Research Article Mediterranean Marine Science Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) and SCOPUS The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.404

Biogeographical homogeneity in the eastern - I: the opisthobranchs (: ) from Lebanon F. CROCETTA1, H. ZIBROWIUS2, G. BITAR3, J. TEMPLADO4 and M. OLIVERIO5

1 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, I-80121, Napoli, 2 Le Corbusier 644, 280 Boulevard Michelet, 13008 Marseille, France 3 Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Hadath, Lebanon 4 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 , Spain 5 Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, University of “La Sapienza”,Viale dell’Università 32, I-00185 Roma, Italy Corresponding author: [email protected] Handling Editor: Argyro Zenetos

Received: 23 March 2013; Accepted: 29 May 2013; Published on line: 2 July 2013

Abstract

A review of opisthobranch from Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean Sea), based on literature records (scattered through- out various papers published over a period of more than 150 years) and recently collected material (1999-2002 within the CEDRE framework and other samples), is presented, yielding a total number of 35 taxa identified to species level. Special emphasis has been placed on alien species, for which scattered notes are also given. The known opisthobranch biota is composed of 22 native (~ 63%), 12 alien (~ 34%) and one cryptogenic (~ 3%) taxa. Eleven of these ( aurantiaca, Berthella ocellata, fasciata, Felimare picta, Felimida britoi, Felimida luteorosea, Felimida purpurea, Phyllidia flava, Dendrodoris grandiflora, Den- drodoris limbata and alderi) constitute new records for the Lebanese fauna, whilst the examined material of a further seven species (Elysia grandifolia, forskalii, Aplysia dactylomela, Bursatella leachii, Syphonota geographica, Goniobranchus annulatus, Flabellina rubrolineata), anecdotally cited from Lebanon on the basis of the samples studied here, is explained for the first time. One additional taxon belonging to the genusHaminoea has been identified to genus level only.

Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon, Mollusca, , alien species, cryptogenic species.

Introduction Among them, opisthobranchs are a diverse group of special- ized gastropod molluscs and important components of ben- During the last decades, due mostly to the opening of the thic marine ecosystems, exhibiting a wide range of food and Suez Canal, aquaculture and ship transport, hundreds of alien defensive strategies (Cervera et al., 2004). To date, more species have established themselves in the Mediterranean Sea than 500 species of opisthobranchs are listed as recorded (Galil, 2009; Zenetos et al., 2012). To date, the bulk of the from the Mediterranean Sea (Gosliner et al., 2008; Temp- introduced organisms in the basin (> 70%) are thermophilic lado & Villanueva in Coll et al., 2010), of which ~ 30 spe- species of Indo-Pacific origin, coming from the ei- cies are exotic. Despite the Mediterranean molluscan fauna ther stepwise through the Suez Canal (“Lessepsian migration” being commonly considered as the best known in the world in the most restricted sense) or as one-jump larvae or adults (Oliverio, 2003), our general knowledge of the Levantine (Gofas & Zenetos, 2003). Mostly confined to the easternmost area still remains considerably poor due to lack of recent Levantine shores for decades, several Erythrean species are comprehensive studies, especially on opisthobranchs, and currently spreading further to its western and northern parts, most of the current knowledge on the opisthobranch fauna encouraged by the general warming of the Mediterranean Sea of the Levant Sea originates from very sparse records. A (Occhipinti-Ambrogi, 2007). comprehensive list of the opisthobranchs from Lebanon is The number of alien species invading the Mediterra- currently missing, and data on distribution, and nean Sea is now continuously increasing, particularly in the ecology are scattered throughout various papers published eastern basin. After the first general review published by over a period of more than 150 years. In fact, with the ex- Zibrowius (1992), a growing literature on the subject has ception of a few papers from the early XIX and XX centu- been published in recent years (e.g.: Galil, 2009; Zenetos et ries (e.g. Puton, 1856; Pallary, 1912, 1919, 1938; Gruvel & al., 2012). Molluscs are one of the major groups in the ma- Moazzo, 1929; Moazzo, 1931), during the last eighty years rine fauna worldwide and the first contributors to the alien hardly a dozen papers, notes, abstracts and non peer-re- fauna in the Mediterranean Sea (Zenetos et al., 2010, 2012). viewed articles marginally cited opisthobranch species from

Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 403-408 403 material was later enriched by additional samples, photos and personal observations provided by one of the authors (G.B.). Sampling was carried out by hand collection during snorkelling and SCUBA diving in daylight hours only, and includes highly diverse habitats of almost all the different biotopes available from the intertidal and sublittoral down to a depth of ca. 40 m. Opisthobranchs were found at 22 sites, listed in Appendix 1 (see also Figure 1).

Laboratory work and updated taxonomy and nomenclature In the case of preserved material, upon arrival at the laboratory, soft part samples were soon fixed in 2% buff- ered formaldehyde and then transferred to 70-75% EtOH; they are currently preserved at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country (LACM) and Museo Nacional de Fig. 1: Study area. A. Map of the sampling sites corresponding Ciencias Naturales of Madrid (MNCN), whilst shelled sam- to localities reported in Appendix 1. B. The eastern Mediter- pled were dried and stored at Dipartimento di Biologia e ranean Sea, with location of Lebanon. Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin” - University of Rome “La Sapienza” (BBCD). Identifications have been done by three Lebanon, without offering wider discussions (Spada, 1971; authors (G.B., F.C. and J.T.) up to species level where pos- Fadlallah, 1975; Bogi & Khairallah, 1987; Bogi & Gian- sible. Updated taxonomy and nomenclature used follow nini, 1990; Bitar, 1996, 2013; Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 1998; WoRMS (Appeltans et al., 2013). Valdés & Templado, 2002; Yokeş & Rudman, 2004; Zene- tos et al., 2004; Malaquias & Reid, 2008; Crocetta & Galil, Results 2012). Based on the material collected within the CEDRE A total of 35 species of Opisthobranchia, representative framework (French-Lebanese co-operation programme of 16 families, have been reliably checked from Lebanon and 1999-2002: Zibrowius & Bitar, 2003; Morri et al., 2009), reported or identified to species level, whilst a further one is enriched by recent records provided by one of the authors cited as Haminoea sp., pending records of living specimens (G.B.), and by a careful review of the literature data, the aim or a general and comprehensive taxonomical review on the of this paper is to gather all available data to provide the first genus, including diagnostic characters of the shells. The cu- complete compilation of Opisthobranchia from the Leba- mulative list of opisthobranch species from Lebanon, result- nese shores, placing special emphasis on alien species and ing from the critical analysis of literature records and new including comments on some records previously published material examined herein is reported in Table 1. The details as personal communications or personal observations, or of the bibliographic reference, the taxonomic status and the cited in conference proceeding abstracts only. material examined for each species are given in Appendix 2. The known opisthobranch biota is composed of 22 native Materials and Methods (~ 63%), 12 alien (~ 34%) and one cryptogenic (~ 3%) taxa. According to this survey, 11 species represented new records Bibliographic data for the Lebanese fauna (Berthella aurantiaca, Berthella ocel- An extensive literature survey has been conducted. In- lata, Aplysia fasciata, Felimare picta, Felimida britoi, Felim- dexed papers were searched, but an attempt to cover the grey ida luteorosea, Felimida purpurea, Phyllidia flava, Dendro- literature as much as possible (i.e. non peer-reviewed and/ doris grandiflora, Dendrodoris limbata and Aeolidiella al- or non indexed papers) has also been performed: most of the deri). Additionally, we have checked the actual material of a historical journals are not indexed, and malacological records further seven species, which were previously published from are still being published in non indexed journals. Literature Lebanon without clear reference to specific samples Elysia( record listing has been as exhaustive as possible, regardless grandifolia, Pleurobranchus forskalii, Aplysia dactylomela, of each record referring to an independent finding, and col- Bursatella leachii, Syphonota geographica, Goniobranchus lected data were re-analysed and taxonomically adjusted to annulatus, Flabellina rubrolineata). allow for comparisons. In addition, the availability of all tax- Finally, we did not include Chelidonura fulvipunctata on names introduced from the area has been checked. Baba, 1938 among confirmed records: it was reported from Lebanon by Tsiakkiros & Zenetos (2011) on the basis of Sampling the reference “Lakkis & Novel-Lakkis, 2005”, that evi- Several localities have been sampled by two of the dently referred to a MEDCORE Power Point presentation authors (G.B and H.Z.) between 1999 and 2002, and this (freely available on the web at http://www.medcore.unifi.

404 Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 403-408 it/conference/PDFComunicazConvegno/3-LAKKIS%20 data are based on an inappropriate sampling methodology for SEDIMENT%20%20Firenze.pdf). No specific records of this group of molluscs, since our new opisthobranch mate- molluscan species were ever published in any of that meet- rial in particular originates from general sampling of benthic ing’s Abstracts [see Lakkis (2005) and Lakkis & Novel- marine species and communities. Therefore, many tiny and Lakkis (2005)], whilst the MEDCORE Proceedings’ paper cryptic species might have been overlooked, and the lack of only dealt with algae living in vermetid platforms along the specific surveys focused on opisthobranchs (which require Lebanese shores (Lakkis & Novel-Lakkis, 2006) and has special sampling methods, live collection in their habitat, in- never been followed by any paper on the Lebanese mol- cluding sampling at night, and observation before fixation) luscs. Therefore, the molluscan records in the Power Point may have hampered exhaustive work. However, relatively presentation are deemed to be unreliable. poor knowledge on the fauna of the Levant basin, and espe- cially of the north-eastern part, has previously been stressed Discussion by several authors (Harmelin et al., 2007, 2009; Vacelet et al., 2007; Morri et al., 2009, among others), and our data defini- The 35 species listed here represent a particularly poor tively confirm such gaps. fauna, accounting for less than 7% of the known Mediter- The 22 native species account for approx. 63% of the ranean Opisthobranchia (Templado & Villanueva in Coll et known Lebanese opisthobranch fauna, and the new records al., 2010). A higher number of opisthobranch species was ex- reported point to the importance of focused field studies cover- pected from the Lebanese shores, based on the data available ing also opisthobranchs. All these species, however, were al- from better studied eastern Mediterranean countries such as ready known in the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Turkey Turkey (approx. 100 species: Yokeş, 2009; Yokeş et al., 2012; and Israel (Swennen, 1961; Barash & Danin, 1971, 1982; Gat Tural & Yokeş, 2012) and Israel (>50 species: e.g. Barash & & Fainzilber, 1983; Cattaneo-Vietti et al., 1990; Yokeş, 2009). Danin, 1971, 1977, 1982, 1986). Admittedly, our Lebanese On the contrary, 12 of the opisthobranch species re-

Table 1. Opisthobranch species from Lebanon, with bibliographic records (BR) and material examined (ME). Bold: alien species in the Mediterranean Sea (see Appendix 2). Taxa BR ME Taxa BR ME Family ACTEONIDAE d’Orbigny, 1843 Family Lamarck, 1809 Acteon tornatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) X Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 X X Pyrunculus fourierii (Audouin, 1826) X X Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791 X X Retusa mammillata (Philippi, 1836) X Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 X Retusa truncatula (Bruguière, 1792) X Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817 X X Family RHIZORIDAE Dell, 1952 Syphonota geographica (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) X X Volvulella acuminata (Bruguière, 1792) X Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Ringicula auriculata (Ménard de la Groye, 1811) X Felimare picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836) X Ringicula conformis Monterosato, 1877 X X Felimida britoi (Ortea & Perez, 1983) X Family BULLIDAE Gray, 1827 Felimida luteorosea (Rapp, 1827) X Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 X X Felimida purpurea (Risso in Guérin, 1831) X Family HAMINOEIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904) X X Haminoea hydatis (Linnaeus, 1758) X Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831) X X Haminoea sp. X Family DISCODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Family CYLICHNIDAE H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 Tayuva lilacina (Gould, 1852) X X mucronata (Philippi, 1849) X X Family PHYLLIDIIDAE Rafinesque, 1814 cylindracea (Pennant, 1777) X Phyllidia flava Aradas, 1847 X Cylichnina girardi (Audouin, 1826) X Family DENDRODORIDIDAE O’Donoghue, 1924 Family PLAKOBRANCHIDAE Gray, 1840 Dendrodoris grandiflora (Rapp, 1827) X Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1857 X X Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804) X Family UMBRACULIDAE Dall, 1889 Family Alder & Hancock, 1845 Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786) X X ocellatus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831) X X Family Gray, 1827 Family Gray, 1827 Berthella aurantiaca (Risso, 1818) X Aeolidiella alderi (Cocks, 1852) X Berthella ocellata (delle Chiaje, 1830) X Family FLABELLINIDAE Bergh, 1889 Pleurobranchus forskalii (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831) X X Flabellina rubrolineata (O’Donoghue, 1929) X X

Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 403-408 405 corded from Lebanon are alien (approx. 34%), a proportion the low number of confirmed alien opisthobranchs recorded higher than the range of 10-20% commonly estimated for in the Mediterranean Sea (~ 30) relative to the total number the entire Levantine fauna (Zenetos et al., 2010). Eleven of ca. 200 alien molluscan species (Zenetos et al., 2012). are well-known invaders (Pyrunculus fourierii, Acteocina However, only some of these are now considered well es- mucronata, Cylichnina girardi, E. grandifolia, A. dactylom- tablished (Zenetos et al., 2010; Crocetta et al., 2013), with ela, B. leachii, S. geographica, G. annulatus, Hypselodoris multiple records from all over the Mediterranean Sea and/or infucata, Plocamopherus ocellatus and F. rubrolineata), massive presence in some areas, whilst others (e.g. Halger- and some were detected as widespread for decades, such as da willeyi, Dendrodoris fumata, Cuthona perca, Caloria in- C. girardi and B. leachii (see Remarks in Appendix 2). This dica, Baeolidia moebii) were recorded in the Mediterranean is mostly the case of shelled, larger-sized and/or easy-to- Sea by only one or few very isolated specimens (Barash & identify species, which lack morphologically similar native Danin, 1986; Perrone, 1995; Gat, 1993; Turk, 2000; Turk & Mediterranean counterparts or have been recorded earlier Furlan, 2011) and might be considered as ephemeral entries, based on empty shells found in bioclastic sediments. In especially when their records date back several decades. addition, the alien spreading of B. leachii, A. dactylomela Finally, the short- and medium-term fate of the marine and S. geographica in the Mediterranean is outstanding: the molluscan fauna of the Mediterranean Sea depends on the three species having been able to colonize the central part species pools from which alien spreading taxa are drawn of the basin (Crocetta, 2012), with scattered records of the (mainly from Red Sea and West African coasts), as well as former up to the western part (Ibáñez-Yuste et al., 2012). on the food resources in the recipient regions and on the an- Conversely, other species have only recently formed estab- ti-predatory strategies of the invaders (Vermeij, 2012). The lished populations in the eastern Mediterranean, such as G. current lack of evidence on species extinction in relation to annulatus, E. grandifolia, F. rubrolineata and A. dactylome- the establishment of alien species is seemingly leading to la (see Remarks in Appendix 2), and therefore, the Lebanese increased species richness for global Mediterranean mollus- records only fill some gaps in their known Mediterranean can fauna (Briggs, 2006, 2010), and in turn the biodiversity expansion. However, among these, the presence of P. for- increase may be perceived as a positive consequence of al- skalii deserves attention. It was known from the Mediter- ien arrival and establishment, especially in the eastern basin ranean Sea based on the isolated record of two specimens (Galil, 2007). However, the spread of these species may lead in 1974 from Israel (Barash & Danin, 1977), and its recent to biotic alteration of both habitat structure and ecosystem presence along the Lebanese shores suggests that further processes (Boero et al., 2008). It is therefore evident that field research may lead to the discovery of established popu- investments for a better understanding of the eastern Medi- lations in the eastern part of the basin. terranean fauna may yield outcomes of value for the entire The high proportion of recorded alien species leads to Mediterranean marine biology. The coasts of Lebanon, interesting conclusions. There has been some debate, in re- one of the first areas where the Lessepsian migrants meet cent years, on which life-history traits make a species an the Mediterranean biota, offer a wide range of potentially invader or a successful colonizer, often in peculiar environ- unique case studies, and are therefore an excellent natural ments (review in Morton, 1997). Aliens have been assumed laboratory where all these issues could be studied. to be typical opportunistic species, although exceptions have been highlighted by other authors (Gofas & Zenetos, Acknowledgements 2003). Indeed, plastic responses to resources, natural ene- mies, and the physical environment all determine the ability Jean-Georges Harmelin (Marseille, France) provided a of a species to invade. However, the group of gastropods record of Bursatella leachii. Giuseppe Fasulo (Naples, Italy) on which we have focused represents an exception to this provided material for comparison. The curators of MNCN generalization, with most species exhibiting very specific (Rafael Araujo and Javier de Andres) and LACM (Lindsey dietary requirements and specialized defensive strategies. Groves) provided information on museum materials. Two Unfortunately, not much information is available on biotic reviewers provided very constructive criticism to an earlier factors determining the ability of the alien opisthobranch version of this manuscript. We are grateful to all of them. species to invade new regions. According to Mollo et al. 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Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 403-408 407 Mollo, E., Gavagnin, M., Carbone, M., Castelluccio, F., Pozone, et Adriatic Sea with special reference to Slovenian coast. An- al., 2008. Factors����������������������������������������������� promoting marine invasions: a chemoeco- nales, Series Historia Naturalis, 10, 161-172. logical approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Turk, T., Furlan, B., 2011. New records of Indo-Pacific and Atlan- Sciences, 105, 4582-4586. tic mollusc species (Opisthobranchia) in the Eastern Mediter- Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C.N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H., et al., ranean and Adriatic Sea. Annales, Series Historia Naturalis, 2009. Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea 21, 5-10. (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal Vacelet, J., Bitar, G., Carteron, S., Zibrowius, H., Pérez, T., 2007. of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Five new sponge species of subtropical or tropical affinities 89, 49-62. from the coast of Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean). Journal Morton, B., 1997. The aquatic nuisance species problem: a glo- of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, bal perspective and review. p. 1-54. In: Zebra mussels and 87, 1539-1552. aquatic nuisance species. D’Itri, F.M. (Ed). Ann Arbor Press, Valdés, Á., Templado, J., 2002. Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranchs Chelsea, Michigan. collected in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean). Iberus, 20, Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., 2007. Global change and marine com- 23-30. munities: alien species and climate change. Marine Pollution Vermeij, G.J., 2012. The tropical history and future of the Mediter- Bulletin, 55, 342-352. ranean biota and the West African enigma. Journal of Bioge- Oliverio, M., 2003. The Mediterranean molluscs: the best ography, 39, 31-41. known malacofauna of the world... so far. Biogeographia, Yokeş, M.B., 2009. Additions to the knowlegde of Opistho- 24, 195-208. branchia from Turkey. Triton, 20, 5-19. Pallary, P., 1912. Liste des mollusques marins des cotes de la Syrie. Yokeş, M.B., Rudman, W.B., 2004. Lessepsian Opisthobranch La Feuille des jeunes naturalistes: revue mensuelle d’histoire from southwestern coast of Turkey; five new records for naturelle, 42, 171-174. Mediterranean. Rapport du Congrès de la Commission Inter- Pallary, P., 1919. Enumération des mollusques marins des côtes de nationale pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditer- la Syrie. Bulletin de la Société d’histoire naturelle d’Afrique ranée, 37, 557. du Nord, 10, 166-172. Yokeş, M.B., Dalyan, C., Karhan, S.Ű., Demir, V., Tural, U., et al., Pallary, P., 1938. Les mollusques marins de la Syrie. Journal de 2012. Alien opisthobranchs from Turkish coasts: first record Conchyliology, 82, 5-57. of Plocamopherus tilesii Bergh, 1877 from the Mediterrane- Perrone, A.S., 1995. Una specie di Nudibranchi del genere Cutho- an. Triton, 25 (Supplement 1), 1-9. na Alder & Hancock, 1855, nuova per il Mediterraneo: Cu- Zenetos, A., Gofas, S., Russo, G., Templado, J., 2004. CIESM At- thona perca Marcus, 1958 (Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia). of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean. Vol. 3 Molluscs. Bolletino Malacologico, 31, 28-36. CIESM Publishers, Monaco, 376 pp. Puton, M., 1856. Lettre au docteur Mougeot sur les Mollusques de Zenetos, A., Gofas, S., Verlaque, M., Çinar, M.E., Garcia Raso, Syrie, envoyés au musée des Vosges par M. le docteur Gail- J.E., et al., 2010. Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea lardot. Annales de la Société d’émulation du département des by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Un- Vosges, 9, 219-231. ’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part Spada, G., 1971. Ritrovamenti malacologici nelle acque di Beirut I. Spatial distribution. Mediterranean Marine Science, 11, (Libano). Conchiglie, 7, 85-93. 381-493. Swennen, C., 1961. On a collection of Opisthobranchia from Tur- Zenetos, A., Gofas, S., Morri, C., Rosso, A., Violanti, D., et al., key. Zoologische Mededelingen, 38, 41-75. 2012. Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2012. A Tsiakkiros, L., Zenetos, A., 2011. Further additions to the alien contribution to the application of European Union’s Marine mollusk fauna along the Cypriot coast: new opisthobranch Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part 2. Introduction species. Acta Adriatica, 52, 115-124. trends and pathways. Mediterranean Marine Science, 13, Tural, U., Yokeş, M.B., 2012. Opisthobranch species from the 328-352. Gökova specially protected area (SW Turkey): four new Zibrowius, H., 1992. Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean records for the Turkish malacofauna. Triton, 25 (Supplement marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. 2), 1-13. Mésogée, 51, 83-107. Turk, T., 2000. The Opistobranch mollusks (, Sac- Zibrowius, H., Bitar, G., 2003. Invertébrés marins exotiques sur la coglossa, Notaspidea, and Nudibranchia) of the côte du Liban. Lebanese Science Journal, 4, 67-74.

408 Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 403-408 Supplementary Data [“Biogeographical homogeneity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea - I: the opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Lebanon” by F. Crocetta, H. Zibrowius, G. Bitar, J. Templado and M. Oliverio, Mediterranean Marine Science, 14 (2), 403-408].

Appendix 1. Sampling localities shown in Figure 1, with co- Appendix 2. Marine opisthobranchs from Lebanon according ordinates to literature (for some species multiple records may be based on the same samples) and field samples, with remarks on alien and cryptogenic species. Within the literature records, the use N. Sites Coordinates (or not) of parentheses for taxon authorships has been reported as originally employed in the cited reference and the original 1 Ramkine 34º 29’ 47’’N 035º 45’ 38’’E style (caps v. small, italics v. roman) has been corrected, whilst 2 Tripoli 34º 27’ 28’’N 035º 49’ 34’’E the original spelling has been maintained and is followed by [sic!] if wrong. Within material examined, site number (see 3 Anfeh 34º 21’ 43’’N 035º 43’ 36’’E Figure 1 and Table 1) is reported before site name. Abbrevia- 4 El Heri 34º 18’ 37’’N 035º 41’ 51’’E tions: A, alien species; C, cryptogenic species; spm, live col- 5 Ras El Chakaa 34º 18’ 47’’N 035º 40’ 59’’E lected specimen/s; sh, empty shell/s; det, determinavit; LACM, 6 Chak El Hatab 34º 17’ 36’’N 035º 40’ 17’’E Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country; MNCN, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales of Madrid; BBCD, 7 Selaata 34º 17’ 03’’N 035º 39’ 31’’E Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin” - 8 Batroun 34º 15’ 13’’N 035º 39’ 19’’E University of Rome “La Sapienza”. 9 Kfar Abida 34º 14’ 02’’N 035º 39’ 15’’E 10 Jbail 34º 07’ 18’’N 035º 38’ 28’’E Family ACTEONIDAE d’Orbigny, 1843 11 Tabarja 34º 01’ 55’’N 035º 37’ 26’’E Acteon tornatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 Beirut 33º 54’ 55’’N 035º 31’ 57’’E Literature records: 13 Raoucheh 33º 53’ 18’’N 035º 28’ 01’’E Actaeon tornatilis L. - Gruvel & Moazzo, 1929: 424; 14 Khaldeh 33º 46’ 44’’N 035º 28’ 10’’E Moazzo, 1931: 447; Bitar, 1996: 118; Actaeon tornati- lis Linné var. minor Monts 1878 [sic!] - Pallary, 1938: 15 Saadiyat 33º 41’ 49’’N 035º 25’ 54’’E 15; Acteon tornatilis (Linné, 1758) - Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 16 Saida 33º 34’ 00’’N 035º 22’ 10’’E 1998: 40. 17 El Zahrani 33º 29’ 46’’N 035º 20’ 01’’E Family RETUSIDAE Thiele, 1925 18 Khaizaran 33º 26’ 47’’N 035º 16’ 31’’E A - Pyrunculus fourierii (Audouin, 1826) 19 El Kassmieh 33º 20’ 22’’N 035º 14’ 19’’E 20 Tyr 33º 15’ 56’’N 035º 11’ 24’’E Literature records: Retusa fourieri [sic!] (Audouin, 1826) - Bogi & 21 El Bayada 33º 09’ 96’’N 035º 10’ 85’’E Khairallah, 1987: 56, 60 (fig. 5); Pyrunculus fourierii 22 Nakoura 33º 06’ 57’’N 035º 07’ 11’’E (Audouin, 1827) [sic!] - Bogi & Galil, 2003: 13 (fig. 5); Pyrunculus fourierii - Bitar, 2013: 8. Material examined: (10) Jbail: 17/10/1999 - Tablieh, cave sediment, 16 m: 1 sh, FC det (BBCD). Remarks: Widespread throughout the Indo-West Pacific, Red Sea and the Suez Canal (Hoenselaar & Dekker, 1998); a Lessepsian species well acclimatised in the Levant Sea, with records from Israel, Lebanon, Turkey and Cyprus, where shells and living specimens have usually been dredged from sandy and muddy bottoms up to 70 m deep (Bogi & Khairallah, 1987; van Aartsen et al., 1989; Trin- gali & Villa, 1990; Engl, 1995; Buzzurro & Greppi, 1996; Buzzurro & Greppi, 1997; Tringali & Oliverio, 2001; Yokeş, 2009; Bakir et al., 2012; Yokeş et al., 2012). Retusa mammillata (Philippi, 1836) Literature records: Retusa mamillata [sic!] Philippi - Gruvel & Moazzo,

Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 1-9 1 1929: 423; Moazzo, 1931: 446; Bitar, 1996: 118; Torna- 68; Retusa mariateresae (Parenzan) - Fadlallah, 1975: tina mamillata [sic!] Philippi - Pallary, 1938: 15; Bitar, 69; Retusa mariateresae Parenzan - Bitar, 1996: 118; Re- 1996: 117; Retusa mammillata (Philippi, 1836) - Bitar & tusa mariateresae Parenzan, 1970 - Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40. 1998: 40; Bulla striata Bruguière 1792 - Bitar & Kouli- Bitar, 1998: 40, 43; Malaquias & Reid, 2008: 464. Retusa truncatula (Bruguière, 1792) Literature records: Material examined: Tornatina truncatula Bruguière - Pallary, 1938: 15; (1) Ramkine Island: 01/06/2000 - sand, 13-14 m: 1 Bitar, 1996: 117; Tornatina truncatula Bruguière var. sh, FC det (BBCD); (3) Anfeh: 26/10/1999 - sand, 20 minor - Pallary, 1938: 15; Retusa truncatula Bruguière m: 3 sh, FC det (BBCD); (4) El Heri (marina Beaulieu): - Bitar, 1996: 118; Retusa truncatula (Bruguière, 1792) - 03/06/2000 - from sand in Cymodocea meadow, 4 m: 1 Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40. spm, FC det (BBCD); (17) El Zahrani: 06/06/2000 - Harf El Hawieh El Jouani, 14 m: 1 sh, FC det (BBCD). Remarks: Tornatina truncatula var. minor Pallary, 1938 is a no- Remarks: men nudum (ICZN, 1999: Art. 12). Bulla striata var. minor Pallary, 1938 is a nomen nu- dum (ICZN, 1999: Art. 12). Family RHIZORIDAE Dell, 1952 Family HAMINOEIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 Volvulella acuminata (Bruguière, 1792) Haminoea hydatis (Linnaeus, 1758) Literature records: Literature records: Volvula acuminata Bruguière - Pallary, 1938: 15; Bi- Haminea hydatis Linné - Gruvel & Moazzo, 1929: tar, 1996: 117; Volvulella acuminata (Bruguière, 1792) 423; Moazzo, 1931: 446; Pallary, 1938: 15; Haminea - Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40. hydatis L. - Bitar, 1996: 118; Haminoea hydatis (Linné, 1758) - Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40. Family RINGICULIDAE Philippi, 1853 Haminoea sp. Ringicula auriculata (Ménard de la Groye, 1811) Material examined: Literature records: (1) Ramkine Island: 31/05/2000 - coarse sand, 13 Ringicula auriculata Ménard de la Groye - Pallary, m: 1 sh, FC det (BBCD); (4) El Heri (marina Beaulieu): 1938: 15; Bitar, 1996: 118; Ringicula auriculata (Ménard 03/06/2000 - from muddy sediment just below small de la Groye, 1811) - Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40. cliff, 3 m: 6 sh, FC det (BBCD); (7) Selaata: 29/07/1999: Ringicula conformis Monterosato, 1877 harbour, on floating rope: 2 spm (MNCN). Literature records: Ringicula auriculata Ménard de la Groye var. con- Family CYLICHNIDAE H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 formis de Monts. [sic!], 1877 - Pallary, 1938: 15. A - Acteocina mucronata (Philippi, 1849) Literature records: Material examined: Acteocina mucronata (Philippi, 1849) - Bogi & (1) Ramkine Island: 31/05/2000 - coarse sand, 13 m: 2 Giannini, 1990: 48-51 (fig. 4); Acteocina mucronata - sh, FC det (BBCD); 01/06/2000 - sand, 13-14 m: 1 sh, FC det Bitar, 2013: 8. (BBCD); (5) Ras El Chakaa: 04/06/2000 - cave sediment, 3-4.5 m: 43 sh, FC det (BBCD); (7) Selaata: 23/10/1999 Material examined: - cave/tunnel, sediment, 7-8 m: 1 sh, FC det (BBCD); (7) Selaata: 18/10/1999 - cave sediment, 9 m: 1 sh, FC 24/09/2002 - cave sediment, 22 m: 2 sh, FC det (BBCD); det (BBCD). (10) Jbail: 17/10/1999 - Tablieh, cave sediment, 16 m: 2 sh, Remarks: FC det (BBCD); (11) Tabarja: 11/07/2003 - coarse sand, 15 Originating from the Red Sea, it is a Lessepsian species m: 1 sh, FC det (BBCD); (16) Saida: 05/06/2000 - off Nahr well established in the Levant Sea, with records from Israel, El Ouali, sand, 31 m: 10 sh, FC det (BBCD). Lebanon, Turkey and Cyprus, where shells have been re- corded at shallow depths (Bogi & Giannini, 1990; van Aart- Family BULLIDAE Gray, 1827 sen et al., 1990; Cecalupo & Quadri, 1994; Engl, 1995; Buz- Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 zurro & Greppi, 1996; Storsberg, 1997; Bakir et al., 2012). Literature records: Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant, 1777) Bulla striata Brug. - Puton, 1856: 223; Bulla striata Bruguière - Pallary, 1912: 171; Pallary, 1919: 167; Gru- Literature records: vel & Moazzo, 1929: 423; Moazzo, 1931: 446; Pallary, Cylichna cylindracea Pennant - Gruvel & Moazzo, 1938: 15; Bitar, 1996: 118; Bulla striata Bruguière var. 1929: 424; Moazzo, 1931: 447; Pallary, 1938: 15; Bitar, minor - Pallary, 1938: 15; Bullaria striata (Bruguière) - 1996: 117; Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant, 1777) - Bitar Spada, 1971: 90; Bullaria striata Brug. - Fadlallah, 1975: & Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40.

2 Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 1-9 A - Cylichnina girardi (Audouin, 1826) Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840), a circumtropical species recorded in the tropical Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Literature records: (Jensen, 2001). The two species have almost identical Cylichnina girardi (Audouin, 1827) [sic!] - Bogi & colouration, but E. grandifolia reaches larger sizes (up Khairallah, 1987: 57, 60 (fig. 4);Cylichnina girardi - Bi- to more than 10 cm); the parapodia are larger and thin- tar, 2013: 8. ner, and the black and orange bands at the edge of the Remarks: parapodia are not separated by white. The Mediterranean Widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific and found specimens fall within the intraspecific variability of the in the Suez Canal also; a Lessepsian species well estab- latter. It has been recorded from Israel, Lebanon and Tur- lished in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, with records key (Yokeş & Rudman, 2004; Pasternak & Galil, 2012; from Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Cyprus and Greece, Yokeş et al., 2012), but since no records are known from where it has been found in shallow sandy bottoms main- the Red Sea, its status as a Lessepsian invader is still ly, in Posidonia oceanica meadows and in lagoons (Mi- doubtful. It feeds on Bryopsidaceace mainly, as summa- enis, 1976; Bogi & Khairallah, 1987; Tringali & Villa, rized in Pasternak & Galil (2012) and confirmed by our 1990; Engl, 1995; Buzzurro & Greppi, 1996; Cecalupo observations in Kfar Abida. & Quadri, 1996; Cosenza & Fasulo, 1997; Hoenselaar & Dekker, 1998; Bakir et al., 2012; Yokeş et al., 2012). Family UMBRACULIDAE Dall, 1889 Family PLAKOBRANCHIDAE Gray, 1840 Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786) A - Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1857 Literature records: Literature records: Umbrella mediterranea Lamarck - Pallary, 1919: Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1858 [sic!] - Yokeş & 167; Pallary, 1938: 15; Umbrella mediterranea Lamarck Rudman, 2004: 3; Elysia grandifolia - Bitar, 2013: 8. - Bitar, 1996: 116; Umbraculum umbraculum (Röding, 1798) [sic!] - Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40. Material examined: (2) Tripoli: 19/09/2002 - harbour, 2 m: 1 spm Material examined: (MNCN - 15.05/46604); 20/09/2002 - harbour en- (3) Anfeh: 25/04/2010 - among Corallinales, 2 m: trance, breakwater jetty, outer side, 5 m: 1 spm, JT det 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); among sponges, 2 m: 1 (MNCN - 15.05/46606); (3) Anfeh: 22/08/2012 - among spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (13) Raoucheh: 17/09/2002 Corallinales, 2 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (8) - boulders and rock, on a grey sponge, 7-9 m: 1 spm, JT det Batroun: 23/09/2002 - 2-3 m: 1 spm, JT det (MNCN (MNCN - 15.05/46603); 19/02/2006 - cave, among spong- - 15.05/47202); (8) Batroun: 26/09/2010 - rocky bot- es and ascidians, 2 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar). tom with Corallina, 0-3 m: 3 spm, GB det (photo G. Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Gray, 1827 Bitar); (9) Kfar Abida: 26/08/2012 - rocky bottom with Berthella aurantiaca (Risso, 1818) Corallina and Bryopsis, 0-3 m: around 50 spm, GB det Material examined: (photo G. Bitar); 29/08/2012 - rocky bottom with Cor- (1) Ramkine Island: 14/07/2003 - under stones, 3-4 allina and Bryopsis (in bloom), 0-3 m: very abundant, m: 2 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47205); (9) Kfar Abida: more than 150 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); 01/09/2012 30/05/2000 - tunnel, small cave, 7-8 m: 1 spm, JT det - rocky bottom with Corallina and Bryopsis (in bloom), (MNCN - 15.05/47203). 0-3 m: very abundant, more than 150 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); 22/09/2012 - rocky bottom with Corallina and Remarks: Bryopsis (in strong regression), 0-3 m: around 50 spm, This species can be superficially confused with Ber- GB det (photo G. Bitar); 29/09/2012 - rocky bottom with thellina edwardsi (Vayssière, 1896). We have checked Corallina and very rare Bryopsis, 0-3 m: 7 spm, GB det the material examined for its relative shell size, larger (photo G. Bitar); 07/10/12 - rocky bottom with Coralli- than in B. edwardsii. na and absence of Bryopsis, 0-3 m: 1 dead spm, GB det Berthella ocellata (delle Chiaje, 1830) (photo G. Bitar); (12) Beirut: 15/09/2002 - harbour jetty, inner side, 5 m: 2 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/46609); Material examined: 25/09/2002 - airport, on boulders, 17 m: 1 spm, JT det (8) Batroun: 23/09/2002 - under stones, 2-3 m: 1 (MNCN - 15.05/46608); (13) Raoucheh: 17/09/2002, spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47204). boulders and rock, 7-9 m: 12 spm, JT det (MNCN - A - Pleurobranchus forskalii (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831) 15.05/46607); (22) Nakoura: 22/09/2002 - jetty, 3 m: 3 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/46605). Literature records: Pleurobranchus forskalii - Bitar, 2013: 8. Remarks: Presumably distributed in the Indian ; distribu- Material examined: tion is not known with certainty due to confusion with (6) Chak El Hatab: 05/07/2003 - 3 m, cave: 1 spm (MNCN).

Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013,1-9 3 Remarks: Material examined: Originally described from the Red Sea and wide- (12) Beirut: 04/05/2008 - AUB (American University spread in the tropical Indo-Pacific (Rudman, 1993), in of Beirut), amidst mainly photophilous algae (Acantho- the Mediterranean Sea it has been only found in Israel, phora, Colpomenia, Corallina, Hypnea, Jania, Padina where 2 specimens were dredged in sandy mud at 48 m and Ulva), 1m: 2 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar). depth (Barash & Danin, 1977). It is nocturnal and feeds Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 on compound ascidians (Marshall & Willan, 1999), and therefore the diurnal record in a cave, hereby reported Material examined: from Lebanon, is not surprising. Although a long lasting (4) El Heri (marina Beaulieu): 03/06/2000 - 1 m: existence in the Mediterranean (neglected due to its rar- 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47198); (8) Batroun: ity) cannot be ruled out, the only three specimens of this 25/07/2011 - rocky bottom with Corallina - 1 m: 1 spm, large-sized and easy-to-identify species found in the Le- GB det (photo G. Bitar); (12) Beirut: 04/05/2008 - AUB vant Sea suggest that it has not established viable popula- (American University of Beirut), amidst mainly pho- tions in the Mediterranean. The most likely hypothesis is tophilous algae (genus Acanthophora, Colpomenia, Cor- that the scattered records are a consequence of isolated allina, Hypnea, Jania, Padina and Ulva), 1 m: 17 spm, events of introduction, probably via progressive penetra- GB det (photo G. Bitar); 03/06/2010 - IC (International tion through the Suez Canal. College), amidst Corallina, Jania and Ulva, 1 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (13) Raoucheh: 13/06/2008 - Family APLYSIIDAE Lamarck, 1809 rocky bottom with Corallina, 3 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo A - Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 G. Bitar); (14) Khaldeh: Villamar, 07/06/2000 - 1 m: Literature records: 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47197); (15) Saadiyat: Aplysia dactylomela - Bitar, 2013: 8. 04/07/2010 - on boulders covered by Ganonema, 2 m : 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (20) Tyr: 06/07/2011 - Material examined: rocky bottom amidst Corallina and Jania, 2 m: 1 spm, (1) Ramkine Island: 25/07/2011 - on rocks: 1 spm, GB GB det (photo G. Bitar). det (photo G. Bitar); (15) Saadiyat : 12/07/2009, in a small sciafilous cave with Corallinales,Peyssonnelia and Crambe A - Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817 crambe: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (18) Khaizaran: Literature records: 03/04/2010 - amidst Dendropoma sp., surface: 1 spm, GB Bursatella leachi [sic!] de Blainville, 1817 - Zenetos det (photo G. Bitar); (20) Tyr : 11/09/2010 - rocky bottom et al., 2004: 181; Bursatella leachi [sic!] - Bitar, 2013: 8. with Jania, 1 m : 5 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar). Material examined: Remarks: (7) Selaata: 18/10/1999 - 12 m: 2 spm, GB det (photo A species living in tropical and warm temperate J.G. Harmelin); 10/10/2000 - 10 m: 2 spm, JT det (MNCN waters, showing disjunctive distribution in the Atlantic - 15.05/40235); (12) Beirut: 02/06/2000 - harbour, 10 m: Ocean and in the Indo-Pacific, Red Sea included, mainly 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47122). observed in shallow waters on rocky bottoms with a wide Remarks: algal coverage (see Pasternak & Galil, 2010; Crocetta & Galil, 2012). After the first records in 2002, it is now es- A circumtropical species, widespread also in the tem- tablished and widespread along the eastern Mediterra- perate waters of the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, nean (Pasternak & Galil, 2010; Crocetta & Galil, 2012; and recorded for decades in the entire Mediterranean Sea Yokeş et al., 2012), with scattered records from the (see Eales & Engel, 1935; O’Donoghue & White, 1940; central Mediterranean (Schembri, 2008; Crocetta et al., Swennen, 1961; Bebbington, 1970; Eales, 1970; Zenetos 2009; Crocetta & Galil, 2012) and the eastern Adriatic et al., 2004; Oliver & Terrasa, 2004; Crocetta et al., 2009; Sea (Turk & Furlan, 2011; Kljajić & Mačić in Thessalou- Ibáñez-Yuste et al., 2012). In the Mediterranean it is usu- Legaki et al., 2012). Based on faunal data, and due to ally found in soft bottoms covered by the green seaweed the absence of records from the western Mediterranean, Caulerpa prolifera or the marine angiosperms Cymo- the Mediterranean population(s?) has been recently sus- docea nodosa and Zostera noltii (Zenetos et al., 2004). pected to originate from the Indo-Pacific/Red Sea one Population size of this species may fluctuate drastically, (Crocetta & Galil, 2012), pending, however, further with thousands of individuals present in a small area of study (including genetic data) to confirm this. a lagoon, in very dense aggregations, entirely absent a few weeks later. It is widely accepted as a Lessepsian Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791 species due to early records from the Levantine shores, Literature records: although records from the Spanish Mediterranean Sea Aplysia depilans Linné [sic!] - Pallary, 1938: 15; Ap- (Oliver & Terrasa, 2004; Ibáñez-Yuste et al., 2012), as lysia depilans L. [sic!] - Bitar, 1996: 116; Aplysia depil- well as the fact that the most dense populations occur ans Gmelin, 1791 - Bitar & Kouli-Bitar, 1998: 40. in the central Mediterranean Sea (Crocetta et al., 2009;

4 Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 1-9 Doneddu, 2011), would suggest that its Mediterranean Material examined: dispersal pathway should be re-assessed by genetic data, (7) Selaata: 02/05/2001: 1 spm (MNCN). as it may include some Atlantic sources. A - Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904) A - Syphonota geographica (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) Literature records: Literature records: Chromodoris annulata - Bitar, 2013: 8. Syphonota geographica (Adams & Reeve, 1850) Material examined: - Crocetta & Galil, 2012: 45; Syphonota geographica - (1) Ramkine Island: 28/08/2010 - sciaphilous rocky Bitar, 2013: 8. bottom with Corallina and Peyssonnelia, 1 m: 1 spm, Material examined: GB det (photo G. Bitar); (4) El Heri (marina Beaulieu): (7) Selaata: 06/07/2003: under boulders, 10 m: 1 spm 03/06/2000 - 2-3 m: 2 spm (MNCN); (5) Ras El Chakaa: (MNCN). 04/06/2000 - cave, 6 m: 1 spm (MNCN); (8) Batroun: Remarks: 09/07/2011 - rocky bottom with Corallina and Bryopsis, A circumtropical species mainly distributed in the 3 m: 2 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); 25/07/2011 - rocky Indo-West Pacific and recorded in the Mediterranean bottom amidst Corallina et Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & Sea from Lebanon, Greece, Turkey and Italy (Yokeş & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux, 2 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Rudman, 2004; Mollo et al., 2008; Crocetta et al., 2009; Bitar); (13) Raoucheh: 30/09/2010 - cave entrance amidst Crocetta & Galil, 2012; Yokeş et al., 2012). Despite some Corallina et Pterocladiella, 3 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo external similarities, it can be easily distinguished from G. Bitar); (15) Saadiyat: 02/07/2009 - rocky bottom with Aplysia species by the position of the , closer Corallinales, Peyssonnelia, Margaretta cereoides (Ellis and placed back and between the parapodial lobes. Its & Solander, 1786) and Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862), feeding behaviour, on the Erythrean alien sea grass Ha- 2 m: 2 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); 13/09/2011 - rocky lophila stipulacea, as well as its high dispersal abilities, bottom amidst calcareous algae and bryozoans, 1 m: 1 with adults being able to swim by flapping the parapo- spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); 26/07/2012 - rocky bottom dia, strongly suggest that its Mediterranean secondary with Laurencia and Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchen- spreading is due to natural alien spreading mainly (Mollo pauer, 1872, 3 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (20) et al., 2008; Crocetta & Galil, 2012). Tyr : 23/05/2011 - amidst Corallina, 2 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (21) El Bayada: 14/10/2009 - rocky bot- Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 tom with Corallina, Crambe crambe and Chondrosia, 2 Felimare picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836) m: 2 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); 26/07/2011 - rocky bottom amidst Corallina, 2 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Material examined: Bitar). (1) Ramkine Island: 31/05/2000 - 3-5 m: 2 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47107 - 15.05/47119); 19/10/2008, Remarks: low depth: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (3) Anfeh: Widespread in the Indian Ocean, Red Sea included 27/09/09 - among Corallina, low depth: 1 spm, GB (see Daskos & Zenetos, 2007; Pasternak et al., 2011; det (photo G. Bitar); 26/10/1999 - 15 m: 2 spm, JT det Yonow, 2012), it was first reported in 2004 from the (MNCN - 15.05/40236); (12) Beirut: 25/09/2002 - airport, Mediterranean Sea, where records from the Saronikos on boulders, 17 m: 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47211); Gulf (Greece) suggested an arrival by shipping (Daskos (16) Saida: 05/06/2000 - Harf El Rijmeh, rocky bottom, & Zenetos, 2007). It is now widespread all along the 10 m: 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47112); (17) El Eastern Mediterranean shores, from Israel to Greece, Zahrani: 06/06/2000 - Harf El Hawieh El Jouani: 1 spm where specimens have been found at shallow depths on (MNCN); (19) El Kassmieh: 25/10/1999 - 42 m: 1 spm, rocky bottoms mainly (Gökoglu & Özgur, 2008; Yokeş GB det (photo G. Bitar). et al., 2009; Özcan et al., 2010; Tsiakkiros & Zenetos, 2011; Pasternak et al., 2011; Yokeş et al., 2012; Bitar, Felimida britoi (Ortea & Perez, 1983) 2013). The specimens examined backdate its first record in the Mediterranean Sea to year 2000, with 3 specimens Material examined: found at 2 different sampling sites in Lebanon, and there- (12) Beirut: 16/09/2002 - harbour, quay 60, 5 m: 1 fore suggest Lessepsian spreading. spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47201). A - Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831) Felimida luteorosea (Rapp, 1827) Literature records: Material examined: Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) (1) Ramkine Island: 14/07/2003: 1 spm (MNCN). [sic!] - Valdés & Templado, 2002: 25, 26 (fig. 2C), 27 Felimida purpurea (Risso in Guérin, 1831) (fig. 3); Hypselodoris infucata - Bitar, 2013: 8.

Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013,1-9 5 Material examined: Remarks: (1) Ramkine Island: 31/05/2000: 4 spm, JT det (LACM Dayrat (2010, 2011) used the name Tayuva lilacina re- - 152755); 14/07/2003 - 3-4 m: 1 spm, JT det (MNCN); ferring to a circumtropical complex of cryptic species (in- (3) Anfeh: 16/09/2012 - amidst algae, low depth: 1 spm, cluding the taxa lilacina Gould, 1852, from the Indo-Pa- GB det (photo G. Bitar); (4) El Heri (marina Beaulieu): cific region; crucis Bergh, 1880, from the Caribbean sea; 03/06/2000 - 2-3 m: 3 spm, JT det (LACM - 152758); (7) maculosa Bergh, 1884, from the Mediterranean and east- Selaata: 02/05/2001: 1 spm, JT det (LACM - 152757); (8) ern Atlantic; and ketos Marcus and Marcus, 1967, from the Batroun: 23/09/2002 - amidst algae, low depth: 1 spm, Panamic Eastern Pacific) until a phylogeographic study of GB det (photo G. Bitar); (10) Jbail: 17/10/1999 - harbour this group based on molecular markers clarifies their taxo- entrance, 2-3 m: 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/40234); nomic status. Hence, the specimens recorded as alien from (11) Tabarja: 09/07/2009 - amidst algae, 1 m: 1 spm, GB Israel, Lebanon and Tunisia (as Discodoris concinna and det (photo G. Bitar); (12) Beirut: 02/06/2000 - harbour, D. lilacina: Barash & Danin, 1977; Valdés & Templado, 3-8 m: 63 spm, JT det (LACM - 152756 and MNCN - 2002; Ben Souissi et al., 2005; Galil, 2007; Bitar, 2013) 15.05/45958); 16/09/2002 - harbour, breakwater, 5 m: 1 may belong to the Mediterranean taxon T. maculosa, but spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/46601); 09/07/2003- har- could also correspond to the true T. lilacina from the Indo- bour, outer side of the main jetty, western part, 12 m: Pacific region through Lessepsian migration. In agreement 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47200); (13) Raoucheh: with Zenetos et al. (2010) and Antit et al. (2011), we con- 17/09/2002 - boulders and rock, 7 m: 1 spm, JT det sider Tayuva lilacina a cryptogenic species and it is provi- (MNCN - 15.05/46602); 13/06/2008 - amidst algae, low sionally excluded from the list of Mediterranean alien spe- depth: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar); (22) Nakoura: cies pending genetic studies to elucidate this issue. Valdés 07/11/2010 - 1 m: 1 spm, GB det (photo G. Bitar). (2002) treated Tayuva as a junior synonym of Discodoris whilst Dayrat (2010) ranked them as distinct genera. The Remarks: World Register of Marine Species database (WoRMS: Ap- Originally described from the Red Sea, it is very peltans et al., 2013) follows the criteria of the last author common in the Indo-Pacific, where it has been reported considering Tayuya as a valid genus. under different names (Johnson & Valdés, 2001). Due to the considerable taxonomic confusion of the Indo-Pacific Family PHYLLIDIIDAE Rafinesque, 1814 Hypselodoris infucata species-complex (see Johnson & Phyllidia flava Aradas, 1847 Valdés, 2001), specimens from Lebanon have been ana- tomically examined by Valdés & Templado (2002). This Material examined: Lessepsian species, spreading all along the Levantine (16) Saida: 05/06/2000 - off Nahr El Ouali: 1 spm, JT shores with records from Israel, Cyprus, Lebanon and det (LACM-152718) Turkey (Mienis & Gat, 1981; Çevik & Öztürk, 2001; Tsiakkiros & Zenetos, 2011; Yokeş et al., 2012), is now Family DENDRODORIDIDAE O’Donoghue, 1924 one of the most common Mediterranean opisthobranchs Dendrodoris grandiflora (Rapp, 1827) of the eastern Mediterranean, living on rocky bottoms in Material examined: shallow waters and being able to thrive in harbour condi- (5) Ras El Chakaa: 21/09/2002 - under stone, 12 m: 1 tions (e.g. Beirut harbour). In Hawaii (Bertsch & John- spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47206). son, 1981) it feeds on Dysidea fragilis mainly (Montagu, 1818). This demosponge is also present in the Mediter- Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804) ranean, and this may be another reason for its widespread Material examined: Mediterranean dispersal. However, Mienis & Gat (1981) (8) Batroun: 23/09/2002 - under stones, 2-3 m: 4 spm noted that in Israel up to 15 specimens were seen in a (MNCN - 15.05/47207); 26/09/2002 - under stones, 2 m: single colony of the authochtonous sponge Clathrina co- 2 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47208). riacea (Montagu, 1818). Family DISCODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Family POLYCERIDAE Alder & Hancock, 1845 C - Tayuva lilacina (Gould, 1852) A - Plocamopherus ocellatus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831) Literature records: Literature records: Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) - Valdés & Temp- Plocamopherus ocellatus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) lado, 2002: 26 (fig 2: D, E), 28 (fig. 4), 29; Tayuva lilaci- [sic!] - Valdés & Templado, 2002: 24, 25 (fig. 1), 26 (fig 2: na (Gould, 1852) - Dayrat, 2010: 119-127; Discodoris A, B); Plocamopherus ocellatus - Bitar, 2013: 8. lilacina - Bitar, 2013: 8. Material examined: Material examined: (6) Chak El Hatab: 04/06/2000 - 5 m: 1 spm, JT det (4) El Heri (marina Beaulieu): 03/06/2000 - 2-3 m: (LACM 152716); (12) Beirut harbour: 07/07/2003, outer 1 spm, JT det (LACM - 152717). breakwater jetty, 15 m: 1 spm (MNCN); (13) Raoucheh:

6 Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 1-9 17/09/2002 - boulders and rock, 7 m: 2 spm, JT det 13, 85-116. (MNCN 15.05/46581). Barash, A., Danin, Z., 1982. Mediterranean Mollusca of Israel and Sinai: composition and distribution. Israel Journal of Remarks: Zoology, 31, 86-118. Originally described from the Red Sea and the Suez Bebbington, A., 1970. Aplysiid species from Malta with notes Canal, this Lessepsian species has been found in Israel, on the Mediterranean Aplysiomorpha. Pubblicazioni della Lebanon and Turkey (Barash & Danin, 1982; Valdés Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 38, 25-46. & Templado, 2002; Zenetos et al., 2004; Yokeş et al., Ben Souissi, J., Trigui El Menif, N., Mahjoub, M.S., Mejri, H., 2012). Although the number of specimens found in the Quignard, J.P., et al., 2005. On the recent occurrences of marine exotic species in the Tunisian waters. p. 529-540. Mediterranean Sea is still low, repeated findings may In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference indicate that some established populations exist in the on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment. MEDCOAST eastern Mediterranean. Nothing is currently known on 05, 25-29 October 2005, Kusadasi. Turkey. the biology of this species. As other congeneric species, Bertsch, H., Johnson, S., 1981. Hawaiian Nudibranchs. Orien- it probably feeds on branching bryozoans and can swim tal Publishing Co., Honolulu, 112 pp. by lateral flexion of the body (Vallès & Gosliner, 2006). Bitar, G., 1996. Le macrozoobenthos. p. 41-48, 113-126. In: Etude de la biodiversité biologique du Liban. Publ. Faune Family AEOLIDIIDAE Gray, 1827 et flore marines et côtières, Minist. Agr. Liban (Ed), Aeolidiella alderi (Cocks, 1852) PNUE, Projet GF/6105-92-72. Bitar, G., 2013. Les mollusques exotiques de la côte libanaise. Material examined: p. 8. In: 3éme Congres Franco-Maghrebin de Zoologie et (1) Ramkine Island: 01/06/2000 - 1 m: 1 spm, JT det d’Ichtyologie, Marrakech, 6-10 November 2012. Marra- (MNCN - 15.05/47210). kech, Morocco. Bitar, G., Kouli-Bitar, S., 1998. Inventaire des mollusques ma- Family FLABELLINIDAE Bergh, 1889 rines benthiques du Liban et remarques biogéographiques sur quelques espèces nouvellement signalés. Mesogée, 56, A - Flabellina rubrolineata (O’Donoghue, 1929) 37-44. Literature records: Bogi, C., Galil, B.S., 2003. Finding of Retusa desgenettii (Au- Flabellina rubrolineata - Bitar, 2013: 8. douin, 1826) (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) along the Israeli coast. La Conchiglia, 305, 11-13. Material examined: Bogi, C., Giannini, F., 1990. Notes on a few molluscs, found in (5) Ras El Chakaa: 13/07/2003 - on Eudendrium, 5 the Mediterranean Sea. La Conchiglia, 22, 48-51. m: 1 spm, JT det (MNCN - 15.05/47199). Bogi, C., Khairallah, N.H., 1987. Nota su alcuni molluschi de pro- venienza Indo-Pacifica raccolti nella baia di Jounieh (Libano) Remarks: - Contributo I. Notiziario del CISMA, 10, 54-60. Originally described from Suez, Egypt, it is very Buzzurro, G., Greppi, E., 1996. The Lessepsian molluscs of common and widely distributed in the tropical Indo-Pa- Tasuçu (South-East Turkey). La Conchiglia, 279, 3-22. cific (Gosliner & Willan, 1991). This Lessepsian species Buzzurro, G., Greppi, E., 1997. Notes on the molluscs of Cy- presumably spread via progressive penetration through prus, with special attention to the alloctone species. La the Suez Canal, having been recorded from Israel, Leba- Conchiglia, 283, 21-31, 61-62. Cecalupo, A., Quadri, P., 1994. Contributo alla conoscenza ma- non, Cyprus, Turkey and Greece (Gat, 1993; Yokeş & lacologica per il nord dell’isola di Cipro. Bollettino Mala- Rudman, 2004; Zenetos et al., 2004; Tsiakkiros & Zene- cologico, 30, 5-16. tos, 2011; Poursanidis in Eleftheriou et al., 2011; Yokeş Cecalupo, A., Quadri, P., 1996. Contributo alla conoscenza ma- et al., 2012; Bitar, 2013). It mainly feeds on hydroids of lacologica per il nord dell’Isola di Cipro (Terza e ultima the genus Eudendrium (Willan & Coleman, 1984; Gos- parte). Bollettino Malacologico, 31, 95-118. liner et al., 1996), also confirmed by our record. Çevik, C., Öztürk, B., 2001. A new lessepsian mollusc Hypse- lodoris infucata (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) for the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of References Zoology, 25, 27-30. Cosenza, G., Fasulo, G., 1997. The littoral shelled mollusks of Antit, M., Gofas, S., Salas, C., Azzouna, A., 2011. One hundred the Island of Crete. La Conchiglia, 284, 51-58. years after Pinctada: an update on alien Mollusca in Tuni- Crocetta, F., Galil, B., 2012. The invasive spotted sea hare sia. 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