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The Psychology of Life After Death

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The Psychology of Life After Death The Psychology of Life After Death RONALD K. SIEGEL Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Los Angeles ABSTRACT: Traditionally, people's concern with an bed he had a vision of the next life and remarked, afterlife has been of interest only to philosophy and "It is very beautiful over there" (quoted in religion. The recent explosion of popular articles and Sandberg, 1977, p. 65). books about life after death has now reached the medi- The time is 1973. Based on pioneering research cal and psychiatric journals, in which "scientific" re- started at the University of California, Los An- ports cite evidence from survivors of clinical death geles, Raymond Western had just completed the and from deathbed visions of terminal patients, among development of a vast electronic computer nick- other sources of data. This article critically reviews the evidence in light of ethological, anthropological, named MEDIUM. Operating on complex electro- and psychological findings. The similarity of afterlife magnetic principles, MEDIUM was designed to com- visions to drug-induced hallucinations invites a ra- municate with unique electromagnetic configura- tional framework for their experimental analysis. From tions orbiting in a space-time continuum separate observations of animals burying their dead, through from that which we call reality. These unique awareness of the seasonal rebirth of nature, to recog- configurations were the energies of departed human nition of inherited characteristics, early homo sapiens personalities. Although Western did not like the developed the concept of life after death in an effort to word soul, he agreed with the theologians and explain these behaviors and their underlying feelings. scientists who tried his device that communication Cross-cultural studies confirm that the experiences of with the dead was possible. Life after death was dying and visiting "the other side" involve universal elements and themes that are predictable and definable. a reality. These phenomena arise from common structures in the Although the above 1973 scenario was con- brain and nervous system, common biological experi- structed by science fiction writer Philip Jose Far- ences, and common reactions of the central nervous mer (1973), the science fiction genre has always system to stimulation. The resultant experience can been the barometer of the social times, predicting be interpreted as evidence that people survive death, and even designing future scientific realities.. And but it may be more easily understood as a dissociative so it is not surprising that in 1976 author Arthur hallucinatory activity of the brain. Koestler would write a serious essay in which he would claim that evidence' of life after death may The time is 1920. Thomas Edison had always been be based on survival of electromagnetic energies a believer in electrical energy. He once wrote that that exist independent of the brain matter. when a person dies, a swarm of highly charged The time is now 1978. The California Museum ^ energies deserts the body and goes out into space, of Science and Industry had opened an exhibit entering another cycle of life. Always the scien- based on the thesis that energy is indestructible, tist, Edison felt that some experiment demonstrat- that consciousness can exist independent of the ing the immortal nature of these energies was physical body, and that consciousness continues necessary. In an interview in the October 1920 after death. Entitled Continuum, the exhibit pro- Scientific American he stated, claimed the words of great philosophers who have supported the belief in a life after death. Dis- I have been thinking for some time of a machine or plays bombarded the visitor with reports of visions apparatus which could be operated by personalities which have passed onto another existence or sphere. ... I am of the dead and descriptions of the afterlife in inclined to believe that our personality hereafter does order to demonstrate that consciousness can exist affect matter. If we can evolve an instrument so delicate as to be affected by our personality as it survives in the next life, such an instrument ought to record something. Requests for reprints should be sent to Ronald K. Siegel, P.O. Box 84358, Veterans Administration Branch, Los Edison never built his machine, but on his death- Angeles, California 90073. Vol. 35, No. 10, 911-931 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST • OCTOBER 1980 • 911 Copyright 1980 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0003-066X/80/3510-0911$00.75 without the physical body. However, the exhibit audiences (Maeterlinck, 1975). Readers are told avoided the tricky philosophical problem posed by that the light of the soul may burn forever, that the fact that a conscious physical body is always you do take itVith you (Miller, 1955), and that . the one to make such reports! the evidence is not ridiculous but must be accepted Epistemological difficulties aside, the belief in on faith (Bendit, 1965). And if you try to escape life after death thrives. A 1978 Gallup poll re- from it all at your local airport, Hare Krishna veals that approximately 70% of the people in the cultists may try to sell you a copy of Beyond Birth United States believe in the hereafter. An earlier and Death (Prabhupada, 1972), with the assuring, survey conducted in the Los Angeles area (Kalish albeit cryptic, message that there is no death be- & Reynolds, 1973) indicated that 44% of re- cause there is no birth, for the soul is eternal. spondents had had encounters with others known Even papular science books have joined the to be dead. On June 20, 1978, the National En- growing body of "literature" on life after death quirer ran a front-page headline declaring "New (e.g., Fiore & Landsburg, 1979; Meek, 1980). Evidence of Life After Death" and advertised Rogo (1977) presents evidence of tape-recorded "science's answer to the afterlife" for a mere $3. voices as a breakthrough into the paranormal spirit That money procures a copy of The Circular Con- world. There is even a do-it-yourself manual on tinuum (Masterson, 1977), which explains the recording voices from the beyond (Welch, 1975), eternal Einsteinian nature of energy and matter whereby one discovers that we weep at funerals as proof of life after death and provides an illus- hot for the dearly departed, but for we the living tration depicting a man falling through a long who are deprived of the glorious hereafter. And if spiraling tunnel into the afterlife. Masterson's some people cannot (or will not) hear such evi- book is a poor adaptation of psychologist LeShan's dence, Weinberger (1977) argues that Venus's- (1975) longer, and cheaper, explanation of the flytraps can and presents "experimental evidence" phenomenon in terms of the field theory of modern of this plant's ability to communicate with dis- physics. carnate persons! Hollywood took notice as Sunn Classic Pic- Television programs, both documentary and fic- tures released Beyond and Back (1977), a docu- tional, capture prime-time audiences with the lure mentary look at this new evidence. The film con- of the afterlife. In 1978, a "Twilight Zone" epi- tains many reports from people who were on "the sode depicted a young boy who was able to speak other side" following near-death accidents or re- to his dead grandmother over a toy telephone. suscitation from clinical death. All had similar According to Rogo and Bayless (1979), such calls experiences of passing through that long spiraling have been received by numerous people; present- tunnel, hearing a strange noise, seeing their own ing anecdotal evidence in Phone Calls From the physical bodies from a distance, reviewing memo- Dead, they offer several explanations: the dead ries, meeting with deceased relatives and friends, have survived, extradimensional beings are playing confronting a blinding white light, and transcend- tricks on us, or the witnesses are using psycho- ing with love and acceptance to a realm of heavenly kinetic powers to produce the calls. In one case, scenery. The National Film Board of Canada the witness received a collect call from a dead recently produced an animated film about a trip to person, but the telephone company had no records the afterlife (Apres La Vie, 1979), and comic of the call. (If Ma Bell is a medium par excel- books carry visions of the hereafter to children and lence, it would seem uncharacteristic of her not to adults (e.g., Chick, 1972; Schrier, 1977). Art bill for such service.) Rogo and Bayless hastily books provide vivid documentation of the death discount the possibility of hallucinations because and rebirth concepts of many cultures (e.g., Grof the phone rings loud and clear and anyone who & Grof, 1980), as do scholastic primers for school- hallucinated such conversation "would be quite children (e.g., Maynard, 1977). insane and need immediate institutionalization" Popular books abound with stories of reincarna- (p. 159). There is no discussion of alternative tion, mediums, spirits, ghosts, parapsychology, and and perhaps more relevant factors, such as imagi- other evidence for human beings' survival after nary companions experienced by the bereaved (see death (e.g., Bayless, 1976; Phillips & Phillips, Siegel, 1977b) or misinterpretation of ambiguous 1971; Rogo, 1973; Sibley, 1975). Even a Nobel noise on the phone as a "signal." * laureate's speculations on paranormal phenomena, Life after death themes are increasingly reflected including life after death, are reprinted for popular in the science fiction literature as well. In his , 912 • OCTOBER 1980 • AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST novel Messiah, Vidal (1954) creates the character taries on that work. By the end of the 1970s, of John Cave, who becomes the prophet of a new near-death reports appeared in most major medical religion based on the worship of death and the journals (e.g., Sabom & Kreutziger, 1977; Steven- quest for the experience through suicide.
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