PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACT BOOK
LESSONS FROM TWO HIGH CO2 WORLDS – FUTURE OCEANS AND INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE 10-12 APRIL 2018 LAGOA,SÃO MIGUEL, AZORES
CO2 HIGHS AND LOWS
SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM CONTENTS 01
LESSONS FROM TWO HIGH CO2 WORLDS – FUTURE OCEANS AND INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE
1. DELEGATE INFORMATION 02
2. PROGRAMME 03
3. POSTER SESSION 08
4. ABSTRACTS 10
5. POSTER ABSTRACTS 31
6. AUTHOR INDEX 35
ORGANISED BY: ROD WILSON UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UK ROB ELLIS UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UK MAURICIO URBINA UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCIÓN, CHILE GÖRAN NILSSON UNIVERSITY OF OSLO, NORWAY ELIZABETH YTTEBORG NOFIMA, NORWAY COLIN BRAUNER UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
IN COLLABORATION WITH: SPONSORED BY: ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM DELEGATE INFORMATION 02 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 03 DELEGATE PROGRAMME INFORMATION
BADGES LIABILITY TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 10:45 Dr Bayden D Russell Participants are required to wear name badges Neither the Society for Experimental Biology nor The Swire Institute of Marine Science, at all times for proof of registration, security the FRCT will accept responsibility for damage or 08:20 DELEGATES PICK UP FROM PONTA DELGADA The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong purposes and catering identification. injury to persons or property during the symposium. (MEETING POINT: PORTAS DA CIDADE) Is elevated carbon dioxide the biggest Participants are advised to arrange their own concern for future aquaculture? personal health and travel insurance. 08:50 REGISTRATION Facing the temperature challenge CATERING A18.4 09:25 Lunch and refreshments during the symposium PHOTOGRAPHY FRCT Welcome 11:00 REFRESHMENT BREAK/POSTERS are included in your registration fee. Refreshment Dr Gui Menezes breaks will be served in the poster/breakout area 11:30 No photographs are to be taken of the speakers and Secretary of the Sea, Science and Technology, and lunch will be held in Restaurante Q’énosso Prof Sam Dupont their slides during the symposium unless consent Regional Government of the Azores which is close to the venue. University of Gothenburg, Sweden is given by the speaker. 09:35 From local adaptation to resilience– how to predict
Welcome and introduction (and be prepared) for future global changes CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDANCE *Please note: The SEB will be taking photos during Prof Rod Wilson and Dr Rob Ellis A18.5 the event for promotional purposes. If you have any Symposium organising committee Delegates requiring a certificate of attendance concerns, please visit the SEB registration desk. 12:00 should visit the SEB registration desk on CHAIR: MAURICIO URBINA Ana M Faria their departure. REGISTRATION MARE-ISPA, Portugal 09:45 Reproductive trade-offs in the two-spotted goby VENUE The registration desk will be open during the hours Prof Chris Harley under high pCO2 levels of the symposium and SEB staff will be on hand University of British Columbia, Canada A18.6 NONAGON – São Miguel Science and Technology during the refreshment and lunch breaks should Ocean acidification impacts: confronting Park, Rua da Tecnologia K – Epsilon, N.º 2 you require any assistance. complexity and context-dependence 12:15 9560-421 Rosário, Lagoa, São Miguel A18.1 Dr Kathryn E Smith University of Exeter, United Kingdom TWITTER 10:15 The scientific sessions will be taking place in the Individuals matter: Male-dependent shifts Dr Sjannie Lefevre auditorium at the venue. in sperm swimming and fertilisation success We’re looking to increase the conversation at the University of Oslo, Norway in response to high CO2 symposium using Twitter so please get tweeting! Are there CO2 effects on oxygen uptake as A18.7 COACH TRANSFERS TO VENUE Follow the conversation #LFC02W predicted by the OCLTT hypothesis? SEB – @SEBiology A18.2 12:30 Return coach transfers to NONAGON have been Dr Catriona M Clemmesen 10:30 arranged for the duration of the symposium. Please GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research WI-FI INTERNET ACCESS Prof Timothy Ravasi see programme for collection times and drop off Kiel, Germany King Abdullah University of Science times in Ponta Delgada. There will also be a coach The complexity of ocean acidification effects Internet access is available during the symposium and Technology, Saudi Arabia arranged to transport delegates to the conference on larval cod (Gadus morhua) and free of charge. Log in details will be available Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity dinner on 11 April. A18.8 at the registration desk. in the response to ocean acidification
A18.3 Meeting Point Portas da Cidade – City Gate, Av. D. Joao III, 9500- 035, Ponta Delgada
ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 04 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 05 PROGRAMME PROGRAMME
12:45 LUNCH/POSTERS 15:45 WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 11:00 Prof Göran E Nilsson Prof Rod W Wilson CHAIR: COLIN BRAUNER University of Oslo, Norway University of Exeter, United Kingdom Neurophysiological mechanisms linking high-CO2 08:30 DELEGATES PICK UP FROM PONTA DELGADA Using fundamental physiology to tackle high CO2 14:00 with altered behaviour (MEETING POINT: PORTAS DA CIDADE) associated problems in aquaculture Prof Philip Munday A18.14 A18.23 James Cook University, Australia 09:00 REGISTRATION Ocean acidification and marine fishes: 16:15 11:30 the current state of knowledge, uncertainties, José Ricardo Paula Dr Colin J Brauner CHAIR: ROB ELLIS and future perspectives MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences University of British Columbia, Canada Centre, Portugal Mechanisms and patterns of acid-base regulation A18.10 09:15 Cognitive and neurobiological disruption of in fish exposed to high environmental CO2 Dr Christopher Good cleaning mutualisms under ocean acidification A18.24 14:30 The Conservation Fund’s Freshwater Institute, Alison A Monroe and warming A18.15 United States 11:45 King Abdullah University of Science Consequences and control of dissolved carbon and Technology, Saudi Arabia Dr Mark Bayley 16:30 dioxide in intensive aquaculture systems Parental effects on heritability of high CO2 Zoophysiology Aarhus University, Denmark Dr Fredrik Jutfelt A18.19 tolerance in a coral reef fish The effects of hypercapnia on intensively farmed Norwegian University of Science and Technology, air-breathing fish A18.11 09:45 Norway A18.26 Temperate and coral reef fishes show negligible Tom O Nilsen 14:45 Uni Research Environment, Norway physiological and behavioural responses to 12:00 Mr Blake L Spady Effects of high environmental CO2 levels on elevated CO2 Dr Chris M Wood James Cook University, Australia Atlantic salmon post-smolts A18.16 University of British Columbia, Canada The effects of elevated CO2 on the predatory A18.20 What about the other high PCO2 world – behaviours of two species of tropical cephalopod 16:45 10:00 inside your fish? A18.12 Dr Elliot Scanes Dr Kevin T Stiller A18.27 University of Sydney, Australia 15:00 Nofima AS, Norway Intertidal oysters reach their physiological limit 12:15 LUNCH/POSTERS Mr Michael Jarrold The effect of carbon dioxide on fish growth in a future high-CO2 world performance in recirculating aquaculture systems James Cook University, Australia A18.17 Diel CO2 cycles reduce severity of A18.21 behavioural abnormalities in coral 17:00 reef fish under ocean acidification Dr Jodie L Rummer 10:15 A18.13 James Cook University ARC Centre of Excellence Prof Sveinung Fivelstad for Coral Reef Studies, Australia Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway 15:15 REFRESHMENT BREAK/POSTERS Physiological performance in a high CO2 world – the role of maintaining oxygen transport in fish Long term carbon dioxide experiments with A18.18 salmonids – during 25 years A18.22 17:15 POSTER SESSION 10:30 REFRESHMENT BREAK/POSTERS 19:00 DELEGATES TRANSFERRED TO PONTA DELGADA ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 06 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 07 PROGRAMME PROGRAMME
CHAIR: ROD WILSON 15:45 THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 11:00 Dr Matthew B Sanders Mr Bill Dewey 13:30 Cefas, United Kingdom Taylor Shellfish Farms, United States Dr Cory D Suski Effect of ocean acidification on white spot 08:30 DELEGATES PICK UP FROM PONTA DELGADA Impacts of ocean acidification on United States University of Illinois, United States syndrome virus (WSSV) replication in juvenile (MEETING POINT: PORTAS DA CIDADE) west coast shellfish aquaculture Carbon dioxide and freshwater fish: European lobster (Homarus gammarus) A18.41 Insights from barrier applications A18.33 09:00 REGISTRATION 11:30 A18.28 Dr Susan C Fitzer 16:00 CHAIR: GÖRAN NILSSON University of Stirling, United Kingdom 14:00 Dr Robert P Ellis Dr Cosima S Porteus Climate change driven sulphate soil acidification University of Exeter, United Kingdom 09:15 University of Exeter, United Kingdom impacts oyster shell mineral structure Elevated and variable CO2 - a concern Dr Carol Turley The effects of water chemistry in recirculated A18.42 isolated to RAS or synonomus with intensive Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom aquaculture systems on the olfaction of aquaculture globally? CO2 and the Ocean: an increasingly important 11:45 European sea bass A18.34 issue on global to local scales for governments Nicola Allison A18.29 and society University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom 16:15 A18.37 Understanding the response of biomineralisation 14:15 Dr Nia M Whiteley to rising seawater pCO2 Dr Christina C Roggatz Bangor University, United Kingdom 09:45 A18.43 University of Hull, United Kingdom Energy budgets in edible crabs struggling to Dr Silvana N R Birchenough Modelling behaviour mediating cues in high compensate for exposure to elevated CO2 and Cefas, United Kingdom 12:00 CO2 conditions reduced salinity Translating ocean acidification into Benjamin Mos A18.30 A18.35 practical applications to support aquaculture National Marine Science Centre, and food sustainability Southern Cross University, Australia 14:30 16:30 A18.38 Biogenic acidification reduces sea urchin gonad Dr Alice Mirasole Mr Will Davison growth and increases the susceptibility of University of Palermo, Italy University of Exeter, United Kingdom 10:00 aquaculture to ocean acidification Slight differences in community structure and Cumulative impacts of high CO2 and low salinity Mr Antonio Giacoletti A18.44 biodiversity of fish associated to a Cymodocea on the behaviour and physiology of shore crabs, University of Palermo, Italy nodosa meadow in a shallow CO2 vent Carcinus maenas The effect of climate change on a mussel-based 12:15 A18.31 A18.36 Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA): Dr Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave insights from a mechanistic approach Sorbonne Université, France 14:45 REFRESHMENT BREAK/POSTERS 16:45 END OF DAY 2 A18.39 Impact of ocean acidification on the early life-history stages of the European abalone 10:15 15:15 17:00 DELEGATES TRANSFERRED TO PONTA DELGADA (Haliotis tuberculata) Rita F Patarra Dr David Bass A18.45 CE3c - Centre for Ecology Evolution and Cefas and Natural History Museum, 18:45 DELEGATES PICKED UP FOR DINNER Environmental Changes, University of Azores, 12:30 United Kingdom (MEETING POINT: PORTAS DA CIDADE) Portugal Discussion, knowledge gaps & conclusions Disease as the major barrier to sustainable Effects of stocking density and water flow on Symposium organising committee aquaculture production to 2050 19:30 CONFERENCE DINNER the growth and bioremediation efficiency of the A18.32 LOCATION: RESTAURANTE ASSOCIAÇÃO seaweed Halopteris scoparia (Ochrophyta) 13:00 DELEGATES TRANSFERRED BACK AGRÍCOLA A18.40 TO PONTA DELGADA
10:30 REFRESHMENT BREAK/POSTERS 14:00 DELEGATES PICKED UP FOR TOURS (MEETING POINT: PORTAS DA CIDADE) ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 08 POSTER SESSION TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018
The Company of Biologists is a not-for-pro t publishing organisation dedicated Dr Lynne U Sneddon Dr Jorg D Hardege University of Liverpool, United Kingdom University of Hull, United Kingdom to supporting and inspiring the biological community. We are run by distinguished CO2 exposure in larval zebrafish: A painful issue? Seawater pH impacts responses to marine practicing scientists. We exist to pro t science, not shareholders. We inspire new A18.46 info chemicals A18.50 thinking and support the worldwide community of biologists. Dr Susana Galante-Oliveira We do this by publishing leading peer-reviewed journals, facilitating scienti c Biology Department CESAM, University of Mr Junho Eom Aveiro, Portugal University of British Columbia, Canada meetings and communities, providing travel grants for young researchers and by Evidence of altered behaviour and reduced Direct PCO2 measurements in the intestinal tract supporting societies and facilitating communities. survival in Nassarius reticulatus (L.) of the agastric goldfish veligers exposed to marine climate change A18.51 projected scenarios Grants and Fellowships A18.47 Gudrun De Boeck University of Antwerp, Belgium We use the surplus we generate for the bene t of Dr Andrea Y Frommel Reduced salinity affects the capacity of juvenile biology, supporting and encouraging the sharing University of British Columbia, Canada European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to deal of knowledge across the biological community by Combined effects of ocean acidification and with additional stress warming on organ health in larval kingfish A18.52 funding various Grants and Travelling Fellowships. A18.48 Visit www.biologists.com/grants or Mr Will Davison Mrs Noha H Alsheikh University of Exeter, United Kingdom www.biologists.com/travelling-fellowships University of Hull, United Kingdom Are there conflicting acid-base impacts of feeding The effects of low seawater pH on gene and living in a high CO2 world? Alkaline tide v. expression of the clam worm Nereis succinea Compensated respiratory acidosis Workshops and Meetings A18.49 A18.53 Through our regular Workshops and Journal Meetings, we help establish and develop professional networks that disseminate knowledge and strengthen personal connections across the scienti c community. Visit www.biologists.com/workshops or www.biologists.com/meetings
For more information visit www.biologists.com ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 10 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 11
LESSONS FROM TWO HIGH CO2 [email protected] recent years have seen an increasing incidence of heatwaves, or short-term temperature extremes, which have led to devastating shifts in some benthic The impacts of ocean acidification will depend on the WORLDS – FUTURE OCEANS AND ecosystems. Underlying these changes is the effect of ability of marine organisms to tolerate, acclimate and elevated temperatures on the metabolic functioning eventually adapt to changes in ocean chemistry. We of the organisms. In this talk, I will discuss the effects INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE performed a unique transgenerational experiment of elevated carbon dioxide and temperatures on the with a common damselfish from the Great Barrier Reef physiology of benthic coastal species. I will demonstrate to determine the molecular response of a coral reef fish how sublethal temperatures cause decline in function to short-term, developmental and transgenerational Tolerance” (OCLTT) was inspired by the Fry paradigm and, over the longer-term, elevated mortality, most A18.1 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION exposure to near future elevated CO2. This aids in teasing of a bell-shaped “increase-optimum-decrease”-type likely because of a mismatch between metabolic IMPACTS: CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY apart plastic responses due to developmental plasticity response of absolute aerobic scope (AAS) to increasing demands and energy supplies (both reserves and AND CONTEXT-DEPENDENCE and reveals within-generation specific reactions to temperature, but also include proposed negative and intake). In less intensive coastal aquaculture systems, be driven by epigenetic regulators. Importantly, we synergistic effects of elevated CO2 levels in combination as found in much of Asia, rapidly rising temperatures TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 09:45 find that altered gene expression for the majority with warming. In my presentation, I will present some may pose a greater threat than carbon dioxide by of within-generation responses returns to baseline results of a meta-analysis examining the following causing organisms to exhaust the energetic reserves. CHRIS HARLEY (UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH levels following parental exposure to elevated CO2 questions: Does CO2 in general cause an increase in COLUMBIA, CANADA) conditions. However, gene expression involved in resting oxygen demand (MO2rest), and thereby reduce glucose homeostasis remains uncompensated across AAS? And is the combined effect of CO2 and temperature [email protected] generations. Furthermore, we included different on MO2rest and AAS generally larger than expected A18.5 FROM LOCAL ADAPTATION parental phenotypes measured by their level of Ocean acidification is a substantial threat to marine from their sum, i.e. is the interaction synergistic? I TO RESILIENCE – HOW TO PREDICT behavioural tolerance to elevated CO2 and found that species and ecosystems, but its effects will range from calculated log response ratios to be able to compare (AND BE PREPARED) FOR FUTURE responses of offspring varied largely with parental subtle to substantial depending on the environmental result from a wide range of studies, including both GLOBAL CHANGES phenotype. We show that the transgenerational signal context, the physiology and genetic diversity of the fish and invertebrates. When examining the data as a of tolerance is connected to the circadian rhythm and affected species, and the ecological relationships whole, from the perspective of the above predictions, TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 11:30 suggests adaptive potential of impaired behaviours among species. I will present a framework for studying it becomes evident that there is a heterogeneity that is from high CO2 to be due to existing natural variation. these complexities, and provide specific examples difficult to reconcile with the idea of a single unifying SAM DUPONT (UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, Our aim is to further understand this tolerance derived from research on benthic invertebrates principle. While it is clear, that climate change can SWEDEN) to elevated levels of CO2 which will aid in future including oysters, mussels, sea urchins, and abalone. have severe physiological effects, and that AAS predictions of resilience and population persistence in Although ocean acidification effects may be might be a useful variable for predicting the outcomes [email protected] the light of rapidly increasing acidification of the oceans. difficult to generalize from one context to another in some cases, malfunction of other physiological for the purposes of scientific prediction or resource mechanisms must be considered and generalisations Understanding species resilience is key to understand management, there are key attributes of systems such as the OCLTT concept should be used with caution. and address future global environmental changes that may make them more or less vulnerable and can A18.4 IS ELEVATED CARBON such as ocean warming and acidification. Despite a serve as a starting point for anticipating future change. DIOXIDE THE BIGGEST CONCERN growing body of evidence showing that these stressors will have a strong negative impact on marine species, A18.3 GENETIC VARIATION AND FOR FUTURE AQUACULTURE? FACING THE TEMPERATURE CHALLENGE variability in responses between species as well as PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN THE between populations of the same species have strongly A18.2 ARE THERE CO2 EFFECTS ON RESPONSE TO OCEAN ACIDIFICATION limited our ability to project future changes. Part of this TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 10:45 OXYGEN UPTAKE AS PREDICTED BY THE variability can be explained by local adaptation and/or OCLTT HYPOTHESIS? TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 10:30 adaptive phenotypic plasticity. This talk will discuss BAYDEN D RUSSELL (THE SWIRE INSTITUTE OF how a mechanistic understanding of species and MARINE SCIENCE, THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG TIMOTHY RAVASI (KING ABDULLAH UNIVERSITY TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 10:15 KONG, HONG KONG) ecosystem responses (physiology, ecology, evolution) OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SAUDI to environmental changes can help identifying resilient SJANNIE LEFEVRE (UNIVERSITY OF OSLO, ARABIA), CELIA SCHUNTER (KING ABDULLAH species and ecosystems. I will discuss how this approach NORWAY) UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, [email protected] can be used to re-evaluate existing literature, help design SAUDI ARABIA), MEGAN WELCH (ARC CENTRE OF better experiments and develop the needed unifying It is increasingly recognised that ocean acidification is [email protected] CORAL REEF STUDIES, JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, theory for large scale projections. AUSTRALIA), GORAN E NILSSON (UNIVERSITY OF a threat to the function of coastal marine ecosystems. OSLO, NORWAY), JODIE RUMMER (ARC CENTRE OF There is particular concern for calcifying molluscs in The changing climate prompts a desire to understand CORAL REEF STUDIES, JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, regions such as China, which produces >85% of the and thereby the need to study and ultimately predict AUSTRALIA), PHIL MUNDAY (ARC CENTRE OF worlds oysters from aquaculture. However, the effects the outcome for marine ectothermic animals. The CORAL REEF STUDIES, JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, of ocean acidification can be transient, population concept of “Oxygen and Capacity Limited Thermal AUSTRALIA) specific, and are highly context-dependent. In contrast, ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 12 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 13
A18.6 REPRODUCTIVE TRADE-OFFS A18.7 INDIVIDUALS MATTER: A18.8 THE COMPLEXITY OF OCEAN A18.10 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND IN THE TWO-SPOTTED GOBY UNDER MALE-DEPENDENT SHIFTS IN SPERM ACIDIFICATION EFFECTS ON LARVAL MARINE FISHES: THE CURRENT STATE HIGH pCO2 LEVELS SWIMMING AND FERTILISATION COD (GADUS M ORH UA) OF KNOWLEDGE, UNCERTAINTIES, SUCCESS IN RESPONSE TO HIGH CO2 AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 12:00 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 12:30 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 12:15 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 14:00 ANA M FARIA (MARE-ISPA, PORTUGAL), ANA CATRIONA M CLEMMESEN (GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ F LOPES (MARE-ISPA, PORTUGAL), CÁTIA S E KATHRYN E SMITH (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL, GERMANY), PHILIP MUNDAY (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, SILVA (MARE-IPL, PORTUGAL), SARA C NOVAIS UNITED KINGDOM), MARIA BYRNE (UNIVERSITY MARTINA H STIASNY (DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AUSTRALIA) (MARE-IPL, PORTUGAL), MARCO F LEMOS OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA), DIONE DEAKER SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES, UNIVERSITY OF KIEL, (MARE-IPL, PORTUGAL), EMANUEL J GONÇALVES GERMANY), FELIX H MITTERMAYER (GEOMAR (UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA), CAMERON [email protected] (MARE-ISPA, PORTUGAL) M HIRD (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UNITED HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL, KINGDOM), CERI LEWIS (UNIVERSITY GERMANY), NALANI K SCHNELL (INSTITUT DE SYSTÉMATIQUE ÉVOLUTION BIODIVERSITÉ, It is a decade since research commenced into the effects [email protected] OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM) MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE., of anthropogenic ocean acidification on marine fishes. FRANCE), THORSTEN BH REUSCH (GEOMAR In that time, we have learned that projected end-of- [email protected] Fishes are currently facing novel types of anthropogenic HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH century CO2 levels can affect the growth, development stressors that have never experienced in their KIEL, GERMANY) and survival of early life stages of some species, but not evolutionary history, such as ocean acidification. Global oceans are currently changing at a faster others. There are also wide-ranging effects on behaviour Under these stressful conditions, energetically costly rate than at any other time over the last 300 million that could alter performance and survivorship of some [email protected] processes, such as reproduction, may be sacrificed for years, exposing marine fauna to multiple stressors species in the wild. Yet, there is also enormous variation increased chances of survival. This trade-off not only and increasing extinction risks. Rising atmospheric in the sensitivity of marine fishes to elevated CO2 , both In a series of experiments using eggs and larvae affects the organism itself but may result in reduced carbon dioxide levels are being absorbed by the oceans, among and within species, and we are learning that the of different cod stocks and a variation of parental offspring fitness. In the present study, the effects causing shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry and effects of elevated CO2 on fish can be context specific. treatments (1) directly from the wild, 2) acclimated for of exposure to high pCO2 levels were tested on the driving down ocean pH, a phenomenon known as ocean In this talk, I will briefly outline the history of ocean 6 weeks, 3) acclimated for 5 months, 4) F4 aquaculture reproductive performance of a temperate species, the acidification (OA). OA is expected to become one of the acidification research on marine fishes, explore our generation - the effect of end-of-the-century CO2 levels two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens. Breeding greatest drivers of global ocean biodiversity change in current understanding of the field, including major ~(1100 µatm ppm) on cod larvae survival, growth and pairs were kept under control (~ 600 µatm, pH~ 8.05) the coming decades. When studying the impacts of OA knowledge gaps and uncertainties, and discuss new development was analysed. Additionally, the effect of and high pCO2 levels (~ 2300 µatm, pH~ 7.60) conditions on organism function, individual variability in responses studies that are testing the potential of marine fish to different food levels was studied to evaluate potential for a 4-month period. Additionally, oxidative stress is often overlooked. In reality, however, responses are adapt to ocean acidification. buffering effects of surplus energy supply. In eight out and energy metabolism-related biomarkers were rarely unidirectional, and what is deemed detrimental of nine experimental trials survival of cod larvae was measured. Results suggest that reproductive activity to most of the population may be beneficial to some. We negatively affected by increased CO2 levels. 6 week is stimulated under high pCO2 levels. Parental pairs examined the impact of OA (control, pH 7.9, pH 7.7) on parental acclimation to ~1100 µatm buffered larval in the simulated ocean acidification conditions sperm swimming and fertilisation success of males in mortality led to an increase in survival compared to the exhibited increased reproductive output, with 50% two species of sea urchin: Heliocidaris erythrogramma control group, but only if the larvae were not energy more clutches and 44% more eggs per clutch than and Lytechinus pictus. Following controlled spawning, limited. Indications of trade-offs between growth of pairs under control conditions. However, there was sperm was analysed using Computer Assisted Sperm the larvae and ossification of the skeletal structure and an apparent trade-off between offspring number and Analysis and the fertilisation success of each male was gill formation, but only under a limited food supply, were size, as larvae of parental pairs under high pCO2 levels assessed using eggs pooled from multiple females. In observed. Larger larval size, longer ossified gill arches, hatched significantly smaller, suggesting differences both species we found that for some males fertilisation and a decrease in the ratio of gill filament/gill arch length in parental provisioning, which could be related to the success and sperm swimming characteristics (e.g. as a result of increased CO2 levels indicated a decoupling fact that these females produce more eggs. Moreover, velocity) declined under low pH conditions, but for of larval size and gill size with potential effects on larval results support the hypothesis of different energy others, these parameters increased. Typically, the fitness. The lack of a direct CO2 effect on survival, growth allocation strategies used by females under high pCO2 response seen at pH 7.9 was amplified at pH 7.7, and the and skeletal ossification of larval cod, observed when the conditions. These changes might, ultimately, affect direction of the response (increase/decrease) remained parental fish from the wild had been acclimated to the individual fitness and population replenishment. the same. Here, we discuss our findings and identify aquaculture facilities for 5 months, led to the conclusion sperm swimming characteristics that may predict the that husbandry effects on the parental generation as fertilisation success of individuals under both current well as population should be considered when looking and future ocean scenarios. at ocean acidification effects in future experiments. ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 14 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 15
A18.11 PARENTAL EFFECTS ON A18.12 THE EFFECTS OF A18.13 DIEL CO2 CYCLES REDUCE A18.14 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL HERITABILITY OF HIGH CO2 ELEVATED CO 2 ON THE PREDATORY SEVERITY OF BEHAVIOURAL MECHANISMS LINKING HIGH-CO2 TOLERANCE IN A CORAL REEF FISH BEHAVIOURS OF TWO SPECIES OF ABNORMALITIES IN CORAL REEF WITH ALTERED BEHAVIOUR TROPICAL CEPHALOPOD FISH UNDER OCEAN ACIDIFICATION TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 14:30 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 15:45 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 14:45 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 15:00 ALISON A MONROE (KING ABDULLAH UNIVERSITY GÖRAN E NILSSON (UNIVERSITY OF OSLO, OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SAUDI ARABIA), BLAKE L SPADY (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, MICHAEL JARROLD (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, NORWAY) MEGAN J WELCH (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA), SUE-ANN WATSON (ARC CENTRE AUSTRALIA), CRAIG HUMPHREY (AUSTRALIAN AUSTRALIA), CELIA SCHUNTER (KING ABDULLAH OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF STUDIES, INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, AUSTRALIA), [email protected] UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA), PHILIP L MUNDAY MARK MCCORMICK (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, SAUDI ARABIA), MICHAEL L BERUMEN (KING (ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF AUSTRALIA), PHILIP MUNDAY (ARC CENTRE Several species of fish, including damselfishes, ABDULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND STUDIES, TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA) OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF STUDIES, wrasses, salmonids, gobies, stickleback, rockfish, and TECHNOLOGY, SAUDI ARABIA), PHILIP L MUNDAY AUSTRALIA) sharks, show maladaptive behaviours when exposed (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA), [email protected] to projected future CO2 levels. The altered behaviours TIMOTHY RAVASI (KING ABDULLAH UNIVERSITY [email protected] include olfactory and auditory responses, swimming OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SAUDI ARABIA) There is increasing evidence that projected near-future activity, lateralization, cleaning, retinal function and Elevated CO2 levels associated with ocean acidification carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can alter predator avoidance learning. Where it has been examined, the behavioural (OA) have been shown to consistently alter behavioural [email protected] behaviour in marine invertebrates, yet little is known changes have been linked to an altered function of the responses in coral reef fish. However, all studies to-date about the possible effects on predatory behaviours. Here major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in brain: have used stable pCO2 treatments, not considering the In fish, response to alarm cue can be impaired by we tested the effects of elevated CO2 on the predatory the GABAA receptor. It has been suggested that pH substantial diel pCO2 cycles that occur on shallow ocean acidification. For the common damselfish, behaviours of two ecologically distinct cephalopod regulatory mechanisms lead to altered gradients of reef habitats. Here, we reared juvenile damselfish, Acanthachromis polyacanthus, individual variation in species, the pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus, and the chloride and bicarbonate over neuronal membranes, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, and clownfish, this behaviour and in the brain transcriptional program bigfin reef squid,Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Both species which drives the GABAA receptor in the direction of Amphiprion percula, in are series of stable (500, 750 were previously observed: some individuals displayed exhibited an increased latency to attack and altered becoming excitatory. It is the carbonation, rather than and 1000 µatm) and diel fluctuating (750 ± 300, higher tolerance to elevated CO2 than others which was body-pattern choice during the attack sequence at the acidification, that is likely to be the culprit, since 1000 ± 300 and 1000 ± 500 µatm) pCO2 treatments also passed to their offspring. However, little is known elevated CO2 . I. pygmaeus also exhibited a 20% decrease gills are highly permeable to CO2 while essentially in two experiments. As expected, lateralization of about maternal and paternal influences of this variation in predation rate, an increased striking distance, impermeable to H+. Recently, it has been revealed that A. polyacanthus and response to predator cue of Am. on CO2 tolerance. To investigate this, we crossed CO2 and reduced preference for attacking the posterior elevated CO2 exposure in damselfish leads to altered percula were negatively affected in fish reared at stable, tolerant fathers with CO2 sensitive mothers and CO2 end of prey at elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 increased transcription of most genes involved in regulating elevated pCO2 in both experiments. However, diel pCO2 tolerant mothers with CO2 sensitive fathers. We then activity levels of S. lessoniana comparable to those GABA function, with the changes being in the direction fluctuations alleviated the negative effects of OA on reared their offspring at current day (414μ atm) or end- previously shown in I. pygmaeus, which could adversely of increased GABAergic signaling. This could add to behaviour, although, the extent of alleviation was of-the century (754 μatm) CO2 levels for 6 weeks, as well affect their energy budget and increase their potential to the initial ion disturbance by initiating a vicious cycle dependent on the magnitude of fluctuation, meanp CO2 as acutely exposed them to elevated CO2 (754 μatm) at be preyed upon. The effects of elevated CO2 on predatory where homeostatic mechanisms in neuronal circuits level experienced and the behavioural trait. Importantly, 6 weeks of age. To investigate the effects of parental behaviours, predation strategies and activity levels of strive to counteract the reduced inhibitory input by up- in experiment two, behavioural abnormalities that were phenotype on the transcriptional program of the cephalopods reported here could have far-reaching regulating GABA signaling, which due to the altered present in fish reared at 750 µatm CO2 were absent in offspring 68 brain transcriptomes were sequenced and consequences in marine ecosystems due to the ion gradients unfortunately leads to more excitation fish reared at 750 ± 300 µatm CO2. Overall, we show that differential gene expression was analysed. Our analysis ecological importance of cephalopods in the marine rather than inhibition. It is tempting to suggest that diel pCO2 cycles can substantially reduce the severity revealed a distinct expression profile in offspring from food web. the increase in cellular metabolism needed to fuel of behavioural abnormalities caused by elevated CO2. different parental pairs across all offspring treatments. these over-excited circuits will lead to increased Thus, past studies may have over-estimated the impacts Interestingly, we found similar numbers of differentially CO2 and bicarbonate production that could further alter of OA on the behavioural performance of coral reef fishes. expressed genes (~200-400) in offspring with different the ion gradients. This could explain how a relatively Furthermore, our results suggest that diel pCO2 cycles parental combinations and also in offspring under minor initial disturbance can lead to major changes in will delay the onset of behavioural abnormalities in different treatments. This suggests strong parental neural function. natural populations. influence on gene expression and shows similar magnitudes of transcriptional changes in response to the environment and/or parental phenotype. Our findings add to the knowledge of the capacity of coral reef fish to acclimate to rising CO2 levels in the ocean and the underlying molecular mechanisms of parental influence on this acclimation. ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 16 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 17
A18.15 COGNITIVE AND A18.16 TEMPERATE AND CORAL A18.17 INTERTIDAL OYSTERS REACH A18.18 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEUROBIOLOGICAL DISRUPTION OF REEF FISHES SHOW NEGLIGIBLE THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMIT IN A PERFORMANCE IN A HIGH CO2 CLEANING MUTUALISMS UNDER OCEAN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL FUTURE HIGH-CO2 WORLD WORLD – THE ROLE OF MAINTAINING ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO2 OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN FISH TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 16:45 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 16:15 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 16:30 ELLIOT SCANES (UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 17:00 AUSTRALIA), LAURA M PARKER (UNIVERSITY JOSÉ RICARDO PAULA (MARE - MARINE FREDRIK JUTFELT (NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF JODIE L RUMMER (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA), WAYNE A O’CONNOR AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CENTRE, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NORWAY), TIMOTHY ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF (NSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES, PORTUGAL), REGINA BISPO (MARE - MARINE AND D CLARK (DEAKIN UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA), STUDIES, AUSTRALIA), KELLY D HANNAN (JAMES AUSTRALIA), LAURA STAPP (ALFRED WEGENER ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CENTRE, PORTUGAL), GRAHAM D RABY (UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, COOK UNIVERSITY ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE INSTITUTE HELMHOLTZ INSTITUTE FOR POLAR SVANTE WINBERG (DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE CANADA), SANDRA BINNING (UNIV. OF MONTRAL FOR CORAL REEF STUDIES, AUSTRALIA), JACOB AND MARINE RESEARCH, GERMANY), PAULINE M PHYSIOLOGY UNIT BIOMEDICAL CENTRE (BMC), MONTREAL, CANADA), DOMINIQUE G ROCHE L JOHANSEN (NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, ABU DHABI ROSS (UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA) UPPSALA UNIVERSITY, SWEDEN), PHILIP L (UNIV. OF NEUCHÂTEL, SWITZERLAND), BEN MARINE BIOLOGY LABORATORY, UNITED ARAB MUNDAY (ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL SPEERS-ROESCH (UNIV. OF NEW BRUNSWICK EMIRATES), RASMUS ERN (UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS REEF STUDIES, JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, SAINT JOHN, CANADA), JOSEFIN SUNDIN [email protected] MARINE SCIENCE INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES), AUSTRALIA), RUI ROSA (MARE - MARINE AND (NORWEGIAN UNIV. OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PHILIP L MUNDAY (JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CENTRE, PORTUGAL) TRONDHEIM, NORWAY) Marine molluscs living in the intertidal zone experience ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF internal acidosis when exposed to air (emersion) at low STUDIES, AUSTRALIA), ANDREW J ESBAUGH (UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MARINE SCIENCE [email protected] [email protected] tide. Relative to other marine organisms, molluscs have been identified as vulnerable to future ocean INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES) Cleaning mutualisms are the textbook example of Much of the anthropogenically released carbon dioxide acidification; however, paradoxically it has also been animal cooperation. On coral reefs, the iconic cleaning dissolves in the ocean, causing ocean acidification. shown that molluscs exposed to high CO2 environments [email protected] relationship between cleaner fish and their clients Exposure to predicted end-of-century CO2 levels has are more resilient compared with those molluscs naive to is essential for maintaining community diversity been reported to affect the physiology and behaviour CO2 exposure. Two competing hypotheses were tested The physiological responses of model fish species to and abundance. However, cleaners can choose to of marine fishes, which could have detrimental using a novel experimental design incorporating tidal elevated CO2 have been investigated for decades. Yet, collaborate or cheat, as they prefer eating mucus from consequences for population viability in the future. simulations to predict the future intertidal limit of target pCO2 levels (>10,000 µatm) often reach far beyond their clients where possible. Cleaners are known for However, a growing number of studies report no oysters in a high-CO2 world; either high-shore oysters predicted for mid- and end-of-century (500-1,200 µatm) their remarkable cognitive abilities and sophisticated physiological or behavioural changes, suggesting will be more tolerant of elevated PCO2, or elevated climate change scenarios. Recently, a mechanism behaviour, that they use for manipulation, partner species- or experiment-specific effects and a far from PCO2 will cause high-shore oysters to reach their limit. involving Root effect haemoglobins that are unique to control and tactical deception of their partners. complete understanding of the true impacts of ocean Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata, were teleost fishes and plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase However, the ecological conditions where cleaners acidification. We investigated the possible effect of both collected from the high-intertidal and subtidal areas (CA) was characterized in salmonids, whereby oxygen were able to evolve their cognitive abilities are short- and long-term exposure to ~1000 µatm CO2 on fish of the shore and exposed in an orthogonal design to release to red muscle was enhanced when fish were changing due to human-induced environmental physiology and behaviour, using in total 13 different either an intertidal or a subtidal treatment at ambient exposed to elevated CO2 conditions (>15,000 µatm). changes. Here we show that acclimation to ocean species of wild-caught temperate and tropical fishes. or elevated PCO2, and physiological variables were This may explain why fish species that have been tested acidification and warming conditions decreased We filmed all trials and used automated measurements measured. The combined treatment of tidal emersion under climate change relevant CO2 conditions exhibit cleaning motivation and the quality of interactions to ensure objectivity and transparency. We did not and elevated PCO2 interacted synergistically to reduce either maintained or even enhanced physiological between cleaners and clients. Moreover, using a well- detect any significant impairments in the physiology the extracellular pH (pHe ) of oysters, and increase performance. We tested this hypothesis in two coral known cognitive task derived from the biological or behaviour of any of the species, revealing that all the PCO2 in the haemolymph (Pe CO2 ) and standard reef fish species where – as with other reef fishes – market theory, we observed a substantial impairment species were resilient to CO2 exposure. Further, we found metabolic rate. Oysters in the intertidal treatment also oxygen uptake rates and aerobic scope have either in cleaner wrasse cognition abilities when exposed no evidence to suggest a role of ocean acidification in the had lower condition and growth. Oysters showed a high been unaffected or positively affected under elevated to elevated CO2. At the molecular level, dopamine, interference of GABA-A neurotransmitter function. Our degree of plasticity, and little evidence was found that CO2. Though inhibiting CA (via C18 injection) had no serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations (and findings highlight the need for independent replication intertidal oysters were more resilient than subtidal effect on swimming performance, fish maintained under respective turnovers) were significantly affected by before we can reach a consensus on the ecological and oysters. It is concluded that in a high-CO2 world the upper elevated pCO2 for at least 14d exhibited higher critical these stressors. Elevated CO2 interacted with dopamine physiological effects of ocean acidification on fishes. vertical limit of oyster distribution on the shore may be swimming speeds (Ucrit) than control counterparts, impairing the cleaners’ and clients’ perception and with reduced. These results suggest that previous studies and CA gene expression patterns increased five- to six- serotonin and norepinephrine modulating motivation on intertidal organisms that lacked tidal simulations fold in red muscle and heart, respectively. Both tissues for interaction. On the other hand, warming affected may have underestimated the effects of elevatedPCO 2. are thought most relevant to maintaining or enhancing synaptic activity in both mutualist partners. We aerobic performance. Interestingly, gene expression advocate that the breakdown of cleaning mutualisms patterns in the heart may have been responding will affect the maintenance of local community earlier than those in the red muscle, with a three-fold structures on coral reefs. increase within 8h exposure to elevated CO2. The daily fluctuations inpCO 2 that reef fishes experience due to ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 18 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 19
photosynthesis/respiration patterns of the coral and from long-term studies indicate that there is a need A18.20 EFFECTS OF HIGH A18.21 THE EFFECT OF CARBON the benthos may play a role in the temporal aspects for including CO2 feedback reactions with the rearing ENVIRONMENTAL CO2 LEVELS ON DIOXIDE ON FISH GROWTH of this response with relevance to energy savings. ATLANTIC SALMON POST-SMOLTS environment to provide threshold recommendations. PERFORMANCE IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 09:45 A18.19 CONSEQUENCES AND CONTROL WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 10:00 A18.22 LONG TERM CARBON DIOXIDE OF DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE IN TOM O NILSEN (UNI RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT, EXPERIMENTS WITH SALMONIDS – NORWAY), BENDIK F TERJESEN (NOFIMA, KEVIN T STILLER (NOFIMA AS, NORWAY), INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS NORWAY), JELENA KOLAREVIC (NOFIMA, DURING 25 YEARS TOM O NILSEN (UNI RESEARCH AS, NORWAY), NORWAY), ELISABETH YTTEBORG (NOFIMA, VASCO C MOTA (NOFIMA AS, NORWAY), JASCHA WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 09:15 NORWAY), LARS O E EBBESSON (UNI RESEARCH WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 10:15 GERWINS (NOFIMA AS, NORWAY), MICHELE GALLO ENVIRONMENT, NORWAY), SIGURD O HANDELAND (WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY, NETHERLANDS), CHRISTOPHER GOOD (THE CONSERVATION FUND’S (UNI RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT, NORWAY), VASCO SVEINUNG FIVELSTAD (WESTERN NORWAY ELIZABETH YTTEBORG (NOFIMA AD, NORWAY), FRESHWATER INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES), C MOTA (NOFIMA, NORWAY) UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES, NORWAY), JOHN DAVIDSON (THE CONSERVATION FUND’S GRETE BAEVERFJORD (NOFIMA AS, NORWAY), CAMILLA HOSFELD (WESTERN NORWAY UNIVERSITY FRESHWATER INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES), JELENA KOLAREVIC (NOFIMA AS, NORWAY), OF APPLIED SCIENCES, NORWAY) [email protected] BRIAN VINCI (THE CONSERVATION FUND’S STEVEN T SUMMERFELT (THE CONSERVATION FUND’S FRESHWATER INSTITUTE, UNITED FRESHWATER INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES), [email protected] STEVEN SUMMERFELT (THE CONSERVATION FUND’S Atlantic salmon has demonstrated the capacity to STATES), BENDIK F TERJESEN (NOFIMA AS, FRESHWATER INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES) physiologically acclimate when exposed to increased NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS) During the last 25 years several long-term carbon
PCO2 levels in aquaculture flow-through systems. Less is dioxide experiments on Atlantic salmon parr, smolts
known about tolerance to increased PCO2 in Recirculation [email protected] and postsmolts have been performed at Western Norway [email protected] Aquaculture System (RAS). In the present study, University of Applied Sciences. The experiments are Previous research has demonstrated that elevated Atlantic salmon post-smolt in a RAS in Sunndalsøra, Long term saltwater dissolved CO2 exposure divided into experiments in soft water, experiments dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in aquaculture settings Norway, were kept at 12 ppt (12˚C) and exposed to six experiments in recirculating aquaculture (RAS) in hard fresh water and in seawater. In low alkalinity is associated with reduced fish growth performance and different COP 2 levels ranging from <5 mg/L (PCO2 <1.83 settings are rare and the reported growth and health fresh water carbon dioxide has adverse effects on fish feed conversion efficiency, lower survival, and higher mm Hg), 12 mg/L (PCO2 =4.40 mm Hg), 19 mg/L (PCO2 effects can be vague. The used measuring equipment in combination with labile Al/pH at concentrations -1 incidence of pathologies such as nephrocalcinosis. =6.94 mm Hg), 26 mg/L (PCO2 =9.50 mm Hg), 33 mg/L and differences in water chemistry induced by CO2 as an around 8-10 mg L carbon dioxide, and the smolts are not
Many of these negative outcomes are consequences of (PCO2 =12.06 mm Hg) and 40 mg/L (PCO2 =14.61 mm Hg). on-ideal gas make a comprehensive effect assessment acclimated to such conditions. In a recent experiment alterations in blood pH and ion concentration, as well as After 12 week treatments fish were transferred to full difficult. Most studies are usually test three CO2 on postsmolts, specific growth rate (SGR) decreased decreased haemoglobin oxygen binding and carrying strength seawater with the lowest tested PCO2 level. We concentrations, which limits a detailed concentration linearly as a function of carbon dioxide partial pressure capacity. In water recirculation aquaculture systems found that post-smolts demonstrated a classic transient vs. growth relationship analysis. Nofimas CO2RAS in the range 0.6 – 12 mmHg (p < 0.05), during the last (RAS) with high feed loadings and utilizing pure oxygen, physiological compensatory response to cope with project was designed to evaluate the CO2 effects part of the experiment. This period lasted only for 12
CO2 production is increased, and CO2 will accumulate elevated PCO2, despite a clear and persistent decrease on Atlantic salmon post-smolts in RAS. The first days and stress related to weight sampling and blood to detrimental levels unless efficient gas conditioning in growth rate when reared above 19 mg/L CO2 . After experiment investigated a chronic CO2 exposure over sampling (although cautious catching of the fish), may technologies are applied, and water recirculation twelve weeks of variable PCO2 exposures post-smolt were 12-weeks using concentrations of 5(2500), 12(6000), have added to the effect of carbon dioxide, indicating flows are sufficient to maintain reasonably low culture challenged with rapid changes from high (40 mg/L) to 26(13000), 33(16000) and 40(20000) mg/L(μatm) that fish exposed to increased carbon dioxide, is more tank hydraulic retention times. This presentation will low (5 mg/L) PCO2 levels and vice-versa. Here we also (Salinity=12 ppt, Temperature=12,5 0C). Growth results susceptible to other factors and vice versa. Postsmolts describe the physiological consequences of fish exposed will present physiological compensatory responses 1 fit nicely in a linear model whereas a reduction in growth exposed to carbon dioxide levels above 8 mmHg had to both short- and long-term elevated CO2, as well as and 24 hours and up to 6 days following rapid changes started already at 12 mg/L. Based on these findings, a increased incidence of nephrocalcinosis (p < 0.05). methods employed to maintain CO2 at safe levels in in CO2 exposure. reduced growth of >10% can be predicted between 5 and This means that how experiments are performed may intensive aquaculture facilities. Results from on-site 20 mg/L (typical RAS production conditions). Cataract strongly influence the conclusions in carbon dioxide research, focusing on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and formation, kidney nephrocalcinosis and morphological research, and also that nephrocalcinosis may be an rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, will be presented, damage did not differ between the treatments. However, important parameter. and will be compared to findings from similar, previously skin analysis showed that fish exposed to high CO2 published studies, as well as observations from industry. concentrations had a significantly thinner dermis While elevated CO2 can be an issue in any aquaculture layer. For a more comprehensive understanding setting, given the recent growth of land-based fish of the multifactorial CO2 effects on teleosts an production this presentation will focus on salmonids interspecies comparison of similar experimental grown to market size in modern facilities utilizing setups will be presented to pinpoint common, species RAS technologies. specific or experimental CO2 effects. It could be that even the current Atlantic salmon production recommendation at ≤15 mg/L CO2 had a negative influence on welfare and growth. Contrasting results ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 20 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 21
A18.23 USING FUNDAMENTAL A18.24 MECHANISMS AND PATTERNS A18.26 THE EFFECTS OF There is concern about the increased ambient PCO2 PHYSIOLOGY TO TACKLE HIGH OF ACID-BASE REGULATION IN FISH HYPERCAPNIA ON INTENSIVELY levels (0.1 kPa, 0.75 torr) that fish may face in a future world, and the higher levels (1 kPa, 7.5 torr) often seen in CO2 ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS EXPOSED TO HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL CO2 FARMED AIR-BREATHING FISH IN AQUACULTURE intensive aquaculture. However it has been overlooked that they may routinely encounter even greater PCO2 WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 11:30 WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 11:45 levels in their own digestive tracts. Indeed in humans, WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 11:00 the PCO2 of flatus averages 35 kPa, about 6-fold higher COLIN J BRAUNER (UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH MARK BAYLEY (ZOOPHYSIOLOGY AARHUS than normal blood PCO2 levels. This occurs because ROD W WILSON (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, COLUMBIA, CANADA), RYAN B SHARTAU UNIVERSITY, DENMARK), MIKKEL THOMSEN UNITED KINGDOM) (ZOOPHYSIOLOGY AARHUS UNIVERSITY, of the generation of CO2 in the chyme by bacterial (UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA) + DENMARK), DO T T HUONG (CAN THO metabolism, and by the neutralization of secreted H by - secreted HCO3 and basic components of the meal. Is the [email protected] UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM) [email protected] same true in fish, and if so, what are the consequences for blood perfusing the highly vascularised digestive Elevated CO2 levels, far higher than end-of-century Acid-base regulation is one of the most tightly regulated [email protected] tract? We are aware of no previous direct measurements climate change predictions for natural ecosystems, are physiological processes and pH disturbances are rapidly in fish chyme, butPCO 2 values ranging from 1-13 kPa typical for intensive aquaculture. Intensive aquaculture corrected to restore homeostasis and animal function. In Levels of CO2 in freshwater systems can be elevated far (7.5-95 torr) may be estimated from published studies and the water management processes often used most fish investigated to date, acute (up to 96 h) exposure above atmospheric equilibrium as a result of the geology on four species. However these are based on applying (especially in recirculating aquaculture systems or RAS) to elevated environmental CO2 (hypercarbia) results or soil drainage of the river basin. Further, in the tropics, - the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to pH and HCO3 result in further atypical water chemistry variables (e.g. in a rapid reduction in both blood pH (pHe) and tissue PCO2 in freshwater systems can be greatly enhanced as levels in chyme sampled from fish after sacrifice. With alkalinity, calcium, salinity) for fish and invertebrates. intracellular pH (pHi). pHe recovers in association with a result of organic loading, plant coverage and sluggish - this background in mind, we are presently undertaking Several decades of fundamental physiology research, an elevation in plasma HCO3 which is matched by an water mixing with numerous recordings in excess of a series of direct PCO2 and pH measurements in the and more recent climate change research, have shown equimolar reduction in plasma Cl- , a pattern observed 80,000 µatm. In the intensive tropical aquaculture of digestive tracts, blood, and peritoneal cavities of how CO2 can affect acid-base regulation and blood in both freshwater and marine fishes. pHi recovers in air-breathing fish of the Mekong delta,PCO 2 >30,000 live rainbow trout and goldfish, both fasted and fed oxygen transport. Calcium has a powerful modulatory association with pHe recovery but the latter is generally µatm is a common occurrence in the latter half of the - a common pellet diet, to test these ideas using a new influence on gill permeability and ion/acid-base limited to about 2 kPa CO2 by an “apparent HCO3 growth cycle. Concentrating on the economically generation of prototype needle-tip optical PCO2 sensors regulatory functions, whilst environmental sodium and threshold”. Many natural freshwater environments important Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, the effects + and esophageal pH electrodes. The trout is a carnivore chloride act as the main counter-ions for excreted H and (as well as in aquaculture) routinely experience CO2 of CO2 on gill ventilation and air-breathing, acid base - with an HCl-secreting stomach and the goldfish is an HCO3 , respectively, during active acid-base regulation levels far in excess of this value (up to 6-8 kPa). In some status, fish behavior, oxygen uptake and growth will agastric omnivore (NSERC Discovery, Presens GmbH). such as during exposure to elevated CO2 . In calcifying fish, severe hypercarbia (>6 kPa) results in a large, be presented. Elevations in PCO2 to 30,000 µatm have invertebrates, environmental calcium and alkalinity sustained reduction in pHe (> 1 pH unit) but, remarkably, little influence on ventilation, standard metabolic rate, 2- (i.e. HCO3 - and CO3 ) are also key variables determining there is no change in pHi of crucial tissues such heart, maximum oxygen uptake or aerobic scope. This fish is the rate of calcification, which needs to be especially brain, liver or muscle, termed preferential pHi (ppHi) an excellent regulator of extracellular pH resulting in A18.28 CARBON DIOXIDE AND rapid in post-moult crustaceans. One major issue regulation. ppHi regulation is rapid (within minutes) very high plasma bicarbonate levels towards the end FRESHWATER FISH: INSIGHTS FROM that is relevant to high CO2 conditions in aquaculture and appears to be associated with CO2 tolerance in of the growth cycle in aquaculture ponds. Growth BARRIER APPLICATIONS but not sufficiently considered, is the post-feeding fishes. In a recent survey, of 20 species that span a is unaffected by exposure to constant 30,000 µatm blood alkalosis that occurs in fish that have an acid- broad phylogeny containing temperate and tropical but preliminary data indicate that fluctuating CO2 WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 13:30 secreting stomach. This may create a conflict between species, as well as water and air-breathing fishes, 18 levels may have a negative impact. The data will the retention of bicarbonate (required to compensate exhibited ppHi regulation and thus, we hypothesize this be discussed in the context of tropical freshwater CORY D SUSKI (UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, acidosis in a high CO2 environment) and excretion of trait may be wide spread among fishes. By conferring environments and in an evolutionary perspective. UNITED STATES) bicarbonate (required during recovery from the post- hypercarbia tolerance, ppHi regulation may have been a feeding “alkaline tide”). This may have repercussions key exaptation that facilitated important evolutionary [email protected] for digestive function, energy expenditure, growth transitions in vertebrate evolution. Carbon dioxide levels (CO2) in freshwater have the efficiency and pathologies sometimes found in WHAT ABOUT THE OTHER HIGH A18.27 potential to increase in the future due to several aquaculture. I will discuss how physiology can play PCO2 WORLD – INSIDE YOUR FISH? mechanisms. Our group has been quantifying a potentially important role in improving growth the impacts of elevated CO2 on freshwater fishes, (moulting in crustaceans), health and welfare in the WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 12:00 mainly in the context of the intentional generation of high CO2 world of aquaculture. CO2 plumes to deter the movements of invasive fishes CHRIS M WOOD (UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH (e.g., Bigheaded Carp). Results from these studies COLUMBIA, CANADA), JUNHO EOM (UNIVERSITY indicate that some of the impacts of elevated CO2 OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA) observed in marine fishes also occur in freshwater fishes, including an impaired alarm cue response, [email protected] impaired activity patterns, and a suite of physiological disturbances. However, some responses seen in the marine environment (e.g., loss of lateralization) were ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 22 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 23
not observed in freshwater fishes following extended A18.30 MODELLING BEHAVIOUR A18.31 SLIGHT DIFFERENCES A18.32 DISEASE AS THE MAJOR exposure to elevated CO2, and impairments observed MEDIATING CUES IN HIGH IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND BARRIER TO SUSTAINABLE often abated when animals were returned to baseline CO2 CONDITIONS BIODIVERSITY OF FISH ASSOCIATED AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION TO 2050 CO2 levels. We have also found that extended exposure to elevated carbon dioxide results in improved TO A CYMODOCEA NODOSA MEADOW WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 14:15 IN A SHALLOW CO2 VENT WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 15:15 tolerance, and that tolerance to CO2 exposure is repeatable and related to aspects of metabolic CHRISTINA C ROGGATZ (UNIVERSITY OF WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 14:30 DAVID BASS (CEFAS AND NATURAL HISTORY phenotype. These results are further discussed HULL, UNITED KINGDOM), JÖRG D HARDEGE MUSEUM, UNITED KINGDOM), GRANT STENTIFORD in the context of CO2 in freshwater environments (UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UNITED KINGDOM), ALICE MIRASOLE (UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO, (CEFAS, UNITED KINGDOM) and the application of CO2 as a management tool. DAVID M BENOIT (UNIVERSITY OF HULL, ITALY), GERALDINA SIGNA (UNIVERSITY
UNITED KINGDOM) OF PALERMO, ITALY), PAOLA GIANGUZZA [email protected] (UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO, ITALY), CHIARA [email protected] BONAVIRI (UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO, ITALY), By 2050, global production from aquaculture is set to A18.29 THE EFFECTS OF WATER ANTONIO MAZZOLA (UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO, double as yield from fisheries flatlines. Aquaculture CHEMISTRY IN RECIRCULATED Many interactions of aquatic organisms rely on chemical ITALY), SALVATRICE VIZZINI (UNIVERSITY OF will make an increasingly important contribution to the AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS ON THE signalling molecules. Behaviours, such as brood care, PALERMO, ITALY) future global diet. Disease in aquaculture is considered OLFACTION OF EUROPEAN SEA BASS settlement or foraging, are mediated by these chemical widely as the number one barrier to achieving this cues and depend on their successful reception by the [email protected] growth. Infectious microbial diseases continue to WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 14:00 organism. Most biological molecules with signalling impose major yield-limiting effects on production function possess functional chemical groups that Naturally acidified environments are used to test with overall impact of these diseases exceeding $6bn COSIMA S PORTEUS (UNIVERSITY OF are sensitive to changes in pH. High CO2 conditions in ecological hypotheses about the effects of ocean per annum. In specific sectors (e.g. shrimp), losses EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM), ROBERT P ELLIS aquatic environments, however, lead to a reduction in acidification on complex communities. Here, we used may exceed 40 % of global capacity with emergent (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM), pH and could therefore impact the functional groups a shallow Mediterranean CO2 vent to study the coastal diseases having potential to collapse national/ ROD W WILSON (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, of the signalling cues, causing significant molecular fish assemblages associated to Cymodocea nodosa regional production. Even more so than terrestrial UNITED KINGDOM) changes. Here we present an overview of the functional seagrass meadows, long-term exposed to high pCO2 / systems, aquatic environments impose a constant risk groups affected by pH and illustrate them by a number low pH conditions. In particular, by using underwater of exposure to disease-causing pathogens. An historic [email protected] of examples including amino acids and peptides known visual census method, we assessed the structure and poor knowledge of background microbial ‘diversity’ in to mediate key behaviours of aquatic organisms. We the biodiversity of fish assemblages living in a low aquatic farm systems leads to frequent emergence of Fish exposed to end-of-the-century levels of CO2 show describe a set of systematic approaches to assess pH site and in two control sites, in two periods of the previously unknown diseases, surprising farmers and altered sensory behaviour that is likely to affect survival the molecular effects of changing pH using NMR year featured by dissimilar seagrass structure. The creating shock in the wider value chain. Some remain of both individuals and populations in the wild. Recently spectroscopy and computational chemistry, which aim of this study was to test the effect of different pH restricted to specific geographies while others rapidly we have found that elevated CO2 /low pH seawater enable us to predict the cues’ properties essential on fish assemblages mediated by the habitat-forming spread to distant regions with trade and, impose long (~1000 µatm/pH 7.85) can have a direct negative for successful recognition by the receptor in high structural species C. nodosa. Contrary to expectations, term (often decadal) economic and social effects, effect on the olfactory sensitivity of European sea bass CO2 conditions, such as conformation and charge fish assemblages exposed to acidified conditions did often in the world’s poorest farming communities. (Dicentrarchus labrax), an economically important distribution. We further highlight the challenges not reveal striking differences, both in the community To break the cycle of emergence, spread, persistence species, including a reduced response to certain associated with the realistic modelling of signalling structure and in biodiversity, compared with both and effect, new thinking is needed. Recent work odorants by up to 50%. The aquaculture production cues and compare our results to bioassay data in order controls. Furthermore, a general higher abundance of from our team has challenged the current paradigm, of European sea bass has been steadily increasing to illustrate their biological relevance. We conclude small-sized individuals was found in the low pH site. proposing that focus should be increasingly placed on from 4,000 to 157,000 tonnes between the 1990s and that modelling the pH-sensitivity of signalling cues Spatial and temporal patterns indicated that these the interaction between host-pathogen-environment 2014. Aquaculture production of sea bass ranges from can provide new mechanistic insights into the effects differences cannot be addressed to C. nodosa meadow nexus for managing infectious diseases. In particular, coastal net-pens to land-based tank systems, all of which of pH at molecular level. As high CO2 conditions pose a structure at different pH conditions. Moreover, current understanding the specific conditions (e.g. water quality, maintain fish at high densities. The water chemistry in threat to a range of aquatic environments and frequently findings suggest that fish may exploit the vent area CO2) which drive microbial changes in the aquaculture recirculated aquaculture systems (RAS) can have much occur in the aquaculture industry, our approach provides above all for its enhanced food resources and that environment and host, facilitating development of higher pCO2 than is predicted for natural environments a toolbox with numerous potential applications for detrimental effects of acidification can be overcome disease. By re-focussing efforts to this ‘pre-emergent’ (3,000-17,000 µatm) while maintaining pH to relatively biological questions. by fish mobility, using the closer control area as a phase, we envisage an era of reduced impact of infectious normal levels (~7.95) by buffering with added alkalinity. ‘recovery zone’. Therefore, although fish may be able disease in global aquaculture. An impaired sense of smell has the potential to pose a to withstand the projected lowering of pH, indirect welfare concern for farmed fish. Therefore, we have effects of acidification (i.e. food resources alteration) explored the effects of this altered water chemistry could exacerbate changes in fish assemblages. on olfaction in sea bass using nerve recording in anaesthetised fish. ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 24 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 25
A18.33 EFFECT OF OCEAN A18.34 ELEVATED AND VARIABLE A18.35 ENERGY BUDGETS IN EDIBLE A18.36 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF ACIDIFICATION ON WHITE SPOT CO2 - A CONCERN ISOLATED TO RAS CRABS STRUGGLING TO COMPENSATE HIGH CO2 AND LOW SALINITY ON SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV) REPLICATION OR SYNONOMUS WITH INTENSIVE FOR EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED CO2 AND THE BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY IN JUVENILE EUROPEAN LOBSTER AQUACULTURE GLOBALLY? REDUCED SALINITY OF SHORE CRABS, CARCINUS MAENAS (HOMARUS GAMMARUS) WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 16:00 WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 16:15 WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 16:30 WEDNESDAY 11 APRIL 2018 15:45 ROBERT P ELLIS (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, NIA M WHITELEY (BANGOR UNIVERSITY, UNITED WILL DAVISON (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM), COLEEN C SUCKLING (BANGOR KINGDOM), GEORGIE WALKER (UNIVERSITY MATTHEW B SANDERS (CEFAS, UNITED KINGDOM), UNITED KINGDOM), ROD W WILSON (UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY, UNITED KINGDOM), BENJAMIN OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM), ROBERT KELLY S BATEMAN (CEFAS, UNITED KINGDOM), OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM) J CIOTTI (PLYMOUTH UNIVERSITY, UNITED ELLIS (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UNITED ROSE C KERR (CEFAS, UNITED KINGDOM), CRAIG KINGDOM), JAMES BROWN (BANGOR UNIVERSITY, KINGDOM), MAURICIO URBINA (UNIVERSIDAD DE STENTON (CEFAS, UNITED KINGDOM), NICK GH [email protected] UNITED KINGDOM), IAN D MCCARTHY (BANGOR CONCEPCIÓN, CHILE), ROD WILSON (UNIVERSITY TAYLOR (CEFAS, UNITED KINGDOM), GRANT D UNIVERSITY, UNITED KINGDOM), CHRIS HAUTON OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM) STENTIFORD (CEFAS, UNITED KINGDOM) Exponentially rising CO2 is a global concern (UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON, UNITED (currently 400 µatm), driving climate change and KINGDOM), LUIS GIMENEZ (BANGOR UNIVERSITY, [email protected] [email protected] causing acidification of both marine and freshwater UNITED KINGDOM) environments. Physiologists have long known that CO2 Rising atmospheric CO2 causing ocean acidification is Since the industrial revolution, CO2 from anthropogenic directly affects acid-base and ion regulation, respiratory [email protected] projected to negatively impact >50% of benthic marine activity has altered seawater carbonate chemistry. and metabolic function. More recently, many studies invertebrate species by 2100. However, whilst negative These changes will affect species that rely on carbonate have demonstrated that elevated CO2 projected for end Exposure of the edible crab, Cancer pagurus, to near- impacts of rising CO2 levels (hypercapnia) on organismal saturation states to maintain their structures. This of this century (e.g. 800-1,000 µatm) has additional, future elevations in CO2 levels and reduced salinity have growth, feeding, reproduction and behaviour have will impact aquaculture. Ocean acidification (OA) is previously unforeseen, effects on sensory and nervous been used to explore whether this commercial species been increasingly documented over the past decade, known to have adverse effects on the physiology and system functions of fish and invertebrates, negatively can cope with future ocean change. Edible crabs inhabit there is a dearth of research investigating the impact biochemistry of some cultured species. Increasing impacting behaviour, fitness, and survival. Increasing European rocky shores from the low intertidal down of hypercapnia in conjunction with other marine global demand means that by 2030 more than 60% of alongside the human population, rising CO2 levels to 50-100m, and prefer habitats with little variation in stressors. The green shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is global seafood will need to be supplied by aquaculture. not only threaten aquatic ecosystems but also global salinity. Predictions of future reductions in both ocean a keystone organism on rocky shores and estuaries However, there is limited evidence on the likely impacts food security. Elevated CO2 is also synonymous with pH and salinity suggest that this species maybe exposed and has a broad range of environmental tolerances. of OA on diseases. This limits our ability to make intensive aquaculture. The high stocking densities to both changes simultaneously. We exposed juvenile Crabs living in the intertidal zone are periodically informed decisions. This study shows preliminary commonly used in intensive production settings often crabs to four treatments (normal and elevated pCO2; full (tidally) exposed to air and they also voluntarily show results for how changes in pH and temperature can elevate CO2 levels beyond 10,000 µatm. Whilst such strength and dilute seawater) in a fully factorial design, emersion behaviour (i.e. move into air). However, the influence disease profiles in the commercially important conditions are traditionally considered to be isolated for six months. Our studies demonstrated that juvenile physiological triggers of this emersion behaviour are - European lobster; a species targeted for aquaculture. to intensive RAS production and fin fish in particular, we edible crabs were unable to compensate for CO2 induced currently not known. We studied the impact of declining White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a lethal, highly demonstrate adverse carbonate chemistry is perhaps changes in haemolymph pH, but disruptions were less salinity and/or increasing CO2 over a 6 hour period on infectious viral disease normally associated with more symptomatic of aquaculture globally. Highlighting marked in crabs exposed to diluted seawater (salinity the emersion behaviour and acid-base physiology of shrimp farming in Asia. Increasing water temperature the conditions experienced across a range of production = 25). In addition, edible crabs did not engage in active, C. maenas, aiming to elucidate the physiological basis of and acidity resulting from climate change, combined settings, and species, we discuss the importance of energy consuming mechanisms during exposure to this emersion behaviour. We found that falling salinity with the higher stocking densities found in mariculture, understanding carbonate chemistry within aquaculture either elevated CO2, or dilute seawater, because they (from 35 down to 10 PSU), rising CO2 (from 400 up to may facilitate the introduction and spread of the WSSV. ecosystems for optimising production efficiency and were unable to increase Na+ /K+ ATPase activities in 4000 µatm) or their combination, all tended to increase Results from this study indicate that water temperature minimising adverse health outcomes. the gills. On further investigation of the energetic emersion behaviour (by about 2-fold), but this was only remains a major factor influencing WSSV replication repercussions, we were able to demonstrate transient statistically significant for salinity alone below 15 PSU. in vivo. Additional treatments, based on elevated changes in energy budgets caused by both CO2 and Six hours exposure to low salinity alone (7 PSU) caused atmospheric CO2 concentrations, also influenced salinity, due to alterations in carbohydrate and lipid a significant metabolic alkalosis while high CO2 (4000 the replication of WSSV in vivo. Lower pH tended to levels, while protein levels remained unchanged. The µatm) induced a significant respiratory acidosis. When produce higher viral loads in vivo but did not result in a data arising from this study helps to link physiological applied together haemolymph pH was maintained at a concurrent increase in mortality. The results from this capacities to performance in sub-littoral crustacean level analogous to organisms submerged under ambient study suggest that OA could influence the prevalence, species normally buffered from environmental change. control conditions, suggesting an antagonistic action spread and pathogenicity of certain diseases. This could of these two stressors on blood acid-base chemistry. have significant socio-economic impacts and wider repercussions for food security. ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 26 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 27
overall trend may account for 60% of seafood by 2030. Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture Trophic (IMTA) 5 g L-1) and water flow (WF; CF - closed by night flow, A18.37 CO2 AND THE OCEAN: AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ISSUE Aquaculture production (~53%) now comes from the on functional traits of the cultured mussel Mytilus OF - open flow) which both influence CO2 levels, on ON GLOBAL TO LOCAL SCALES FOR ocean’s coasts and estuaries. As a large fraction of galloprovincialis. Experimental data fed the DEB H. scoparia relative growth rate (RGR), productivity and the world’s population inhabits the coastal zones and model to predict the effects of these stressors on life- biofiltration capacity, using 230 L seaweed culture tanks GOVERNMENTS AND SOCIETY these are highly exposed to anthropogenic impacts. history traits contextualised along the Sicilian coasts over a 4-week period. Stocking density significantly However, one of the major changes affecting the (Mediterranean Sea). Main results showed that there affected growth performance being >2-fold higher THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 09:15 oceans is due to the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere was a significant depressing effect of hypercapnia on at the lowest SD (RGR = 5.52±1.84 % day−1), which over the past century. These increased atmospheric functional performances of experimental animals: the translated into a biomass production of 13.28±4.43 g CAROL TURLEY (PLYMOUTH MARINE LABORATORY, CO2 concentrations are absorbed by the ocean, metabolic rates decreased, the assimilation lowered. dw m−2 wk−1, independently of the WF combination UNITED KINGDOM) resulting in changes of the carbonate chemistry A DEB-based sensitivity analysis, performed to test tested. Carbon and nitrogen contents (% dry wt) [email protected] of the seawater (referred as Ocean Acidification). the effect of lower pH (7.5), temperature increase increased during the experiment, indicating nutrient Commercial shellfish species, chiefly bivalves and (up to 2°C – COP21) and IMTA conditions on the storage by H. scoparia. Total ammonium nitrogen was A sustained effort of knowledge exchange by crustaceans are exposed to these changes exhibiting time needed to reach commercial size, showed that found to be the main N source for H. scoparia, with uptake scientists around the world has resulted in a growing different sensitivities. This work has synthesised all low pH resulted in a ~25% longer time to reach the efficiencies around 60% in all treatments and removal understanding by policy makers of the vital and major the available experimental OA evidence for shellfish commercial size. Nevertheless, the negative effect of rates of 3.63±0.47 g m-2 day-1. Overall, H.scoparia may role of the ocean in the Earth system; in absorbing commercial species. The information was then used lower pH was buffered by the increasing temperature be a good candidate species to be cultivated in land- >90% of the heat energy from global warming, to develop adaptation options for the aquaculture and by augmented food density. Results showed that based IMTA systems. The exploitation of this species ~27% of the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and sector under OA effects. The potential adaptation a mechanistic approach can be useful to assess CC using cultivated biomass is possible and seaweed all the water from melting ice. These are resulting options were then evaluated with a socio-ecological effects and to generate quantities to feed aquaculture farmers can now foresee upscaling its production. in rapid change to ocean physics and chemistry questionnaire. The respondents suggested that whilst management strategies under future CC scenarios. with increasingly high risk to ocean ecosystems and OA could a threat there will be other more pressing those dependent on them. This has resulted in major co-stressors. Similarly, more issues associated with decisions to include the ocean and its ecosystems in licensing, meeting market and demand as well as A18.41 IMPACTS OF OCEAN UN goals and agreements for the first time. Here I will seed production could have more detrimental effects A18.40 EFFECTS OF STOCKING ACIDIFICATION ON UNITED STATES discuss some of them and why they are important. over the shorter time-scales for the industry sector. DENSITY AND WATER FLOW ON THE WEST COAST SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE GROWTH AND BIOREMEDIATION EFFICIENCY OF THE SEAWEED THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 11:00 HALOPTERIS SCOPARIA (OCHROPHYTA) A18.38 TRANSLATING OCEAN A18.39 THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE BILL DEWEY (TAYLOR SHELLFISH FARMS, UNITED ACIDIFICATION INTO PRACTICAL CHANGE ON A MUSSEL-BASED THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 10:15 STATES) APPLICATIONS TO SUPPORT INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC RITA F PATARRA (CE3C - CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AQUACULTURE (IMTA): INSIGHTS [email protected] AQUACULTURE AND FOOD EVOLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, SUSTAINABILITY FROM A MECHANISTIC APPROACH UNIVERSITY OF AZORES, PORTUGAL), MARIA The Northwest corner of the United States supports H ABREU (ALGAPLUS PROD. E COMERC. DE a vibrant mollusc culture industry growing a variety THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 09:45 THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 10:00 ALGAS E SEUS DERIVADOS, PORTUGAL), of species with a wide range of culture systems. Much RUI PEREIRA (ALGAPLUS PROD. E COMERC. SILVANA N R BIRCHENOUGH (CEFAS, UNITED ANTONIO GIACOLETTI (UNIVERSITY OF of the stock for the farms is generated by a few large DE ALGAS E SEUS DERIVADOS, PORTUGAL), KINGDOM), CRISTIAN A VARGAS (CENTRO PALERMO, ITALY), MARIA CRISTINA MANGANO privately-owned hatcheries. Seasonal upwelling ALEJANDRO H BUSCHMANN (CENTRO I-MAR CEBIB PARA EL ESTUDIO DE FORZANTES MULTIPLES (UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO, ITALY), GIANLUCA of deep, CO2 -enriched ocean water off the coasts of UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS LAGOS, CHILE), ANA I SOBRE SISTEMAS SOCIO-ECOLOGICOS SARÀ (UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO, ITALY) Washington and Oregon combines with the influence NETO (CE3C - CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY EVOLUTION MARINOS (MUSELS). UNI, CHILE), STEFAN of anthropogenic CO2 emissions to compound changes AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, UNIVERSITY OF GELCICH (CENTRO DE ECOLOGIA APLICADA Y [email protected] AZORES, PORTUGAL) in seawater chemistry. Two of the major hatcheries SUSTENTABILIDAD. FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS A pressing need for a mechanistic approach to predict experienced significant declines in oyster larvae BIOLOGICAS POTIFICA UNIVERSIDA, CHILE) the effects of CC on coastal aquaculture productivity Cultivating algae using nitrogen-rich water effluents production that has been linked to coastal upwelling of is now urgent. Nevertheless, there is not a well- from fish aquaculture have proven to be an alternative these high CO2 , low pH corrosive waters. The impacts [email protected] tested mechanistic framework being able to help to produce these organisms in land-based culture on hatchery production coupled with failures in natural Aquaculture is a key activity to support development stakeholders to spatially-tailor the aquaculture systems. The cultivation potential of Halopteris seed recruitment resulted in serious shortages of goals of food provision for the increasing global management options need to increase the societal scoparia (L.) Sauvageau using seabream effluents in a oyster seed for U.S. West Coast oyster farmers between population. The rise of production has grown steadily economic incomes. By integrating experimental land-based tank systems was investigated for the first 2007 and 2010. Outstanding collaboration between over the past decades, surpassing the rate of global outcomes and a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model time. This species is promising to the seaweed industry industry, academic and government scientists has population growth and being an effective food is now possible to generate that kind of information due to its biological activities (e.g. anti-ageing/anti- resulted in water monitoring and treatment systems production alternative. Aquaculture activities cover increasing the understanding of CC effects on cultured wrinkle) that are already being used in personal care for hatcheries. These systems boost carbonate ion several species, including fish (66.6 million tons/yr), biota. Here, we studied the effects of low pH, increasing products. An orthogonal experimental design was concentrations in hatchery water improving shell algae (23.8 tons/yr) and molluscs (15.1 tons/yr). This temperature and augmented amount of food due to used to test the effect of stocking density (SD; 2 and building capacity. This adaptation measure has ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 28 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 29
restored oyster seed production and given shellfish signal of environmental acidification is evident in the which we expect if the calcification fluid maintains an chemistry of culture water. Importantly total alkalinity growers a temporary workaround for changing ocean structure of the biomineral. Saccostrea glomerata, shows equilibrium with seawater CO2. Rather our data suggests (AT ) was reduced, likely due to calcification by the chemistry. In anticipation of worsening conditions, phenotypic plasticity, as evident in the disruption of that the overlying [CO2 ], available to diffuse into the urchins. Low AT limits the capacity of culture water to the shellfish industry in collaboration with University crystallographic control over biomineralisation in calcification site, is broadly comparable between allpCO 2 buffer against acidification. This study demonstrates scientists is also exploring rearing oysters bred to populations living in coastal acidification sites. Our treatments implying that metabolic activity (respiration the importance of carbonate chemistry and biogenic survive the corrosive conditions and culturing shellfish results indicate that reduced sizes of these oysters for and photosynthesis) generates a similar [CO2 ] in the acidification in inhibiting the productivity of calcifiers in conjunction with seaweed or seagrass to improve commercial sale may be due to the limited capacity of vicinity of the calcification site, regardless of seawater in culture. Furthermore, it highlights the vulnerability water chemistry conditions on their farms. Growers oysters to biomineralise under acidification conditions. pCO2 . Different coral genotypes exhibit significantly of aquaculture to predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 are also speaking out about their experiences hoping As the impact of this catchment source acidification will different relationships between calcification fluid concentrations and acidification of source water, which their story will help policy makers and others who are continue to be exacerbated by climate change with likely DIC chemistry and calcification rate, indicating that are likely to exacerbate changes in carbonate chemistry concerned about the health of our oceans understand the effects on coastal aquaculture in many places across other factors also affect skeletal precipitation. We in culture water due to reduced buffering capacity. Direct consequences of unchecked carbon emissions on them. the globe, management strategies will be required to observe differences in the amino acid compositions of management to counter biogenic acidification will be maintain the sustainable culture of these key resources. the skeletal organic matrix, both between genotypes required to maintain productivity of marine calcifiers. and between pCO2 treatments which may explain this.
A18.42 CLIMATE CHANGE DRIVEN SULPHATE SOIL A18.43 UNDERSTANDING THE A18.45 IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION IMPACTS OYSTER RESPONSE OF BIOMINERALISATION A18.44 BIOGENIC ACIDIFICATION ACIDIFICATION ON THE EARLY LIFE- SHELL MINERAL STRUCTURE TO RISING SEAWATER pCO2 REDUCES SEA URCHIN GONAD HISTORY STAGES OF THE EUROPEAN GROWTH AND INCREASES THE ABALONE (HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA) THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 11:30 THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 11:45 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AQUACULTURE TO OCEAN ACIDIFICATION THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 12:15 SUSAN C FITZER (UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING, NICOLA ALLISON (UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS, STÉPHANIE AUZOUX-BORDENAVE (SORBONNE UNITED KINGDOM), SERGIO TORRES GABARDA UNITED KINGDOM), CATHERINE COLE (UNIVERSITY THURSDAY 12 APRIL 2018 12:00 UNIVERSITÉ, FRANCE), NATHALIE WESSEL (UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA), LUKE OF ST. ANDREWS, UNITED KINGDOM), CHRIS HINTZ (IFREMER, FRANCE), SOPHIE MARTIN (CNRS DALY (UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, UNITED (SAVANNAH STATE UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES), BENJAMIN MOS (NATIONAL MARINE SCIENCE STATION BIOLOGIQUE DE ROSCOFF, FRANCE), KINGDOM), BRIAN HUGHES (HUNTER LOCAL KENNETH HINTZ (GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, CENTRE SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY, PHILIPPE DUBOIS (UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE LAND SERVICES, AUSTRALIA), MICHAEL DOVE UNITED STATES), KIRSTY PENKMAN (UNIVERSITY AUSTRALIA), MARIA BYRNE (NATIONAL MARINE BRUXELLES, BELGIUM), AÏCHA BADOU (MUSEUM (NEW SOUTH WALES DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY OF YORK, UNITED KINGDOM), ROLAND KROGER SCIENCE CENTRE SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY, NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE (MNHN), INDUSTRIES, AUSTRALIA), WAYNE O’CONNOR (UNIVERSITY OF YORK, UNITED KINGDOM), AUSTRALIA), SYMON A DWORJANYN (NATIONAL FRANCE), CHRISTINE PAILLARD (CNRS (NEW SOUTH WALES DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY DAVID EVANS (UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS, MARINE SCIENCE CENTRE SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITÃÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE (UBO), INDUSTRIES, AUSTRALIA), MARIA BYRNE UNITED KINGDOM), JAMES RAE (UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA) FRANCE), SYLVAIN HUCHETTE (ECLOSERIE (UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA) ST. ANDREWS, UNITED KINGDOM), ADRIAN FINCH [email protected] FRANCE-HALIOTIS, FRANCE) (UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS, UNITED KINGDOM) [email protected] Changes in the uptake of CO2 by oceans (ocean [email protected] Ocean acidification is occurring globally through [email protected] acidification) has emphasised the importance increasing CO2 absorption into the oceans creating of seawater carbonate chemistry on growth of Ocean acidification is a major global stressor that leads particular concern for calcifying species. In addition We investigated the effect of seawater pCO2 (180, calcifying organisms. However, calcifiers can also to substantial changes in seawater carbonate chemistry, to ocean acidification, near shore marine habitats 400 and 750 μatm) on biomineralisation in different alter carbonate chemistry through respiration and with potential significant consequences for calcifying are exposed to the deleterious effects of runoff of acid genotypes of the massive tropical zooxanthellate coral calcification, a potential limitation for the aquaculture organisms. Marine shelled molluscs are ecologically sulphate soils which also decreases environmental Porites spp. We used skeletal boron geochemistry to of these organisms. This study examined how seawater and economically important species providing essential pH. This coastal acidification is being exacerbated by infer the pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of exchange rate and density of the sea urchin Tripneustes ecosystem services and food sources. Because they climate change driven sea-level rise and catchment- the coral fluid used for calcification. Corals actively gratilla affected carbonate chemistry of their culture use calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to produce shells, driven flooding. In response to reduction in habitat pH increase the pH of the calcification fluid above that of water and in turn drove variation in growth and gonad molluscs are among the most vulnerable invertebrates 2- by ocean and coastal acidification molluscs are predicted seawater, shifting the DIC equilibrium in favour of CO3 production. Growth, relative spine length, gonad to ocean acidification, with early developmental to produce thinner shells of lower structural integrity at the expense of CO2 and HCO3 - . This creates a gradient production and consumption rates were reduced by up stages being particularly sensitive to pH change. The -2 and reduced mechanical properties threatening favouring the diffusion of CO2 from the surroundings to 67% by increased density (9 to 43 individuals.m ) European abalone Haliotis tuberculata is a commercially mollusc aquaculture. Here we present the first study to into the fluid and serves as a mechanism to concentrate and reduced exchange rates (3.0 to 0.3 exchanges.hr-1), important gastropod species for which the whole life examine oyster biomineralisation under sulphate soil DIC for biomineralisation. Calcification fluid pH was but survival and food conversion efficiency were cycle is controlled in aquaculture. Early development acidification in a region where growth of commercial generally lower in corals cultured at high seawater pCO2. unaffected. Analysis of the influence of seawater and shell formation have been extensively studied 2- bivalve species has declined in recent decades. These low calcification fluid pH corals had low fluid 3[CO parameters indicated that reduced pH and calcite in H. tuberculata, showing that the primary shell is Examination of the crystallography of the shells of the ] and [HCO3 - ], the DIC species implicated in aragonite saturation state were the primary factors limiting mostly composed of amorphous CaCO3, followed by Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, by electron precipitation, and, usually, low calcification rates. We do gonad production and growth. Uptake of bicarbonate a gradually crystallization under aragonite. Since back scatter diffraction analyses revealed that the not observe the large variations in [co-precipitating DIC] and release of CO2 by T. gratilla changed the carbonate aragonite is more susceptible to dissolution compared ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS 30 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM POSTER ABSTRACTS 31 to calcite, the abalone shell provides a relevant model POSTER SESSION to study the impact of ocean acidification. Larval and juveniles abalones obtained from controlled fertilization held at the hatchery France-Haliotis were TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 submitted to a range of decreased pHs (8.1 to 7.6) over the development cycle. Biological responses were evaluated by measuring survival, development, growth index and shell calcification. Polarized and SEM microscopy were used to assess whether lowering the pH had an influence on shell morphology and microstructure. Our results A18.46 CO2 EXPOSURE IN LARVAL A18.47 EVIDENCE OF ALTERED evidenced that ocean acidification negatively impacted ZEBRAFISH: A PAINFUL ISSUE? BEHAVIOUR AND REDUCED abalone development and disrupted the shell formation SURVIVAL IN NASSARIUS process. Since these biological effects were observed TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 RETICULATUS (L.) VELIGERS for pH values expected by 2100, ocean acidification EXPOSED TO MARINE CLIMATE may have potential negative consequences for larval LYNNE U SNEDDON (UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL, recruitment and population persistence in a near future. CHANGE PROJECTED SCENARIOS UNITED KINGDOM) TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 [email protected] SUSANA GALANTE-OLIVEIRA (BIOLOGY Fish are known to respond to a wide range of irritant DEPARTMENT CESAM, UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, chemicals, displaying clear behavioural changes PORTUGAL), FILIPE LARANJEIRO (BIOLOGY after exposure to potentially noxious stimuli. Recent DEPARTMENT CESAM, UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, evidence shows that these noxious agents can have an PORTUGAL), ISABEL B OLIVEIRA (BIOLOGY impact on the behaviour of larval forms of zebrafish. DEPARTMENT CESAM UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, However, very little information is available on the PORTUGAL), JOANA G FONSECA (BIOLOGY effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) on larval zebrafish. DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, In adult fish, topical application of CO2 preparations PORTUGAL), DANIELA B FREITAS (BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, such as CO2 infused water and soda water activates nociceptors. Stimulation of nociceptors gives rise to PORTUGAL), INÊS DOMINGUES (BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT CESAM UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, the sensation of pain in mammals. To determine if CO2 PORTUGAL), RUI J M ROCHA (BIOLOGY exposure is nociceptive in larval fish, five days post- DEPARTMENT CESAM, UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, fertilisation zebrafish were exposed to a preparation PORTUGAL), CARLOS BARROSO (BIOLOGY containing CO2 (10% soda water, 7.53 mmol/l CO2 ) DEPARTMENT CESAM, UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, for 10 minutes and the behavioural response of the PORTUGAL) fish (percentage time spent active) recorded. If CO2 is nociceptive, administering drugs with analgesic [email protected] properties should prevent any behavioural change. Commonly used pain-relieving drugs, aspirin, Ubiquitous in intertidal coastal communities of the lidocaine, morphine and flunixin, were tested via NE Atlantic, Nassarius reticulatus perpetuation relies immersion. Zebrafish larvae exhibited a significant also on the fitness of planktonic early life stages, reduction in activity (18.9%) after exposure to soda whose sensitivity to the climatic change projected water, whereas lidocaine at 5 mg/l and morphine at for a near-future is unknown. To assess the impact 48 mg/l ameliorated this response (activity reduced by of the concurrent “acidification” and “warming” in only 0.1 and 0.8%, respectively). These results show their swimming ability and survival, nearly-hatched for the first time that CO2 induced behavioural effects veligers obtained in the NW Portuguese coast were on larval zebrafish can be reduced using analgesics exposed for 14 days to climate change simulated providing evidence for the nociceptive properties of scenarios resulting from 4 temperature (T) levels –16, CO2. These findings have implications for the use of 18, 20, 22°C– and 2 pCO2 levels –ambient, targeting high concentrations of CO2 as an agent for anaesthesia, seawater pH≈8.1, ≈750 µatm targeting pH≈7.8– stunning or euthanasia in the welfare of captive fishes. considering reference conditions at the sampling site during the spawning season (16-20°C, pH≈8.1) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections (+0.2°C/decade, -0.3 units in seawater pH) for the year 2100. The developmental stage and ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM POSTER ABSTRACTS 32 ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM POSTER ABSTRACTS 33
mortality were assessed after 2 (D2), 8 (D8) and 14 commercial and recreational fish species off levels and impacts upon animal behaviour all of which A18.51 DIRECT PCO2 MEASUREMENTS (D14) days, and the activity and distance travelled the coast of New Zealand. To test the combines implies significant effects of pH stress upon the worms. ® IN THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE by veligers at D14 , by analysing Zebrabox video effects of ocean acidification and warming, larval AGASTRIC GOLDFISH recordings. Larvae at 16°C-treatments returned kingfish were raised from egg stage to 21 days high signal interference and could not be analysed. post hatch under control (21°C) and elevated Except for development, constrained only by T and (25°C) temperatures and control (450uatm) and A18.50 SEAWATER pH TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 significantly accelerated at 22ºC, data revealed a elevated (1000uatm) CO2 concentrations in a full IMPACTS RESPONSES TO MARINE JUNHO EOM (UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, synergic effect of T and pCO2 as follows: mortality factorial design. The condition and health of the INFO CHEMICALS CANADA), CHRIS M WOOD (UNIVERSITY OF increased with acidification and warming, reaching larvae were evaluated through histological section BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA) >90% at D14 under pH 7.8 and T ≥20°C; surviving of internal organs, as well as eyes, gills and fins. TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 veligers showed reduced activity and travelled distance [email protected] under pH 7.8 and T ≥20°C. This work demonstrates JORG D HARDEGE (UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UNITED KINGDOM), NICHOLA FLETCHER (HULL drastic consequences of near-term acidification High partial pressures of CO2 are known to occur and warming projected scenarios on N. reticulatus A18.49 THE EFFECTS OF LOW UNIVERSITY, UNITED KINGDOM), CHRISTINA C in the digestive tracts of mammals, due to bacterial ROGGATZ (HULL UNIVERSITY, UNITED KINGDOM), veligers’ competence and, thus, the eminent threat that SEAWATER pH ON GENE EXPRESSION OF metabolism and the neutralization of gastric H+ JOHN A TERSCHAK (HOLDERNESS COAST FISHING these phenomena represent to this species survival. THE CLAM WORM NEREIS SUCCINEA secretion by HCO3- from the pancreas and liver, and by INDUSTRY GROUP, UNITED KINGDOM), HELGA basic components of the meal. Does the same occur in D BARTELS-HARDEGE (HULL UNIVERSITY, TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 UNITED KINGDOM) fish? By applying the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to published numbers for pH and HCO3- levels in the COMBINED EFFECTS OF OCEAN NOHA H ALSHEIKH (UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UNITED chyme of terminally sacrificed fish, very high PCO2 A18.48 [email protected] ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING ON KINGDOM), JOERG D HARDEGE (UNIVERSITY OF levels can be calculated (1-12%). However, direct ORGAN HEALTH IN LARVAL KINGFISH HULL, UNITED KINGDOM) Chemical signals coordinate marine animal behaviour, PCO2 measurements have never been made in the but little is known on how these are affected by human gastro-intestinal tracts of live fish. The goldfish is of [email protected] TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 activities. High CO2 concentrations absorbed from the interest as it is agastric and does not secrete HCl. Using atmosphere leads to reduced seawater pH, a process prototype needle-tip optical PCO2 sensors (PreSens, The rising levels of atmospheric CO2 in the recent ANDREA Y FROMMEL (UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH termed ocean acidification. Disruption of behaviour Regensburg, Germany), PCO2 was directly measured decades has caused a drastic increase in oceanic carbon COLUMBIA, CANADA), BRIDIE J M ALLAN including feeding, predator – prey interactions, larval from anterior intestine (2.36 ± 0.53%), mid intestine dioxide levels and led to a significant reduction in the (AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL CENTRE OF settlement or mating potentially have dramatic (1.91 ± 0.27%), and posterior intestine (2.17 ± 0.46%) EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF STUDIES, JAMES ocean water pH values because water absorbs the CO2 effects threatening important aquaculture species. of live, recently fed goldfish. These PCO2 values in and forms carbonic acid, causing an increase in H+ ions COOK UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA), DAVID E We provide an overview of studies that demonstrate the chyme were higher than in the peritoneal cavity thus reducing pH values. This decrease in pH affects MCQUEEN (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND impacts of seawater pH at neural, signal detection and (1.43 ± 0.34%) or arterial blood (0.57± 0.18%). After ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH NORTHLAND MARINE the oceans’ ecosystems and poses the need for marine signal response level. Using synthetic pheromones ~ 13 days starvation, PCO2 values tended to be lower RESEARCH CENTRE, NEW ZEALAND), SIMON NICOL life to adapt to increasing acidity, phenotypically or and feeding stimulants we examined responses when (1.36 – 1.75%) in all three intestinal compartments, (INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED ECOLOGY, UNIVERSITY genotypically in order to counter the negative effects individuals are exposed to pH levels expected for 2100. but none of the differences were significant. These data OF CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA), DARREN M PARSONS on their physiology. The changes may be phenotypic Based on the acid dissociation constants (pKa) of will be compared with comparable measurements from (INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE UNIVERSITY for short-term acclimation or genotypic for long-term chemical cues we tested the theory that pH directly the gastro-intestinal tract of HCl-secreting rainbow OF AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND), STEPHEN M J adaptation. This study investigated the effects of ocean affects signalling compounds in the environment. For trout. We conclude that even in the absence of gastric PETHER (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND acidity on polychaetes (Nereis family). This study aims signal detection, ligands need docking to receptor sites, HCl secretion, elevated PCO2 levels can occur in ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH NORTHLAND MARINE to examine whether (Nereis succinea) show differences in low pH excessive hydrogen ions shift the equilibrium the digestive tracts of fish. (NSERC Discovery, RESEARCH CENTRE, NEW ZEALAND), STEPHEN in the expression of various metabolites and genes POPE (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND towards the protonation of the signals. The extent of PreSens GmbH). when challenged by low pH and high carbon-dioxide. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH NORTHLAND MARINE which depends primarily on the cue’s pKa. A reduction In addition, worms obtained from different populations RESEARCH CENTRE, NEW ZEALAND), ALVIN N in pH of ~0.4 i.e. reduces signal strength by 19.7% for should potentially show adaptive differences in SETIAWAN (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND the female sex pheromone UDP in shore crabs reducing pH tolerance that are manifested also in terms of ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH NORTHLAND MARINE signal bioavailability. Feeding stimulants including behaviour and physiology. The worms were collected RESEARCH CENTRE, NEW ZEALAND), NEVILLE amino acids and small peptides are also impacted. We from at Cardiff Bay (United Kingdom) and individuals SMITH (OCEANIC FISHERIES PROGRAMME PACIFIC show evidence for signal disruption through structural were exposed to low pH value environments in the COMMUNITY, NEW CALEDONIA), PHILIP L MUNDAY changes of cues, reduced and changed detection by laboratory for short time (one day-one week) and (AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL CENTRE OF the organisms, and altered behavioural responses. We long-term durations (3 months), and compared to a EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF STUDIES, JAMES conclude that signal disruption associated with ocean COOK UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA) control group that was kept in normal pH environment acidification is likely to become a threat to marine and samples stored and utilised for gene expression aquaculture impacting upon an organism’s fitness. [email protected] analysis. Data show up/down-regulation of gene Studies are needed to evaluate marine organisms’ expression pattern, differences between short and ability to acclimatise and adapt to this threat. Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) are an important long term stress effects, changes in enzyme activity ANIMAL SECTION SYMPOSIUM POSTER ABSTRACTS 34 AUTHOR INDEX 35
A18.52 REDUCED SALINITY AFFECTS A18.53 ARE THERE CONFLICTING AUTHOR INDEX THE CAPACITY OF JUVENILE EUROPEAN ACID-BASE IMPACTS OF FEEDING SEA BASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX) AND LIVING IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD? TO DEAL WITH ADDITIONAL STRESS ALKALINE TIDE V. COMPENSATED RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS Allison, N A18.43 Lefevre, S A18.2 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 TUESDAY 10 APRIL 2018 Alsheikh, N H A18.49 Mirasole, A A18.31 GUDRUN DE BOECK (UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP, WILL DAVISON (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, BELGIUM), JYOTSNA SHRIVASTAVA (UNIVERSITY Auzoux-Bordenave, S A18.45 Monroe, A A A18.11 UNITED KINGDOM), ROB ELLIS (UNIVERSITY OF OF ANTWERP, BELGIUM), WARREN CANEOS EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM), GEORGIA HAYLLAR (FREE UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM), Bass, D Mos, B (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM), A18.32 A18.44 MOSES NDUGWA (GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM), MARTIN TRESGUERRES (SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF AMIT KUMAR SINHA (UNIVERSITY OF OCEANOGRAPHY, UNITED STATES), ROD WILSON Bayley, M A18.26 Munday, P A18.10 ANTWERP, BELGIUM) (UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UNITED KINGDOM) Birchenough, S N R A18.38 Nilsen, T O A18.20 [email protected] With the rapid growth of aquaculture in the last forty years and the need for even greater future growth, it Brauner, C J A18.24 Nilsson, G E A18.14 European sea bass is a euryhaline teleost, is widely is becoming increasingly important to optimize the distributed throughout the estuaries and open oceans conditions found within aquaculture for maximising Clemmesen, C M A18.8 Patarra, R F A18.40 of Europe and is extensively used for aquaculture. They productivity and improving sustainability. The high migrate seasonally between the open sea and estuarine stocking densities within farms leads to elevated Davison, W A18.36, 53 Paula, J R A18.15 environments, thus they are often challenged with carbon dioxide levels, which are vastly higher than in osmotic stress. Previous research showed that at low the wild. Acute exposure to elevated environmental De Boeck, G A18.52 Porteus, C S A18.29 salinities, sea bass are experiencing difficulties to CO2 (hypercarbia) leads to blood acidosis that is maintain homeostasis and any additional stress such compensated by excreting excess acid to the water and Dewey, B A18.41 Ravasi, T A18.3 as reduced food intake or ammonia exposure resulted accumulating bicarbonate in blood to restore normal in disturbed ion balance and oxidative stress. Plasma pH; known as “compensated respiratory acidosis”. Dupont, S A18.5 Roggatz, C C A18.30 pH was reduced at lower salinities, and plasma Cl levels However, environmental hypercarbia is not the only were increased. This was accompanied by an increase acid-base disturbance experienced by farmed fish. Ellis, R P A18.34 Rummer, J L A18.18 in Na+ /K + -ATPase expression and activity, activation High feeding rates lead to pronounced blood alkalosis of H + -ATPase and down-regulation of Na+ /K + /2Cl− (the “alkaline tide”), which should add to the already Eom, J A18.51 Russell, B D A18.33 gene expression. In fasted fish, increased lactate elevated blood bicarbonate levels as a consequence of and Cl levels indicate that fish switch to anaerobic living in a permanently high CO2 world. We hypothesise Faria, A M A18.6 Sanders, M B A18.33 metabolism more easily at lower salinities. Overall, this this creates a conflict in terms of acid-base regulation indicates that several players in acid-base regulation – the need to actively retain bicarbonate whilst living Fitzer, S C A18.42 Scanes, E A18.17 are affected by low salinity as well. Therefore, the effect in hypercarbia, and actively excrete bicarbonate while of increased environmental pCO was examined in 2 recovering from the post-feeding alkaline tide. Our Fivelstad, S A18.22 Smith, K E A18.7 juvenile sea bass at 32, 10 and 2.5 ppt. research is assessing how simultaneous environmental hypercarbia and feeding impact transcriptional, Frommel, A Y A18.48 Sneddon, L U A18.46 digestive and physiological responses, in particular acid-base regulation and oxygen binding and delivery Galante-Oliveira, S A18.47 Spady, B L A18.12 by red blood cells, at a time when metabolic demand is elevated by Specific Dynamic Action (SDA or energetic Giacoletti, A A18.39 Stiller, K T A18.21 cost of digestion). Good, C A18.19 Suski, C D A18.28
Hardege, J D A18.50 Turley, C A18.37
Harley, C A18.1 Whiteley, N M A18.35
Jarrold, M A18.13 Wilson, R W A18.23
Jutfelt, F A18.16 Wood, C M A18.27 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
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