009] NSWSC 1454 58, 70 Break Fast Investments Pty Ltd v PCH Melbourne Pty Ltd (2007) 20 VR 311 262 Brear v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd (2000) 50 NSWLR 388 173 Brenner v First Artists’ Management Pty Ltd [1993] 2 VR 221 386 Bresatz v Przibilla (1962) 108 CLR 541 167, 168, 170, 173, 183, 184 Breskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376 420 Brewarrina Shire Council v Beckhaus Civil Pty Ltd [2005] NSWCA 248 112 Brewarrina Shire Council v Beckhaus Civil Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 361 110 Brickhill v Cooke [1984] 3 NSWLR 396 143 Bride v KMG Hungerfords (1991) 109 FLR 256 145 Bridge v Chadwick (1950) 50 SR (NSW) 230 86 Bridge Wholesale Acceptance Corp (Australia) Ltd v Burnard (1992) 27 NSWLR 415 239, 255 Bridgewater v Leahy (1998) 194 CLR 457 223, 395, 406 Brilawsky v Robertson (1916) 10 QJPR 113 141 Brocx v Mounsey (2009) 65 SR (WA) 289 174 Brocx v Mounsey [2010] WASCA 196 173 Broken Hill City Council v Tiziani (1997) 93 LGERA 113 136 Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd v Fisher [1984] 38 SASR 50 328, 330 Bromley v Forestry Commission of NSW [2003] NSWCA 252 135, 136 Brooks v Wyatt (1994) 99 NTR 12 278 Brown v Heffer (1967) 116 CLR 344 246 Brown v Smitt (1924) 34 CLR 160 399 Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609 142, 143 Buckenara v Hawthorn Football Club Ltd [1988] VR 39 242, 268 Buckley v The Herald & Weekly Times Pty Ltd (2009) 24 VR 129 133

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Buckley v Tutty (1971) 125 CLR 353 268 Bulldogs Rugby League Club Ltd v Williams [2008] NSWSC 822 242, 268, 269 Bunnings Group Ltd v Chep Australia Ltd (2011) 82 NSWLR 420 141, 367–68 Burazin v Blacktown City Guardian Pty Ltd (1996) 142 ALR 144 118 Burford v Allan (1993) 60 SASR 428 170 Burke v LFOT Pty Ltd (2002) 209 CLR 282 87, 88, 223 Burley v Trewartha (1976) 13 SASR 514 190 Burns v MAN Automotive (Aust) Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 653 81, 102, 106, 122, 123 Burns Philp Trust Co Ltd v Kwikasair Freightlines Ltd [1964] NSWR 63 230 Burwood Municipal Council v Sydney Legacy Appeals Fund (1980) 39 LGRA 299 337 Businessworld Computers Pty Ltd v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1988) 82 ALR 499 232, 443 Butcher v Australian Tartaric Products Pty Ltd [2009] VSCA 303 173 Butler v Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board (1966) 114 CLR 185 22, 131, 140 Butler v Fairclough (1917) 23 CLR 78 319, 321 Butt v Long (1953) 88 CLR 476 268 Byers v Dorotea Pty Ltd (1986) 69 ALR 715 408 Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd (1995) 185 CLR 410 241 Byrne v Castrique [1965] VR 171 270 C & P Syndicate Pty Ltd v Reddy [2013] NSWSC 643 43, 45 Cadorange Pty Ltd v Tanga Holdings Pty Ltd (1990) 20 NSWLR 26 424 Caffey v Leatt-Hayter (No 3) [2013] WASC 348 201 CAL No 14 Pty Ltd v Motor Vehicle Accidents Insurance Board (2009) 239 CLR 390 296 Callander v Ladang Jalong (Australia) Pty Ltd [2005] WASC 159 198 Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge Willemstad (1976) 136 CLR 529 70, 72, 148 Calverley v Green (1984) 155 CLR 242 417 Campbell v Li-Pina (2007) 47 MVR 279 190 Campbell v Nangle (1984) 40 SASR 161 167, 168 Campbelltown City Council v Mackay (1989) 15 NSWLR 501 142 Cannovo v FCD Holdings Pty Ltd [2000] NSWSC 304 253 Cardile v LED Builders Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 380 260, 272, 448, 449 Cardno BSD Pty Ltd v Water Corporation (No 2) [2011] WASCA 161 28, 81 Carr v Sourlos (1994) 6 BPR 13 136 Carroll v Lewitzke (1991) 56 SASR 18 158 Carroll v Purcell (1961) 107 CLR 73 190, 191 Carson v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 44 132, 133, 134, 328, 333 Carter v Delgrove Holdings Pty Ltd [2013] FCCA 783 201 Cashﬂow Finance Pty Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation [1999] NSWSC 671 425 Cashmere Bay Pty Ltd v Hastings Deering (Australia) Ltd (No 2) [2011] QSC 134 138 Cassis v Kalfus (No 2) [2004] NSWCA 315 217 Castle Constructions Pty Ltd v Fekala Pty Ltd (2006) 65 NSWLR 648 82, 108, 125 Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia (1986) 161 CLR 148 437, 438, 440 Caterson v Commissioner for Railways (1973) 128 CLR 99 72, 76, 157 Cattanach v Melchior (2003) 215 CLR 1 176 CE Hath Casualty & General Insurance Ltd v Pyramid Building Society (in liq) [1997] 2 VR 256 338 Celermajer Holdings Pty Ltd v Kopas [2011] NSWSC 40 118 Central Coast Leagues Club Ltd v Gosford City Council (Supreme Court of NSW, Giles CJ, 9 June 1998) 111 Chakravarti v Advertiser Newspapers Ltd (1998) 193 CLR 519 133 Chan v Zacharia (1984) 154 CLR 178 423, 428 Chang v Registrar of Titles (1976) 137 CLR 177 423 Chapman v Hearse (1961) 106 CLR 112 70, 71, 150 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 55, 57, 58, 65, 71, 117, 162 Chappell v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 153 266 Cheetham v McGeechan [1971] 2 NSWLR 222 336 Chep Australia Ltd v Bunnings Group Ltd [2010] NSWSC 301 43 Chief Commissioner for Railways and Tramways (NSW) v Boylson (1915) 19 CLR 505 188 Chirnside v Fay [2007] 1 NZLR 433 349 Chomentowski v Red Garter Restaurant Pty Ltd (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 1070 73 Chong v Chanell [2009] NSWSC 765 207 Chow v Yang [2010] SASC 96 48 Church of Scientology of California Inc v Reader’s Digest Services Pty Ltd [1980] 1 NSWLR 344 132 CIC Insurance Ltd v Bankstown Football Club Ltd (1995) 8 ANZ Ins Cas ¶61–232 51 City Motors (1933) Pty Ltd v Southern Aerial Super Service Pty Ltd (1961) 106 CLR 477 140 City of Melbourne v Hamas Pty Ltd (1987) 62 LGRA 250 261 City of Richmond v Scantelbury [1991] 2 VR 38 137, 301

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Clark v Macourt [2013] HCA 56 105, 106 Clark Equipment Credit of Australia Ltd v Como Factors Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 552 448 Clarke v Damiani (1973) 5 SASR 427 75 Clarke v Gisborne Shire Council [1984] VR 971 142 Classic Heights Pty Ltd v Black Hole Enterprises Pty Ltd [1995] ANZ ConvR 260 419 Clifford v Dove [2006] NSWSC 314 26 Coastal Estates Pty Ltd v Melevende [1965] VR 433 394, 400, 401 Colbeam Palmer Ltd v Stock Afﬁliates Ltd (1968) 122 CLR 25 349, 350, 351–52, 373, 375 Cole v Miles [2002] NSWCA 150 217 Cole v South Tweed Heads Rugby League Football Club (2004) 217 CLR 469 296 Collier-Garland (Properties) Pty Ltd v O’Hair (1963) 63 SR (NSW) 500 262 Collings Construction Co Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (1998) 43 NSWLR 131 327, 329, 330 Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd v Henjo Investments Pty Ltd [1987] ATPR ¶40–822 202, 203 Comcare Australia v Filla (2002) 115 FCR 163 82 Commercial and General Insurance Co Ltd v Government Insurance Ofﬁce of NSW (1973) 129 CLR 374 88 Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 395, 402, 406 Commissioner for Railways v Luya, Julius Ltd [1977] Qd R 395 139 Commissioner for Railways (NSW) v Cullen (1973) 47 ALJR 99 170 Commissioner for Railways (NSW) v Scott (1959) 102 CLR 392 181, 182 Commissioner of Police v Estate of Russell (2002) 55 NSWLR 232 334 Commissioner of Railways v Ruprecht (1979) 142 CLR 563 156, 157 Commissioner of Taxation v Sydney Refractive Surgery Centre Pty Ltd (2008) 253 ALR 59 30, 171 Commonwealth v Quince (1944) 68 CLR 227 181, 182 Commonwealth v SCI Operations Pty Ltd (1998) 192 CLR 285 48 Commonwealth v Verwayen (1990) 170 CLR 394 231 Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Smith (1991) 42 FCR 390 216 Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Witherow [2006] VSCA 45 93, 95 Commonwealth Life Assurance Society Ltd v Brain (1935) 53 CLR 343 328 Commonwealth of Australia v Chessell (1991) 30 FCR 154 51 Commonwealth of Australia v McLean (1996) 41 NSWLR 389 79, 152 Commonwealth of Australia v Murray (1988) Aust Torts Reports ¶80–207 316 Commonwealth of Australia v Ryan [2002] NSWCA 372 76 Commonwealth Railways Commissioner v Hodsdon (1970) 16 FLR 437 138 Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64 38, 101, 102, 103, 113, 116, 122, 124, 346 Como Investments (Pty Ltd (in liq) v Yenald Nominees Pty Ltd (1993) ATPR ¶41–550 202 Composite Buyers Ltd v Soong (1995) 38 NSWLR 286 421 Concept Television Productions Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1988) 12 IPR 129 280 Concut Pty Ltd v Worrell (2000) 176 ALR 693 308 Connolly v ‘Sunday Times’ Publishing Co Ltd (1908) 7 CLR 263 340 Connorville Estates Pty Ltd v Hydro-Electric Commission [1967] Tas SR 76 270 Cook v Cavanagh (1981) 10 NTR 35 192 Cook v Rodgers (1946) 46 SR (NSW) 229 238, 262 Cook v Saroukas (1989) 97 FLR 33 316 Cooney v Byrnes (1922) 30 CLR 216 243 Corbett v Pallas (1995) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–329 294, 301 Cordon Investments Pty Ltd v Lesdor Properties Pty Ltd [2010] NSWSC 1073 111, 112 Corin v Patton (1990) 169 CLR 540 423 Cornwall v Rowan (2004) 90 SASR 269 134 Corozo Pty Ltd v Total Australia Ltd [1988] 2 Qd R 366 264 Corvisy v Corvisy [1982] 2 NSWLR 557 265 Coshott v Barry [2009] NSWCA 34 36 Coshott v Fewings Joinery Pty Ltd (NSW Court of Appeal, Gleeson CJ, Priestley and Beazley JJA, 15 July 1996) 118 Coshott v Lenin [2007] NSWCA 153 389 Costin v Costin [1995] ANZ ConvR 289 243 Costin v Costin [1997] ANZ ConvR 400 243 Coull v Nationwide News Pty Ltd (2008) 23 NTLR 147 132 Coulls v Bagot’s Executor and Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460 87, 236, 239, 240 Council of the Shire of Bland v Anthoness [1960] NSWR 254 138 Cowell v Rosehill Racecourse Co Ltd (1937) 56 CLR 605 294, 296 Cowland v Telkesi (2000) 209 LSLJ 70 190 Coyle v New South Wales [2006] NSWCA 95 316 Crampton v French [1996] ANZ ConvR 156 419 Crane v Gething (2000) 97 FCR 9 336

TABLE OF CASES xxv

Crane v Gething [2000] FCA 762 336 Crawford v Hydro-Electric Commission [1963] Tas SR 83 186 Crescendo Management Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1988) 19 NSWLR 40 395 Cripps v G & M Dawson Pty Ltd (2006) ANZ ConvR 350 124, 219 Crown Insurance Services Pty Ltd v National Mutual Life Association of Australasia Ltd [2005] VSCA 218, (2005) 13 ANZ Ins Cas ¶61–659 35 Crump v Equine Nutrition Systems Pty Ltd t/as Horsepower [2006] NSWSC 512 119, 165, 200 CSR Ltd v Eddy (2005) 226 CLR 1 171, 175 Cullen v Trappell (1980) 146 CLR 1 24, 29, 39, 40, 41, 50, 172, 174, 176 Cummings v Fairfax Digital Australia & New Zealand Pty Ltd (2011) 6 ACTLR 40 133 Cunliffe v Woods [2012] VSC 254 133 Curmi v McLennan [1994] 1 VR 513 70 Curran v Young (1965) 112 CLR 99 183 Curro v Beyond Productions Pty Ltd (1993) 30 NSWLR 337 242, 267, 268 Curtin University of Technology v Woods Bagot Pty Ltd [2012] WASC 449 97 Czatyrko v Edith Cowan University (2005) 214 ALR 319 157 Dabinett v Whittaker [1989] 2 Qd R 228 174 Dahm v Harmer [1955] SASR 250 183 Daily Pty Ltd v Wallis [2013] NSWADT 152 81 Dairy Farmers Cooperative Milk Co Ltd v Commonwealth (1946) 73 CLR 381 339 Dalecoast Pty Ltd v Guardian International Pty Ltd [2004] WASC 82 198 Dalgety Wine Estates Pty Ltd v Rizzon (1979) 141 CLR 552 267 Daly v Sydney Stock Exchange Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 371 395, 403–04, 416, 419, 425, 431 D’Ambrosio v De Souza Lima (1985) 60 ACTR 18 171 Daniels v Anderson (1995) 37 NSWLR 438 29, 30 Dart Industries Inc v Décor Corporation Pty Ltd (1993) 179 CLR 101 323, 345, 349, 351, 372–73 Dartberg Pty Ltd v Wealthcare Financial Planning Pty Ltd (2007) 164 FCR 450 93 Darvall McCutcheon (a ﬁrm) v HK Frost Holdings Pty Ltd (in liq) (2002) 4 VR 570 210 David Jones Ltd v Leventhal (1927) 40 CLR 357 336 David Jones Ltd v Willis (1934) 52 CLR 110 117 David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1992) 175 CLR 353 383, 384, 385–86 Davidson v J S Gilbert Fabrications Pty Ltd [1986] 1 Qd R 1 138 Davinski Nominees Pty Ltd v I & A Bowler Holdings Pty Ltd [2011] VSC 220 30, 171 Davis v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2008] NSWSC 693 133 De Cesare v Deluxe Motors Pty Ltd (1996) 67 SASR 28 111, 112 De Reus v Gray (2003) 9 VR 432 90, 327, 328 De Sales v Ingrilli (2002) 212 CLR 338 186, 188, 190, 191 Deabel v V’Landys [2002] NSWSC 438 417 Deane v Lloyd [1991] ANZ ConvR 103 243 Dein v Wentworth Gold Field Pty Co (1899) 15 WN (NSW) 280 106 Del Ponte v Del Ponte (1987) 11 NSWLR 498 176 Delphic Wholesalers Pty Ltd v Elco Food Co Pty Ltd (1987) 8 IPR 545 263 Delphin v Martin [2012] TASSC 13 174 Delta Corp v Davies [2002] WASCA 125 329 Demagogue Pty Ltd v Ramensky (1992) 39 FCR 31 249 Demetrios v Gikas Dry Cleaning Industries Pty Ltd (1991) 22 NSWLR 561 207 Dempster v Mallina Holdings Ltd (1994) 13 WAR 124 209 Denkewitz v Hodgson (Supreme Court of Queensland, Ambrose J, 6 November 1998) 118 Derbyshire Building Co Pty Ltd v Becker (1962) 107 CLR 633 70 Dessent v Commonwealth of Australia (1977) 13 ALR 437 173 Di Napoli v New Beach Apartments Pty Ltd (2004) 11 BPR 21,493 261–62 Diagnostic X-Ray Services Pty Ltd v Jewel Food Stores Pty Ltd (2001) 4 VR 632 254 Diakos v Mason [2010] SASCFC 37 304 Digital Pulse Pty Ltd v Harris (2002) 166 FLR 421 209, 322, 324 Director of War Service Homes v Harris [1968] Qd R 275 111 Disctronics Ltd v Edmonds [2002] VSC 454 209 Dixson v Tange (1891) 12 LR (NSW) Eq 204 278 Djordjevic v Australian Iron & Steel Ltd (1964) 82 WN (Pt 1) (NSW) 218 41 DNM Mining Pty Ltd v Barwick [2004] NSWCA 137 60–61, 172 Doe v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [2007] VCC 281 209, 266 Dome Resources NL v Silver (2008) 72 NSWLR 693 127 Dominish v Astill [1979] 2 NSWLR 368 189 Donis v Donis (2007) 19 VR 577 231

xxvi TABLE OF CASES

Donnelly v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd (1998) 45 NSWLR 570 442 Doolan v Renkon Pty Ltd [2011] TASFC 4 35, 51 Dorsett v Janeska [2005] WASCA 215 74 Doubleday v Kelly [2005] NSWCA 151 156 Dougan v Ley (1946) 71 CLR 142 107, 236, 238, 246–47 Doughty v Martino Developments Pty Ltd (2010) 27 VR 499 183 Doulton Potteries Ltd v Bronotte [1971] 1 NSWLR 591 300, 415, 455 Dowdell v Knispel Fruit Juices Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 851 106 Downham v Bellette (1986) Aust Torts Reports ¶80–083 329 Dowsett v Reid (1912) 15 CLR 695 249, 374 Dowthwaite Holdings Pty Ltd v Saliba [2006] WASCA 72 90, 91 Dragojlovic v Director-General of Social Security (1984) 1 FCR 301 82 Dryden v Orr (1928) 28 SR (NSW) 216 138 Duke Group Ltd (in liq) v Pilmer (1998) 144 FLR 1 88 Duke Group Ltd (in liq) v Pilmer (1999) 73 SASR 64 42, 48, 51, 123, 209, 216, 220, 226 Duncombe v New York Properties Pty Ltd [1986] 1 Qd R 16 246 Dunin v Harrison (2002) 8 VR 596 72 Duyvelshaff v Cathcart & Ritchie Ltd (1973) 1 ALR 125 64 Dwyer v Kaljo (1992) 27 NSWLR 728 102 Eastern Construction Co Pty Ltd v Southern Portland Cement Ltd [1960] NSWR 505 26, 138 Eatock v Bolt (2011) 197 FCR 261 334 Economy Shipping Pty Ltd v ADC Building Pty Ltd [1971] 1 NSWLR 37 456 Edward Street Properties v Collins [1977] Qd R 399 278 Edwards v Pelvay [1961] SASR 171 70 Egan v Egan [1975] Ch 218 265 Egan v Ross (1928) 29 SR (NSW) 382 246 Egan v State Transport Authority (1982) 31 SASR 481 43, 46, 141 Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424 338 Eiszele v Hurburgh [2011] TASSC 65 216 EK Nominees Pty Ltd v Woolworths Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1172 207 Elayoubi v Zipster [2008] NSWCA 335 63, 64 Electricity Trust of South Australia v O’Leary (1986) 42 SASR 26 139 Elite Protective Personnel Pty Ltd v Salmon [2007] NSWCA 322 155 Elliott v Renner [1923] St R Qd 172 340 Ellison v Lutre Pty Ltd (1999) 88 FCR 116 400, 408 El-Saeidy v NSW Land and Housing Corporation [2011] NSWSC 820 117, 165, 200 Embo Holdings Pty Ltd v Camm (1998) ATPR (Digest) ¶46–184 205 Emcorp Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [1988] 2 Qd R 169 262 English v Rogers (2005) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–800 73 Environmental Systems Pty Ltd v Peerless Holdings Pty Ltd (2008) 19 VR 358 48 Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Haxton (2012) 246 CLR 498 245, 384, 389, 390, 391 Erven Warnink Bv v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd [1979] AC 731 263 Esanda Finance Corp Ltd v Plessnig (1989) 166 CLR 131 306, 309 ESPN Inc v Thomas [2010] FCA 1232 442 Essex Electric (PTE) Ltd v IPC Computers UK Ltd (1991) 19 IPR 639 442 European Bank Ltd v Evans (2010) 240 CLR 432 445 Evans v Balog [1976] 1 NSWLR 36 135 Evans v Queanbeyan City Council [2011] NSWCA 230 69 Evans v Stephen (1882) 3 LR (NSW) L 154 452 Evans & Associates v European Bank Ltd (2009) 255 ALR 171 127 Expectation Pty Ltd v PRD Realty Pty Ltd (2004) 140 FCR 17 216 Fabcot Pty Ltd v Port Macquarie-Hastings Council [2010] NSWSC 726 35 FAI General Insurance Co Ltd v AR Grifﬁths & Sons Pty Ltd (1997) 71 ALJR 651 91 FAI General Insurance Company Ltd v Ocean Marine Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association Ltd (1997) 41 NSWLR 559 392 FAI Insurances Ltd v Pioneer Concrete Services (1987) 15 NSWLR 552 250 Falko v James McEwan & Co Pty Ltd [1977] VR 447 118 Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89 217, 383 Fatimi Pty Ltd v Bryant (2004) 59 NSWLR 678 313, 314 Fazlic v Milingimbi Community Inc (1982) 150 CLR 345 76, 81, 82 Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Dixon (1952) 86 CLR 540 30 Fejo v Northern Territory (1998) 195 CLR 96 438 Fermiscan Pty Ltd v James (2009) 261 ALR 408 304 Ferraloro v Preston Timber Pty Ltd (1982) 42 ALR 627 157 Ferrari Investment (Townsville) Pty Ltd (in liq) v Ferrari [2000] 2 QD R 359 208–09

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Ferrett v Worsley (1993) 61 SASR 234 159 Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd (2001) NSWCA 97 216 Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd (No 2) (1998) 29 ACSR 290 349, 351 Fico v O’Leary [2004] ATPR (Digest) ¶46–259 210 Field v NSW Greyhound Breeders, Owners & Trainers Association [1972] 2 NSWLR 948 336 Finesky Holdings Pty Ltd v Minister for Transport for Western Australia [2002] WASCA 206 141 Fink v Fink (1946) 74 CLR 127 116 Finucane v NSW Egg Corp (1988) 80 ALR 486 205 First East Auction Holdings Pty Ltd v Ange [2010] VSC 72 304 Firth v Centrelink (2002) 55 NSWLR 451 420 Firth v Sutton (No 2) [2010] NSWCA 109 50 Fisher v Smithson (1978) 17 SASR 223 188 Fitch v Hyde-Cates (1982) 150 CLR 482 172, 177, 184 Fitzgerald v F J Leonhardt Pty Ltd (1997) 189 CLR 245 Fitzgerald v Kellion Estates Pty Ltd (1977) 2 BPR 9181 299 Fitzgerald v Masters (1956) 95 CLR 420 249, 251 Fitzgerald v Penn (1954) 91 CLR 268 55 Fitzwilliam v Beckman [1978] Qd R 398 265 Flamingo Park Pty Ltd v Dolly Dolly Creations Pty Ltd (1986) 65 ALR 500 119, 123, 124, 316 Fletcher v Berriman [2001] NSWSC 457 118 Fligg v Owners Strata Plan 53457 [2012] NSWSC 230 166 Flight Centre v Louw (2010) 78 NSWLR 656 120, 166, 330 Fontin v Katapodis (1962) 108 CLR 177 155, 298, 315, 316, 329 Foran v Wight (1989) 168 CLR 385 255 Forbes v Clarton (1878) 4 VLR (E) 22 244 Forbes v NSW Trotting Club Ltd (1979) 143 CLR 242 268 Ford Motor Co of Australia Ltd v Mann [2001] VSCA 177 172 Forster v Jododex Australia Pty Ltd (1972) 127 CLR 421 337 Foster v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2006) 149 FCR 135 274 Francis v Lyon (1907) 4 CLR 1023 104, 105 Fraser v Booth (1949) 50 SR (NSW) 113 262 Fraser v State Transport Authority (1985) 39 SASR 57 73 Free v Thomas [2009] NSWSC 642 117 Freemantle’s Pastoral Pty Ltd v Hyett [1999] VSC 129 81 French v QBE Insurance (Aust) Ltd (2011) 58 MVR 214 129 Friend v Brooker (2009) 239 CLR 129 87, 383 Frigo v Culhaci (NSWCA, 17 July 1998) 448, 449 Fulton Hogan Construction Pty Ltd v Grenadier Manufacturing Pty Ltd [2012] VSC 358 93 Furness v Adrium Industries Pty Ltd [1996] 1 VR 668 31, 140 Futuretronics International v Gadzhis [1992] 2 VR 217 256 Gaba Formwork Contractors Pty Ltd v Turner Corp Ltd (1991) 32 NSWLR 175 43, 141, 367 Gacic v John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd [2005] NSWSC 1210 145 Gaggin v Moss [1983] 2 Qd R 486 138 Gagner Pty Ltd v Canturi Corp Pty Ltd (2009) 262 ALR 691 25, 31, 83, 135, 136 Gales Holdings Pty Ltd v Tweed Shire Council [2011] NSWSC 1128 262 Gall v Mitchell (1924) 35 CLR 222 249 Gander v Murray (1907) 5 CLR 575 244 Gartner v Kidman (1962) 108 CLR 12 294 Gas & Fuel Corporation (Vic) v Barba [1976] VR 755 280 Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 1 22, 23, 44, 144–45, 146, 195, 196, 197, 256 GE Commercial Corporation (Australia) Pty Ltd v Nichols [2012] NSWSC 562 239 Gedbury Pty Ltd v Michael David Kennedy Autos [1986] 1 Qd R 103 271 GEJ & MA Geldard Pty Ltd v Mobbs (No 2) [2012] 1 Qd R 120 94 Gemstone Corporation of Australia Ltd v Grasso (1994) 62 SASR 239 216 Gent-Diver v Neville [1953] St R Qd 1 159 George v Biztole Corp Pty Ltd (VSC, 26 February 1996) 417 Georges v Wieland [2009] NSWSC 733 239 Geraghty v Minter (1979) 142 CLR 177 268 Gertsch v Atsas [1999] NSWSC 898 411 Geyer v Redeland Pty Ltd [2013] NSWCA 338 33 Gibson v Minister for Finance, Natural Resources and the Arts [2011] QSC 401 442 Gill v Australian Wheat Board [1980] 2 NSWLR 795 29 Gillan v Brannan (1991) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–136 173 Giller v Procopets (2008) 24 VR 1 6, 145, 207, 209–10, 266, 276, 277, 278, 280, 287, 288, 330

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Giller v Procopets [2004] VSC 113 210 Gittens v O’Brien (1986) 4 MVR 27 158 Giumelli v Giumelli (1999) 196 CLR 101 207, 231, 418, 422, 423, 428, 431 Glazier Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian Men’s Health Pty Ltd [2001] NSWSC 6 200 Glenmont Investments Pty Ltd v O’Loughlin (No 2) (2000) 79 SASR 185 137, 138, 139 Glenwood Management Group Pty Ltd v Mayo [1991] 2 VR 49 448, 449 Global Finance Management (NSW) Ltd v Rooney (1994) 36 NSWLR 122 339 Global Minerals Australia Pty Ltd v Valerica Pty Ltd (2000) 10 BPR 17,287 419 Glover v Walters (1950) 80 CLR 172 447 GM & AM Pearce & Co Pty Ltd v Australian Tallow Producers [2005] VSCA 113 217, 220 Godfrey Constructions Pty Ltd v Kanangra Park Pty Ltd (1972) 128 CLR 529 107 Goldsborough v O’Neill (1996) 131 FLR 104 82 Gollan v Nugent (1988) 166 CLR 18 300 Goodman v Impact Hire Australia Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 941 42 Goodridge v Macquarie Bank Ltd (2010) 265 ALR 170 81 Goodsell v Murphy (2002) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–671 74 Goodwin v Duggan (1996) 41 NSWLR 158 85, 87 Goodwin v Vietnam Veterans Motor Cycle Club Australia NSW Chapter Inc (2008) 72 NSWLR 224 118, 119 Goss v Nicholas [1960] Tas SR 133 298 Gould v Vaggelas (1985) 157 CLR 215 44, 144 Government Insurance Office of NSW v Healey (No 2) (1991) 22 NSWLR 380 48 Graham v Baker (1961) 106 CLR 340 171, 180 Graham v Freer (1980) 35 SASR 424 412 Graham v KD Morris and Sons Pty Ltd [1974] Qd R 1 259, 262 Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan (2002) 211 CLR 540 144 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1935) 54 CLR 49 106, 117, 162 Grasso v Love [1980] VR 163 262, 270 Gray v Motor Accident Commission (1998) 196 CLR 1 9, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 319 Gray v Motor Accident Commission [1998] HCATrans 199 314 Gray v Queensland Housing Commission [2004] QSC 276 117 Greater Pacific Investments Pty Ltd (in liq) v Australian National Industries Pty Ltd (1996) 39 NSWLR 143 42 Greater Pacific Union Pty Ltd (in liq) v Australian National Industries Ltd (1996) 39 NSWLR 143 405 Green v Green (1989) 17 NSWLR 343 423 Green v Nominal Defendant (2012) 14 DCLR (NSW) 128 158, 159 Green v Sommerville (1979) 141 CLR 594 223, 255 Greenland v Chaplin (1850) 5 Ex 243 147 Gregory v NSW [2009] NSWSC 559 73 Grey v Simpson (NSWCA, 3 April 1978) 74 Gribben v Woree Caravan Park and Motels [1970] Qd R 420 106, 124 Griffith v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [2004] NSWSC 582 145 Griffiths v Kerkemeyer (1977) 139 CLR 161 168, 175, 176 Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL (No 2) (2012) 200 FCR 296 48, 428–29 Grogan v ‘The Astor’ Ltd (1925) 25 SR (NSW) 409 412 Grosse v Purvis [2003] QDC 151 266 Grosso (as executor of the estate of the late Wheeler) v Deaton [2012] NSWCA 101 189 Grout v Gunnedah Shire Council (1995) 129 ALR 372 162 Groves v United Pacific Transport Pty Ltd [1965] Qd R 62 30, 171 Guiney v Australand Holdings Ltd [2008] NSWCA 44 171 Gullifer v Pohto [1978] 2 NSWLR 353 188, 189, 191 Gumland Property Holdings Pty Ltd v Duffy Bros Fruit Market (Campbelltown) Pty Ltd (2008) 234 CLR 237 38 Gutman v McFall (2004) 61 NSWLR 599 86 Guy v Commonwealth of Australia [2013] ACTSC 128 31, 40 GW Sinclair & Co Pty Ltd v Cocks [2001] ANZ ConvR 522 82 Haber v Walker [1963] VR 339 186, 187 Hackshaw v Shaw (1984) 155 CLR 624 297 Haines v Bendall (1991) 172 CLR 60 50 Hall v Alice Springs Veterinary Clinic Pty Ltd (1989) 98 FLR 85 192 Hall v Foong (1995) 65 SASR 281 35 Halvorsen Boats Pty Ltd v Robinson (1993) 31 NSWLR 1 189 Hamer-Mathew v Gulabrai (No 2) (1995) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–334 316 Hampic Pty Ltd v Adams (1999) ASAL ¶55–035 89 Hampton v BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] WASC 285 366 Hanflex Pty Ltd v NS Hope & Associates [1990] 2 Qd R 218 35

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Haniotis v Dimitriou [1983] VR 498 295 Hardie v Shadbolt [2004] WASCA 175 51 Hardie Finance Corp Pty Ltd v Ahern (No 3) [2010] WASC 403 80 Harris v Commercial Minerals Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 1 181 Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd (2003) 56 NSWLR 298 9–10, 224, 315, 319, 321, 322, 323 Harris v Grigg [1988] 1 Qd R 514 183, 184 Harrisons Group Holdings Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation (1989) 51 SASR 36 151 Harriton v Stephens (2006) 226 CLR 52 176 Hartigan v International Society for Krishna Consciousness Inc [2002] NSWSC 810 407, 410–11 Hartley Poynton Ltd v Ali (2005) 11 VR 568 317 Harvey v Electrolytic Zinc Co of Australasia Ltd [1980] Tas R 167 42 Hatﬁeld v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] NSWSC 737 82 Hausmann v Smith (2006) 24 ACLC 688 441 Havenaar v Havenaar [1982] 1 NSWLR 626 74 Haviv Holdings Pty Ltd v Howards Storage World Pty Ltd (2009) 254 ALR 273 124, 127 Havyn Pty Ltd v Webster (2005) 12 BPR 22,827 198 Hawker Paciﬁc Ltd v Helicopter Charter Pty Ltd (1991) 22 NSWLR 298 408 Hawthorn Football Club Ltd v Harding [1988] VR 49 242, 268 Hay Properties Consultants Pty Ltd v Victorian Securities Corporation Ltd (2010) 29 VR 503 73 Haynes v Top Slice Deli Pty Ltd (1995) ATPR (Digest) ¶46–147 205 Healing (Sales) Pty Ltd v Inglis Electrix Pty Ltd (1968) 121 CLR 584 140, 316 Hearne v Smith (2008) 235 CLR 125 455 Heavener v Loomes (1924) 34 CLR 306 258, 436, 441 Heenan v Di Sisto (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–941 35, 37 Heid v Reliance Finance Corporation (1983) 154 CLR 326 420 Heine Bros (Aust) Pty Ltd v Forrest [1963] VR 383 269 Henderson v Campbell [2002] NSWSC 1202 170 Hendricks v McGeoch (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–942 37 Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd (1998) 39 FCR 546 396 Henley v Commane [1971] Tas SR 180 179 Henry v Perry [1964] VR 174 189 Henry v Thompson [1989] 2 Qd R 412 86, 316, 328 Henville v Walker (2001) 206 CLR 459 195, 198–99, 201, 202, 203, 204, 256 Hewitt v Court (1983) 149 CLR 639 424 Heydon v NRMA Ltd (No 2) (2001) 53 NSWLR 600 48 Highway Hauliers Pty Ltd v Maxwell [2012] WASC 53 154 HIH Claims Support Ltd v Insurance Australia Ltd (2011) 244 CLR 72 87, 88 Hill v Rose [1990] VR 129 209, 219 Hirst v Nominal Defendant [2005] 2 Qd R 133 75 Ho v Powell (2001) 51 NSWLR 572 174 Hoad v Scone Motors Pty Ltd [1977] 1 NSWLR 88 26–27 Hocking Stuart (Hawthorn) Pty Ltd v Vernea (2005) V ConvR ¶54–706 44–45 Hodges v Frost (1984) 53 ALR 373 175 Hodgson v Amcor Ltd (2012) 264 FLR 1 209, 216 Hoffman v Cali [1985] 1 Qd R 253 107, 108 Hoffmueller v Commonwealth (1981) 54 FLR 48 149, 153 Hogan v Tumut Shire Council (1954) 54 SR (NSW) 284 241, 267 Hohol v Hohol [1981] VR 221 423 Holloway v Witham (1990) 21 NSWLR 70 331 Holmes v Jones (1907) 4 CLR 1692 44, 144 Holt v Manufacturers’ Mutual Insurance Ltd [2001] QSC 230 74 Hooper v Rogers [1975] 1 Ch 43 270 Horkin v North Melbourne Football Club Social Club [1983] 1 VR 153 155, 296 Horton v Byrne [1957] St R Qd 1 188 Horwood v Murdoch (1879) 5 VLR (L) 435 452 Hosie v De Ferro (1984) 3 BPR 9418 135, 136 Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corp (1984) 156 CLR 41 348, 357, 358, 428 Hospitality Group Pty Ltd v Australian Rugby Union Ltd (2001) 110 FCR 157 319, 320, 353–54, 355, 358 Houghton v Immer (No 155) Pty Ltd (1997) 44 NSWLR 46 209 Howe v Teefy (1927) 27 SR (NSW) 301 35 HRX Holdings Pty Ltd v Pearson (2012) 205 FCR 169 268 HTW Valuers (Central Qld) Pty Ltd v Astonland Pty Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 640 44, 144 Hubbard v Vosper [1972] 2 QB 84 271, 436 Hubbards Pty Ltd v Simpson Ltd (1982) 41 ALR 509 205

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Hughes v Cornwall [2001] WASCA 157 43 Hughes v Western Australian Cricket Association Inc (1986) 69 ALR 660 268 Hungerfords v Walker (1989) 171 CLR 125 48, 49, 50–51 Hunt & Hunt Lawyers v Mitchell Morgan Nominees Pty Ltd (2013) 296 ALR 3 72, 84, 92 Hunter v BNZ Finance Ltd v CG Maloney Pty Ltd (1988) 18 NSWLR 420 394, 401 Hunter v Scott [1963] Qd R 77 184 Hunter Area Health Service v Marchlewski (2000) 51 NSWLR 268 176, 329 Husher v Husher (1999) 197 CLR 138 131, 171 Hyder Consulting (Australia) Pty Ltd v Wilh Wilhelmsen Agency Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 313 24, 27 Hydrocool Pty Ltd v Hepburn (No 4) (2011) 279 ALR 646 216, 219 I & L Securities Pty Ltd v HTW Valuers (Brisbane) Pty Ltd (2002) 210 CLR 109 201, 202, 203, 204 Iambic Pty Ltd v Northwind Holdings Pty Ltd [2001] WASC 44 249 ICI Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1992) 38 FCR 248 272, 273 Ide v Ide (2004) 184 FLR 44 207 Iezzi Constructions Pty Ltd v Watkins Paciﬁc (Qld) Pty Ltd [1995] 2 Qd R 350 389 IGA Distributors Pty Ltd v King & Taylor Pty Ltd [2002] VSC 440 249 Immer (No 145) Pty Ltd v Uniting Church in Australia Property Trust (NSW) (1993) 182 CLR 26 400, 408 In the Marriage of Aldous (1996) 135 FLR 326 91 Ingot Capital Investments Pty Ltd v Macquarie Equity Capital Markets Ltd (No 6) (2007) 63 ACSR 1 202 Ingram v Ingram [1927] VLR 225 447 Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young (2010) 78 NSWLR 641 118, 119, 165, 166, 200, 330 Insurance Commission (WA) v Container Handlers Pty Ltd (2004) 218 CLR 89 65 Insurance Commission of Western Australia v Kightly (2005) 30 WAR 380 180 Integral Home Loans Pty Ltd v Interstar Wholesale Finance Pty Ltd (2007) Aust Contract R ¶90–261 305 Integral Home Loans Pty Ltd v Interstar Wholesale Financial Pty Ltd [2009] HCATrans 87 305 Interstar Wholesale Finance Pty Ltd v Integral Home Loans Pty Ltd (2008) 257 ALR 292 304, 305 Interstate Parcel Express Co Pty Ltd v Time-Life International (Nederlands) BV (1977) 138 CLR 534 374 Ithaca Ice Works Pty Ltd v Queensland Ice Supplies Pty Ltd [2002] QSC 222 210, 218 J & E Hall Ltd v Barclay [1937] 3 All ER 620 140 Jackel International Ltd v Jackel Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1516 439 Jackson v Goldsmith (1950) 81 CLR 446 40, 41 Jackson v Sterling Industries Ltd (1987) 162 CLR 612 448, 449 Jacques v Matthews [1961] SASR 205 70 Jaddcal Pty Ltd v Minson [2011] WASC 28 263 Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549 149 Jakudo Pty Ltd v South Australian Telecasters Ltd (1997) 69 SASR 440 266 James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd v Roberts (1999) 47 NSWLR 425 172 James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd v Seltsam Pty Ltd (1998) 196 CLR 53 87, 90 Jampco Pty Ltd v Cameron (No 2) (1985) 3 NSWLR 391 125 Jansen v Dewhurst [1969] VR 421 138, 139 JC Williamson Ltd v Lukey (1931) 45 CLR 282 230, 241, 243, 253, 266, 267, 278 Jervois Sulphates (NT) Ltd v Petrocarb Explorations NL (1974) 5 ALR 1 328 Jessup v Lawyers Private Mortgages Ltd [2006] QCA 432 214 Jira v Burcher (1960) 78 WN (NSW) 421 447 Jiwira Pty Ltd v Primary Industry Bank of Australia Ltd [2000] NSWSC 1094 31, 140 JLW (Vic) Pty Ltd v Tsiloglou [1994] 1 VR 237 102 John Alexander’s Clubs Pty Ltd v White City Tennis Club Ltd (2010) 241 CLR 1 422, 428, 431 John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v Birt [2006] NSWSC 995 242, 269 John Gallagher Panel Beating Co Pty Ltd v Palmer [2007] NSWSC 627 141 Johns v Prunell [1960] VR 208 28 Johnson v Buchanan [2012] VSC 195 297 Johnson v Buttress (1936) 53 CLR 113 395 Johnson v Cetin [2011] WASC 344 440 Johnson v Perez (1988) 166 CLR 351 43, 45, 176 Johnson Matthey (Aust) Ltd v Dascorp Pty Ltd (2003) 9 VR 171 140 Johnstone v Stewart [1968] SASR 142 137, 328 Jones v Edwards (1994) 3 Tas R 350 78 Jones v Mortgage Acceptance Nominees Ltd (1996) 63 FCR 418 88, 89 Jones v Shire of Perth [1971] WAR 56 136 Jones v White [2008] VSC 551 171 Jongen v CSR Ltd (1992) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–192 174 Joseph & Co Pty Ltd v Harvest Grain Co Pty Ltd (1996) 39 NSWLR 722 104 Joslyn v Berryman (2003) 214 CLR 552 156, 160

TABLE OF CASES xxxi

Kain & Shelton Ltd v Virgo (1956) 97 CLR 230 186, 187, 188 Kaplan v Go Daddy Group [2005] NSWSC 636 263, 264 Karacominakis v Big Country Developments Pty Ltd [2000] NSWCA 313 81 Karam v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2001] NSWSC 709 207 Karatjas v Deakin University (2012) 35 VR 355 73 Kardynal v Dodek (1977) 5 Fam LR 706 423 Kars v Kars (1996) 187 CLR 354 168, 169, 181 Kation Pty Ltd v Lamru Pty Ltd (2009) 257 ALR 336 214 Kavanagh v Akhtar (1998) 45 NSWLR 588 76, 153 Kay v Murray Irrigation Ltd [2009] NSWSC 1411 171 KBE Contracting Pty Ltd v Mawer (2007) 56 SR (WA) 11 117 Kealley v Jones [1979] 1 NSWLR 723 183, 184 Keddell v Regarose Pty Ltd [1995] 1 Qd R 172 135 Kell v Harris (1915) 15 SR (NSW) 473 252 Kelly v Sherlock (1866) LR 1 QB 686 340 Kelmar v Souden (1902) 2 SR (NSW) 348 119 Kenny & Good Pty Ltd v MGICA (1992) Ltd (1999) 199 CLR 413 70, 203 Kerridge v Foley (1968) 70 SR (NSW) 251 445 Kestrel Coal Pty Ltd v Construction, Forestry Mining and Energy Union [2001] 1 Qd R 634 270 Kettles and Gas Appliances Ltd v Anthony Hordern and Sons Ltd (1934) 35 SR (NSW) 108 250 Keynes v Rural Directions Pty Ltd (No 2) (2009) 72 ACSR 264 104 Kheirs Financial Services Pty Ltd v Aussie Home Loans Pty Ltd (2010) 31 VR 46 93, 97, 98 Khoury v Khouri (2006) 66 NSWLR 241 243 Khoury v Sidhu [2011] FCAFC 71 204 Khoury v Sidhu (No 2) [2010] FCA 1320 204 King v Benecke [2013] NSWSC 568 80 King v Poggioli (1923) 32 CLR 222 278 Kizbeau Pty Ltd v WG & B Pty Ltd (1995) 184 CLR 281 44, 144, 195 Klein v Botsman [2003] TASSC 106 447 K-Mart Australia Ltd v McCann [2004] NSWCA 283 171 Knott Investments Pty Ltd v Fulcher [2013] QCA 67 76 Koeck v Persic (1996) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–386 59, 173 Kolback Securities Ltd v Epoch Mining NL (1987) 8 NSWLR 533 444 Kooee Communications Pty Ltd v Primus Telecommunications Pty Ltd [2011] FCAFC 119 38 Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land Council v Sanpine (2007) 233 CLR 115 308 Koops Martin Financial Services Pty Ltd v Reeves [2006] NSWSC 449 242, 269 Koutsakis v Director-General of Social Security (1985) 10 FCR 42 82 Koutsonicolis v Principle (No 2) (1987) 48 SASR 328 44 Kraemers v Attorney-General of Tasmania [1966] Tas SR 113 294 Kramer v McMahon [1970] 1 NSWR 194 398 Kriz v King [2007] 1 Qd R 327 175 Kupke v The Corporation of the Sisters of Mercy [1996] 1 Qd R 300 186 Kyogle Shire Council v Francis (1988) 13 NSWLR 396 22, 23, 144, 145 L Shaddock & Associates Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council (No 1) (1981) 150 CLR 225 144 La Trobe Capital & Mortgage Corp Ltd v Hay Property Consultants Pty Ltd (2011) 190 FCR 299 35, 37 Lactos Fresh Pty Ltd v Finishing Services Pty Ltd (2006) ANZ ConvR 258 201, 202 Lahoud v Lahoud [2009] NSWSC 623 108, 359 Lamb v Cotogno (1987) 164 CLR 1 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 326 Lamont v Dwyer [2007] ACTSC 47 155 Lamont v Osborn (1902) 28 VLR 434 239 Lamshed v Lamshed (1963) 109 CLR 440 251 Latec Investments Limited v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd (1965) 113 CLR 265 393, 403, 419 Law Society (NSW) v Weaver [1974] 1 NSLWR 271 337 Law v Wright [1935] SASR 20 329, 340 Lawrence v Kempsey Shire Council (1995) Aust Torts Report ¶81–344 135 Lawrence v Mathison (1981) 11 NTR 1 176, 177 Lawrie v Meggitt (1974) 11 SASR 5 72 Leason Pty Ltd v Princes Farm Pty Ltd [1983] 2 NSWLR 381 412 LED Builders Pty Ltd v Masterton Homes (NSW) Pty Ltd (1994) 54 FCR 196 351, 353 Lennon v State of South Australia [2010] SASC 272 119 Leplastrier & Co Ltd v Armstrong-Holland Ltd (1926) 26 SR (NSW) 585 372 Leslie v Smalley [2003] NSWCA 247 168, 170 Lexane Pty Ltd v Highfern Pty Ltd [1985] 1 Qd R 446 48 Ley v Lewis [1952] VLR 119 43 LHK Nominees Pty Ltd v Kenworthy [2001] WASC 205 401