DOCSLIB.ORG

Circular of the Bureau of Standards No. 539 Volume 5: Standard X-Ray

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

: :;.ta^4aya9 . Bl.ig NBS CIRCULAR 539 VOLUME V Reference taken Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns The four previously issued volumes in this series are avail- able from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., as follows: NBS Circular 539, Volume I, Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (Data for 54 inorganic substances) NBS Circular 539, Volume II, Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (Data for 30 inorganic substances) NBS Circular 539, Volume III, Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (Data for 34 inorganic substances) NBS Circular 539, Volume IV, Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (Data for 42 inorganic substances) The price of each volume is 45 cents. Send orders with remittance to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Howard E. Swanson, Nancy T. Gilfrich, and George M. Ugrinic National Bureau of Standards Circular 539 Volume V, Issued October 21, 1955 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 45 cents CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Standard X-ray powder patterns—Continued Standard X-ray powder patterns: Lead titanate, PbTi0 3 39 Ammonium chloroplatinate, (NH 4 ) 2 PtCl 6 3 Magnesium tin, Mg 2 Sn 41 Ammonium chlorostannate, (NH 4 ) 2 SnCl 6 4 Magnesium titanate (geikielite), MgTi0 3 43 Ammonium fluosilicate (cryptohalite), Manganese (II) oxide, (manganosite) MnO._ 45 (NH 4 ) 2 SiF6 5 Molybdenum disulfide (molybdenite), MoS 2 _. 47 Antimony (III) sulfide (stibnite), Sb 2 S 3 6 Potassium chloroplatinate, K 2 PtCle 49 Barium zirconate, BaZr0 3 8 Potassium fluosilicate (hieratite), K 2 SiF8 50 tri-Calcium aluminate, 3CaO- A1 2 0 3 10 Potassium zinc fluoride, KZnF 3 51 Cesium chloroplatinate, Cs 2 PtCl8 14 Praseodymium fluoride, PrF 3 52 Cesium chlorostannate, Cs 2 SnCl,i 16 Rubidium chloroplatinate, Rb 2 PtCl 8 53 Cesium fluogermanate, Cs 2 GeF 6 17 Selenium, Se 54 Cesium fluosilicate, Cs 2 SiF 8 19 Silver arsenate, Ag 3 As04 56 Chromium, Cr 20 Silver bromate, AgBr0 3 57 Chromium (III) oxide, Cr 2 0 3 22 Silver nitrate, AgN0 3 59 Copper (II) fluoride, CuF 2 24 Silver nitrite, AgN0 2 60 Germanium (IV) iodide, Gel 4 25 Silver phosphate, Ag 3 P0 4 62 Indium oxide, ln 2 0 3 26 Sodium acid fluoride, NaHF 2 63 Iodic acid, HI0 3 28 Sodium bromate. NaBr0 3 65 Iron sulfide (pyrite), FeS 2 __ 29 Strontium fluoride, SrF 2 67 alpha-Lead fluoride, <x-PbF 2 31 Strontium oxide, SrO 68 beta-Lead fluoride, /3-PbF 2 - 33 Thallium chloroplatinate, TLPtCl8 70 Lead (II) iodide, Pbl 2 34 Tin (IV) iodide, Snl 4 71 Lead nitrate, Pb(N0 3) 2 __ 36 Zinc cyanide, Zn(CN) 2 73 Lead selenide (clausthalite), PbSe 38 Cumulative index to volumes I, II, III, IV, and V_ _ 74 ERRATA Vol. Ill Page 45, first column, in “NBS sample”, lines 4 and 5, magnesium should read magnesia. Vol. IV Page 13, third line in “Lattice constants”, D 8 h-Pb3/'mmc should read Deh-P6s/mmc. Page 16, column 1, line 10, 210 should read 201; line 15, 201 should read 210. Page 25, see. 4, col. 2, line 2, 2.158 should read 6.474. II STANDARD X-RAY DIFFRACTION POWDER PATTERNS Vol. Y—Data for 45 Inorganic Substances Howard E. Swanson, Nancy Gilfrich 1 T. , and George M. Ugrinic Forty-five standard X-rav diffraction powder patterns are presented in revision of seventy-four corresponding patterns in the ASTM file. This is a system for the identifica- tion of unknown crystalline materials based on the three strongest reflections of each material or structurally distinct phase. Patterns for five compounds not represented in the file are also included. A comparison is made of all powder diffraction data available for each of the substances reported. The patterns were made with a Geiger counter X-ray diffractometer, using samples of exceptionally high purity. The d-spacings were assigned Miller indices determined by comparison with calculated interplanar spacings and from space group considerations. The densities and lattice constants were calculated, and the refractive indices were measured whenever possible. Included are X-ray data for the following forty-five substances: (NH 4 ) 2 PtCl 6 , (NH 2 SnCl 6 (NH 4 SiF 6 (crvptohalite), Sb.,S (stibnite). BaZr0 4 ) , ) 2 3 3 , 3Ca0-Al>0 3 , CsoPtCl 6 , Cs Sn Cl 6 .Cs GeF6 . Cs SiF 6 , Cr, Cr 2 0 3 CuF Gel , ln (pvrite), 2 2 , 4 0 HIO,, FeS, a-PbF 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 , /S-PbF Pbl Pb(N0 3 PbSe (clausthalite), PbTi0 , Sn, (geikielite), 2 , 2 ) 2 , 3 Mg MgTi0 MnO, , 2 3 MoSo (molvbdenite), K PtCl6 K 2 SiFs (hieratite), KZnF , PrF RbiPtCl Se, , , Ag As0 2 3 3 6 , 3 4 , AgBr0 AgN0 AgN0 Ag 3 P0 4 NaHF,, NaBr0 SrF SrO, Tl PtCl Snl and Zn(CN) . 3 , 3 , 2 , , 3 , 2 , 2 6 , 4 , 2 INTRODUCTION The National Bureau of Standards in its pro- Additional published patterns. Literature refer- gram 2 for revision and evaluation of published ences and radiation data for patterns that had X-ray data for the American Society for Testing not been published as ASTM cards are listed, Materials card file presents in this paper, the and the patterns are included in the tables of 3 fifth in a series of standard powder diffraction d-spacings and intensities. patterns, data for 2 elements and 43 inorganic NBS sample. The samples used to make the compounds. These patterns are recommended to NBS patterns were special preparations of ex- replace 74 cards now in the file. Five compounds, ceptionally high purity obtained or prepared only cesium chloroplatinate, cesium chlorostannate, in small quantities. germanium (IV) iodide, rubidium chloroplatinate, The purity of each sample was determined by and thallium chloroplatinate, not represented in spectroscopic or chemical analysis. The limit of the file, have been added. detection for the alkali elements is 0.05 percent The experimental procedure and general plan in the NBS spectrographic analysis. A phase- of these reports has not been changed from that purity check was made on the nonopaque materials of the previous volumes of NBS Circular 539. during the refractive index determination. An- However, the basic technique is included and dis- other excellent check of phase purity was pro- cussed in the same order that is followed in vided by the X-ray pattern itself as it was indexed presenting the data for each compound in the by comparison with theoretical d-values. body of this volume. Treating the sample by appropriate annealing, ASTM cards. Each section of this Circular recrystallizing, or heating in a hydrothermal bomb contains a table listing old and new file card improved the quality of most of the patterns. numbers, the ASTM index lines, the radiation At least two intensity patterns were prepared used, and the literature references for each card. to check reproducibility of measured values. The old card numbers refer to the original ASTM Samples that gave satisfactory intensity pat- card file (1939) and the first supplement (1944). terns showed a particle size well within the The new card numbers are from the second editions range of 5 to 10 microns as suggested by Alexander, 4 and include the fifth set of cards. Mug, and Kummer [l]. In the preparation of an intensity pattern a flat piece of glass was held 1 Fellow at the National Bureau of Standards sponsored by the Joint Com- mittee on Chemical Analysis by X-ray Diffraction Methods. temporarily over the face of an open-faced 1 This project is sponsored by the Joint Committee on Chemical Analysis by X-ray Diffraction Methods. This committee is composed of members sample holder while the powdered sample was from the American Society for Testing Materials, The American Crystal- drifted in from the top. The sample holder was lographic Association, the British Institute of Physics and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Financial support is being given by the then turned face up, and the piece of glass was National Bureau of Standards. J The first paper of this Circular is Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder removed. This surface was exposed to the X-ray Patterns, Vol. I. Data for 58 Inorganic Substances, by H. E. Swanson and beam. For a few powder samples that did not E. Tatge; the second is Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns, Vol. II. Data for 30 Inorganic Compounds, by H. E. Swanson and R. K. Fuyat; flow readily or were prone to orient badly, ap- the third is Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns, Vol. III. Data for 34 Inorganic Compounds, by H. E. Swanson, R. K. Fuyat, and G. M. proximately 50 volume percent finely ground Ugrinic; and the fourth is Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. Vol. IV. Data for II. E. Swanson, R. K. F uyat, * Figures in brackets indicate ttie literature references at the end of each 42 Inorganic Substances , by and G. M. Ugrinic. section of this paper. 1 silica-gel was added as a diluent. The intensity interplanar spacing and intensity measurements. values of each pattern were measured as peak The strongest lines are listed by Miller indices height above background and are expressed as rather than d-spacing values because of the percentages of the strongest line. variation in spacing values.
Recommended publications
  • Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns

    Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns

    NBS MONOGRAPH 25 — SECTION 1 Standard X-ray Diffraction U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scien- tific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Publications The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world.
  • Mineral Processing

    Mineral Processing

    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
  • A Novel Route to Synthesis of Lead Glycolate and Perovskite Lead Titanate, Lead Zirconate, and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

    A Novel Route to Synthesis of Lead Glycolate and Perovskite Lead Titanate, Lead Zirconate, and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

    36 «“√ “√«‘®—¬ ¡¢. (∫».) 7 (1) : ¡.§. - ¡’.§. 2550 A Novel Route to Synthesis of Lead Glycolate and Perovskite Lead Titanate, Lead Zirconate, and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) via Sol-Gel Process π«—µ°√√¡¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå‡≈¥‰°≈‚§‡≈µ·≈–‚§√ß √â“ß·∫∫ ‡æÕ√Õø ‰°µå¢Õ߇≈¥‰∑∑“‡πµ ‡≈¥‡´Õ√傧‡πµ ·≈– ‡≈¥‡´Õ√傧‡πµ‰∑∑“‡πµ ºà“π°√–∫«π°“√‚´≈-‡®≈ Nuchnapa Tangboriboon (πÿ™π¿“ µ—Èß∫√‘∫Ÿ√≥å)* Dr. Sujitra Wongkasemjit (¥√. ÿ®‘µ√“ «ß»å‡°…¡®‘µµå)** Dr. Alexander M. Jameison (¥√. Õ‡≈Á°´“π‡¥Õ√å ‡ÕÁ¡ ‡®¡‘ —π)*** Dr. Anuvat Sirivat (¥√. Õπÿ«—≤πå »‘√‘«—≤πå)**** ABSTRACT The reaction of lead acetate trihydrate Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O and ethylene glycol, using triethylenetetramine (TETA) as a catalyst, provides, in one step, an access to a polymer-like precursor of lead glycolate [-PbOCH2CH2O-] via oxide one pot synthesis (OOPS). The lead glycolate precursor has superior electrical properties than lead acetate trihydrate, suggesting that the lead glycolate precursor can possibly be used as a starting material mixed with other precursors such as titanium glycolate and sodium tris (glycozirconate) to produce lead titanate, lead zirconate, and lead zirconate titanate by sol-gel transition process. ∫∑§¥¬— àÕ ß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥â»÷°…“°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√–À«à“߇≈¥Õ–´’‡µ¥‰µ√‰Œ‡¥√µ ·≈–‡Õ∑‘≈’π‰°≈§Õ≈‚¥¬„™â “√ ‰µ√‡Õ∑‘≈’π‡µµ√–¡’π‡ªìπ§–µ–≈’ µå‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√º≈‘µ “√µ—Èßµâπ‚æ≈‘‡¡Õ√å§◊Õ‡≈¥‰°≈‚§‡≈µ [-PbOCH2CH2O-] ∑ ”§’Ë ≠™π— ¥Àπ‘ ßµ÷Ë Õ¢∫«π°“√𔉪„™à „π°“√ â ߇§√“–À— å “√‰¥Õ‡≈§µ√‘ °™π‘ ¥µ‘ “ßÊà ‰¥·°â à “√‡øÕ√‚√‰¥Õå ‡≈§µ√‘ °‘ “√·Õπ‰∑‡øÕ√å‚√Õ‘‡≈§µ√‘°·≈– “√‡æ’¬‚´‰¥Õ‘‡≈§µ√‘°®“°°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬ “√ª√–°Õ∫ÕÕ°‰´¥å‡æ’¬ß ¢—ÈπµÕπ‡¥’¬«∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ Oxide One Pot Synthesis (OOPS) ∑”„À≥⠓√µ—Èßµâπ‡≈¥‰°≈‚§‡≈µ¡’ ¡∫—µ‘∑“߉øøÑ“ ¥’°«à“‡≈¥Õ–´’‡µ¥‰µ√‰Œ‡¥√µ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß “¡“√∂𔉪„™âº ¡°—∫ “√µ—Èßµâπ™π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ ‰∑∑“‡π’¬¡ ‰°≈‚§‡≈µ·≈–‚´‡¥’¬¡∑√’ ‰°≈‚§‡´Õ√傧‡πµ‡æ◊ËÕº≈‘µ‡≈¥‰∑∑“‡πµ ‡≈¥‡´Õ√傧‡πµ·≈–‡≈¥‡´Õ√傧‡πµ ‰∑∑“‡πµ ‚¥¬ºà“π°√–∫«π°“√‚´≈-‡®≈∑√“π ‘™—Ëπ Key Words : OOPS, Sol-gel process, Dielectric materials §” ”§—≠ : OOPS °√–∫«π°“√‚´≈-‡®≈ «— ¥ÿ‰¥Õ‘‡≈§µ√‘° * Ph.D.
  • Oxygenic Bismuth Minerals in the NE Part of the Karkonosze Pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland)

    Oxygenic Bismuth Minerals in the NE Part of the Karkonosze Pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland)

    Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol. 68 (2018), No. 4, pp. 537–554 DOI: 10.1515/agp-2018-0016 Oxygenic bismuth minerals in the NE part of the Karkonosze pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland) ANDRZEJ KOZŁOWSKI and WITOLD MATYSZCZAK* Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland. *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Kozłowski, A. and Matyszczak, W. 2018. Oxygenic bismuth minerals in the NE part of the Karkonosze pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 68 (4), 537–554. Warszawa. The study presents fifteen oxygen-bearing secondary minerals of bismuth from the north-eastern part of the Variscan Karkonosze granitoid pluton in the northern zone of the Bohemian massif. The minerals were inves- tigated by optical, electron microprobe, classic chemical, XRD, IR absorption and fluid inclusion methods. The late, very low temperature epithermal solutions most probably caused formation of sillénite, kusachiite, bismoclite, bismutite, beyerite, kettnerite, pucherite, schumacherite, namibite and eulytite. Solutions dominated by supergene (meteoric) waters were the parents for bismite, russellite, koechlinite, ximengite and walpurgite. The paper also contains information on early research on the investigated minerals. Key words: Karkonosze granitoid pluton; Bismuth minerals; Secondary minerals; Oxidation; Vein; Pegmatite. FOREWORD joined by WM as the co-author, interested like him in further investigations of the Karkonosze pluton (see The paper presents an investigation of several ox- e.g., Matyszczak 2018). ygen-bearing minerals of bismuth, which were found in the Karkonosze granitoid, collected during field work by AK in 1976–1990. Most of the minerals were INTRODUCTION not known until the present either from the Polish part of the Karkonosze pluton, or from the area of The systematic scientific investigation of the Poland.
  • The Titanium Industry: a Case Study in Oligopoly and Public Policy

    The Titanium Industry: a Case Study in Oligopoly and Public Policy

    THE TITANIUM INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY IN OLIGOPOLY AND PUBLIC POLICY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by FRANCIS GEORGE MASSON, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1 9 5 k Content* L £MR I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1 II. THE PRODUCT AND ITS APPLICATIONS...................................... 9 Consumption and Uses ................................. 9 Properties ........................................................ ...... 16 III. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE................................................................................ 28 Definition of the I n d u s t r y ............................................ 28 Financial Structure. ..••••••.••. 32 Alloys and Carbide Branch. ........................... 3 k Pigment Branch .............................................................................. 35 Primary Metal Branch ................................. 1*0 Fabrication Branch ................................. $0 IT. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE - CONTINUED............................................. $2 Introduction ................................ $2 World Production and Resources ................................. $3 Nature of the Demand for Ram Materials . $8 Ores and Concentrates Branch. ••••••• 65 Summary.................................................................. 70 V. TAXATION. ANTITRUST AND TARIFF POLICY............................
  • The Minerals and Rocks of the Earth 5A: the Minerals- Special Mineralogy

    The Minerals and Rocks of the Earth 5A: the Minerals- Special Mineralogy

    Lesson 5 cont’d: The Minerals and Rocks of the Earth 5a: The minerals- special mineralogy A. M. C. Şengör In the previous lectures concerning the materials of the earth, we studied the most important silicates. We did so, because they make up more than 80% of our planet. We said, if we know them, we know much about our planet. However, on the surface or near-surface areas of the earth 75% is covered by sedimentary rocks, almost 1/3 of which are not silicates. These are the carbonate rocks such as limestones, dolomites (Americans call them dolostones, which is inappropriate, because dolomite is the name of a person {Dolomieu}, after which the mineral dolomite, the rock dolomite and the Dolomite Mountains in Italy have been named; it is like calling the Dolomite Mountains Dolo Mountains!). Another important category of rocks, including parts of the carbonates, are the evaporites including halides and sulfates. So we need to look at the minerals forming these rocks too. Some of the iron oxides are important, because they are magnetic and impart magnetic properties on rocks. Some hydroxides are important weathering products. This final part of Lesson 5 will be devoted to a description of the most important of the carbonate, sulfate, halide and the iron oxide minerals, although they play a very little rôle in the total earth volume. Despite that, they play a critical rôle on the surface of the earth and some of them are also major climate controllers. The carbonate minerals are those containing the carbonate ion -2 CO3 The are divided into the following classes: 1.
  • Abraplata Resource Corp. Technical Report on the Diablillos Project, Salta Province, Argentina

    Abraplata Resource Corp. Technical Report on the Diablillos Project, Salta Province, Argentina

    ABRAPLATA RESOURCE CORP. TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE DIABLILLOS PROJECT, SALTA PROVINCE, ARGENTINA NI 43-101 Report Qualified Persons: David W. Rennie, P.Eng. Scott Ladd, P.Eng. Ian Weir, P.Eng. Gerry Neeling, FAusIMM April 16, 2018 RPA 55 University Ave. Suite 501 I Toronto, ON, Canada M5J 2H7 IT + 1 (416) 947 0907 www.rpacan.com Report Control Form Document Title Technical Report on the Diablillos Project, Salta Province, Argentina Client Name & Address AbraPlata Resource Corp. Esmeralda 920, Suite 2906 C1007ADL Buenos Aires Argentina Document Reference Status & FINAL Project # 2841 Issue No. Version Issue Date April 16, 2018 Lead Author Scott Ladd (Signed) Peer Reviewer William Roscoe (Signed) Glen Ehasoo (Signed) Project Manager Approval Scott Ladd (Signed) Project Director Approval Jason Cox (Signed) Report Distribution Name No. of Copies Client RPA Filing 1 (project box) Roscoe Postle Associates Inc. 55 University Avenue, Suite 501 Toronto, ON M5J 2H7 Canada Tel: +1 416 947 0907 Fax: +1 416 947 0395 [email protected] www.rpacan.com FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION This report contains forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical fact regarding AbraPlata Resource Corp. or Diablillos Project, are forward-looking statements. The words "believe", "expect", "anticipate", "contemplate", "target", "plan", "intend", "project", "continue", "budget", "estimate", "potential", "may", "will", "can", "could" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. In particular, this report contains forward-looking statements with respect to cash flow forecasts, projected capital, operating and exploration expenditure, targeted cost reductions, mine life and production rates, potential mineralization and metal or mineral recoveries, and information pertaining to potential improvements to financial and operating performance and mine life at the Diablillos Project that may result from expansion projects or other initiatives.
  • New Mineral Names

    New Mineral Names

    NEW MINERAL NAMES Ilarkerite C. E. T[,rnv, The zoned contact-skarns of the Broadford area, Skye: a study of boron- fluorine metasomatism in dolomites: Mineralog. Mag ,29, 621-666 (1951). Crrurcar.: Analysis by H. C. G. Vincent gave SiO: 14.17, BzOa7.77, AlzOt 2.84, FezOr 0.85, FeO 0.46, MnO 0.02, MgO 11.15, CaO 46.23, COz 14.94,Cl 1'36, H2O+ 0.81' HrO- 0.11; sum 100.71,less O:Cl 0.31, lOO.4O7o.The formula is discussed;a rough fit with the unit cell is given by the lollowing: 20CaCOs'Cax(Mg, A1, etc.)zo(B, Si)zr(O, OH, Cl)s6' The Mg group has Mg 15'65, At 3.16, Fe'r' 0.60, Fe" 0.36, the (B, Si) group has Si 13.35,B 12.63- The mineral dissolves with efiervescence in acetic or hydrochloric acids; gives a good flame test for boron. Heated to 850o, it decomposes to a turbid brown product. Cnvse.lr,r-ocn-lPnrc AND X-R,c.v Dere: X-ray study by N. F. M. Henry give the Laue .gtotp m3m and the tests for pyro- and piezo-electricity were negative. The crystal class is probably m3m ((]ttbic holohedral). The cell has a:29.53*.01 A., with a pseudo-cell at 14.76 A. This pseudo-cell contains the formula given above. X-ray powder data are given: the strongest lines are (l) 2.61, (2) 1.84, (3) 2.13, (4) 1.51 A. Psvsrclr- nql Oprrc.lr,: Harkerite occurs typically as simple octahedra that are color- less with vitreous luster, but alter to white masses of calcite.
  • Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals

    Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals

    Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals by Eleanor Lyons Brightbill Collaborators: Tyler W. Farnsworth, Adam H. Woomer, Patrick C. O'Brien, Kaci L. Kuntz Senior Honors Thesis Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill April 7th, 2016 Approved: ___________________________ Dr Scott Warren, Thesis Advisor Dr Wei You, Reader Dr. Todd Austell, Reader Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are championed as potential components for novel technologies due to the extreme change in properties that often accompanies a transition from the bulk to a quantum-confined state. While the incredible properties of existing 2D materials have been investigated for numerous applications, the current library of stable 2D materials is limited to a relatively small number of material systems, and attempts to identify novel 2D materials have found only a small subset of potential 2D material precursors. Here I present a rigorous, yet simple, set of criteria to identify 3D crystals that may be exfoliated into stable 2D sheets and apply these criteria to a database of naturally occurring layered minerals. These design rules harness two fundamental properties of crystals—Mohs hardness and melting point—to enable a rapid and effective approach to identify candidates for exfoliation. It is shown that, in layered systems, Mohs hardness is a predictor of inter-layer (out-of-plane) bond strength while melting point is a measure of intra-layer (in-plane) bond strength. This concept is demonstrated by using liquid exfoliation to produce novel 2D materials from layered minerals that have a Mohs hardness less than 3, with relative success of exfoliation (such as yield and flake size) dependent on melting point.
  • A New Mineral from Su Senargiu (CA), Sardinia, Italy, and a Second Occurrence from Kingsgate, New England, Australia

    A New Mineral from Su Senargiu (CA), Sardinia, Italy, and a Second Occurrence from Kingsgate, New England, Australia

    American Mineralogist, Volume 96, pages 268–273, 2011 6+ 5+ Gelosaite, BiMo(2–5x)Mo6xO7(OH)·H2O (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4), a new mineral from Su Senargiu (CA), Sardinia, Italy, and a second occurrence from Kingsgate, New England, Australia PAOLO ORLANDI ,1 FRANCESCO DEMARTIN ,2,* MARCO PASERO ,1 PETER LEVERETT ,3 PETER A. WILLIAMS ,3 AND DAVID E. HIBBS 4 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, I-56126 Pisa, Italy 2Dipartimento di Chimica Strutturale e Stereochimica Inorganica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy 3School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, New South Wales 1797, Australia 4School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia ABSTRACT 6+ 5+ Gelosaite, BiMo(2–5x)Mo6xO7(OH)·H2O (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4), occurs at the type locality in quartz veins hosted by granitic rocks at Su Senargiu, near Sarroch, Sardegna, Italy. The name is in memory of Mario Gelosa (1947–2006) who first found the mineral. The mineral also occurs in the oxidized zones of the Old 25 and Wolfram pipes at Kingsgate, New South Wales, Australia. Both the mineral and its name have been approved by the IMA CNMNC (IMA 2009-022). Gelosaite occurs as yel- low, yellowish green, and pale blue, prismatic crystals with a white streak. It is transparent with an adamantine luster, non-fluorescent, brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. Mohs hardness is ~3. The mineral is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 5.8505(4), b = 9.0421(6), c = 13.917(1) Å, β = 100.42(1)°, V = 724.1(1) Å3, Z = 4 (yellow Su Senargiu crystal); a = 5.8570(5), b = 9.0517(8), c = 13.992(1) Å, β = 100.44(1)°, V = 729.5(1) Å3, Z = 4 (pale blue Su Senargiu crystal); a = 5.837(3), b = 9.040(5), c = 13.904(7) Å, β = 100.64(1)°, V = 721.0(6) Å3, Z = 4 (blue Kingsgate crystal).
  • Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns

    Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns

    NBS MONOGRAPH 25—SECTION 4 Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and mainte- nance of the national standards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particularly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices for incorporation in codes and specifi- cations advisory service to government agencies on scientific and technical problems ; invention ; and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; assistance to industry, business, and consumers m the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the development of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the collection and dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau's activities is suggested in the following listing of its three Institutes and their organizatonal units. Institute for Basic Standards. Applied Mathematics. Electricity. Metrology. Mechanics. Heat. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radiation Phys- ics. Radio Standards Laboratory:* Radio Standards Physics; Radio Standards Engineering. Office of Standard Reference Data. Institute for Materials Research.
  • Structure and Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition GOH WEI CHUAN

    Structure and Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition GOH WEI CHUAN

    Structure and Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition GOH WEI CHUAN (B.Sc (Hons), NUS) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctoral of Philosophy Department of Physics National University of Singapore 2005 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Ong Chong Kim and Dr. Yao Kui. I would like to thank Prof. Ong for giving me the opportunity to study and perform research work in the Center of Superconducting and Magnetic Materials (CSMM). His passion and enthusiasm in the search for understanding the underlying physics of the experiments have deeply influenced my mindset in conducting experiments and will continue to be my source of inspiration and guidance. Without Prof. Ong’s constant guidance and criticism, I would have lost my bearing in the vast sea of knowledge, and would not have reached this far. I would also like to express my greatest appreciation to Dr. Yao Kui in Institute of Material Research and Engineering (IMRE). His constant advice and meticulous attention to the theoretical and experimental details had deeply influenced my way of research both in designing experiments and interpreting the results. Without his supervision and encouragements in countless hours of his time, it would not be possible for me to complete my publications and thesis. For that I am in debt to him and will forever remember his advice when pursuing my future endeavors. I am indebted to my fellow colleagues in CSMM, IMRE and Department of Physics, NUS, including A/P Sow Chorng Haur, Xu Sheng Yong, Wang Shi Jie, Li Jie, Yang Tao, Tan Chin Yaw, Rao Xue Song, Chen Lin Feng, Yan Lei, Kong Lin Bing, Liu Hua Jun, Lim Poh Chong, Yu Shu Hui, Gan Bee Keen and all those have shared their time helping me and discussing with me in this project.