Narkokarteli U Kolumbiji

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Narkokarteli U Kolumbiji David Magdić Narkokarteli u Kolumbiji Autor uz uvodni dio rada donosi retrospektivu kolumbijske povijesti grosso modo od kolonijalizma do kraja Hladnog rata zbog njezine površne i marginalizirane kao i aktivnosti u kontekstu narkotrgovine, podrobnije istraženosti. Nadalje, razmatra se kriminalna objašnjavati. narkoorganizacija na čelu s narkokartelima s naglaskom na terorizam,U članku trgovanje III-172 ljudima Europskog i seksualno ustava iz iskorištavanjesrpnja 2003. razvoj dvaju najvećih kolumbijskih narkokartela i genezom ženapojam i djece,organizirani ilegalno kriminal trgovanje poistovjećuje drogom, ilegalno se s terminima trgovanje kolumbijskih krvavih puteva droge od Hladnog rata do oružjem, pranje novac, korupcija, kompjuterski kriminal. današnjih dana. Analiziraju se putevi i relacije transporta ilegalne trgovine drogom te se navode stupnjevi stvaranja narkodržave i dinamika operacija narkokartela disperzijom (NajznačajnijiJedinstvena dokumentkonvencija globalnogo opojnim razmjera drogama za sprječavanje mreža krijumčarenja droge na ilegalnim tržištima. Konvencijatrgovine drogom protiv svakakonedozvoljenog je konvencija prometa Ujedinjenih opojnim drogama naroda i psihotropnih tvarima iz 1961. te Drug Enforcement Administration), iz 1988. godine). U SAD-u najvažnije Jedna od najprofitabilnijih kriminalnih djelatnosti tijelo za borbu protiv korupcije, DEA ( u suvremenom svijetu neprijeporno je trgovanje drogom, nerijetko održava kontakte s agencijama koje je uglavnom ilegalno. Takve organizacije usko surađuju drugih država kako bi bili umreženi i što učinkovitiji te im sa sličnim grupacijama ili mafijaškim organizacijama, vrlo olakša rješavanje pojedinih slučajeva. često i s vladom te policijom kako bi ostvarili lakšu trgovinu, Paradoksalno je da postoje države čiji temelji transport i prodaju droge. Kolumbijska se mafija rađa se bruto društvenog proizvoda počivaju na ilegalnoj trgovini još 60-ih godina kada su prvi trgovci otpočeli operacije na drogom, a koja je zapravo posljedica nešto višeg standarda malo, a nakon procvata ilegalne trgovine drogom operacije stanovništva. Ne treba posebno naglašavati da ti temelji ni se povećavaju, kao i prihodi od njih. po čemu nisu osnovani, čak su i nezdravi. (Savić, 2015: 85) Razdoblje Hladnog rata bilo je plodno tlo za Afganistan je pravi primjer takve države gdje se proizvodi udruživanje snaga radikalnih političkih i kulturnih 90% opijumskog maka u svijetu, ali i Kolumbija koja je nacionalizama u kontekstu kriminala ili ilegalnog djelovanja proizvođač 40-60% ukupno proizvedenog kokaina u svijetu. institucija države čijom se sinergijom povećavala mogućnost Kolumbija – između kolonijalizma unutardržavnih i međunarodnih sukoba. Završetkom i Hladnog rata Hladnog rata i pojavom liberalnog kapitalizma, odnosno neoliberalizma, a rezultatom rastuće svjetske ekonomske suradnje i globalizaciji financijskog dijela gospodarstva Latinska Amerika jedna je od najvećih, ali i postavljeni su temelji za disperziju organiziranog kriminala najintrigantnijih i najdinamičnijih regija svijeta, regija koja i korumpiranost vladajućih vrhuški. Bilo koje tijelo vlasti ili je svijetu podarila izuzetno važan civilizacijski i kulturni pojedinac u društvuSinaloa mogu bilo kada postati korumpirani. impuls. Unatoč izjavi Howarda Wiarda, istraživača kulture Jedan od najvećih kartela u svijetu, a najveći u i politike Latinske Amerike koji smatra da je ta regija Meksiku, kartel , u suradnji s ostalima u državi „živi laboratorij društvenih i političkih promjena“, njoj opskrbljuje Sjedinjene Američke Države 70-postotnim se ne pridaje veliko značenje u smislu proučavanja i/ udjelom u ukupno potrošenoj marihuani, a sudjeluju i u ili istraživanja, osim na studijima španjolskog, povijesti krijumčarenju 50% kolumbijskog kokaina koji se konzumira i geografije, i to nerijetko samo uzgred. Usprkos njezinoj na području SAD-a. (Savić, 2015: 54-55) Kolumbijski karteli marginalizaciji, ta regija i danas privlači turiste cijeloga bave se proizvodnjom opojnih droga, najčešće kokaina svijeta što zbog materijalnih ostataka Maja, Inka i Azteka, koji krijumčareMedellín na tržišta i Calidrogom, većinom u Meksiko i što zbog glazbe, plesa i popularne kulture. Jedna je od Sjedinjene 1Američke Države. Najpoznatiji su kolumbijski najproblematičnijih država Latinske Amerike Kolumbija, narkokarteli , prozvani po istoimenim koju analitičari određuju kao „ograničenu“, „oligarhijsku“, gradovima , a na sljedećim stranicama njihova će se uloga, „gotovo poliarhiju“, zemlju u tranzicijskoj promjeni, dok ju visoki dužnosnici SAD-a nazivaju narkodemokracijom, 1 Medellín je drugi po veličini grad u Kolumbiji, dok je Cali najveće urbano i ekonomsko središte jugozapadne pacifičke obale, političkim sustavom koji prožima ilegalna trgovina drogom glavni grad salse, ali i nakon Bogote i Medelina, treći grad po i bogatstvo utjecaja narkokartela (Kos Stanišić, 2009: 210- veličini i broju populacije. 211). Njezin pravni sustav karakteriziraju potkupljivost BROJ 8, 2016. 109 i korupcija najviših institucija vlasti, neprocesuirani se kao gerilski pokret, a Marulanda je pokrenuo agendu zločini, a državu anarhija, lupeštvo te kriminal na koja počiva na marksističko-lenjinističkim4. temeljima te najvećim stupnjevima njihove pojavnosti. Postajući sudjeluje u distribuciji drogom i uz kolumbijsku je vladu neovisnom državom, odnosno izdvajanjem od Velike upleten u najdulji građanski rat na svijetu Kolumbije (Kolumbija, Venezuela i Ekvador) 1830. godine, Kartel Medellin promijenila je ime u Novu Granadu. Tijekom 19. stoljeća Kolumbija se suočavala s mnoštvom građanskih ratova 5 i unutarstranačkih sukoba za političku moć. Ekstremni Otprilike 4% svjetske populacije konzumiralo je liberali 1863. godine proglasili su novi ustav kojim je kokain u različitim oblicima . To bi značilo da je 300,000 Kolumbija postala federacija. Godine 1886. proglašen ljudi barem jedanput došlo u dodir s tim najjačim je novi ustav od strane konzervativca Rafaela Nuneza, stimulansom na svijetu. Više od polovice toga kokaina za čije su administracije uvedene inovacije u vojsci, a došlo je iz Kolumbije, države koja je najveći proizvođač katoličanstvo je proglašenoRatom 1000 službenom dana2 vjerom. Liberali su lista koke u svijetu. Geneza narkokartela u Kolumbiji nakon Nunezove hegemonije 1899. godine podigli pobunu započinje s medellínskim kartelom koji se etablirao kao koja je eskalirala koji je skupo plaćen najpoznatiji i najveći narkokartel u državi, a osnovan životima oko 100 000 ljudi. Lijevi liberal Alfonso Pumarejo je u grotlu Hladnog rata ranih 1970-ih godina. To je bila pobijedio je na predsjedničkim izborimaRevolucija 1934. marša godine,3. a profesionalna kriminalna narkoorganizacija s udruženjem njegov mandat obilježila je primjena reformskih pokreta u mafijaških obitelji koja je uspješno izvodila narkooperacije kolumbijskom društvu nazvanih La Violencia. 70-ih i 80-ih godina te prethodno distribuiranu drogu Poslijeratno doba Kolumbije obilježava represivno krijumčarila u države Latinske Amerike, SAD, ali i i nasilničko ozračje poznato pod nazivom Europu. Kolaboracija braće Ochoa Vázquez s Joséom Riječ je o razdoblju vladavine Laureana Gomeza, koji Gonzalom Rodriguezom Gachom i s prvim kriminalnom je u trogodišnjem mandatu (1950.-1953.) preobrazio milijarderom, „kokainskim kraljem“ Pablom Escobarom, Kolumbiju u retrospektivnu viziju feudalno-anarhičneLa Violencie zaslužna je za osnivanje kartela Medellín, kartela koji države ranog novog vijeka u kojoj bijesne sukobi među će prokrijumčariti tone kokaina i razviti distributivne seljacima, vojskom i gerilom. U razdoblju mreže diljem Latinske Amerike, ali i SAD-a, i to u količini poginula je otprilike četvrtina milijuna ljudi, a vladavina podod oko modusom 90% za operandijemtržište SAD-a i 80% ukupnog svjetskog Nacionalne fronte predvođena predsjednikom Llerasom tržišta kokaina. Kartel Medellín izvršavao je operacije umjesto da je sklopila konsenzus, produbila je i povećala kokainskog kralja, Pablom ionako zamršenu političku i društvenu krizu. Osamdesete Escobarom, prvim milijarderdom u svijetu kriminala. su godine ipak bile najdinamičnije godine kolumbijske Pablo je rođen u Rionegru u Kolumbiji i nakon nezavršenog vlade koja se suočavala sa sve težom gospodarskom krizom studija već u ranoj dobi upadao je često u loša društva, a i nestašicom te inflacijom, a jedina gospodarska grana koja posao i kriminalne aktivnosti započeo je preprodajom je dala rezultata bila je trgovina drogom i kavom, i to njihov cigareta i automobila te krađom nadgrobnih spomenika uzgoj i prodaja. Narkokapitalizam bio je tako plodonosna koje je nakon brušenja prodavao kao nove. Prije svojeg gospodarska grana koja je panaceja kolumbijskomde brutofacto, unosnog kokainskog posla, uvidio je da se podmićivanjem društvenom proizvodu, ali koja je ujedno i poticala sve može pa se odlučio na pokretanje narkobiznisa kriminal, sivu ekonomiju i crna tržišta. Sve do, osnivanjem narkokartela Medellín. Vrlo brzo postao je kult, današnjih dana Kolumbija će biti nestabilna država, ali s ozloglašenim namjerama i prometnuo se u izazivača prožeta unosnim ilegalnim trgovinama drogom, okrutnom vlade s kojom je pokrenuo prljavi rat. Svakodnevno je vladavinom narkošefova, ali i povezanosti države i policije prakticirao nasilja i ubojstva za izražavanje svoje moći s narkomafijom, kao i njihovim obračunima. KaoFuerzas takva i moći svojeg narkokartela, ali i za održavanje prodaje. Armadaspostat će zemljaRevolucionarias s najvišom de stopom Colombia kriminaliteta u Južnoj Americi. Pod
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