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Rocks and Minerals POCKET NATURE ROCKS AND MINERALS POCKET NATURE ROCKS AND MINERALS MONICA PRICE KEVIN WALSH DORLING KINDERSLEY LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, AND DELHI DK LONDON Senior Art Editor Ina Stradins Senior Editor Angeles Gavira Editors Georgina Garner, Bella Pringle DTP Designer John Goldsmid Production Controller Melanie Dowland Managing Art Editor Phil Ormerod Publishing Manager Liz Wheeler Art Director Bryn Walls Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf DK DELHI Designers Romi Chakraborty, Malavika Talukdar DTP Designers Balwant Singh, Sunil Sharma, Pankaj Sharma Editors Glenda Fernandes, Rohan Sinha Managing Art Editor Aparna Sharma First published in Great Britain in 2005 by Dorling Kindersley Limited 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL A Penguin Company Copyright © 2005 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1-4053-0594-0 Reproduced by Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound by South China Printing Co. Ltd, China see our complete catalogue at www.dk.com CONTENTS How This Book Works 6 What are Minerals? 8 What are Rocks? 9 Rock Identification 10 Mineral Identification 14 Sedimentary Rocks 20 Igneous Rocks 43 Metamorphic Rocks 68 Ore Minerals 86 Rock-Forming Minerals 142 Glossary 217 Index 219 Acknowledgments 224 6 INTRODUCTION How this book works This guide covers over 320 of the most important rocks and minerals found all over CHAPTER HEADING the world. The book begins with a short introduction, which focuses on the process of ROCK OR identifying different rocks and minerals. The MINERAL NAME following pages divide rocks into three groups: CHEMICAL sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic; FORMULA OF and minerals into two groups: ore minerals and THE MINERAL rock-forming minerals. Introductions to each of these sections define the groups and explain how 208 ROCK- entries are organized within them. Stauro (Fe,Mg,Zn)3-4 Staurolite is red STAUROLITE is often LOCALITIES AND associated with kyanite, black. It norma ASSOCIATIONS as in this muscovite schist hexagonal or d M M from St Gotthard, surfaces. Cross- GROUP Shows important rock or Switzerland. mineral localities, or shows the INTRODUCTIONS pseudo- Each chapter opens with an rock or mineral in a typical orthorhombic crystals introductory page describing the association. parameters of the group, as well as any further sub-groups. CAPTION Describes the featured area or Rock-forming Minerals association in which the rock or The bulk of minerals that constitute rocks are not ores, mineral may be found. although some have important uses in industry. This chapter features minerals that are found in a wide range of rock types (pp.143–67), and those found mainly or exclusively in sedimentary rocks (pp.168–75), igneous rocks (pp.176–96), and metamorphic rocks (pp.197–216). Talc, for example, is PHOTOGRAPHS found exclusively in metamorphic rocks, such as the cliffs of Kynance Cove, England (below). Hydrothermal minerals that The main images illustrate are neither ores nor their secondary minerals are also included in this chapter. typical examples of the rock or mineral. Secondary pictures show named varieties. oss Kyanit ROCK- FORMING MINERALS 215 Al2SiO5 Lazurite Blue, white, an (Na,Ca)8Al6Si6O24[(SO4),S,Cl,(OH)]2 Since ancient times, lazurite has been highly prized for its THE HIGH mountains and these are g exquisite blue coloration as the principal mineral in the of Badakhshan in rock known as lapis lazuli. Lazurite is a member of the Afghanistan have been feldspathoid group. It is always deep or vibrant blue, and a rich source of lapis THE FIRST descriptions of crystal. The elo it was once the source of the artist’s pigment ultramarine. lazuli for thousands of years. Most lazurite is massive or in disseminated grains, and kyanite were of crystals hardness is ma distinct crystals – which are usually dodecahedral – are much sought after. Lapis lazuli forms by contact from the schists of Zillertal polished its length. Kyan metamorphism of limestones. At its finest, this rock surface consists of lazurite in the Austrian Alps. speckled with golden of its polymorp pyrite, but white calcite and other feldspathoids mica schists, gn are normally present too. ULTRAMARINE LAPIS LAZULI CABOCHONS veins and pegm dodecahedral crystals with MUSCOVITEBERYL GYPSUM SERPENTINE dull lustre white triclinic calcite prismatic crystals e in the USA, Chile, and Russia. PICTURES Photographs of representative shades of blue specimens show the diversity within the group. bladed crystals SECTION SHOWN rich blue colour golden pyrite grains POLISHED LAPIS LAZULI ROUGH LAPIS LAZULI M NOTE COMPOSITION Silicate. The best lazurite crystals come from CRYSTAL SYSTEM Cubic. Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, which is CLEAVAGE/FRACTURE Imperfect/Uneven. FULL-PAGE also the source of the many lapis lazuli LUSTRE/STREAK Vitreous to dull/Bright blue. specimens in old collections said to be from HARDNESS/DENSITY 5–5.5 / 2.38–2.45. Persia (now Iran). The stone was traded, but KEY PROPERTIES Bright blue streak; does not mined, in Persia. Other deposits of lapis not fizz in dilute HCl like azurite (p.113). ENTRIES lazuli ar Should not be confused with lazulite (p.149). Rocks or minerals that exhibit a more varied or complex NOTES range, are of special interest, Describe unique features, or or are particularly important, provide interesting historical or are all given full-page entries. contextual background. HOW THIS BOOK WORKS 7 48 IGNEOUS ROCKS OTHER KEY Felsite INFORMATION – ROCKS Felsite is a general term for medium- to fine-grained, COLUMNAR jointing in These panels provide consistent a thick sill of felsite is light-coloured, pink, beige, or grey igneous rocks from shown here on the small intrusions, such as sills and dykes. Blocky jointing is northern coast of the common, and occurs perpendicular and parallel to the information on the following points: Isle of Eigg, Scotland. walls of the intrusion. Felsite may be slightly porphyritic, M light beige with small phenocrysts, often GRAIN SIZE: the typical size or M M matrix of quartz, or it may ROCK AND contain spherical structures. size range of the rock grains. MINERAL ENTRIES darker ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS: weathered The typical page features surface lists the essential mineral constituents. quartz two entries. Each has a phenocryst ADDITIONAL GRAIN SIZE Less than 2mm. COMPONENTS: lists minerals main image, which is ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS Quartz, feldspars. ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS None. that may appear in the rock, but supported by one or ORIGIN Crystallization of an acid or intermediate magma in a minor intrusion. SIMILAR ROCKS Rhyolite (p.56), dacite that are not essential. more secondary pictures. (p.59), and porphyry (p.60). Annotations, scale artworks, ORIGIN: describes the process by Diorite which the rock type is formed. and a data box add key An intermediate, coarse-grained igneous rock, diorite SIMILAR ROCKS: lists rocks that consists of white plagioclase and dark hornblende in information for each entry. BOTH diorite and roughly equal proportions, but other dark minerals may granodiorite occur in include biotite and augite. With the addition of small look similar to the one featured, and large intrusions, amounts of quartz and alkali feldspar it such as here in the Austrian Alps. becomes a granodiorite; with larger often provides distinguishing features amounts, a granite. These three rock types often occur together in large intrusions. to help tell them apart. SECTION SHOWN minerals in equal proportion FORMING MINERALS plagioclase hornblende olite MICROGRAPH MICROGRAPHS GRAIN SIZE 2–5mm. Shows a section through the rock, (Al,Fe) (Si,Al) O H ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS Plagioclase, 18 8 48 2-4 hornblende. ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS None. seen through a microscope, to show ORIGIN Crystallization of an intermediate ddish brown, yellowish brown, or nearly magma in a major intrusion. SIMILAR ROCKS Syenite (top right), which has more alkali feldspar. the constituent minerals. ally occurs as prismatic crystals, which are diamond-shaped in section, often with rough -shaped penetration twins are common. It forms by regional metamorphism of argillaceous (or clay) rocks, DESCRIPTION and is found in medium- Conveys the main features and the distinguishing grade schists and gneisses. characteristics of the rock or mineral. muscovite schist cross- DETAIL PICTURES shaped twin These tinted boxes show different aspects of the rock or mineral, including gem cuts, different habits, and colour variations. ANNOTATION COMPOSITION Silicate. CRYSTAL SYSTEM Monoclinic, pseudo- Characteristic features of the rock or mineral are picked out orthorhombic. in the annotation. CLEAVAGE/FRACTURE Distinct/Nearly conchoidal. LUSTRE/STREAK Vitreous to dull/Pale grey. HARDNESS/DENSITY 7–7.5 / 3.74–3.83. COLOUR BANDS KEY PROPERTIES Brown; cr Bands are colour-coded, with a different colour for each of ss-shaped twins. the five chapters. te SCALE MEASUREMENTS nd green are the usual colours of kyanite, Two small scale drawings are placed next to each other in every generally mixed or zoned within a single entry, as a rough indication of the size of the featured specimen. ongate, flat, bladed crystals are often bent; The hand represents an rkedly greater across a crystal than along average adult hand of nite forms at temperatures between those 18cm height. phs andalusite and sillimanite. It occurs in neisses, and associated hydrothermal quartz matites. OTHER KEY INFORMATION – MINERALS These panels provide consistent information on the following points: COMPOSITION: the mineral class to which the entry belongs. Some silicate minerals also inlude an additional group classification. vitreous CRYSTAL SYSTEM: the crystal system to which it belongs. lustre CLEAVAGE: the grading, from poor to perfect, of the way in which the mineral splits along flat planes. FRACTURE: the description of the typical appearance of a surface COMPOSITION Silicate where a specimen has broken.
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