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Feeding Strategies and Functional Morphology of Demersal Deep-Sea Ophidiid Fishes

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Feeding Strategies and Functional Morphology of Demersal Deep-Sea Ophidiid Fishes W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1984 Feeding strategies and functional morphology of demersal deep-sea ophidiid fishes H. Jacque. Carter College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Carter, H. Jacque., "Feeding strategies and functional morphology of demersal deep-sea ophidiid fishes" (1984). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616600. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-v7m8-1a83 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the Film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University MicixSilms International 300 N. Z eeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8500636 Carter, Herbert Jacque FEEDING STRATEGIES AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF DEMERSAL DEEP-SEA OPHIDIID FISHES The College of William and M ary in Virginia PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 FEEDING STRATEGIES AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF DEMERSAL DEEP-SEA OPHIDIID FISHES \ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by H. Jacque Carter 1984 APPROVAL SHEET This dissertEtior is suciritted in partial fulfillment of the re^uire.-nsnts for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy t h Approved* May 1934 n A. u s i c k Daniel ,M. Cohen ' os An5a/tes County Museum John/V.J Merriner Nat i/o nail Msrine Fisher^re's Service Ray S. Sirdsong / Old Domindfcn University yrne Dedication This work is dedicated to my parents, my wife Judy and my son Jared. Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments..................................................... .. List of Tables ............................................... viii List of Figures....... xii List of Appendices........ xxiii Abstract.......................................................... xiv Introduction................... 2 Study Area.............. .13 Material and Methods........ 17 Sampling.......... 17 Gut content analysis..................... .........IS Morphological analysis............. 20 Results.......... *....... 27 Food habits...............................*.....................27 Feeding associations............................. 73 Morphological associations.................... .78 Description of the feeding mechanism....... Ill Osteology................................................. Ill Myology....... 116 Biomechanics. ..... 119 Discussion................................ 158 Characterization of feeding strategies................ .......158 Relationship between diet and morphology.... .......... 172 Relationship between feeding strategies and regional primary productivity........................... 178 Literature Cited..................... 183 Appendices............... 199 Vita..................... .236 iv Acknowledgments Hy interest in ichthyology began while I was an undergraduate at Northern Illinois University. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. David W. Greenfield, then professor of biology, who offered much inspiration and guidance in the formative years of my academic career. Support and direction for this present Btudy were provided at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science by Dr. John A. Musick. I thank John Musick for the opportunity to conduct research on deep-sea fishes, for unfettered freedom in the direction of this research, and for his comments, assistance and encouragement throughout this work. I gratefully acknowledge the influence of a very special group of scientists and students at VIMS whose enthusiasm for ichthyology and disregard for conventional wisdom created the synergism essential for the success of the VIMS Deep-Sea Program. I thank this motley crew from VIMS for their unselfish assistance in the field and laboratory and for the many long hours of philosophical discussion, that help form many of the idea6 incorporated in my dissertation. Meriting special mention are these individuals: Roy E. Crabtree, M. Eric AnderBon, Thomas A. Munroe, George R. Sedberry, John Gartner, William Raschi and James Colvocoresses. In addition to those individuals just listed, others contributing significantly in this regard include: John Olney, Jeff Govoni, Joseph Smith, and John Gourly. I thank Bill Jenkins and Kay Stubblefield for their pbotographic and illustrative technical assistance respectively. I thank Ruth Klinger for help with typing the manuscript and James Colvocoresses, Ginny Shav and Patricia Hall for their advice and assistance with computer programs and procedures. Special thanks to C. R. Robins who allowed me access to specimens deposited in the University of Miami fish collection. For loan of material I thank, Dr. W. Eschmeyer of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Dr. R. K. Johnson of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Drs. K. F. Liem, W. Fink and Karsten Hartel of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge; Mr. N. Merrett of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormely, England; Dr. J. Nielsen of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Drs. J. Russo, B. Collette and S. Jewett and J. Goman of the United States National Museum, Washington. I thank E. L. Wenner and J. Tan Montfrans and G. R. Sedberry for help in identifying prey organisms. I am grateful to the members of my committee, John Merriner, Bob Byrne, Ray Birdsong, Dan Cohen and my committee chairman, John Musick for their comments on the manuscript. I am grateful for support by NSF Predoctoral Grant OCE 8104574 and the Raney Award from the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Additional support was provided by NSF Grants NSF OCE 20507 and NSF OCE 7600729, Dr. John Musick, principal investigator, and NSF GAA 38834, Dr. C. R. Robins, principal investigator. I am especially appreciative of two individuals whose advice has been indispensable throughout the course of this study and who have significantly shaped the course of my career in science. The first of these individuals is Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak, a gifted biologist and good vi friend. His constant encouragement, critical but alway6 constructive reviews, practical knowledge of deep-sea trawling and seamanship, and commitment to deep-sea biology serve as an example worth emulating. The second of these individuals is Dr. Daniel M. Cohen. His generous support and guidance throughout this study is deeply appreciated. His advice and comment have always helped me communicate my ideas more clearly and effectively. Finally, Z am grateful to my wife, Judy, for her many sacrifices and constant encouragement during the course of my studies. vii List of Tables Page Table 1. Ophidiid fishes examined in food habit study............. ..39 Table 2. Size range of predators and corresponding prey.............40 Table 3. Gut contents of Dicrolene introniera. percent frequency of occurrence (F), percent numerical abundance (N), percent weight (w), total number (ATN) and absolute total weight.............. 44 Table 4. Gut contents of Dicrolene kanazawai. percent frequency of occurrence (F), percent numerical abundance (n ), percent weight (w), total number (ATN) and absolute total weight.............. 46 Table 5. Gut contents of Bathvonus pectoralis. percent frequency
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