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RAMAKRISHNA* C.R. SREERAJ 'c. RAGHUNATHAN c. SI'VAPERUMAN J.5. V'OGES KUMAR R,. RAGHU IRAMAN TITU,S IMMANUEL P;T. RAJAN Zoological Survey of ~ Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair - .744 10Z Andaman and Nicobar Islands -Zoological Survey ,of India/ M~Bloc~ New Alipore~Kolkata - 700 ,053

Zoological ,Survey of India Kolkata ClllATION Rama 'kr'shna, Sreeraj, C.R., Raghunathan, C., Sivaperuman, Yogesh Kumar, 1.S., C., Raghuraman, R., T"tus Immanuel and Rajan, P.T 2010. Guide to Opisthobranchs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands: 1 198. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India/ Kolkata)

Published : July, 2010

ISBN 978-81-81'71-26 -5

© Govt. of India/ 2010

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INTRODUCTION •... '...... '.. '.. '...... '...... '.. 1 MORIPHOlOGY .'.. '.. '.... '... ., ...... '. ., ...... '.. '.. '...... "...... •...... '.... '...... '..... 3 FOOD A 0 FEEDI _ G ...•. ,...... '...... '.• '.... '.. '.. '.. '...... '..•. '..•. '... ..••••. '.. '...... •..... '... 7

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ...... '..... '.. '.. '...•...... 0...... 8 REiPRODUcriON .. '...... •.. '.. '.. '...... '.. '.. ,.. '."...... "...... '.•.•.. '. '.. .. '..•.•... '.... '..•. '.. .•. 0

NUDIBRANCHtA V/S POL YCLADIDA ...... ' .. H '...... '•• '•• '• ••••• 13 SYSTEMATICS ...... '...... '...... '...... 1,5 REV .EW OF !LITERATURE ...... '.. '.. '...... '.... '. •'.. '.. '.. ,..•..••.....• '..•. ,...... '•....• '.. •.' ..•... 17

SURVEY .... ,. '.. '.. .. t ••• • " ...... , ...... , ...... '•• ,' ...... " ...... ''''',., ..... ,. ".of " ". , ••••• ,. ,.,.of , ... 20 'DESCR1PTION ,OF OPISTHOBRANCHS •.•....• '.. '...... '...... '.• '.. '...... __ ...... '... 23 1. Benhella m.art:ensi ... '...... ,...... ,.... " .. , .. , .. , .. ,...... ,., .. ,..... , .. ,...... ' .. ' .... ,..... 24

2. Stylocheilus longicauda ...... ,...... u ••• u ..... u.,.. u • •• 26 3. Aglaja tricolorata ...... ,...... ,...... ,..... ,...... '...... '...... ,...... '.. 30 4. Chelidonura punctata ...... '..... '...... '....•... ',...... '...... '.,...... 32 5. ,Ch,elidonura s.andrana ...... ,.. ,.... '...... '.. ,..... ,.. ,...... ,...... 34 6. Philinopsis cyan,ea .,... '...... '...... '.... '.. '...... ,..... ,., ...... ,... 35 7. Philinopsis pilsbryi ...... '.... ,.... ,...... 37 8. Phi/in,opsis speciosa .,.... ,...... '.. ,.. '...... ,...... ,.. ..' ...... ,.. 39 9 .. Micromelo guamensis .. '. ., ...... ,.. ,.. ,.... ,...... ,..... ,...... 42 10. Haminoea o lvalis ...... '.. ,...... '...... '...... '...... 44 11. Elysia abe; ...... '.. '.... '.. '...... '.. '.. '...... ,...... '.. ,.. ,..... '.. '...... '.... '..... '.'. 47 12.. Elysia ornat.a .,...... ,...... ,...... ,.. '...... '...... 48

1,3. Syphonota geographica ...... #0 '...... #0 .. #0 ...... 50 14. Thuridilla Bayeri '...... ,.. '...... ,.. '...... '...... '...... ,.. '...... 5,1 15. Tnuridill.a carlsoni .. ,.. ,...... ,.. ,...... '...... ,...... 52

16. Plakobranchus oce/latus ...... 14 ...... ,...... 53 17. Armina cygnea .'...... ,...... ,.. ,.. '...... ,...... ,.. ,.. ,...... '...... ,. 58 ICOBAR Is' os

18. Armina semperi ..•.•. '.. '...... • '...•. '...... '... '.... '...... ,.... '...... ,...... •.•.•. '..... '. 59 19. Ha/gerda bacalusia ...... '...... •. '.. ,...... '... 61

20. Halg.erda strickland; ...... '.. O' . '•• '._ ••• '•• 'e.'•••••••••• '••••••••• '•• e., . '••••• '••••• 0 ••• ,••• 63 21. tessellata .'...... '...... '...... ,.... '.,...... '.. '...... '...... '.. '...... '. 65 22. ,Hop/odoris armata .'...... '...... '...... ,...... ,...... '... 6,7 23. funebris •...•. '.. '... '.. '....•. '...•.•• '.•...•.•..••.• '.. '...•... '.. '...... '...... '.. 69 24.. ,)orunna rubescens '...... '... '...... •...... ,..... '...... ,...... ,.. '...... '...... 71

25. ornatissima .... '.. ,...... '.. ,.. '...•... '...... '..•..•. '...•.. 04 ...... 74 26. trilobatum ...... 75

27. elisabethina ...... 0.0 ...... e ..... ,...... 77 28. Chromodoris fide/is ...... •'•. '...•... ,•.. ,.••. '...... '...... '.. 78 29. Chr:omodoris,geminus ..•...... •... '...• '...•.•. '.•...•....•...•. '...... '...... •• 79 ,30. Chromodoris gleniei .'...... '...... , ... '... '...... '••. '...... '...... ,.. '...... '.. ,.. '..... ,.. 81 31. Chromodoris striate//a '.•.•..• '...... '•..•••• 83 32. Chromodoris tinctoria ...... '.. '...... '.•.•. '...... '....•. ,...... 84 33. ,atr,omarginata ...... '...... 87 34. Glossodoris ,cincta ...... '...... 89

,35. GJossodoris hikuerensis ...... 4O •• 4O ••••••• ,•••••••••• 90 36. , bullock; .'...... '.. '...... '..... '...... ,...... •..... ,92 ,37. Hypse/odoris emma .... '...... '.. '...... '..•. '...... ,..•. '.... 94 38. Hypse/odoris krakatoa .... '...... '...... '... '...... 95 39. •. '...... '.. ,...... '...... '.. '.. '.. '..•.... '.. '...... ,,,.'.• 97 40. Hypse/odoris nigrostriata ...... '...... '.. '...... ,. .'..... '...... 99 41. Hypselodoris sagamiensis ...... '...... 1,00

42. Hypselodoris zebrina ...... '...... '.. '.... '... '... 0. '...... ' . ,1,02 4.3. multituberculata ...... '...... 104 44. ghardaqana ...... '.. '..... '...... '...... '...•. '..... ,.• '.... 1,05 45. Risbecia pulchella ...... '.•...... •... '.... '...... • '...... ••.... '... ,...... "..•. '.. '... 1,07 ,46. Dendrodaris denison; '.. ,... ,.... '.. '...... '...... ,.. '... '.• '...... 110 47. Dendrodoris nigra ... '...... ,...... '.. '...... '.. ,...... ,.. ,.. ,...•. '...... '.. '. 1,1,2 48. Goniodoridella savignyi ...... H ...... 1.15 49. Hexabranchus .sanguineus ...... 117 50. Nembrotha lineolata ...... , ...... ,...... 120

51. Nembrotha purpureolineata .H.H.U ...... "'.,., ...... 121 52. Gymnodoris ceylonica ...., ...... , ...... ',...... , ...... ,.... ,.. 124 .53. Gymnodoris citrina ...... ', ...... '.. '...... '...... '...... ,.. 125 54. Gymnodoris rubropapulosa .. ,...... ,...... 126 55. Gymnodoris striata ...... ,...... ,...... 127 56. Gymnodoris subflava ...... ,...... 128 57. Fryerla marindica .... ,.... ,.. ,.. ,.. ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,.. 131 58. Phylltdia ,alyta .... ,...... , ...... '...... ,.,.. ... ,...... 133 59. Phyllidia coelestis ...... '.. ',.'...... '...... '...... '.. '. .'...... '...... ,...... 134 60. PhyJlidia madangensis ...... ,...... ,...... 137 61. Phyllidla ocellata ,.... ,...... ,... ,...... ,...... ,.. ,.... ,.. 139 ,62. Phyllidia varicosa ...... '...... 140

63. Phyllidiella cooraburrama ...... #<0 ...... 142 ,64. Phyllidiella granulata ...... ,., ...... , .. ., ...... "...... 144 65. Phyllidiella pustulosa ... ,.... ,...... ,..... ,.... ,...... 146 66. Phyllidiella rosans ...... ,...... ,.... ,.... ,.... ,...... ,...... ,...... 147 67. Phyllidiella zeylanlca ...... 149 68. Phyllidiopsis,phlphiensis ...... ,.. " ... ".., ...... , ...... 151 69. Phyllidiopsis .shireen,ee ...... '...... , ...... 153 70. Phyllidiopsis striata ...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,.. ,...... ,...... 155 71. Reticulidia suzannae ...... ,...... ,...... 151 72. Cerberilla ambainensis .,..... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,.. ... ,... ,.. ,...... , .. 159 73. Cerberilla annulata ...... ,...... 160

74. Flabel/ina exoptata ...... f ••••••••••••••••• e ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .•••••••• 162 75. Moridl'lla bro.ckii ...... ,...... '...... 164

76. Ph/diana millta,ris ...... ·e . ... ., ...... , ...... 1 ,66 PI HOBRA C 5 0 NOS

,77. Ptaeraeolidia ia,nthina _... ,...... "'H_ ...... '•••••••••• ,••••••• ". •• ,...... 168

78. Sakuraeolis kirembosa .'.. '.... ',. .... f ,••• '•••• '•• '••••• '•• '...... '.. '••••• '.. '•• '.. to •••••• '•••• 170

79. Melibe ,megaceras ...... '.... '...... f •••• '••••••• '•••••••••••••• '••••• '• • '...... '•••• 173

80, Melibe cfoee/lata ..... '.*" .... , ..... , ••••• , •• '•• , .. , ...... ,., ...., ...... ', ...... f._ ...... ',.',. 175 81. Borne/fa dotoides .'... -,.,.'...... ',.. ,-.. '.. ',.. ,., .. '.... ,.'... ',.'.. ,.. ,.,.,...... ,. '...... •. ',•. ,...... 177

ACKINO'WliEDGEMEINTS ...... '.• '.• '...... '.. '••. 0 ••• '•• '•• '. '...... '••••••••• ,. " ••••••• " ••• 179 GLOSSARy ...... ' .. '.. '.• '.•.••.•••. '.. '.. '.. '.. '.•••.•..•.... 18.0 REFERENCES .., .',.,' .'.. '.• '.• '...... ,... ". ..• ',•.•••.•.••.•.•. '...... ,•. '.• '.•.••.•.•• '.. '.• '...... '...••...•.•• 187 INTRODUCTION

The Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands consists of 572 islands, islets and rocky out crops and have an aggregate coastline of 1, 912 km, which is about a fourth of the coastline of India (ANDFISH, 2006). The continental shelf area is very limited with an estimated area of 16,000 km 2 and the sea is very deep within a few kilometers from the shore. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Islands encompasses around 0.6 million km2, which is again around 30% of the EEZ of India. This provides a great opportunity to explore the vast diversity of the seas around these Islands. The reef biodiversity data for Andaman and Nicobar Islands available at present are sporadic. Nevertheless, there are already 5, 440 marine species, 138 of which are endemic, so far reported under different groups (251, 2009). The frequent large-scale climatic oscillations and local disturbances on the reefs worldwide recently add pressures on biodiversity sustenance. The concern is that we may loose many species without being aware of their existence in our coral reef area. The faunal studies in these Islands had started centuries ago. During 1902 a reprint of the work by Dampier (1688) was published which is the earliest available report from this Archipelago. The reports during the 18th and 19th century are also provides sufficient information (Dalrymple 1784; Colebrooke 179Sa, 179Sb, 1799; Blyth 1846, 1863; Anon 1859; Smith 1878, 1894). The fishery research was also started during the same period (Blyth 1861; Day 1870, 1888) along with the studies on the Echinodermata (Bell 1887) during the late 19th century. Nudibranchs are shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks, which are noted for their often extraordinary colors and striking forms ( means naked gills-mostly on the dorsal part of some species or along the side covered by a protective flap as these species tend to bury into sand or mud). Nudibranchia is the largest group in with more than 3500 described species. The gills can be used for identification. Some species wave their gills as they move or feed. Nudibranchs live in marine environments from Antartica to the tropics. Nudibranchs dwe I at virtuaUy a I depths of sea, but reach their greatest size and variation in warm, sha _low waters. Most spend their ,adu t life on the b,ottom. Glaucus marginata and G. altanticus float around upsid,e down on the surface. Glaucus feed on Physalia physalis and Velella velella. The largest species gro'w to 40,cm I{Hexabranchus sanguineus), the smallest, microscopic and are easUyable to move through grains of sand. Most of the opisthobranchs are smaller than 10 'cm (Flig. 1).

Fig. 1. Oiagrammat'c repres,entation of nudibranchs (Alder and Hancock, 1864). Nudibranchs are often casua Iy callied sea slugs. T e name leads some peope to assume that every sea s'lug must be a nud·bran,ch. The term is aso somet"mes loosely applied to the only very distant y re ated, pelagic, C. aenogastropods__ . _ . _ . ___ W 'th"nI. the" superf"1 am y Cannanol· "· " ·d ea,· an . d may also be casually used for the even more distantly related pullmonate sea s ugs, the Onch di"dae. Nudibranchs are very nUlmerous lin terms ,of spe,cies, and ,are often very attractiv'e and noticeable, but there are a wide variety of other kinds of sea s ugs, and these belong to severa ta.xonomic grou _s that are not very closely related to nudibranchs. A fair nu:mber of other sea slugs are co orful, and can be confused with nudibranchs. The max"mum lifespan of nud"branchs ·s of one ,and a half years, depending on food and su '"table condirons. At tOmes there wi 'I be popullafon ,exp osians and droughts. When food is plentifu the numbers increase/as the food source is consumed lor decreases for natural reasons numbers decl"ne. Water temperature ,and clim,at"c cond"fons m,ay also pay a part in their survival chances .. The ife style o'f these organiisms can be categorized as: • Organ·sms that feed upon hydroids, etc., (ephemeral prey) tend to appear several times each year • Those feed·ng upon liv,e .onger, possib y beyond ,a year.

MORPHOLOGY

The body forms of nudibranchs vary enormously, but becaus'e the'y are opisthobr,anchs, unlike m,ost other gastropods they are bi ateral.y symmetr"cal because they have undergone secolndary detor:sion. IMost sipecies have venomous appendages on their sides. These are used to deter predators. Many a so have a simple gut and a mouth w"th a (F;ig. 2 5). CEIRATA - Finger-rlke processes aris"ng in groups from the of aeoUd and zephyrinid nudibranchs and conta'ining A

Fli,g. 2. Diagra,mlmatic representation

IFig,. 3. A typicall dorid showling t he external body structure. Fig. 4. A typical aeolid showling the external body structur,e.

Fig. 5. The foot and ventrall parts of a typicat dorid, divert·,cula o'f the digestive gl,and. Function in respiration, digestion and (in aeolids) :in defense. They contain the extended digestive system, ,are used for respiration and in som'e spec'ies contalin nematocysts, stinging ceUs extracted frolm prey and used for defence. These terms ar'e used to describe the ': dumb-ben shape, bulb,ous, slender, tapering, flinger like, petal sihap'ed, branched, w,arty, ,club like, sail like, spind,le like, coloured bands,. FOOT - The large Imuscle mass on which gastropods move .. AU species have ,a foot th,at extends the length of the body .. Strong muscular action sends waves along the foot in the opposite direction to which they are travelling. The foot can be used for sWlimming when they ne,ed to escape or find food. Again strong muscular sidew,ays (I,ateral) or up-down (dorso ventral) convulsions are employed to help the , swim. GIILL ... Nudibr,anchs use extern,al gills or the cerata to br,eathe.The dorids have ,a branchi,al plume posteri,orly ,on the m,antle . The gills ar'e a feathery structure surrounding the anus sometimes in the f'orm of single leaflets (pinnate), or ~ith smaU,er slid,e branches (bipinnate or tr;pinnate). The structure of the' gins is useful for identificatiion. Cryptobranch dorids can retract their gills fully into a branchial pocket. Phanerobranch d,orids can contract their gills but do not posses a branchial poclket. The Aeolids and the Dendronotaceans use their c'erata th,e outer surface (ceratal ,epiderlmis}of the cerata for the exchange of gases. Depending on the species, Armina'ce,ans use either ,cerata lor ,gills (Iolcated under ,a ridge between the m,antle and the foot).

MANTLE - In nudibranchs the sheU is onily present in the larval stag'e. As adults the replaces the shell and the . This is easily seen in the dorids. Their thick mantle extends over the foot and may be cover,ed in small Ilumps (tubercl,es) v,arying in size, shape and nU lmber M ,any nudibranchs have a colourfu:t mantle making them e,asy to see, whU,e others have cryptic mant1les anowing them to blend :in. Around the Imantle ma.rgin are sometimes found small pais,on g,lands, us,ed as a deterr,ent to inqulisitive fish and other p -edators .. The arrangement of these glands Ican assist in identification. Some species h,ave spicules in the mantle to deter would be p ed,ators. In others the mant e s reduced to a ridge down the side of the bodyw"th pallial tentac_es protruding. This is th'e case with some 'of the dorids, the Goniod'or*ds and the Polycer·ds. The tips contains toxIns whlch havesim"lar chemical compounds to those found in their b yozoans or ascidian prey" The mant e is covered in cerata, long finger Uke projections in the case of the aeoUd, the e,xtension of thei - digestive system,. In aeolid nudibranchs the mantle is extended Onto long finger like p -ojections ca led cerata(singular; ceras). The 'cerata contain b -anches of digestive g and ,and often this is visible thr,ough the ceratal epidermis,. ORA EN AC E • T'entact,e (0 - flap) ,around the mouth; u,sed for food location and recognition. A paL of sensory feelers (processes), on either side of the mouth, can be found on some spec·es. These terms a e used to des,c(be the tentacles: smooth tape(ng, smooth bllunt.

RHINO HORE ~ C ,emica sensors (R inophoes) on their head a e used to sme I/taste chern cals ·n thle water wh'ich lead,s them presumably to food or othe members of their species. The vary in shape. When observed ,e osely these sensors look ·ke antennae used to rece'ive signals electromagnetic waves (radio ,and telev·s·on). The d,orids can etract the:ir rhinophoresinto a basa sheath, possibly for protecfon. These terms are used to describe the rh'nophores: sheathed, unsheathed, smooth tapering, sm,ooth blunt, ribbed (lame late), g anula - (Willan and Coleman 1989).

FOOD AND FEEDING

All nud"branchs a e ca _-nivores. They feed on

These tend to be pale in colour so as to go unnoticed on the egg mass'es. ,One small groups prey on oth'er nudibranchs. Som,e of the aeolids Imake use of microscopic green algae (zooanthellae) in there own bodies to supply them with food (Fig. 6), (solar powered nudibranchs), a practise used by many . The algae convert the sun's energy into sugar (photosynthesis) and supply the excess to the nudibranch. In return they are provided with green-house space to grow and reproduce safely (a symbiotic relationship).

DIGEST,IVE SYST M

Fig. 6. Plakobranchus oce//atus} showing the green a Igae stored in their body

The digestive system ofa nud;ibranchis divided into four functional areas. The most anterior one is formed by the mouth, buccal cavity and associated parts, and functions in reception of food. Conduction and storage take place in the next area of the dig,estive tract which includes the esophagus and an expanded portion, the . The latter is fa III owed by the stomach, digestive gland and connecting ducts which form the area concerned with digestion and absorption. The cecum and intestine are principally concerned with formation of feces. The mouth is anterior to the foot and is separated from it by a transverse furrow. Surround;ing the mouth are the oral tentacl'es. The opening of the esophagus is on the posteri1or dorsal surfa,ce ,of the buccal mass and immedietly bef'o'w this from the posteri'or ventral surf.ace the radular sac pr'otrudes. On either s'ide of the esophagus and emptying into the dor.sal lateral waUs ,of the bucc.a,1 ,mass are pa,ir'ed sa!livary glands. The open'ing connelcting the buccal cavity w·th the esophagus is on

Bucleal retracto;r Muscle 4---~~-~-- Median strip

------Salivary gland Crop

Tubul,ar p,ortion of ~.------Esophagus

~----- 'Thin flattened ---- portion of 'sal,ivary gland Cecum

-IIiI~""'-___ -- Dorsal Stomach

Blood Sinus

Intestine

,...~~----- Ana:1Opening

Fig. 7. The dligestive system of ,a nudibranch (Acanthodoris pilosa). RA H

~''''L.I'''·''Y'f''\N

the posterior dors,al surfac,e of the bucca mass. The esophagus enl,arges dorsally into a thin walled ,crop. The tubu ar esophagus enters the anterior face of the large heart shaped dii,gestive gland and empt"es onto the floor of the stoma,c This portion ,of the stomach is thin wa led and receives the two major ducts from the digestive gland. An expos,ed muscular portion of the sto'mach res in a depression on the mid-dorsal surfac,e of the gland and has a highly folded mucosa enveloped by clrcullar muscl,e. The "ntestine emerges from this exposed region. The region of format,ion of feces '"neludes t e tubular intestine and the cecum. The latter is an evagination of the dorsal stomach wa I at the junction of the stomach and ,intestine. 'There is a educed cecal evagination of the dorsal stolmach wh"ch probably funct"ons to form ,sma I fecal pellets (Patricia 967).

REPRODUCTION

Nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphrodites producing both sperm and e,ggs. 0 copulate two nudibranchs come together side by side and (usually both) p,ass sperm sa,cs trough copu atory apparatus on the right behind the head. Copu,lat"on may take seconds or a who e day, depending on the species. Both then go their own way and lay 1-6 egg masses in an anti-c ockwise sp·ra which may contain m·llio_s of eggs (Fig. 8-9). Hermaphrodism gives these a survival advantage in that mature animals can copulate and produce eggs,. Even though th,ey are hermaphrodites, they ,cannot self tert"Use. T e reproductive system is complicated for s,everal reasons such as to prevent self fertilization, autosperm, aJosperm and ovoposition (laying of eggs)" Th,e sperlm is stored until the eggs develop, when fertilization occurs. Egg masses (spawn) can contain mil ions of mucus sheathed egg capsu _es attached to the substrate varying size, shape and colour Chemical defence is used to protect the spawn against predation. Nudibranchs take no part in the rearing of their young. Egg m,asses take three forms : • Ribbons attached to the substrate along one edge. • Cylindrical capsule filled cords, attached on one slide by a thin capsule free she'et. Some dendronotaceans produce tougher and basically similar cords. * Sma I kidney shaped jelly bags attached on one side.

Fig. 8. Risbecia pu/che//a mating (Photo: Mayabunder, North Andaman),.

Fi,g. 9. Sea rose- Egg Imass of Hexabranchus sanguineus. (Photo: Pongiba u, South Andaman). Development takes place in two modes such as, Direct Development: Eggs are laid on or ne,ar a food source and th'e 'young (') hatch fully dev,eloped and commence feeding. The ,eggs are laid in ,a gelatinous mass, appear firm and are larger than in other types of development to provide sufficient food to nour.ish the embryo through to th,ejuvenUe stage,. arval Development : Eggs are laid in a filomous mass on ,any suitable surface. When the y,oung hatch they are carried in the current. They eventually settle into a food source and continue developing into adu'lts,.. A 'lot of the veliger doesn't make it adulthood; hence the high number of e,ggs lay­ Two forms of larv,a'e developlment occur; 1. Planktotrophic in which lots of small eggs are pr,oduced and the I,arv,ae veliger s'wim and feed on the plankton. 2. lecithotrophic larvae ,( veligel) swim for a short period in the p'lankton ,and do not feed, although they mayass,imilate ions. Eggs need more yolk to giv,e the larv.ae the enefgy for the brief period in plankton. Egg slize is I,arger than t hat of Planktotrophic developers (Fig .. 10-11)..

Mantt. ---...

Fig. 1:0. Veliger la rvae. QPIS OBRA C 5 F

FI,. 11.. Juvenile ,of Ptera,eoJidia ianthina. (Photo: Ritchie's Archipelago, South Andaman). t,

The most confused organisms underwater are the polyclads. The bright co'iour of them attracts the d,iver, and the shape also mim'·cs the nudibranchs. They are a group of large, free-living marine flatw,orms which are mainl'y found in tropical coral reefs. Although not e ated to moJuscs they are often mistaken for ,sea slugs because of their brilliant colour patterns. Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TURBELLARIA Order POLYCLADIDA Seperating the polycladfrom op·sthobranchs is much eas'ier with a keen observation to their anteri'or p'ortion. They are also having a like projection, but on close obs,ervation we can see that the body is folded anteriorly to form a rh".nophore like part (Fig,. 12,-13). These organisms ,are also commonly called to be :sea slugs. Fig. 12. .A nudibranch fG/ossodoris cincta) sho'wing the whole body and the details of the rhinophore elnlarged .

Fig. 13. A lPolydad worm (Acanthozoon sp.) showing the whole body and the details of th'e urhinophore like" part enlarged.

Pseudoblceros contrari.us

Pseudobiceros hytranae Pseudobiceros bedfordi Fig. 14. Pollyclad worms recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Isl,ands. CLASSIFICATION Kingdom AINIIMAl,IA Phy um MO lUSCA Class Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Phylum M,o usca is dlv'ded 'nto 6 classes such as IMonoplaco'phora, Am lphineura, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, C,ephalopodaand Gastropoda,. The CI,ass Gastropoda is agaOn divided into three subclasses such as Prosob anchia (Marine snails with shells), Opisthobranchia (Marine slugs), and Pulmonata (Land snails and slugs). The systematics followed in this worlk is based on the atest updated systematic position g"ven by Dr BO Rudman in the Australian Museum webpage http:://www.seaslugforum . net. The recent changes in taxonomical positions are also dealt in this site from time to time. The opisthobr,anchs d"ffer from tlhe more typical Imarine snails in exhib·ting reduction, internalisatOon and the complete los,s of the shell. Most prosob anch snails undergo , where the viscera and the gill cavity rotate 180 degrees from their original position, direcfng the gills and the anus to the anterior of the anilma . In the opisthobranchs detorsion OClcurs, the gUlls and anus are directed to the post,erior or the (ght side .. Within theOpisthobranchs there are eight orders each ex ·biting a varying degree of reduction or 'loss of a she I. The most primitive group have well developed shells, in others a shell is present in the larval stage. Sub 'Class Opiistholbran,chia is divided into the fol owing eight Orders : 1. CEPHALASPID A : This 'is one of the largest and most prim"tive groups of opisthobranchs. The name ·5 derived from the flatt'ened he,ad shields (cephla = head) which extends back up over the anima s body. This wedge shaped head sh·eld is a practical adaptation for burrowing under sand. Some have shell large enough to contain the animal, wh'le at the other end of the sca;le some have a small, vestigial shel . 2. ACOCHll EA: Members of this order dwe I in gr,avlel, sand and mud and little lis known about the"r Ilife cycles. Mostly marine and are Iless than 10 mm, some of the larger members (.35 mm) live infreshw,ater 3. SAC10GliOSSA ,: Members of this order have sma lor nlo she and a e small crYlPtilc herb·vores. They feed by pliercling the ,alg,al wall with knife-rke teeth on the radula and sucking out the contents. Some store chlloroplasts in their own body providing a source of nutrients ,and their green colour 4. ANASPID'EA ': These large bulky opisthobranchs, reaching 60 cm have two pairs of tentacles on their heads resemblle a hare. They may weigh up to 2 kg. Some have a sma I linternal shell; others have no shell at a L Most have a green mott ed colour and can blend in wel with their surroundings, Sea hares are herbivores. S. N'OTASPIDEA .: These animals are dist;inguished by the elongated, Iplumed gill on the right side of the body.. Prim'arUy feeders, they are known to a so feed on hard corals or ascidians.

6 THECOSOMATA: This order lives a planktonic existenc'e. The sheUis sm,alll and the foot ·s adapted for sw·mming,. hecosomes are filter feeders app ying mucus traps to ,catch their prey. 7 GYMNOSOMATA (Pteropods) ; Another order living a planktonic life. Members of this ord,er have no she I ,as adults and are specialised carnivores, prey·ng on a single or spec'es of th,ecosomes.

8. NUOIBRANCHIA ~ The most diverse group of opisthobranchia,. S·nce they remain the most studied ,and explored group of opistihobrancht.a, the word nudibranch usuafl'y used for all opisthobranchs. Nudlilbranchia means an"rna s With naked gins; it refers to their very identificat"on AI'lll.lMIYI mark.. They are marine ,and l'ive iin almost all depths of sea. AU members of this order are carnivorous.

Indian subcontinent 'with its coastline extending over 8, 000 km and subtropical climate condition has very few cora reef areas when compared to other reg·ons ,of the 'world,. In India, the reefs are distributed along t _e east and west co,asts at restfcted places. However, alii the three rna-or reef types occur in India (Ven'kataraman et al.~ 2003). 'Within these habitats ,are some of the most d·verse, extensive and least disturbed reefs in the Indian Oce,an. To this day, many of these reefs are largely unstud"ed. Among the reefs of India, Andalman and Nicobalr Islands have flringing reefs ar,ound many Is ands, and a ong Barrier reef (329 km) on the west coast. !little is known about these reefs J which may be the most divers'e and pristine reefs in Ind"a. One of the most striking featur'es of a coral reef is the "mmense concentration of different creatures that l'ive on, around and within its complex three d'mensiona frames. Immediately noticea Ie are the fis _es and" the coras ,themselves. On y on close 'nspection are the secret ives of tiny crabs, worms and sea slugs revealed. The number lof species of molluscs recorded from various parts of the world var"es from 80,000 to I 50,000. In India 5070 species lof mol u:sca have been recorded flrom freshwater (183 species); land (1487 species) as wen as from marine habitats ,(3370 species). Andaman and N,icobar Islands have a rich moilluscan diversitYJ which Inc ude Imore th,an 000 spec-es from the Ima in,e region. Gulf of Man _ar and lakshadweep have 428 and 424 species respect·vely. 3,370 spec"es of marin,e molluscs have been reported from India that includes those occurring in coral reef ecosystelm ,as well as other areas (Venkataralman et al.~ 2003), Prismatic, consp'cuous invertebrates that live in co al reefs are the nud'branchs. Seem-ngly defense ess, these gaudy creatures are one of te excellent c.andidates for biomedica research. The :SLANDS

Opisthobran1chiate fauna, ,even thou,gh endowed with numerous prolmising benefici,al substances, unfortunately faUs under the least studied ,category of monusc in the entire Indian waters. Most of the information avail,able on the Indi,an olPisthobranchs is pertaining to the peninsular coast. The first available report of opisthobranchiate fauna from India was on the collectiion of nudibr.anchiate made by Walter Elliot (Alder and Hancock, 1864). Th:is paper deals with 42 spec:ies belonging to 10 famines of wh:ich 30 species and 4 gen,era are newly described. The oipsthobranchian research of the Indian waters can be classified into two, viz. Phase l~Before 1950, and Phase 2 ~After 1950. The phase '1 consists of the greater part lof the and ecology of these org,anisms (B , al~our, 1873; Eliot, 1906a, 190Gb, 1909, 1'910, 1916,; Gr,avely, 1910, 1942; Sewell and Annandale, 19,22; O'donoghue, '1'932; Rao, 1937 and W;inckworth, 1946, 1946a). During the second phase many publications wer'e came about opisthobranchs but most of the,m were rep,orts of the earlier described species from Indi,a or elsewhere (Burn, 1970; Narayanan, 1967, 1967a,196~1968~ 197~1970~ 1971; Rao, 1962a, 1963, 1967a, 1967b; Rao and Krishnakumari, 1974; IRao ,and A,lagarswami, 1961; Rao et aI., 1974 and Subba Rao ,and Surya Rao, 1980). Few new species were also been described during th,e se,cond ph,ase of opisthobranch r,esearch in India (Rao, 1968, 1968a., 1968b; R,ao, 1'9.52, .1962, 1967, 1968, 1'970, 1973; Rao ,and Alagarswami, 1960; IRao ,and Krlishnakumari, 1973; 1973a R,ao and Rao, 1963; Rudm,an, 1980 and Valdes et,aL, 1999). The spe,cies Moridi//a brockii was redes1cribed by Rao (1965). Ap,art fro,m this few diversity reports inclluding the opisthobranchs were also published (Hornell, '1951; Saty,amurti, 1952; Starmuhlner, 1968; Subba R,ao and Dey 2000; Menon et alw/ 1961; Panigr,ahi, 2000; Rao, 1991; Raddiah, 1'970 and Russ,el, 1971). Chromosoma ~ studies, bio .. active component extraction, m,etabolites, ,and so on applied w1ork,s were al:so carried out during this phas'e (Oanialdoss, 1996; Font.an,a et a/./ 2001; Gulavita ,et al./ 1991; Natar,ajan, 1'970; Patters,on, 1969; Rao et al./ 1993 and Salviniplawen ,and Rao, 1973). Rec,ently an elysoid nudlibranch, Elysia bangt-awaensis 'was reported from G'oaco,ast PI TH BRA C 0

,of Indian Peninsul,a (Jagtap et ,al, 2009). The molluscan diversity studiies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were started in the late 19tb century. The literature available shows that the earliest molluscan (Shells) study was on ,a ,collection of marine shells made by Smith i:n 1878. Durin.g 1879 Oa'y published an article about the molluscan diversity of Andamanlslands. On the later part of 1'9th century few studies were undertaken on molluscan diversity by Sowerby, 1893 and Melvill and Skyes, 1898,. The first repo,rt on nudibra,nch from these Islands wa,s published by Eliot (1910), which deals with ,a collection of nudibranchs ,made by Annandale .. He has d,es'cribed five species of nudibr,anchs, of which four 'were collected from Andaman:s; including ,a new species - a,nnu/ata. The other species from Andamans are lin8uella quadrilateralis Bergh; pustulata Abraham and Chromodoris albo-pustulata Pe,ase. On turn ·of 2lst century 29 species ,of opisthobranchs were reported from Andaman and Nicobar Islands belonging to 11 families and 4 orders, including the occurrence ,of nudibranch, .Pseudovermis solcatus from thes'e Islands (Subba R,ao and Oley, .2000). Subba Rao (2'000) repo,rted the occurrence of eight orde ~ rsand as many as fifty 'families cons'isting of about 'ISO species which is considerably a poor representation of the richly diversified sea slu,gs in India compared to ,3400 species esti'mated to occur in the Indo-West P,acific Province. Opisthobranchiate taxonomy and ecology in these Is'lands re,eently gained an attention after 99 ye,ars of the publication b'y Eliot with the report of 'five spec,ies of nudibranchs (Ra,ghunathan et aI., 2009) and 17 new distributional records of nudibranch by Sreeraj ,et al. (2009); including new records to the Indian Subeontin'ent. These preliminary studies showed the abundance of these organisms in this Island groups. The pre,s'ent work consists of 81 species of opisthobranchs under 5 orders ,and as many as 21 families. All the species reported earUer from these 'Islands by the authors are also included. QPISTH BRA CHS OF

S R Y

A total of 15 ,areas ,are surveyed which Includes 27 Islands i(Fig. 15) during April to November 2009. The intertid,alareas wer'e cov'ered by visual observ,atiion and for the sub-tidal areas up to 5 meters were surveyed by snorkeling and sktn diving. The reef beyond that was surveyed using SCUBA apparatus. IUp toa maximum of 28 meters were surveyed in sub ... tidal areas,. 'Maximum care w,as taken not to disturb the c,or,als and other fauna. Thr,e,e sp'eci,e,s namely Glossodoris atromarginata, Chromodoris rubropapulosa and Hypse/odoris b,u//ocki; were observed only in Ni,cobar group of Is'lands. H- bullock;; was found to have maximum diversity in the w,estern Slide of Car INicobar Island during the month ,of Novelmber The maximum popullation of Plakobranchusocellatus was obs,erved in ICarbins cove area durin.g the month of July. Phyl/idiel/a zeylanica which was reported to be a r,are nudibranch in peninsular Indi,a (Ra,o, 1974) is the most common species in Andam,an which wa,s recorded from almost ,all part of .Andam,an Isl,ands. The survey areas are given in d'etail below : North Andaman Mayabunder (Carlo Island, Avis Island, Rail Island ,and Sound :Island) (12 53.092 N, '92 56,.834 E to 12 ,56.860 N, 92 54,.620 E) Diglipur (Ariel Bay, Smith Island and Ross Island) (130 18' 08,.93"N, 93'004'3'9.51 liE to '13°'13'23,.47"N,93°03'07 .3.2u e) Middle Andaman Ritchie's .Archipelago (Havelock Isl,and, Henry Lawrence Island, John Lawrence Island, Outram Island, South Button Island and Peal Isl,and,) (12°13' 48.9"N, 093,oOS'23.4"e to 12 03,.128 N, 93 00.236 E) South Andaman Aberde,en Bay (11 40,.195 N, '92 45.008 El,

B'Urmanaliah (11'°31'32.77" N, 92 0 4.3"27.'90"), Carbins cove (11 38.468 N, 92 4.5,.151 E), Chid:iy,atappu (11°29'23 .21" "N, 92042'31.84"), Mahatma Gandh;i Marine Nati'onal Park, 'Wandoor <'Grub Island., Jolly Buoy Isl.and and 'TarmugU Island) N,orth Bay (114.2.084 N, 92 45.102 E), Pongibalu (11 30.958 N, 92 39.200 E), Rutl,and Island (1102'9.288'N, 92040.141'E), little And,aman .and Sister Island (lO'030'14.6'9 tf N, o 92°29'59.41''' to 10 S6'09 .44 IN, 92°37'18.35'" Nicobar Islands Island (09°14'06.4S"N, 9204.8'15.7811 to 111 09'0()7'08.S4u'N, 92°45'43.40 ), Ka,mort.a Island (080 02.151', N,93'°33.182'E) (08°13.686'N, 93°10.913'E, to 08°17.418'N, 93°10,.338'E) Bay of Bengal

----... amanSea

en

• •

Fil. 15.. Map showing the are,as surveyed RDER : N AS IDEA Fi,sc er, 188,3

S OplS a anc S ,are common y reer ed to as the side g" led s ugs because he si gle, IP ume- "ke ,gill is located on t e right si Ie betwee t e mant e ,a d t e '_00 • _he shel 'is never xterna , and ,ay 0 - may not be prese t "nterna Iy. he o v zo"da -n shape and bears rol ed or,a tentacles a

.. P E OB~ ' NC 00 A Fe ussac, 1822

RO RA C I AE Me ke, 1828

he es rese tatives of thefam·ly Pie obranc idae are ,5 a Iv eas"ly ecognized 'y te l m body shape wit a 'ful a _ 0 _ ded dors _m. There is no ex ernal shel ut an 'interna ernna _t __ ay e p _- ese __ to The rna tie may be smooth or even y c r it 0 nded stulles Gads In the skin sec -ete ac' ·c -or d f nsive p rposes. A b oad ora_veil res above teo fo m d be ween the 0 a tentacles Both the ora e es and r 'ino hores are enrol ed by virtue of a

. longi u ° ,a sl . Rh "nophores may be carriied diose together o 0 _ t ead 0 spread to lea1c side. The plume-like gOI is ocat d 0 the ri,g -t sOde between the mantle and the foot. oco 0'0 iis by cira on t e foot assis ed by mucus fro _ ,an a _eno eda_ groove. T_ ei dOet va i,es almong species and _a ge from spo_ ges ' 0 corals and a ,emones 10 as'c·dians. 'ey f ed t rough a ,otrusible oral tube Most often seen at 'ig or ou nde rocks or coral pates du "ng the day. S NOS

1. Berthellamartensi (Pilsbry, 1.896) Fig. 16 TSUBOKAWA, R. ,and B'OlLANO, R.F. (1991). Berthella martens; (Pilsbry, 189'6), 'new to the Japanes'e Notaspidea Fauna. Venus, Japanese Joumal of Malacology, 50(3) : 184-195. DESCRIPTION : This species shows a 'wide variation in colour The ,animal re'corded in Andaman had yellow mantle with brown ring scattered over the mantle. Th'is species is ch,aracterized by its ,abirty to autotomi,se (break off) large se,ctions of its mantle when di,sturbed. The brown rin,gvisible in paler animals mar'ks the breakage point when the ,animal breaks off its mantle skirt. Rhinophore dark brown in colour with yellow at the base. As with other specie,s of Berthells, this species feeds on sponges,. DISTRIBUTION : Tropica'i Indo-W'est P,acific. • ndia : Ritchies Archi,peJago, South Andaman {1 REMARKS : New Record to 'ndian waters.

Fig. 16.8ertbellamartensi (Ritchie's Archipelago). 'IS OBRAN H OF A

OR R ': A ASP DEA F' c , 883

T. -'is or IS dominated by t .e am Iy A ysrdae. Aplysiids e ,al rge, p pad have a d"S' One head w" h a pa r f -... oLed a .. d erect rh"nophores a d la ge enro led ora t ntac e " f he sh .1 iis not lost it . s red uced to a mostly na pi te over e gL 1 and heart. Fam" y A .er"dae .. v r, a e co sid ed pri "rve with an ext'erna she I ot .. Ii . p . a.aspi ans and in fact the ex er ,a Ife tyle ·s suggestive 0 the "head shield -ri .5 possess ,an elo gate body without e ' a les and bu r,ow th oug e s bs rat .. a r tes t .a bo . of these famines have in co .0 L clud the possess·on of two glands tha separate y , e re _e ad . ink a. .. p easan smelllL g e ear flluid for

10 - Ra' i sq , 8:· 5

o y n i . th 'nt rfda. area where the growth of r"e . T e ap ysHd,s are comlmo 'yea led "Sea eir a pe,arance .. They are usual y of ulky a gr a ra ge L s·,z, 0 7 0 mm, as adults ir o .y for . ex .. iL · s a distinct head w'th e .. tae~es and arge, e lect, grooved

FI ...... ·~i£:aS tho,s ,genera where the she I is ,ot I,ost at osis i s remna t is re ,ained as a pl,ate over the . er ally except for a eOUIP e of s. e'e es of the g . h '·he mantle .eaves part of it osed. Move .. ent is ac ieved by a creeping e ap ysi"ds ,are able to sw m y'fl,appi g ost a e wen ,ea . oufl,aged ,am'ong the·r po . t ey are gross feeders and , er Idal y. W en dis urbed Imany elo d of· k and an nIP e,asant clear . . , f 0 sa ' t glands, fa. defensive purposes. 2. Stylocheilus /onlicauda (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825), FOg. 17 QUOY, JEAN RENE CONSTANTIN and JOSEPH PAUL GAIMARD, 1825. In : Louis de Freycinet. Voyage autour de monde, entrepris par ord,re du roy, sous Ie ministere et conformement aux instructions de S. Exc. M. de Vlicomte du Bouchage, secretair,e d'etat au delpartem,ent de _8 mar*ne, exe,cute sur les corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physiciienne pendant les annee:s 1817-1820. Paris. Zoot , pt,. 2, chapter 11, Descriiption des MoJusques, pp. 410-516, pis,. 66-72, 75,87. DESCRIPTIO _ : The specie,s shows ,a lolo'f colour var'iation. The observed was greenish in co our w th blue coloured eye spots. This re _atively small elongate Sea Hare usually has dark longitudina lines and scattered eye spots, either with pink or b ue centres. Although usually smaller, an·mals grew more than 6 em in length.. 'ike ma'ny Sea Hares they produce a purplle 'ink when di,sturbed,. lLik,e Bursatella lea,chii, this spec'ies feeds on blue ~green algae which form a mat or film over rocks or the surfac'e of muddy s_ores. ound from t _e intert-dal to about 30m, Stylocheilus longicauda c,an somet'·mes be found in arge numbers.

F1ig 17. Stylocheilus longicauda ,(IR;itchie's Ar,chipelago). ISTHOBRAN HS OF

SIMIlAR SPECIES : S. striatus, S. ,citrinus D STR BUTION : Circum-tropica. (.ndo .. West Pacific & At ant·c). India: Ritch·es Archipelago, South Andam,an. CHS F

REMARKS: New Record to Indian waters.

ORDER : Fischer, 1883 Cephalaspideans are the most primitive of opisthobranchs because of their external shell, basic gill structure, form of the radula and relatively simple reproductive system - though it is hermaphroditic like all opisthobranchs. As the name suggests, the Cephalaspidea contains the head shield slugs, descendants of the original burrowing opisthobranchs. Generally the head is shaped as a well-developed flattened shield and it is used for ploughing through the substrate. It is often wedge-shaped with posterior lobes. The foot is often enlarged laterally into flaps called parapodia. Most cephalaspideans possess a shell borne either externally or internally, but it can be reduced or lost altogether. The greater majority are carnivorous, eating foraminiferans, bristle worms or other molluscs. Many have a grinding gizzard for crushing the shells of their molluscan prey.

Key to the families of order CEPHALASPIDEA recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Islands la. Shell internal and reduced ...... lb. Shell external ...... 2 2a. Shell quite small compared to the animal so it cannot completely withdraw into the shell ...... APLUSTRIDAE 2b. Can withdraw into shell entirely. Foot less broader than the shell ...... HAMINOEIDAE

SUPERFAMilY: PHlllNOIDEA Gray, J.E., 1850 FAMilY: AGlAJlDAE Pilsbry, 1895 (1847) The body is usually long and somewhat cylindrical in appearance and often strikingly coloured or marked. A large head shield most often of a triangular shape possesses sensory bristles on the broader anterior edge near the mouth with the lateral corners frequently lobed. The visceral hump extends posteriorly usually into long tapering caudal lobes often longer one side than the other. The well developed parapodia arise from the sides of the foot to just cover the sides of the body or they may extend towards the midline and sometimes meet. The shell is reduced and internal. There are no external gills to observe. Aglajids are all active predators on other opisthobranchs, polychaetes, nemerteans and flatworms depending on the species.

Key to the genera of the family AGLAJIIDAE recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Islands la. The animal possess a tail ...... 2 lb. No tail...... Philinopsis 2a . Tail forming chelae like structure since one of the tails is longer than the other ...... Chelidoneura 2b. Ta'i does not form chellae lilke structure ...... Allajs

3. Ag/ajs tricolorata Renier, 1,807, Fig. 18

MARTIINEZ, E., BAIlLIESTEROS, M., AVILA, C., OAINTAIRT, il. and OIMIINO, G. (1993) Th'e f.amily Aglajidae ,(Opisthoiblranchia: Celplhalasplid,ea) fin the Iberia,n Peninsula. Iberus, 11(1) : 15-29. DESCRIPTION : The species observed 'from Burmanella had a length of 9.7 cm and width of 3.4 em. The spec·es has distinctive tentacu ar corners on the anterior parapodia and a thin posterior flagellum extending out 'from the ventral fo'id of the posterior shield,. 'The animal is dark translucent brown with opalescent wh'ite spots scatte eda lover the d'orsal surface and the sides,. On the ventral surface the background colour is much more tr,anslucent and the white spots la ger Some reports say there are blue ,a d orange lines along the parapodial edge. like most other species Aglaja tricolorata also found ass'o,ciated with coral reef area of Andam,an 'waters especi,ally on the Goniopora and Montipora co,lonies,.

F" . 18 AH/aia tricolorata (Burmana la h. South .Andamanl ~""""':~"' '1~ PISTHOB

LANDS

o

SIMILAR SPEC ES : Philinopsis depicta DISTRIBUTION : Known from the Mediterranean and the west coast of Africa,. India : Rutland Isl,and, South Andam,an REMAIRKS : New Record to ndian waters A H

""'I.J,MIV',.",,, A

Key to the species of genus Chelidoneur,a recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Isl,ands la. large yellow ,orange spots on the m,antie which is bla,ck in color ... '...... '..... '... '..... '..... '..... ,... '.'...... '.'...• ,.... '.... '.'..... '.... C puctata lb. The...: mante' 'I' IS, wh'. Ite wit.I h ye-u. ow' p, a.. tees h ' . r.Ine .d . w'.. It. h. bl. ac k

..... , ...... '••••• '••••• '. '••• " ••• •• '•••• Ie ,•••• '. '." ••••••••••• •••••• '•••••••• ', '•••• '. .... C sandrana

,4. Chelidonura pun,ctata Eliot, 1903, Fig. 19 ELIOT, C.N.E. 1903. On some nudibr,anchsfrom ,east Africa and Zanzibar. Part nt , Cryptobranchiat.ae, 1. P~oceedjngs of the Zoological

Socie,fiY of london/ 2 : 354 ... 3851 pis. 22@:24. ,DESCRIPTION : This species is ea,si'ly identified by its large yenow-orangespots. Spots are scattered in the mantle. Few near the mantle edge and few spots ar,e on the anter:ior portion of the body. Mantle edge is coloured blue. The spec:imen in the photo was observed on top ,of hard coral Montip,ora sp. The spec:imen colle,cted from Car Nic,obar had very few but large or,ange spots on the mantle.

SIMILAR SPECIES : C tsurugensi~ C. sandrana DISTRIBUTION : Tanzania, Madagascar in the western Indian 'Ocean, South Africa, Thailand and Burma. India: IRit,chies Archipel,ago, South Andaman; Car N,i,cobar, Ni,cobar Iisiands,. REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters

Fig . 19. Chelidonura punctata (Ritchie's Archipel,ago). .: . • , •• • 33 ... • : l • .' •

.. . 5. Chelidonur-a sandrana Rud1man, 1973, 'Fig. 20 RUDMAN, W.B . (1973) On some species of Che!idonura (Opisthobranchia : .Ag ajidae) from Zanzibar ·and Fir. Zoological Journal of the linnean Society" 52: 201-215. DESCRIPTION : Very sim·la to C. tsurugensis. One point of diifference is that the two white patches on the front of the he,ad in ,e. tsurugensis are absent in typ·cal C. sandrana.. White patches on the head are only present in specimens with only the yellow spots. his cou d suggest there are two sp'ecies, C. ts.urugensis 'with a wide distribution thr,oughout the Indo-West Pacific, and C. sandrana restricted to the Indian Ocean. The mantle of the animal was white in colour with yellow patches lined w·th black. The mantle edge is black in colour SIMI R SPEC ES : C. tsurugensis • 0 ~ S ~ RIBUTI,ON : Tanzan,ia, Queensland. Indiia : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman. REMARKS : New Record to Indi.an waters.

Fig. 20. Chelidonu.ra sandrana (Ritchie/s Archlipelago) Key to the species of genus Philinopsis recorded f'rom Andaman and Ni,cobar Islands :1,a. Mantle edge blue in colour ...... ' ...... 2 lb. Mantle edge black in colour with p,ale yellow blotches scattered on body ...... '.'....• '.'...... '...... '...... '. ,Po pilsbryi 2a. Mantle edge with continuous blue stripe ...... P. cyanea 2b. Mantle edge with blue and black alternate ma'rkings ......

,ot ot ot .... " ." • '..... " '•• ot ot ... " .. " " .. ,. ot ...... ,. '. ''O ...... " " '. '. '...... " ''O ••••• " " '. '...... '••• '. '. P. spec;'osa

6. Philin,opsis cyan,ea (Martens, 1879), Fig. 21

MART,ENS, eOUA:RO VON, 1879. Obersicht der 'von ihm (W. Peters) v'on 1843 bis 1847 in Mossambiqu,e gesammelten MoUu'sca. Monatsbe.rkht der Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu ,Berlin, Ipp. 727 .. 749. DESCRIPTION : Philinops;s ,cyanea, is quite a vari,able species found throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacift,c,. It varies in colour fr'om plain bla'ck to black with blue, white, yell-o'w ,or brownish-yellow markings. Juvenile ,animals are often more c'olourful than adults. The posterior edge of the headshield has ,a tapering crest, which stands erect, and the body i:s cylindr'ical

Fil.2:1'O Phi/inopsis cyanea (Ritchie'.s A,rchipelago) Qp ST OBRA CHS 0

iin shape. Spec'ies of Philinopsis are usually found burrowing through sand or mud. Two col,our form observed in ,Andaman; brown and orange. In both the animals the mantle edge was Uned with blue col,our Th,e orange colour variant was simillar colour pattern as that of Chelidonura ,s,andrana. S MILAR SP CIES : P. speciosa DISTRIBUT ON : W·despread throu,gh out the trop·cal ndo-West Pacific. India: R·tchies Archipelago, South Andam,an. REMARKS New Record to Indian w,aters

Fig,. 21. Phi/in-apsis .cyanea (Rit'chie's Archipelago) 7. Philinopsis pilsbryi (Ef ot, 1900), Fig. 22

ELtOT, CHARLE:S NORTON EIDGECOMBE, 1900. Notes on tectibranchs and naked m,oUusks from Samoa. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, PhUadelph,ia, pp. 512.. 523, pI. 19. DESCRIPTION: The anim,al is translucent white with a pattern of black reticulate lines,. In some specimens the lines are relatively thin and the head shield pattern is esse,ntially a black figure of eight with some smaller rin.gs ,and reticul,ations anteriorly, and similar figur,e of ei,ght, often broken, is found on the posterior shi,eld. The upper, outer edge of th'e par,apodia has a black reticulation ,and the ventral part of the parapodi,a and the foot is colourless. The colour pattern though is very v.ariable and turns through to animals which could best be described as being black dorsally with white spots. In these black v,ariations there are usuaUy two large white spots on the he,adshield and the poster,ior shield.

511MlLAR SPECIES : P. reticulata

Fig. 22. Phf/inopsis pi/sbryi (Ritchie's Archipelago) DISTRIBUTION : Tropical Indo-West Pacific (Solomon Islands# Vanautu, Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malasia, , Hawaii, Marshal Islands).. India : R·tchies Archipelago, South And,ama'n. REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters. ,8. Philinopsis speciosa Pease, 1860, ,F,ig. 23

PEASE" W.H. (1.860) D,escripfons of new specie:s of M'otlusca from the S,andwlch sla ds. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of london 28, 18.. 36.

DESCRIPTION : The ground colour of the animal ranges from light translucent brown to an opaque dark brown or even b:lack,. There are a pa+r of yellow to orange-brown paraUellines on the he,ad shield ,on either side of the midline, ,and $'ometimes traces of a second line on each side, further out, s"milar to those ,somet·mes present in P. cyanea. The white spots range from quite small to very large, the large 'white markings being somewhat broken by brown speckling. The margin of the para podia is colored with black, b ue and 'orang,e-y'ellow m,arkings, which can somet'mes form !lines. The foot appears to be of similar colour to the dorsal surface,. The colour is extremely variable} and p,arts of the p,attern can be ab,sent in any spe,cimen. Two colour forms of this spec· es recorded from Andaman,s. Animal with brown mantle and

Fig. 23. Philinopsis speciosa (Ritchie's Archipelago). PI 0 RA CHS OF

animal 'wlith br,ight yellow ,mantle. Both have discont·nuous b ue co ,our on the mantle edge. SIMILAR SPECIES : P.cyanea DISTRIBUTION: Hawa·i, Indones"a. India ,: Mayabunder, Ritchies Arch"pelago, Andaman Ilsl,ands.

REIMARKS : INe'w Record to Iindian waters.

Fig .. 23.. Philinopsis speciosa (Ritchie',s Archipelago). NDS

MI Y ': o gny, 8 ,

FAM Y: A I 1893)

T .,-._ ,~ .. r"dae, opu arly calle Rose-. etal B ble Sna'ls, n y na of ydaf i a un iI recent y. hey are larg an ve co sp'c ous ce halasp' eans due to h r . "8 . colours, f llamboya .t an e .Iarged foo and spira.ly ads I t 'i ·, e ernal sheU s OYO d 0 globose w I t even so the a imal ca not w" hdraw co ' S s el t as a la ge h ad s eld roduc'i g d 110 g IPosterio obes ' aming , he cl10se se' a te ·or 10 es fo ded .a era.ly the whole e e · is eke at 0 a ask The poster.or e d of ' . e ces a large 'inf apa ial lobe fo ding up and s III. Th 00 IS broad and derc,a e, and e SO es ,3 e e arg · d • to W ,at co d be described as _ ra _od"a ,. p ,a e gill Imay e y·si Ie rotrudi g from an cav"ty on the r' gh side. A I alPlustrids feed on polychae'.e wo s elong"ng to the f.am 'i y Amp .·nomidae-fire o. s .. 9. Micromelo guamensis (Quoy and Gaim,ard, 1825), Fig. 24 QUOY, JEAN RENE CONSTANTIN and JOSEPH PAU GAIM.ARO, 1825,. In: Louls de IFreyc ,in'et. Voyag1e autour de ,m,onde, entreplr,is par ,ordre du Iroy, sous Ie ministere ,et conformement aux instructions de S. E.xc. M. de Vicomte du Bouchage, secr4!taire d'etat au departement de la marin,e, execute sur les corvettes de S. M.'Uranie et la Physici,enlne pend,ant les annees 18:17-1820. Par's. Zool., pt.. 2, chapter 11, Description des IMoUu.sques, pp. 410-516, pis. 66-72, 75, 87. DESCRIIPTION : The on y species recorded during this study which has a shell on its back. Th"s organism retains its sheiL Animal translucent white in colour with wh"te patches on the mantle. Bright white lin"ng borders the mant _e. The second _ining is thicker and is of bright blue in colour The shelll opaque with black lining . SIMILAR SPECIES : M. undata DISTRIIB'UTION : Indo-West Paclif'c (South 'wales). ndia : Ritchi,es Archipelago, South And,aman REMARKS: New Record to Indian waters

IFig. 24. Microme/o guamensis (Ritchie's Archipelago) PST 0

SUPE IlV M 0 010 ( s ry, 189 ~ F MY. AMINOE DA PLsb Y, 89 TV ·call t e an·ma is s all. a noeids usual y possesses

'i ,rag'l I smoot a d rans ucent shell occas'·onailly wit bands. e sh I s ape is b oad y ovate t lO cyrndricall, "d st a he Imi po nt a d wiith a su en spore ra Iy wi aw completely 'into t e shell. S Ie I oa i e os erior edge usua V de· to a pai of lob sad w'ith d·scernable eyes loca ed _ors close to the s rface. The e is a broad foot, er an ' e shel , W ose sides a e developed at 0 up 0 cover the neck and she I g Id dorsum. The'y may c p the a" is oft n visib e be i d the she I ex _ens·o of the m,a t e (a _- e 0 ex eL al gLls 0 0 serve,. T ey rf. 10. Haminoea ova/is Pease, 1868, Fig. 2.5

PEASIE, W. H" 18168. Oesclr,iptiions of marine Gaster,oIPodae, inhabiting

PoIYlnesia,. American Journal of Conchol08~ 4 1(2):71-,80, pis. 7·10. OEseR P'TIO : Note from C ay Carlson & Patty Jo Hoff - ".H. ova/is is the only Haminoea proper that we are aware of that has aU lateral teeth denticulate. Host is the b ue ,green algae, lyngbya majuscu/;I' Seen h,alf buried in the sand. The bright coloured spots on the body in noticeab e. Body light green in colour with b,right orange and blue spots scattered through out. The broad foot is developed 'into parapodium which is folded ,over to c,over the she I. S MI IR SPEC IES : H. cymba/um DISTRIBUTION: ropicalwestern Pacific (Heron Is and, Samoa). ndia : Ritch·es Archipelago, South Andaman. IR -MARKS: INew Record to ndian waters

Fig. 25 Haminoea ova/is (Ritch·e's .Archip,elago). PIS OBRANCH 0

RD : SA 0 OSSA (von ring" 1876) Sa oglossa s are almost all er ivores tha ive in associatio ith gree algae o'f the order Siphonales, p rly ,ose of the ge us Cau/erpa. All sacoglossans have ra a ee h that a dagg1e - i e and which arle used 0 pierce plant ce Is so that t e ce fluid can be sue .ed ou _ and S 0 ed T e chloro lasts 'from the algae Im,ay be s q es ered a . armed within the cells of he sacog ossans d*gesti ega d. h 4 s a rty has ,caused them to also be termed . 51 gs,. A s _, a . numbe of sacog.ossan specIes ctiona radu ,a feed upon t e spaw of ot er opis' obr,a c s. The nalme of e order, Sacog ossa, 'is derived fro a other common fea ure t a saco,glossans possess, a

·ser'"a e ,ad a, from w 4 ch t e old,er, w 'or ,and discarded e th a ' sto dna specllal sac, he mar primitive m,embers , e ex er a s e . ito wh ch the an'mal can eomple _ely ord, r Saco,glossa, the shiell 'is never 'who y t as h s II comes rog -ess vely reduced ecomes ore ella orate. A variety of body ,or re . resent1ed ,across he ord,er - from Ilmaciform, to , or eve . leaf-l'ike.

FAM y. YSIO 0 A or es a d Ha ley, 8 Il ,. - YS IDA Forb sad a ley, 1851

lene a lly .e body shape "5 10 g and narr,ow especial y

e cr,a ing, a iis high 4 profile in e afon to .ts w idth,. T 0 of l he oot is dllvided transversely ·nto a short anterior s tio a d a ong r v'isceral s cfon They ave la. ge,fl,ap-like par odi a ong ac side of t e bo y hat exte d from behi d eead alo g . ost of . e body ength. hese are fo ded over do sum ofte meeti g n the do. sa t midliine but somet imes th e ga s h ee m,argi s are ept sightly a art The podia ,are not sed fo swimm.ng b t can con ain branches of the digestive sysi em a. d funct 4 0n in -espiration . These a apod 4 a a e someti es e ·llarged by addlltllo al folding of the

I rg ns, iQ y . ossess o . of lobes or ap· ae allong the m gllns P STHOu,~u .. '"" S 0

entac es are quite small or absent. he rhinopho es ar usua Iy promine and auricula e,.

he e are no externa gi Is ' 0 observe hey feed pr marily upon g een algae.

Key to ' he genera of fa . y EL YSI DA - ecord d fro Andaman a _d Nlcobar Islands la,. T e rhinophorles are set que e fa apart 0 the sides of the

head .. 1. ,•••••••••••• '...... • •••••• ,••••• ,••••••••••• '...... '.... • ...... 2

1 _. The rhinophores are .set very close 0 each other '......

•••• " " '" " ,.,'' , , •• I 1"lf." " '''f. " '" ." _"," . ' " ,.,. "_ " " " •• 1. " It Thuridilla 2a,. lParapod'a flaps fo died on ' he m,ant e and flat Ion t e body ..... _' ...... _'.. '...... •... _•...... _' ..... _'.'...... _' ... __'...... """ __ ",,, ,.t. Syphonota 2 . Par,apodial f aps y ng per endicullar to the body, even 'n cases where t ey are folded tota Iy they melet and point upwards ...... _'.... _...... ' ..... '.... '..... Elysia

Key to he spec':es of genus Elysia reco d d 0 Anda an and icoba sand 1a .. Rhinophore blue ...... '.'...... '...... E. abe; 1 . Rh"nophore g een ...... '- _..... " E. ornata 11. Elysia abei Baba, 1'955, IFig. 26

BABA, K. (1955). Opisthobranchia of Sagami 8ay~ Supplement. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. DESCRIP'TION : Body brownish in colour The wh:it,e spots on the body ar'e clear y v·s·ble. The ,cephalic port·on white in colour The tail portion bright blue in colour and tapered. Rhinophores blue in colour with white coloured base. 'The large spots on the Imantl,e are slight y blu'ish ·n co our Animal observed was very ,small in size (>3cm). SIMILAR SPECIES : E. amakusana IDISTRI UTION : Pacifi,c Coast ,of Jap,an. nd"a : R"tchies Archipelago, South Andaman. REMARKS: New R,ecord to Ind'ian waters.

Fig. 26. Elysia abe; (R itchie' s Archipelago). RA CHS OF

12. Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1,840), Fig. 27

JENSEN, K.R ,. (1992) ,of ,some ,Ind,o-P,acif,i,c Elysiidae (Opisth,obranchia : S,acogllossa (-Ascogl,os,sa), with ,a discussion of the 8,eneriic diviision and phylogeny. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 58(3J. 257.. 296.

DESCRIPTION : The animal is usu,aliy a transluc'ent green ,colour with a b,l,ack parapodial marg,in and ,a sublmarginal yellow or orange band. Sometimes there is a white line between the or.ange ,and yellow bands. The tip of the rhinophores often has the same colour bands. There are also numerous black and white dots aU over the body_ A very similarly coloured species, from the Indo-West Pacific, Elysia gran,difolia, has much larger, very thin parapodi,a. Jensen (199.2) reports that E. ornata feeds on Bryopsis in both the Caribbean and the Indo West Pacific. The speciles observed was feeding on a,l,gae.

SIMILAR SPECIES: E. grandifolia PI HOBRA CHS OF

DIST'RIBUTION : Circum-tropic.al; wide-spread in Caribbean and Indo-West Pacific. India: Gu f of Mannar, M,ay,abunder, Ritch,ies Archipelago; Andaman Islands

REMARKS : New Record to And,aman and NiQobar Islands 13. Syphonota 8eo8raphica (Adams and Reeve, 18.50), Fig . .28

ADAMS, A. ,and REEVE, l. (1,850). ,Mo Iu.se,a, Part 3. In: Adams, A.(Ed.), The zoology of th.e voyage of the H.M.S. Samarang; under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C.S., ,F.R.A.S., F. ,G.S., during the years 1843-1846. pp .. ,45·87, P s 17-2,4. IReeve, Benham & Reeve: ondon. o SCRIPTION: ,Animal is green in colour This circumtropical species can be distinguished from speci'es of by the position of the rhinophor,es, close tog,ether and set back between the parapod·al lobes. They swim by flapping the parapodia. Animal almost blend with the back,ground flora. S MILAR SPECIES: Elysia grandifolia DIS' RIBUTION : Indo,·West Pacific & Atl,antic.. India Ritchies Alrchipelago, Mayabund'er, Andaman Islands. MARKS : New Record to Indian waters.

F'I. 2,8 .. Syphonota g80graphica (Kizh,akka rai" 'Gulf of IMannar). I THO RA CH

Key to the species of genus Thu idilla recorded from Andaman and N·cobar Islands la. Body with creamy colour,ation striati,ons on back ba,ckground '...... '...... '..... '...... '..... '...... '...... T. bayeri lb,. Body covered by green marks on a du I cream background

...... '. f ...... " ...... '...... f .' ...... T. ,carlson)'

14. Thurldilla bayeri (Marcus1 1965)/ Fig. 29

MARCUS, Er., 1965. Some Opisthobranchia from Microneslj,a. IMal,acologia 3(2}:263-286. o SCRIPTIO ': Body bla,c__ in colour Yellow'sh lines starting from rhinophores and extends up to the taU Rhinophore large companng to the bod'y length. Rhinophoral tips bright yellow in co our and rest of the part white. The basal portion of the r,hiinophore black 'fro1 m where the yellowish lines start. Yellowish tint at the tai tip. Animal very smal and se'enfeed ng on the a gae. SIMILAR SPECIES: T livida DISTRIIBUTIION : IndQ-West Pacific. India Ritchies Archlipela,gol North Wandoor; South Andaman. IREM,ARKS : IN,ew Record to Indian waters

Fig. 29. ThuridiJla bayeri (R litc hi e's Archipella go). 15. Thuridilla carlson; Goslline ,1995, 'g. 30 GOSUNER, T.M. (1995) Th,e genus Thuridilla (O,pisthobranchia: Elys'idae) from the tropical Indo-Pacific, with a r,evision of the'r phylogeny and systematics ,of the ElysUdae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 49(1) : 1-54. o SCRIPT ON : It 'is characterised by the ,clusters of deep green marks on a dull cream background. The very characteristlica Ily coloured elysiid 's known from both the east and west coasts of Australia (Wells '& IBryce, 1993). Rudman recorded th,is in iNew Ca ,led,onia, and 'Gosjner has recorded it from other parts of the western P,acific. The rhinophores ar'e cream except fo r green patterning at the base and a b uish tip,. The paap,od'aJ margllns are c eamy in colour The animal was seen feeding on algae. SIMILAR SPEC,IES : T. livida OISTR BUTION : Haw,aiian Islands, Marshalil Iisiands, ,Guam, New Ca edon-a, Papua New Guinea (PN 'GL trop·cal Australia, ,Indon,esi,a, Su ,lawesL India : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman. REMARKS: New Record to Indian waters. Fig. 30. ThuridlJla car/soni (Ritchie's Archipelago). F,AMllY : PLAKOBRANCHIDA Gray, 1840

16. Plakobranchus oce/latus Van Hasselt, 1824, Fiig. 31

HASSEL T, J. C. V. (1824) In: Andre Ferussac. Extrait d'une lettr,e du lOr. J. (. van Hass,elt au IPr,of. van S'wind,eren, sur Imollusques de Java (traduit de I' Aigem. konst en letterbode, 1824, nos. 2, 3, 4.' Tjuringe (ite Java), Ie ,25 mai 1823 (I). Bulletin des Sciences Naturelle et de G eol ogie3: 237- 245.

DESCRIP'TION : Plakobranchu,s .acellatus is ,a ,common ,inhabitant of shallow waters of Andaman Isilands. This species was reported from ndia four decades ago (V"rabhadr,a Rao, 1961). Although a number of names exist for var'ous color forms, the general consensus is that there is only one species,. It is mostly seen half buried in the sandy area o,rcoral reef of intertida'i area. like species ,of Elysia, it has parapodia wh'ich fold over the backside of the animal. he green patch on the mantle is from the green r"dges, packed full of microscop·c chloroplasts, which line 'nside of the parapodia. The rhinophore is creamy white in colour

DISTRIBUTION : Widespread throughout the tropical Indo­ West Pacific. India: Gulf of Kutch, Widespread in Andaman 'Islands.

REMARKS: Ne'w record to Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Fig. 31 , Plakobranchus ocellatus (North Bay, South Andaman) PIS B A HS

o

Fig. 31. Plakobranchus ocellatus (North Bay, South Andaman) o ANC IA a· v· Ie, 814 Th ibran s re the la gest a d lost d'iv rs orde of o is 0 ane S 0 nudibranc eve ossesses a she a,s an u , houg mos p ss ss a t. 'v, eu -- ike s e 1 a' - h la al get w·th xce _tio s, he gi Is a e ormal y air anged 0 t e S I surface usulally as a eire e Cn do(ds) or secondary s uc u es seas the t in-wa d eerata (in ,aeo ods a'y be 'z d for h r _os . T e otab except ons are the and , rrninidae, where ins' ead the gi _s are et es loea -ed down e s des under t e man e toot ,d'i anchs oft n possess de ens'v gl 'an Ie __at pr duce tox'ic or repeJent substa _ces d th ir food. Wit i t e nud'branchs is a g oup- e err d 0 as ' a ohds ~ t a' se nematocys s obta'ined fro h ir rev 0 t eiir ow defensive purpos1es. o leound worldw de, but exh'iblt he gr he t OP',CS ,

K orde NUD BRA CH A recorded f 0 _ a a an icobar lis ands

Gil s r ad ' y v'sibl on top of the manti ..... '.'..... '..... u. 6

'I s o'f the rna In _ e ...... _'..... _... .. _...... _'.. .2

rata present 0 Oldy ...... '... '.'..... '...... ,.'...... '.....••....• '.. ,3 V e g ' e so a d flatte ed ...... '...... ARMINI AE

0 -V nga e ~ ovate S laped and evenly convex in pro'-i e

o I y i I 'ff a d l oug s' ,ce "t co tailns spicu s. u .... '. '.... .•. 10..... ••• '..... •..... '•.•.• '•••. '.' .. ' •••• '•••• '.'••••• '•••••• '••• PHYl_IDIIDAE a. e cerata a e nUlmero s and crowded aU ov,e_ the body ...... __ ... '.,...... _.... ,.,.... ,.,...... '.' ..... A OlllDIDAE

. T Ie cera _arra _ged _n ro'ws 0 cllusters down each side of t e oldy ...... ,...... '..... ' '...... '...... '. '..... '...... '.... 4

a. Poss 5S very ~ , arge, extens'bl oral hood with fring'ng _ ae es ,.. .. ' .... ' '.... '..... ,...... '..... '...... ,...... -ETHYDIDAIE PI HOBRA C S 0

4b. Possess several pa·rs of cera a like pap lIae, each p 0 ect· g one or two smal b shy g'i Is hat are attached ne,ar he base ed·al y n...... '...... BORNELLIDAE

4c. Does no faU" 4a or 4b ..., ...... ~ '..... "'.. ..on • " •• 5 Sa he ce ata a e n rows a custer down each s·de of the _ody a _ are di ect y ·nserted onto t e body wa I '.... "...... '... .. "'..... '.'...... I... FLAB Lli I AE

5b. T ~ e ce_ata are ·n clusters down eac side of t e ody and attached 0 lobes of varying size .. ,...... ,.,...... GLA CIDA

6a. Possess more than 2 ora ~ tentacles .. _'...... PO VeE IDA 6b,. Possess a pair or,al ten acle ...... 7

7a. Gills ret ac' Ie.,..... '...... '•••.•. '.1.'...... 0

7b Gills non retrac' ~ ile '...... '.'...... '.'...... '.'...... '...... 8

8a. ~ hinopho ~ es ret actUe '...... '...... H XAB ANCH IIDAE

8 . Rh"nophores non~retract i i e .. " '. "' ... ""'.

9a. a'i long and tape ~ · g '0'0 ' '. ' . GO 0 0 DIDAE

9b a I ay be long or short w·t unt end .. 10<0 ...... '...... '...... '.'...... '.,.,...... ,.. '...... ,... '...... '.... GYM ~ ODORI 0 ~ DA lOa,. Mantle is hick because i ·s re·n' 0 ce w· ~ a networ of spicules .. .'.'...... '.'...... '... '...... ". '..... ,...... '.. ,...... DOR OID,AE

Ob. Man' ~e soft and smoo' h 10<0...... 10<0... '.'.'...... ,, '.'...... '...... 11 _ a The ead'ing edge of t e foo iss it transversely w 'ith t e upper port·on for ing a cav"ty • to which t e ImolUt . opens ,...... "...... 0 -NO 0 0 DIDAE lib. a such Imodlfic,a 10 0" t e 'foot CHRO 0

SU 0 0 R : AR IN NA Od ner, 934 AM LV : ARM ID ~ Era e an 0' 0 og , 9' 3 Mos - arminlds have a elongate body th,at is soft and fat t ened The m,an Ie is usuaUy arge, b ~ oad, and Jck often w 'Oth s' rong long': udina ridges on the ppe surface a thoug ' thes ay e re laced y rregular pustules 0 papil ae, or e en be a sent. T ere are no cerata o. the dorsulm. The mantle n foo are a prox' ,atel'Y the sa e w'dth, eing widest

e ° 0 V nd ta eri g g aduailly , 0 a ro nded or pointed a I e ge u.s Armina the mantle is attached posteriorl'y to t e u era s gland:s or en dosaes can be resen ' a ong the rna gi A inods have an oral veil tha' IS d stlnct lin a th sho. entacu.ar lobes la' erally. ust in font of ores so e species possess a tra .sve. se r dge or fla called a caruncle. The nophores are distinctive - pos saw t . compact vertica la eiliae and a ·e ocat d Iqu' e an erio y a d close ·o,g'ether. T ey are re' ractile,. re resent in the genus Armina but no in the ge us Dermatobranch,us. In Armina they are loca ed ,an eriorly down ' h s'ides u der _ e a tie brim a d are leaf-like in structure Iy a . d po e lorly is a system of in ricate ou row hs per orm'ng the same fu c' ion. Arminids o soft or Is or s a pens

e to _ s ecies of ge us ArmIna recorded f. om nda ... an and ·c bar Islands

la. "no hore bllack n colour ' .... '... '.'... '. '.'.... '. A cygnea

b I P 0 black in colour w t yellow t p. Many ,ev1enly s aced whOte lines on body ,. '... '.'.... '...... A. semperl 17 Armina cygnea (Bergh, 1876), Fig. 32

BERGH, L.S.R. (1876).. Neue IBeitrag,e zur Kenntn,iss der PleurophyUidien. Malakoz. B/itt, 23: 1.. 14, pt 1 DESCRIPTION : Anima is black in colour Man'v white lines run longitud"naUy on the body. The thicker 'white lin'es and thinner Unes are seen alternatively,. The rhinophore is bla,ck in colour The foot margin is ,als'o white in colour This species is mostly observed in sandy a,rea. SIMILAR SPEC ES : A. cf japon/ca. DISTRIBUT,ION : Known from aU of ,Australia except Victoria ,and Tasmania. India : Ritchies Archipelago, South Anda,man REMARKS : New Record to Ind;ian waters.

Fig. 32. Armina cygnea (Ritchie' s Archipelago). QPI TaRA CH 0

18. Armina semperi (B,ergh, 1861.), Fig. 33

BERGH, L S,. R. 1861. [For 1860). Om Forekomsten af Ne,ldfUm has MoHusker. Videnskabelige Meddele/s,er fra den Naturhistoriske Forening/ Kjobenhavn : 309-331, p'l. 8. DESCRIPT ON ': This spe,cies is characterlized by a b'lue foot with a yeUow-orang,e border Thin gr'ooves runn,ing long'itudinal y on the mantle. White lines separates each groove. Foot blue in colour with a bright 'Yellow border which makes the animal noti,ce,able. Rhinophore is black in colour with yellow tip. This anima is ,also found in sandy area. SIMtL.AR SPECIES: A, cygnea ,DISTRIB,UTION ,: Th,ailand, Sin,g,apore, Philippines. India : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman REMARKS: New Record to Indian 'waters.

IFig. 33 . .Armina semper'; (Ritchie's Archipelago). S ORO R . 0 RIOI A Odhne , 1934

AMILY : DO I 10AE afones e l 1815 UsualUy ovate in shape, some tend· g to ellonga Ie w 'th a b oad mantle skirt. The mantle s t 'c and rle·nforced w' h a etwork of spicules. lit is frequent y cover d w't _ ustu es or tubercles. The rhinophores are lame late, sometimes w ith raised sheat s, and they can retract i to pocke s whose margiins are e"ther smooth 0 (rarely) ca y pustules or apillae.

The usuaUy t i innate gUls can retract e eath the ma t~e into a pocket that also contaiins the a _,af papila. In some species the g]ls can be compressed poster'jorly ike a -a and topped by a notal f ap Do idlds are oftlen well camouf aged upon their sponge prey.

Key to the genera of tamOly DORIOI AE co ed f om

Andaman a I d Jco_ar Islands lao Tub1ercles are p_esen _...... '...... '...... ,...... 2 lb. Tubercles are absent. ' .... ' .... '...... ,...... ' .. ... lorunna 2,a. Tube c es a _e a'w,ays joinled together by idges ...... ,...... ,..... ", ...... ,., .. ".. ".. ,...... ,...... '...... H a Ige rda 2b. Tuberc es ,are not connected by the r"dges /Tube_c es have a ounded erlminal nob .'...... '.'.... '. . .'......

Key to e species o'f ge s Halgerda recorded fro_ Andaman and N·cobar Is ands la,. Orange co our tubercles that are connected by orange co 10 red ridges .. '..... '.'. .. _...... '...... '...... '. _...... , 2 lb. 0 ange co oured tube cles scattered on top of t e mantle wi h n10 r"d,ges '·oin'ng them .... ,...... '..... _'.'...... ,H stricklandi

2a. Gills fully white ' 0 crea y in colour .'...... '.,.... H. bacalusia

2b. IGii s 'W ite in colour w·t b~ack line ' n he dorsa side -'''' ...... '..... '...... ' . _...... '. '...... ' . .... ,. .. H.. tessel/ala 19 Hal8erda bacalusia Fahey and Gosliner '1999, Fig. 34

FAHEY, SJ. and GOSlINER, T.,M. (1999) ,PreUminary phylogeny of Halgerda (Nudibranc i,a: Halgerd'dae) from the Tropica l 'Indo-Pacifc w 'th description.s of three new species" Proc.eedings of the California Academy olSciences/5 (11) · 425-448,

DESCRIPTION : Halgerda. bacalusia has pronounced orange r,idges link;ing the large orange-capped tubercles. The manfle edge and margin of the foot are bright yeUow ~ o range. The rhinophoral club is rep,orted to hav,e a straw 'CO ur w!ith blla'ck band d,own ,each side, but lin the anlma'l r,ecorded here have white coloured rh'nophor,a club without any black markings. H. bacalusia has similarities to a number of other species of Halgerda with orange ridges and spots. H. carlsoni differs in having a mantle border of orange spots rather than ,a yellowish band. H. aurantiomaculata differs "n lack"ng the many small orange spots scattered ober the m,argin and in hav"ng a deep orange mantle margin. Ii diaphana a_so has sim,llar+ties but has a few orange ,streaks between the ridges rather than many small orange spots. SIMILAR SPECIES : H. carsonl H. aurantiomaculata/ H" diaphana.

'Fi g . 34. Ha/g.erda baca/usia (Ri t chie's Arch'ipelago ) DISTRIBUTION : Known only from Thailand and Philippines. 'India : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman REMARKS : New Record to Indi,anwaters 20. HalBerds stricklandi Fahey and Gosliner, 1999, :Fig. 3S

FAHEY, SJ. and GOSUNER, T.M. (1999) PreUmin,ary Phylogeny of Ha/gerda

(Nudibranchi,a: H,a'igerd'idae) from the tropical Indo ~P , acif i , c, with de.scriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the California Aca,demy.of Sciences, 51(11) : 424-448.

DESCRIPTION: Speci,es is with larg,e, bright orang'e-tipped, coni'cal tubercles scattered over the dorsum, but which are not interconnected by ridges. Below each .orange tip the tubercles have ,a band of .opaque white. Ther,e are many smaUer orange tubercles scattered amongst the larger tubercles,. The rhinophore club is translucent yellow and there lis a black line extending down the whole length ,of both the rhinophore club and stalk on the poster'ior midlin,e. In theanim,al observed in And,aman the rhinopore club was 'white in colour but the anterior side of the club had bl,ack pigmentation as recorded in other parts of the world. The gin has black spots on the anterior sides of the four br.anchial leaves. The fo-ot has an orange margin.

Fig. 35. Ha/gerda strick/andi (R itchi,e's Archlipelago) NOAMAN A

SIMILAR SPECIES : Ha/gerda carlsoni, Halgerda malesso OISTRIBIUTION : Known only from ThaUand, And,am,an Sea. ,India : R,it1chies Archip1elago, South Andaman

REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters. PI THOBRANCHS OF

21. Halgerda tessellata (B'efgh# 1880), Fig. 36

BERGH, L.S.R. (1880). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In • C.G,. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der ,Philippinen, ,Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, , S~ppl, 1: 1.. 78, Pis. ,A·F.

OEseRIPTI'ON : Th,e animal is brilliantly ,c'oloured. The orange coloured tubercles are sperated by black c,oloured g.rooves. The grooves have many bright white colored :spots. The ridges joinin,g the tubercles are aso or,ange in colour Rhinophore is white in colour with black edged rhinophoral lamellae,. Gills white in colour with black line in the ,dors,al side. Ther'e is a black spot near the ba:se of ~hinophore.

SIM'ILAR SPECIES : H. strickland;

,Fig. 36 . Halgerda tesseIJata (Ritchie's Archipelago) PI TH B

D,ISTRI8UTION : Palau, Queens'land, Mo.zambique, Malaysia, Thailand, Maldives, Southern Africa. India: Gulf of Kutch, Riitchies Archipel,ago, South Andaman REMARKS : New rec,ord to Andaman and Nicobar Islands Qp STHOB

22. Hoplodoris armata ('B,aba, 1993), Fig. 37

BABA, K. (1993), Two new species o'f (Nud:ibranchia ': Dorididae) 'from Japan. Venus, The Japanese Journal of Malacology, 52(3} : 223 234 _ (Figs 1-10, PI.1.)

DESCRIPTION : large 'ovate dorid with bro,ad ,mantle skirt. The mantlle is Icovered with rounded tubercles of varv~ng s·zes. The tubercles have a rounded terminal knob, ,a narrowerwa'st and a basal sta k. The background colour of the mantle is a trans'lucent watery brown with scattered dark brown patches. In some , ani l ma ~ s the patches coalesc'e so that mu'ch of the background is a dark reddish bro'wn. The tuberc es usually have a dark purplish knob,wh 'Ie the b,asastalk is a translucent watery brown, often with an opaque white ring around the base. H. armata acks the denticulate radular teeth but 'ts name arm,ata refers to its p,enis which is arlm,ed with Imany hooks.

SIMILAR SPECIES : Carminodoris bifurcate

'Fig. 37. Hop/odoris armata (R itchie's Ar'chipell,ago) DISTRIBUTION : Japan, South iK,orea, S,outh Afri,c,a, Australia. India : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman.

REMARKS: ew Record to Indian waters.

Key to t e spe'cies of genus Jorunna recorded fro'm Andaman and Nicobar Islands la. piinkish coloured m,an Ie w'th bro'wn ines scattered over 'body ...... '...... ill rubescens lb. White to creamy ,co1lour mantle w'th jet bl,ack spotted circiles ...... ,1. funebris QPISTHO ANCHS 0

23. Jorunna funebris (Ke aart, 1858), Fig. 38

KElAART, E.F. (1858). Description of new and little known species of Ceylon nudibranchiate molluscs and .zoophytes. Journal of the Ceylon

Branch of the Royal Asiatic Societ~Columbo, 3(1): 84-139.

D SCRIPTION : Body oblong, covex, of ,a waxypwhite colour, and spotted with black. Mant ecor'iaceous, granular, of an 'ivory white colour and ornamented with jet black spotted circles and half rings or imperfect annular spott,ed figures. Dorsa tentacles large, clavate; black, laminated, with out sheaths. Ora, tentacles linear, whit'e, tip black. Branchi,al plumes si,x, large and drooping, tripinnate, 'white and shaded lavender grey; Imidriibs of ,a dark brown colour IF,o'ot 'waxy white, spotted iirregularly on the margin of the edg'es with smalU and large linear spots.

SIM LAR SPECIES: 1. ramico/a/ J. pardus

Fig. 38. }orunna funebris (OigBpur, North Andalman). PI 0 A C OF

DISTRIBUTION : Widespread :in 'Tropica Indo-West Pacific. India : :Gujarat, Dighpur, Mayabunder, Ritch,es Archipelago, Rutland, little Andaman, Andaman Islands.

REM,ARKS : New record to ,Andaman and Nicobar Islands. PI J" OBR

24. Jorunna rubescens Bergh, 1876, Fig. 39

BERG:H, l .'s .R. (1876) Malacol'ogische Unter:suchungen. lin: Reis,enilm Archi,pel der Philippinen v·on Dr . Carl Gottfri·ed Semp1er. Zw,eiter Th,eil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. a·and 2, Theil 2, Heft 10, pp . 377-427, pis. 49-53.

DESCRIPT'ION : One of the I,argest nudibranchs recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Pinkish colour mantle with brown lines. :Its mantle is covered in small spiculate papiUae (c.aryophyllid,ia) which are characteristic of that genus. Presence of the caryophyUidia is one of the re·as'ons that this nembrothid-like dorid is placed in the genus Jorunrra. Observed to be feeding on algae. Gills are complex in structure and gill sockets ,are 'well developed. Rhinopore 'Sockets are aliso well developed and raised from the mant:le. The foot also has the brown coloured markings .or the c.aryophyUidia.

iFi g 3'9 . ) JrunnJ rubescens (North Bay, South Andam.an). Op STHOBRANCH OF SLANDS

DISTRIBUTION : Widespread in Indo-West Pacific. I'ndia : North Bay, South Andama1n. REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters PIS HO RANC S OF

A Y : CH OMODO D DA Be -gh, 891 e C orno or"d"dae s a very arge family of dorid a h" I nd,aman and "cobar Is ands a so t is is the fa i y r eorde They r1ange "n size fro_ v sma _to Ilarg « 5 m to > . 50 mm) he body IS usuaUy smooth

" h a in ski I elo ,ga ovate I s ape w"th the mantle p t 00 exe pt fo the rear of the foo . H,aving sa at, th e is a grad a _" t __ ou several ge era where b com s rogresslvely red eed a d the body i g y thic ens up conslde a I'V n ieu. he pee al gla ds aro d th rna gl wh"ch sto e.l mea ·s , oxic a ti-feedant chemicalls spo ge rev. he r "nophores and .gil scan oe e . The r _"nop_o _e possess ,ame tate cubs. all I ( branc e or occas'ionally ofte e abor,a ely at erned ese co_o rs can be repe,ated foo -.

a ily CHROMODORI DA da a a

3 . manti I...... '.'...... '.'.'.. '. 2

Ie S oot __ an I soft .. 00 ...... ••• 3

2 . 'p ed t erles 0 _ i manti ...... "- ...... L •• ...... _...... Mexichromis multituberculata

2 _. i ~ p i t bercl 0 a 'Ve t ow coloured _' ..... "- _. '"_ . __ .'...... ,...... ,. Cadlif1lella ornatissim,a

~ ...... ,r.o fi I e ~n a very co SplCUOUS an er .'. .... "- .'. ., ."...... _...... _...... '... '. _Glossodoris c rved do sal orn...... '"- ...... Ceratosoma trilobata

g I ot f i d ...... ,, '...... '...... ". '. '...... ". _... _... _...... '.'...... Chromodoris/Hypse/odoris/Risbecia PI THO N H

25. Cadlln,ella ornatissima (Risbe,c, 1928), F.g. 40 RISBEC, J. 1928. Contribution a I'etude des nudibr,anches Neo­ Ca ledoniiens. These ,presente,e a la faculte d,essciences de l'UnJversite de Pa ris pour obtenir Ie grade de docteur es-scienc,es natureUes. Faune des Colonies Franfaise, 2(1):1-328, pis . 1-12 . DESCRIPTION : This spe'cies of chromodorid is ,easily recognised by the p,ink-tipped tubercules on lits dorsum. It has ,acharacteri:stic patter n ,of single-ceUed, fl,ask-shaped and ,compound mantl'e ,gl,ands. The large compound glands around the mantle ed,gle ,can be seen around the 'mantle ,edge,. Rhinophor,e creamy white in colour and the gills are also of the salm'e colour M,antle yellow co'ioured w'ith white • tail portion. SIMILAR SPECIES Mexichromis multitub,erculata DISTRIBUTION ': 'Widespread in tropical Indo­ o o West Pacific includ'ing Thailand, Andam,an Sea,. India : Ritchies Arlchip,ela,go, South Andaman REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters

Fi,g. 40. Cadline//a ornatissima ,(R itchie' s Archipelago). QPI HO RANCH 0

.2 16,. , (J.E. 'Gray, 1827), Fig,. 41 RUDM,A,N, W.B. (19,88) The Chrom,odorid,idae (Opisthobranchia Mollus'ca:) of the Indo.. West Pacific: the genus Ceratosoma J.E. 'Gray. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 93(2) : 133-185. DESCRIPTION : This species is characterised by having only one large lateral lobe on each side of the body, just anterior to the gUls. There is usualllya ridge joining each lateral lobe to the anterior he,ad lobe. The background colour can vary from pale green to orange-red or brown. There ,are usual1y small yeUlow or orange spots and the edge of the mantle, and sometimes the foot, is bordered with a broken or ,continuous purple line. Most ,species of Ceratosoma have a long recurv,ed dorsal thorn' which acts ,as a defens'ive lure attracting potential predators to the part of the animal which ,contains most ,of the distasteful chemicals st,ored from their food. SIMILAR SPECIES : Ceratosom,a te,nue/ C. gracillim,um DISTRIBUTION ': 'Widespre,ad ,in tropical Indo­ West Pacific including Thailand, Andaman S'e,a. India : Ritch.,es Archipelago, South And,aman REMARKS ,: Ne'w Record to Indi,an 'waters

Fig. 41. Ceratosoma trilobatum (Ritchie's Archipelago). QPISTHOBRANCHS 0 COBAR ISLAND

_ey to the 5 ec es of genus Chromodoris reco ded fro __ Andama a _ ·cobar slands

la. Ma · Ie edge yellow ~ n co_our ... __ ..... L ... L C. elisa.bethina lb. Mantle ,edge 0 ange 'n eollour ...... ,...... '...... 2 le. Mantle edge wh"tle in eo ,our ...... ,...... c. g/eniei

d. Mantle edge pu pie ·in colour .. ,...... ,...... , . . __ ...... '. .... L ••• L 3 2a. he mantle iis creamy white w · h a broad wavy orange ine around t e mantle edge ...... ,..... ,...... C fide/is 2b. he ant e ·s lined wi h back lines on a creamy whi e ba,ckground .. '...... '...... __ ...... '.... . '.'...... C striate/la 3a. Mantle cove _ed with large purple or pu e brown spots or Imarks, (n,ged with w hite ...... ' . . C geminus 3b. A red reticulate pa · tern w ich is cove(ng most of t he rna ntle .. _...... '...... ,...... ,e tinc,toria ANDAMAN A

27. Chromodoris elisabethina Bergh, 1877, Fig,. 42

BERGIH, l. S. R., 1,877. Kritische Untersuchung der Ehrenberg/schen Doriden. Deutsche Malakozoologische Gesellschaft Jahrbiicher, 4 : 45-76,. DESCRIPTION : Chromodoris elisabethina Os one of a .group of chromodorids with a bllue or blluish-white background co our and bl,ack or d,ark blue _Iongitudinal tines. IOften they have orange or yellow gil s ,and rhinophores ,and a similarly coloured m,antle border The dark longitud"nal rne in the middle of the mant1le ends in the g"l base and forms a circle around it. The tail port'ion also have 'whOte c,olou other than the mar~ins.

SIMILAR SPECIES : ,Chromodoris annae~ C africana~ C. hamiltoni DISTRIB'UTION : Tropical western Pacific. India Ritchies Arch "pelago, South Andalmano REMARKS ': New Record to Indian waters.

Fig. 42. Chromodoris elisabethina (Ritchlie's Archipelago) o H B AN H 0 AN

28. Chromodoris fide/is (Kelaart, l8SS), Fig. 43

IKE l AA,RT, E.F., 1858. D,eslcrliptiions of new and liittle known speciies 10 " Ceylon nudibranchiate m,ollus,cs and zoophytes. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Ceylon Branch, Colombo, 3(1) : 84-139, 2 pis. DESCRIPTION : 'The mantle lis creamy white with a broad orange b,and around the mantle edgle and a th,in wine red line between the white and the 0 ange,. On the inner edge of the orange band there are usual y a ser"es of tongue-like patches running into thew ite region. In some cases they are almost all wine redwhUe in others there is only a ,slight thickening of the red band. Equally character'istic are the black rhinophores and gi Is and the white foot. SIMILAR SPECIES : C rubrocornuta DISTRIBUTION: Common in tropica Indo­ West Pacific. India: Vis,akhapatnam and/or Madras (Eliot 1906), Ritchies Archipelago, o Carbines cove, North 'Wandoor; South Andaman. REMARKS : New record to Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Fig. 43 Chromodoris fide/is (Carbines cove, So uth .Aodam,an) 29. ,Chromodoris geminus Rudman, 1987, Fi,g. 44

RUDMAN, W.B. (1987) The (Opisthobranchia:

Mo lus,ca) of the ndo-West Pacific: Chromodoris epicuria~ C. aureopurpurea, C. annulata, C coi and Risbecia tryoni colour groups. Zo,ological Journal of the Linnean .society; 90 :305-407. IDIESCRIPTIIO'N ': This is on1e ,of the specoes included On the Risbecla tryoni c1olour g oup as ca ed by Rudman. Other sp'ecies ,include are Risbecia tryon~ C ,kuniei and C Jeopardus# They all have large purple or purple-brown spots or marks, usually ringed with white, an often reticulate brownish background, and a purple border C geminus differs in having four colour bands ,around the mantle edge,an ou ermost wh·te, then translucent gr,eyish purple, th,en white, then y,el ow. Others have a distinct purp e line ,at the border, narrow in C leopardus ,and R. tryon;' but broad in ,e kuniei.

SIM LAR SPECIES: ,Risbecia tryon;' Chromodoris kunie~ ,Chromodoris leopardus, Chromodoris ,geminus. Fil. 44. Chromodoris geminus (Ritchie's Archipelago). QPISTHOBR C S OF

DISTRIBUTION : Tropical Indian Ocean (Indonesia, Thailand, Red Se,a, M,aldives, South Africa). India : RitchiesArchipela,g'o, South Andaman. REMARKS : New Record to Ind:ian w,aters. 30. Chromodoris g/eniei (Kelaart, 1858), Fig. 45

KElAART, E.F., 1858. Descriptions of new and tittle known species of Ceylon nudibranchi,ate mol uses and ,zoophytes, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society' Ceylon Branch, Collombo, 3(1) : 84-139, 2 p'ls.

DESCRIPTION: A brightly coloured chromodorid. Mantle oval in shape and becomes more prominent while crawling. From its colour pattern it seems to be ,a sibling species of the western Pacific sp,ecies Chromodoris coi. In C. gleniei, the central part of the mantle is an orange-brown colour with deep purple or black markings. In C coi the central region is a dull brown colour with a darker mottling of the same color In both species there is a very simi arly shaped wavy edge to th,e central region of the mantle and in both species the mantle margin consists of an inner dull purple band and outer white band. Rhinopore is orange brown in colour Gills are simple and also orange brown in colour

SIMILAR SPECIES: Chromodoris coi

fig. 45. Chromodoris gle nlei (Aberd,een ba y, South Andaman). DISTRIBUTION : Indian Ocean. (Sri lanka, Tanzani,a, Maldives). India : Visakhapatnam and/or Madr,as (Eliot 1906), Aberdeen Bay, Ritchies Arch·pelago, South Andaman. REMAR,KS : New record to And,am.an and Nicobar Iisiands. Q PISTHOB

31. Chromodoris striatella Bergh, 1876, Fig. 46 BERGH, l.'S.IR. (1876) Malac'olo,gische Untersuchu'nge'n. In: R'eis'en im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zw'eiter Theil. Wis:sen'sch,aftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 2, Heft 10, pp. 377-427, pls ~ 49",53. DESCRIPTION: Mantle is yellowish with th"n bl,ack lines as distinct from C lineolala which is black with white lines. The difference is pa1rti,cularly clear On paler specimens in which the background colour is clearly a translucent white or :straw colour. UnUke C. lineo/ata, this ,spee,ies has a white line ,along the inner edge ,of the orange border, rather than black,. The mantle ed,geis bordered by ,an orang'e band. Rhinopore is black in colour with white spots,. The colour pattern of the gills is also si:mUar to th,e rhinopore. SIMILAR SPECIES : Chromodoris /ineolat-a DISTRIBUTION : Common in tropical Indo· West Pacific. India: Pongibalu, Ritchies Ar,chipel,ago, South .Andaman" REMARKS : New Record to Indli,an waters . .F lig. 46. Chromodoris striatella (Pongiba lu, South Andaman) 32. Chromodoris tinctoria (RuppeU and leuckart, 1828), Fig,. 47

ROPPELL, WILHELM PETER EDUARD SIMON, & f. S. LEUCKART, 1831.. (for 18.28). Mollusca. In: .Atlas zu der Reise im nordr,hen Afrika von IEduard RuppeU Erste AbtheUung Z,oologie N,eue wirbeUose Thiere des Rothen Meers, pp. 15·47, pis. 1-12. [Nudibranchia pp. 15-18, 27-37, pis. 4-5" 8-11]. DESCRIPTION : The main colour differences are found at the border of the mantle. Usually there is an irregular white region between the yellow border and the red reticulate pattern whoch covers Imost of the mantle. In some animals this white region is absent ,or can occur just around the anterior end. In others the white region is a very regular white submarginal band, and in others small rounded patches of the ret'cu ate pattern form red spots in the white region. Sometimes these spots are un'form red, but usually they have a red reticulate pattern,. Have Imany synonyms such as Chr.omodoris reticulata/ reticulatus a,nd Doris reticu/ata. Publication by Rudman (1973) had a confusion th,at there were differences

Fig. 47. Chromodoris tineroria (RitchieJs Archipelago), between O,oris tinctoria, Doris reticulata, Goniobranchus reticulatus, Chrom,o,doris alderi ,and Chromodoris inopinata extensive colle'ct,ions from throughout the Indo-West Pacific indicate that the species differences suggested by different colour patterns ;s n,ot supported by internal anatomy. The earliest na'me for this species then is C tinctoria. SIMIILAR SPE'CIES : Glossodoris cin,cta, G. hikuerensis, DISTRIBUTION : Throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific. India : Ritchies Arch,ipeiago, South Andaman,. REM,ARKS : New record to Andaman and Nicobar Islands .. PIST RA CHS OF ICOSAR Is OS

Y t ' ,$ Glossodoris r 0 ...... ""'· .... a "c ar ,$ a s a lac e ge and a so a sim"lar c red , . G. atromarginata

dged r 0 ho e '... I '... I I •• • I el •• I.I e• .Ie...... 1...... G. clncta

Ie. a o ish ed edge, . 0 _. ora la el ae Iso bo ed ...... '...... ".. ' .. ." ...... ,,' ... " ... '.. .. G hikuerensis RA CHS OF

33. Glossodoris ,atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804), Fig. 48

'CUVIIEB, G,.l.e.F.D. (1804) SUlite de I',extrait des m'emoires sur les mollusques, par M. Cuvier, contenant la partie anatomique. Bulletin des Sciences par la Societe Philo.math/que, P,aris, 3(94) ,: 261-263.

DESCRIPTION : This species ranges in colour from ,crea:my­ white to a pate brown. 'It is characterized by the black lin,e bordering the very sinuous m,antle edge, the black edge to the rhinophore po,ckets, the black rhinophore clubs and the black edging to the slimple gills. Although this is the most common spe'cies of the group it has been shown recently (Rud'man 1986) that ther'e are a number of almost identicaUy co'lour,ed species d,iffi,cult to separate from G.. a tromargina ta. :Foot is without ,any bord,ering or any c'ollouration.

SIMILAR SPECIES : G. angasi, G.sibogae.

Fig. 48. Glossodoris atromarginata 1(lKatchaal, Nicobar Isllands) . Qp 5 OB A OF ANDAMAN AND

o ST IBU - ON : Found thrQughout the rop'cal and subtr10pical Pac"fic and Indian Oce,ans. I d"a : Nanco'w YI Car Nico ar, Nicobar Islands.

EMARKS : New IRecord to Ind",an wa' ers. OPISTH BRA CH OF ANDA

34,. Glossodoris cincta (B'ergh, 1888L Fig. 49 iBIERGH, l S.R.# 1888. Oie Pleuro1leuriden, ,eine f.amilie der nudibr,anchiaten Gastraopoden. Z,oolog,isch,e .Jahrbucher, AbtheUun,g fur S'ystematik, G,e,ographie und 8io/cgie der Thiere, 3(3):348-364, pis. 10- 11

DESCRIPTION : This widespread ~ ndo­ West Pacific spec"es seems to have three re,gional colour forms. The species observed in this ,area has ,a bluish outer band on the Imantle edge but the inner black and yello'w lines tend to merge into a duU khaki band. The dull khaki coloUir of the mantle extends to the rhinophores and the gUls. The rhinophoral tip is also simUar to the mantle egde colour combinati,on,.

SIMll.AR SPECIES : G. hikuerensis~ G. pullata DISTRIIBUTION : Throughout Indo-West Pacific. India : Gulf of Kutch, Rit,ch ies Archipelag'o, South Andaman. REMARKS : New record to Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Fig.- 49. Glossodoris cincta (Ritchie's Archip--ellago). os

35. Glossodoris hikuerensis (Pruvot-fot, 1954), Fig. 50

PRUVOT-FOl , A" 1954,. Mollusques Opisthobranches. Faune de Franc,e, Paris, 5,8 : 1-460, pi,. 1. DESCRIPTION: Thos species is similar on colour and shape to G. cincta, but the three bands ,at the mantle border are wider and different co ours. _n G. hikuerensis there is an outer pale brown band, then awhit·,Sh band a d an inner dark almost back band. The mantle is pale brown. The rhinophoral la mell,ae are more brown ish ,as that of the gills. IOr·,ginally described fr10m the Tuamotu Arch,ipelago, Central Pacific" it has a wide distribut.on from East Africa to Fiji and Queenslland. SIMI AR SPECIES : Glossodoris cincta, G. pullata o DISTRIBUTION : Indo-West Pacific. India : Ritch' esArchlpelago, South And,aman,. REMARKS : N,ew R1ecord to Indian waters.

Fig. SO. Glossodoris hikuerensis (Ritchie's Archipe1lago) o t of genu,s Hyps lodoris co ded ro a an icob,ar Isla ds la. ,I I _ colou w·, Ih yeillow to orange ti , ed

r d g .s It. , ••• '" 10 '•••••• '. '...... H. bullockli 10 _ in collour wi redd'sh orangle rh'nophores and g_I. a _t as rown'sh Ones '0' '..... '. . '... , ...... H. e,mma

1 . colo r ma _t e WI' Ih _ rown and w ite Icoloured '... '..... '... .. '.'. H" krakatoa

ent jte rhino hore a d gil s with a broad 0 ange h '.... '.'. .... '.... . '...... '..... '. H. maculosa

op ores a _d he g Is 0 angle ed ~n ICO our ...... '...... '.. '... '... '..... '.. '...... ' .... '. H nigrostriata

1. R . 0 _ ores a _d the gil s are led 'i CQ our with white base ...... ,...... '...... '...... H .. sagamiensis g. . op ores an gills a e bllue 'wi h red fp ..... H zebrina OPI TH os

36. Hypselodoris b,ullocki (CoUingw,ood, 1881L Fig,. 51

COLLINGWOOD, c. (18,81) On sOlme new sp,ecies of nudibranchiate Mollusca from the eastern seas. Transactions of the Linnean Society of london, Zoology, series, 2, 2(2): 123~140, p'ls,. '9 .. 10,

DESCRIPTION: It ranges in c,olour from a pal,e straw, or even white background to a d'eep purplish pink. The species obs,erved w,as bluish in color. There is ,a thin opaque white line at the mantle border Typically the gills and rhinophoresare yellow or ,orange with a basal pink ,or purplish band. The mantle is s:mooth and with,out any colour or other ornamentations,. Rhinopore is yellow to orange with a dark blue to purple base. Observed to be f'eeding on sp'onges.The sand cov,ered sponges mostly look like algae,whi'ch may mislead about their food habiit. SIMILAR SPECIES : H. ,apo/egma

Fig . 51 . .Hypse/odoris bullocki (Katchaal1 Ni,cobar Isla nds) . DISTRIBUTION : Tropical w,estern P,acifiic and ea:stern Indian Ocean. India : Katchal, Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands.

REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters 37 Hypse/odoris emma Rudman, 1977, Fig. 52

RUDMAN, W.B. (1977) Chromodorid opisthobranch Mollusca from East Africa and the trop:ical West Padfic. Zoological Journal of the linnaean Society, 61 : 3S1-~o7 DESCRIPTION : The body is a pale cream or yellow with a purple or bluish border to both the foot and the mantle. There are three purpl,e longitudinal liines on the mantle and four brownish lines which vary in intensity in different individua s. The gills and rhinophores are a brilliant reddish orange and in Pacific specimens there is a white tip to the rhinophores.Th,e middle ongitudinal in,e is discont;inuous. AU the longitudinal lines bordered with white colour

S,IMILA,R SPECIES : H. co/eman~ H. mar;dadi/u~ H. white; DISTRIBUTION : Throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific. India Ritchies o Archipelago, South Andaman. REMARKS: New Record to Indian waters.

Fig. 52. Hypse/odorisemma (R,itchieJs Archipelago). 38. Hypse/odoris krakatoa Gosliner and Johnson, 1999, IFig. 53

GOSUNER, T.M. ,and JOHNSON, R.F. (1999) Phylogeny of Hypselodoris (Nudibr anchia: Chromodorididae) with a review of the monophyleticd,ade of Indo-Pacific speci'es, iinduding descriptions of twefv,e new spe'c·es. Zoological Journ.aI of the linnean Society, .125 :; ... 114,.

DEseRt -'TON : The co!lour patte n is comp ex but consists bas'·ca Iy of a pale brown background colour On the ant e their is a broad dark brown band around the mantle edge and transverse band of the same Icolour across the midway between the ,gills and the rhinophores, forming a figure of eight pattern. There is a ,longitudinal row of bright white spots down the dorsal midline and a submarginal row of spots which runs around the mantle edge. The rhinophore clubs are brown with a white tip and the gills are brownish withwhlte spots up the outer edge of the rach ·5. The body is relative _y high in profile, and the name krakatoa, from an Indonesian island wh·ch exploded ·n a massive volcanic eruption, refers to the high volcanoe-like gUI pocket. F·g. 53. Hypselodoris krakatoa (RitchieJs Archipelago) SIMILAR SPECIES : Glossodoris cincta

DISTRIBUTION : Taiwan l JapanJ Philippines, Iindonesi,a, PING, ThaUand, Malaysia. India : Ritchies Archipe'lago, South And,aman.

REMARKS : New Record to ndian waters. 39. Hypse/odoris maculosa (Pease, 1871), Fig. 54

PEASE, W. H. (1871) Descriptions of new speci,es of nud;branchiate Motiusc,a inhabiting Polynesia. No.2. American Journal of Concho/~gy 7(1) : 11-.19, pis . 3-9 .

DESCRIPT'ION .: The mantle colour varies from place to plac,e. The background colour of the mantle is a pale milky orange brown. Around the anterior of the mantle is a broad translucent pinklish-purpl,e marg"n with scattered white and darker pinkish-purple spots. At the posterior end the m,argin is simUarly coloured but the band is not as broad. From the 'Ievel of the rhinophores back to the giU pocket, there is a broad orange band at the edge. Running down the central part of the mantle is a purple line which is not continuous. The rhinophore stalks are t anslucentwhiteand the clubs are ·white with a broad 0 ang·e band at the base and another just below the tip. On the sides of the body there ·ar,e wh:ite Un·es and streaks running paraUel to the edge of the foot and som1e pinkish-purple spots.

SIMILAR SPECIES: .australis Fig . 54. Hypselodoris maculosa (R iitdhie/s Archipel.ago) . DISTRIBUTION : Found throughout the tropical western Pacific and Indian . India : Aberdeen 'B,ay, Ritchies Archipelag1o, South Andaman. R'EMARKS: N,ew Record to Indian waters. IS 0 AN H F

40. Hypselodoris nigrostriata (E iot, 904')1 Fig. 55 ELIOT, C. N. E. 1904. On s,ome nudibranchs from east Afrlica and Zanzibar,. Part IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1 : 380-406" pis. 23·,24. DESCRIPTION : In colour this ,species is

characte ised by the dark bl,ack"sh inesl usually

d'ag1ona 1 and the ye _lowlsh patches between. The background colour of the body has a blu'ish, the rh'inophores are orange red and the gills, triangu ar On cross-section are edged with the same colour There is a typical IW' shaped black ine on the cephalic region,.

SIMI AR SP CIES: H. nigrolineataJ H. maritima, H. kanga, H. zephyra. DISTR BUTION : Throughout Indian IOce,an. ndia : Visakhapatnam or 'Madras (Eliot 1'906), Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman . • REMARKS: New record to Andaman and Nioeobar Islands.

Fig. 55. Hypselodoris nigrostriata (Ritchie's Archipelag,o). 41. Hypse/odoris sagamiensis (Baba, 1949), Fig. 56

BABA, K. (1949) Oplsthobranchia of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperorol Japan. Iwanam,i Shoten, Tokyo . 194 pp., 50 Pis.

~ DESC ' RtPT ' ION : M.antle translucent, sometim,es with much of the mantle covered with opaque white. There are smaller b'l,ack spots scattered over the mantle and some large:r diffuse black patches forming a b,and around the m,antle just at the .outer edge of the v;isceral m,ass. At the edge of the mantle is a band of purple, usually entire around the anterior end but br,eak'ing into a series of patches along the sides. Inside the purp:le margin is a broken band of ornage-y'eilow. The rhinophore stalk is white and the club red. The simple gUls are tr.anslucent wh'ite with red edging. The low pustules covering the mantle are a characte:ristlc feature of the species. This spe'cies is on'e of only two sp'ecies of Hypse/o.doris wh'ich are r,eported to lack m,antle ,glands.

SIMILAR SPECIES : H. rudman/~ H. infucata

Fig. 5:6. Hypselodoris saga.miensis (Rit,chie's Archipelago) OPI THOBRA CH 0

DISTRIBUTI,ON : Japan, ndonesia, Queensland. India R:itchies Arch·pelago, South Andaman

REMARKS: First time report 'In ndlan Ocean F

42 Hypselodoris zebrina (Alder and Hancock, 1864), Fig. 57 A DER, 1. and HA COCK, A. (1864) Notice of a collection of nudibran,chli,ate mollusca made in Indi,a by Walter IEIUot 'Esq., with de.scriptions ,of several new ge1nera andspe'cies. Trans,actions of th.e Zoological Society of london,S: 113-147. DESCRIPTIO : Extract from the original descript on describing the colour pattern: t'white with waved crimson stripe down the centre of the back and transverse stripes of the same colour (of unequal lengths) at the sides and around the ends,; there are largish yellow spots down each side of the central stripe and between the transverse ones near the margin~· a crimson stripe also runs from th,e cloak along a ridge to the tail" The yel ow spots, radial purple lines/and purple dorso... median line down the posterior foot are all very characterisfc features found in no other spec'ies of chromodorid. The species was ori,g·nally plac'ed in the genus Chromodoris. Although no anatomical information is avaUable the general body shape and colour pattern would suggest that 't is mos rkely to be a species of Hypselodoris. Rudman suggests th·s species may be a co our form of H. kanga (Sreeraj, C.R., 2009).

Fig. 57. H~pselodoris z.ebrina (Ritchie's Archipelago) P OBRA CHS OF DS

SIMILAR :SPECIES : Hypse/odoris kanga/ Hypse/odoris nigrostfdta, Hypse/odoris zephyra O'I,STFIBUTIO,N : Thailand. India: Madras region, Ritchies Archipelcgo, South Andaman .. REMAlKS: New record to Andaman and Ni,cobar Islands; first tim,e reporting in India after 145 years, when it 'was desCribed from Madr.as regi,on. PI THO RANCH OF

43. Mexichromis ,multituberculata (Baba, 1953), Fig. 58 BABA, 1<.. (1953). 'Three n'ew spe'cies and two new records of the genus Glossodoris from Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, ,3 : 205-211. DESCRIPTION : M. multitub,erculata was considered to differ from the other western Pacific species of Mexichromis in having purple spots around the edge of the mantle ra'ther th,an ye ow or orange. 'The mantle has scattered purple-tipped tubercules. Ho'wever many reports were pubUshed the animals 'wiith reddish, purp e, blue or orange spots around the mantle edge. The mantle waxy white in colour, with blue tipped tubercles. SIMILAR SPEC ES : Mexichromis fe,stiva, Mexichromis , macropu~ Mexichromis mariei DISTRIBUTI'ON : Seto, Kii, Japan and Hainan sland, , Sulawesi, Thailand" PNG . • ndia : Rit1chies Archipelago} South Andaman. REMARKS: First time report in Indl,an Ocean region. Flg. 58. Mexichromis multituberculata (Ritchie' s Archipelago) Key to the species of ,g'enus Risbecia recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Islands la. Mantle is white in colourwlth yenow spots and purple coloured edge '...... '...... '.'.. .. '.'.'...... '...... '.... R. ,ghardaquana lb. Mantle creamy wh,ite with purple tinged marking. Orange spots scattered all over the mantle .. '.... •.' .'... .. ,... R. pulchel/a

44,. Risbecia ghardaqana (Gohar and Aboul-Ela, 1957), Fig. 59 GOHAR, H.A.IF., and I. ,A. ABOUl-ELA. 1'957. The devel,opm,ent of three chromodorids '(with the descrilption of a newspeci,es). Publications of the Marine Biological Sta.tion~ A/~Ghardaqa, .Egypt, 9 : 203 ~228, pl s.l~5 , . 'DESCRIPTION : Risbecia ,gh,ardaqana occurs sympatric,ally in the Red Sea, and probably e,lse'where in the Indian Olcean, with Chromo,doris annulata and Risbecia pulchella,.Gohar & ,Aboul-Ela (1957) reported on the anatomy and developmental biology of th'e s'imilaryellow-spotted chromodorids from AI Gha:rdaqa, on the Egyptian Red Sea coast} and it was in thiis publication that Risbecia gh,arda,qan,a w,as recognised ,a d'istinct species, which although very simUar to the common Risbecia pulchel/~, differs in a few col,our, anatomical and developmental differences. Rudman (1987) placed t he species in the genus Risb,ecia.. Compared with R. pulchella which grows

Fig. 59. Risbecia ghardaqana ,(IRit,ch:ie's Archipelago). DplS HO ANCHS a SLANDS

to approx .11clm, R. ghardaqana on y grows to approx S.Scm long. The ground colour of the body is white and ther,eare no violet tinged patches. The spot.s on th,e mantle and sides of body ,are yeUow not orang,e and much 'fewer in numb,er than :in R. pu/che//a. Theant,erior end of the m,antle is not produced Onto a prominent veil like R. pulch,e/la ,and the mant e border is bri,ght blue not violet. The gins are s:imple and although a few may bifurcate they ,are nev'er as br.anched as in R. p,ulchella. SIMILAR SPECIES ,:Risb,ecia imperialis, Risbecia pulchella, Chrom,odoris annulatao DISTRIBUTION : IRed Sea, Indian ,Ocean (Oman, Thail,and). Ind,ia : Ritchies Archip,elago, South And,aman REMARKS : New R,ecord to Indian waters. 45. Risbecia pu/ch,e//a (Ruppe" and leuckart, 1828), Fig. 60

RUPPE'l'l, WILHELM PETER EDUARD StMON,and F. S. LEUCKART, '1831. [for 1828). Mollusca. In: Atllas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika von Eduard Ruppelll Erste Abthelilun,g Zoologie Neue wirbeUose Thiere

des Rothen Meers, pp,. 15 e 47, pis,. 1-12.

DESCRIPTION : IOpaquecreamy white mantle, 'marked by a bJuish purpJe tinge in irregular areas on the mantle ,and s,;des of the floot. AU t lhe dorsal surface of the mantlle and the foot is covered with yellowish orange spots of irregular shape and different s·zes. The mantle marg'n 's fr"nged with a thOn border of bright bluish violet. The rhinophores ,are blue in coJour The gills are simp'le and creamy yelliow in colour w'th an orange co our,ed line. The gills ar'e often branched and wave rhythmica Iy from side to side. The f .ant part of mantle has an inward curving typical to this species.

SIMILAR SPECIES Risbecia imperia/is, Risbecia ghardaqana, Chromodoris annu/ata. IFig. 60. Risbecia pulche/la (Mayabunder, North Andaman) QPISTHOB A CHS OF ISLANDS

DISTRIBUTION: Indian Ocean. Relatively common in the Red Sea and East Africa. India: Mayabunder, North Andaman ..

REMARKS : New Record to Indian 'waters. PI HO RA C 0

ILY . 0 000 DID 0' onoghu , 1924 T d odori s are arge and modera e y to ex reme y elo ga e, soft-bodOed dor'ids. The antle has a broad sk'rt and s say sooth but its surface can be ustu oS le or ub c a: e. T e lead ng edge of t e foot is split transvers Iy t u e po ·io fo i g a cav'ity into whic the mouth s T e aim ate h' oplho es end in a dist let cub, and ey c be contracted intlo separa e poeke .s. The complex usual y tn ·nnate. gi Is form a c"rcle around the anus towards th lOS Ie or e d of the do sum (some 'mes ex .·emely so) and they a e rae co ete y 'into ,a pocket beneath t e m,ant e ,a or harac enst.c of t Js fam~ y is e .IOSS of radula and ja s d pos.session of a long, extensi Ie suctorial tube in ieu o . th ucca mass. T ei prey of siUceous sponges is dig sted xt Uy a d he r sullting flu'ds ,are sue ed into the s omach ndrodo Ods fe d upon no . sp'cu at sponges.

e '_ 0 t e s eCles of ,genus Dendrodoris recorded f om nda an and ico ar I.slands

la. S r w colou e I - ant e with b ue spots ...... o~ denisoni lb. Back colo ed mant e w'th wh'ite sots ...... D. nigra 46. Dendrodoris denisoni (An,g,as, 18,64), Fig. 61

ANGAS, G.F. (1864). Description d'espe,ces nouvelles appartenant it plusieurs genres de Mollusques des environs de Port-Jackson (N,ouveneseIGaUes du Sud), accompagnee de dessins faits d'apres nature. Journal de Conchyliologle/ 12 ,: 43 ~ 70.

OESCRIPTI'ON : Dendrodoris ,denisoni is a widespread common species throughout the Indo-West Pacific. Not surprisingly it has been giv,en a number of different names inc'lud,ing Dendrodoris gemmace,a (.A der & Hancock, 1864), which is commonly used for this speci1es in New Z,ealand .. Allder & Hancoc1k's name was published a matter of months after Ang.as's D. denlso.nl so the latter has priority,. Other nalmes whi,ch are probably synonyms ,include Doridopsis clalvulata Allder & Hancock, 1864, Doridopsis mammosa Abraham, 1877 and Den,drodoris arenosa Risbec. Another name, Dendrodoris gunn.amatta AUan, 1932 probably appU,es to a darker Ico:lour form found in coastal New South Wales in wh'i'ch the blue spots are very sm,all or absent. The tub,ercles ar,e large and pink tipped. The blue spots ,are easily noticeable th,an the bl,ac,k

Fig . 61. Dendro.doris denisoni (Ritchie's Archipe'la,s'o). sp,ots which are much more :in numbet The m,antle lis str.aw coloured, and the same with rhinophore also,.

SIMIlAR SPECIES :0. coronata DISTRIBUTION : Tropical and warm temperate Indo-West Pacific. India : Rit,chies Archipelago, South Andaman.

REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters. F

47. Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson, 1855), Fig. 62

STIMPSON, W. (1855). Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Japanese and Ch inese Seas. Proceedings of tbe Academy of Natul7al Sciences of Philadelphia, 7( 10) : 375-384.

DESCRIPTION : As the name implies the animal is black in colour Have clusters of white spots on the mantle. Pease (1871) also gave different names (D. debilis/ D. sordida/ D. rubrilineata), to colour forms of this species from Tahiti, and Bergh's species, D. affinis, again from Tahiti, is also a synonym. Most external differences between D. nigra and D. fumata are comparative, for example, O. nigra is more elongate when crawling than D. fumata. The position and nature of the gills would appear to be characteristic. In D. nigra the gills ,are relatively numerous and form a compact circ'le around the anus at the extreme posterior end of the dorsum. The rhinophoral tip is white in colour The white spots on the mant e are prominent on the centre and nu,mber decreas,es or nU in the edges.

Fig. 62. Dendrodoris nigra (RitchieJs ArchipeJago) . SIMILAR SPECIES : D,endrodoris fumata, D,endrodoris communis DISTRIBUTION: Trop·cal to war1m temperate Indo-west Pacific. India: Madras, Gulf of Mannar, Ritchies Arch'pelago, South Anda1man. R MARKS : New record to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. QPISTHO DS

FAMILY: H. and A. Adams, 1854 Usually the body is only quite small (i.e. less than 30 mm crawling length). The rhinophores are long, tapered, and lamellate, sometimes sparsely so, and although contractile possess no pocket or sheath. Their simple gills are contractile, but do not possess a pocket for retraction under the surface of the mantle. They form a circle around the anal papilla posteriorly on the midline of the dorsum. There can be as few as three small and simple gills. The oral veil forms either flattened lateral lobes or a pair of long tentacles. Species of the genus Trapania also have a pair of long extra-rhinphoral papillae. The mantle skirt can be reduced to a lateral ridge which may have a few processes or may have a distinct brim that is sometimes enlarged into a flange at the level of the gills. The dorsum can have a midline ridge with papillae that can range from short to very long processes either side of the gills. The foot tapers posteriorly to either a rounded point, or it can be sharper and deeper like a keel. They prey on bryozoans or ascidians. PISTHOBRA C S F A DAMAN AND

4,8. Goniodoridella savignyi Pruvot-Fo'l, 1933, Fig. 63

PRUVOT-FOl, A. (1933). Missi,on Robert Ph. OoUfus en Egypte. Opisthobrachiata. Memoires de rlnstitute d'fgypte, :21 : 89-159. DESCRIPTION : The animal observed was very small in size (>1..5 em), The rhinophore iis I,arge; more than half the body size. The ,mantle is milky white in colour with yeUow ilongitudinal line in the middle of the mantle. The mantle edge lis also yeUow in colour GiUs are whit,e in col,our The taU is long and tapering. DISTRIBUTION : Throughout the tropi,eal and subtropical :Indo-west Pacific. India Ritchies Ar,ehipelago, South Andaman,. REMARKS: N'ew Record to Indian 'w,at'ers.

Fig. 63 .. Goniodoridella savignyi (.Ritch:ie's Archipe,lago). FAMILY: HEXABRANCHIDAE Bergh, 1891 Spanish dancers, as members of this family are called, are large and soft bodied with a broad and sinuous mantle skirt that is normally furled over the dorsal surface of the body. They have peculiar, large, plate-shaped oral tentacles possessing papillae along the outer edge. The lamellate rhinophores are clubbed at the distal end and are able to contract into separate pockets. There are six, separate, compound gills on the posterior end of the dorsum forming a circle around the anus. These are contractible but are not able to be retracted into pockets below the mantle surface. They are able to swim with dorso-ventral flexions of the body combined with undulations of the unrolled mantle skirt presenting a flamboyant display. They have a wide tropical to sub-tropical distribution. Hexabranchids are believed to feed upon a variety of siliceous sponges. o PISTHOB A CH OF

49. Hexabranchus sanguineus (RuppeU and leuckart, 1828) Fig. 64

ROPPEll, W·ftHElM PETER EDUARD SIMON,and F. S. lEUCKART, 1831. [for 182.8]. Mollusca. In: Ati.as zu der Reise ilm nordUch,en Afrika 'Von Eduard Ruppe'll Erste AbtheUung Zoologie N'eue wirbeUo.se Thiere des Rothen Meers, pp. 15-47, pis. 1-12. lNudjbranchia pp. 15-18, 27-37, pis. 4-5, 8-11J.

DESCRIPTION : 'W"dely distri uted in Andamans but rarely come iin front ·of the diver The egg Imass, caned the sea rose is a common seen in aU the reefs in Andaman Islands. Dark red mantle with straw coloured gills and rhinophores .. The mottled 'form 'is the most common co _our form, although yellow animals have been reported frolm Hawaii and from Tanzania . Apart fr,o,m being able to swim, Hexabranchus is an unusual member of the Superfamily Eudor"do·dea "n that its gills do not have a gill pouch into which the gills can retract. Also each gill ;s inserted separ,ately into the body wall. Hexabra.nchus sangu;neus is one of the largest of all nudi -anchs with ani'mals being recorded at over 40cm in length.

SIMILAR SPECIES: H. marsomus

Fig .. 64 . .Hexabranchus sanguineus (R,itchie's Archipelago). OPIS OBRAN

DISTRIBUTION : Tropica Indo-West Pacific. IndIa : Common y seen in South Andaman (Wandoor, Rutland, Pong'balu, Ch 'd~yatappu, R'itchies Ar1ch'ipelago, Carbines cove, North Bay). REMARKS: New 'Rec,ord to Indian waters. PIST OBR NC S OF ANOAMAN A '0

veE DAE A der & a ~ eoe , 1,845

~ O H A r I ' 9 7 01 cerids ave an elo gate and high body shape. T e only r na t of ~ a t~e s ~ , "rt 's the r10unded frontal veil with he m,ar gi ofte 0 sessi g entac la ~ processes a d a so so et mes a few papi la conn cted by a ridge down the sides o teo y ape I g to he aU. In some spec'ies teo al acles ,are w II -deve oped Onto w ·de lalPpets. he la el ate, retract" e in 0 a ocke, ,and so e a sh a '. The g'i lis are non-retractile and in so e a si y b·p"nnate o _~ trilP nna e and j lmited On number a d rr, ge on he do sum as a c·rc e, ,an arch, 0 ,a row. In o e s (genus Nembrotha, Roboastra, and Tambja) the ,gil s are ca "e as a igh, IP om ne t custer idway down he dorsu . So po ~ ycerids, s _c ,as the gen :s , bear a few, ,arge pa lI,a - n ar the gUlls. the genus Thecace~a these r i, 0 s es ca _ be quite cons_derable on size Mos pol c ri s f ed ~ pon b ~~ yozoans and the r rfecycle is gOY r ed by the s 0 r: sp,an of those bryozoans. Me ___ bers 0' g u Nembrotha eed on ascid",ans

ey t t of g .s embrot a recorded from a a d ·cobar s a Ids

h e rna t e With 0 ange st iafons ..... ,...... N. lineo/ata lb i m n' Ie wi h irregular brown patches ...... '.'......

•• f...... ••••• • ...... ,...... r ... .. •••• •••• N.. purpureolineata SO. Nembrotha lineolata {Bergh, 1905L Fig. 65

BERGH, l.S.R. 1905. Malacologische Unters'Uchungen. In: Reisen im Archi,pel der Philippinen von Dr. Cad Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Th,eil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Ba nd 9, Theil 6, Lief. 2, pp. 57-118, pis. 5-8.

DESCRIPTION : One of the brilliantl,Y coloured nudibranchs,. Mantle creamy iln colour with many bright red lines on the body. Mantle edge bluish in colour, with many dark blue spots. The lines on th,e mantle are discontinuous. The gills are red with white edging. The rh,inophoral lamellae also bright red in colour.

SIMILAR SPECIES: N. /ivingstonei

DISTRIBUTION : Tropical Pacific Ocean ,and western Indian Ocean (Mala'ysia). India : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman.

REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters.

Fig. 65. Nembrotha linea/ata (Ritchie's Archipe'ago), 51. Nembrotha purpureolineata O'Donoghue, 1'924, Fig. 66

O'D'ONOGHUE, C. H. f1924) Rep,ort ,on Opisthobranchiata fr,om th,e Abrolhos Islands, Western A'ustralia, with des'cription of a new parasitic copepod. Journal of the linnean Society, London~ 35 ': 521-579, PIs. 27 .. 30. IDESCRIPTION: The background ,colour is cre,amywhite, but much of this is ,obscured by a large brown, charcteristically shaped patch whi,ch covers most of the dorsum. There is ,a brown band runn'ing ,around the head and anterior end of the mantle,. Brown patch is broken into ,a few broad irregular longitudinal patches. The rhlnophore sheaths are white in colour The rhinophore clubs are red or orange-red and the stalk is usually pink or purlple. The gills ,are orange or reddish orange and the gin sta ks are white with som,e p,in,k or purp,le co~ouration. The foot is edged with purple 'or at I'east faint traces of purple.

IFig.- 66. Nembrotha purpur:eolineata (Rit,ehie's Archipelago).- o IS HOBRAN a ANDAMAN AN

• SIMILAR SPECIES : N. rutilans~ .N. aurea DISTRIB'UTION : Tropical Indo-West Pacifi,c. India : 'Ritchies Archipelag'o, South Andam,an. REMARKS ': New :Re,cord to Indian waters. OPI T BRA , H 0

o ~ IDO 0 A Od er, 968 RIDIDA Od er, 1968 of adu ts a ges rom sma I to Ilarge. The body is one onga e, and ·t tapers posteriorly to a tail. The body V be cove ed w t ow p stulles. So ~ e ,g'ymnodorids have r, n ucen bod es with t e viscera clearly v'is b e and the era ecom ev n marie no -ieea I when they are e gorg d rna tle's uch reduced with t ~ e sk~rt r pre n I d by s all ridge arou d -he anterior end,. The r 'nap 0 es a eon-ret ,acti e and arne late. he g' Is ,are non .. retr c i , s al si IV pinnate and arra ged arou d the anus s a circl - (lin Gym n o doris) or in a t ansvers,e rne ('in Ana/ogium . Gymnodor"dids a e most ofte 0 served c awliing vlery quick V a ross the subs ra e on the hun for prev, w Ich a e 0 er opis _habra chs.

c' of g n s Gymnodoris recorded fro A a an and 'coba Is ands

, . ra sl een w i e body wit reddish to orange markings ,... .. "...... ,...... ,. ... ,. .... "...... ,.'...... ,. '...... ,...... 2

r,ans Clent whi e body wi h ye ow markings "" ,.,.. .' 3

a 0 _ sea ered w th sma orange spo' s ...... G. ceylonica

2 . ' 0 I sely cov red 'wi h reddish or,ange spots which are

ess ci cles ...... '. .... ' '..... L '..... G~ rubrop,apulosa

2 . 80 cove e w' _h orange dashes '.' .. '.'.... '. '. G. striata 3 . e 10 dots a anged i ows along the body .... G. citrina

b I 0 _ I nes o ~ the body ...... '...... '...... '..... G. subflava 52. Gymnodoris cey/onica (Ke aart, 1858), Fig,. 67

KElAART, E.F. (18.58,). Description of ,a new Ceylonese nudibranch. Annals & M~8azine of Natural Histo~ (Ser" 3l1(4) : 257-258, PI. lOB. DESCRIPTION : First reported y Kelaart ( Trevelyana ceylonica) from Sri Lanka. This wiidespread Indo-West Pacific species was next reported from the Sociiety Is ' ands in the western Pa'e'fic by Pease (as Trevelyana pict~). It is characterised by the translucent white boOdy with smaU bright orange-red spots and arge orang,e-lined white g,i Is. The rh,inophores yellow in colour Thewh~te gills liined with orange co our SIMILAR SPECIES : G. citrina DISTRIBUTION: Wid,espread in Indo W'est Pacific. India : Gulf of Kutch, Ritch'ies Archipelago, South Andaman. CI ,REMARKS : Ne'w record to Andaman and N'icobar Islands.

IFig. 67. Gymnodoris cey/onica ('Ritch,ie's Archipelago) . 53. Gymnodoris citrina (Bergh, 1875), F·g. 68

BERGH 1 l.S,R, (1875). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In : CoG. Semper, Reisen im Archip,el ,der PhiJippinen~ Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2~ Heft 8 : 315 344, P s. 40-45. DESCRIPTION : The translucent white body 'has many or,ange .. yellow ,spots. Gills are white in colour The white rh'nophores ar,e tipped with yellow colour The rhinophoral lamelllae are white in co our SIMIILAR SPECIES : G. cey/onica OISTR'IBUTION : Widespread 'in _ndo-West Pacific. India : laccad'ves, Ritchies Archipelago, '. South Andaman. REMARKS: New record to Andam,an ,and Nicobar Iisiands.

Fig. 68. Gymnodoris citrin a (RitchlieJs ,Archip,elago). I THOBRAN H

54. ,Gymnodoris rubropapulosa (Bergh, 1905), Fig. 69 BERGH, L S. R. (1905) M,alacologische Untersuchungen. In : Re,isen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carll 'G,ottfried Semper. Zweiter Th,eil. Wissens,ehaftnche Result-ate. Band 9, Theil '6, .Lief. 2, pp. 57- 118, pis. 5 .. ,8. DESCIRIPTION : This spec'ies has a w;ide Indo .. West Pacifi,c distribution. The m,antle is white in colour with orange spots. It has simil,arities in colour pattern to G. .cey/onica but the orange spots are much I,arger and more densely arranged, the body is more elongate and the gins relatively small. The rhinopore is orange in colour with a white bas,e. The giUs ar,e also orang,e inco,lour The gins are branched,. It 'was observed that this spelcies 'feeds on allgae.

SIMILAR SPECIES : , Chromod~ris westraliensis DIST ~ R ' IBUTION : Wid,espr,e,ad in Indo-W,est Pacifi,c. India: , Nicobar Islands IREMARKS: New Record to Indi,an waters. Fig. 69. Gymnodoris rubropapulosa (Kamort a, Nkobar Istands). 55. Gymnodoris striata (IElliot, 1908), Fig. 70 ELliOT, C. N. E., 1908. Reports on th·e marine biology of the Sudan'ese Red Sea. XL Note:s on a coUe,cti'on of nudibranchs from the Red Sea. )ournallinnean Society '£'ondon~ Zool,ogy, 31(204) : 86-122. ,DESCRIPTION : It is characterised bV the longitudinal orange lines ·on the dorsu,mand th,e tranverse .arrang'ement of the gills. There is ,considerabl,e variability in the or,ange ridges on the body. The m,antle is yellow in colour with orange bord,erGilisalso yellow with yeUo'w edging. Animals lacking most of the orange ndging were considered a sep,arate species, ,Gymnodoris amakusana by 'Baba recentty. Risbec (1928) consid,ered the ,arr.angement of the gills to be sufficient grounds for ere,cting a new genus AnalCJgium for this sp,eci,es, but this is n,ot followed by most authors,although ·t is used by Ham,atani (1995) and B.aba (1'996). SIMILAR SPECIES : G. amakusana DISTRIBUTION : Indo",W'est Pacific, fro,m Red Se,a to Japan. India: Ritchi'es Archipeiag'o, South Andam,an. REMARKS: New Record t,o Indi,an w·aters .

.Fig. 70. Gymnodoris striata (R it'chie1 s Archipelago), 56. Gymnodoris subflava (Saba, 1949), Fig. 71

BABA) K. (194'9) ,Opisthobranchia of Sagami Say. Iwan-ami Soten, T,okyo. 211pp + pIs. 'DES'CRIP'T ON : Translucent yellow animal with dark ye low longitudinal lines. The posterior part is more or less transparent so that shade of the internal organs can be seen,. Gits and rh:inophores ,are also yell-ow in colour The only specli'es seen in this area with a s·ngle colour without any spots or markings. DISTRIBUTION : Japan, Phi ·ppines. ndoa: Ritch" es Archipelago, South And,aman. REMARKS: Flirst time report in Indli,an Ocean area.

Co) o

FOg. 71 : Gymnodoris subflava (Ritchie's Archipelago) OPI HOB A C S 0

FAMILY : PHYlllDIIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 The phyUidiids are a very dlistinctiv,e looking family of nudibranchs. They have an elong,ate-ov,ate shape that is evenly convex in profile. The mantle skirt lis the same width as the foot, but still covers it and the reduc'ed head completely. The mantlle is stiff and tough since ,it contains spicules (as does the foot and bodywaU) and the mantle bears stiff tubercles that may be v,ariously coloured. The co',our, shape ,and ,arrangement of these tubercles ,are significant features in the identification of species,. 'GI,ands that release acrid and tox· cchemicals for d,efensiv,e purposes ,are located in the m,antle.The ,oral tentacles may be fused or unfus,ed. PhylUdiids have ,a small mouth, with jaw plates and radua absent making them suctorial feeders. The rhinophores are lam'eliate and can retract into pockets. The gills are not borne upon the dorsum, butinste,ad they are simple leaflets located underneath, down each side in the cavity betwe,en the mantle and foot (the hyponotulm). The anus is loc,ated on the midline of the dorsum posteriorly except for some species of the genus Phyllidia (th,ose that were previously named Fryeria) where instead lit .opens in the posterior midline be,low the mant.le. AU phyllidUds feed upon sponges ,and are slow movers.

Key to the species of family recorded from Andaman and 'Nicobar Islands 1a. Anima.t y1eUow with white ridges which are separated by yellow groov,es and ,a bllalck sp'ot at the centre .... ,...... •••• '••••• '.'.'•••• '•• , •• '•••••• ,.'•••••• '••• 1.,.,•••• _.'••••• '.'•••••• '.'.... . '••••• .• ,' •••• '•• R. suzannale lb. White ,coloured animal with various m,arkings in bl,ack ... 2 1c,. Black coloured Im,antle with v,ariously coloured ,and shaped tubercles ... '... '... "...... '...... '.... '...... '...... '...... ,...... ,.,. .... ·4 ld. Blue-blu,e grey coloured phyl idid ,...... ,.,...... ,...... ,.,..... ,.,... 9 2,a. Blaclk rhinolpore .... '.... '..... '...... '...... '. ... '.'...... ,... ".. '.'...... '.... '...... '.'.... 3 2b. Pale white rhinopo,re ..... '...... Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis 2b,. Salmon pink rhinopores ...... '...... Phy//idiopsis shire,enae 3a. Compound tuberc'le with a granulated structure .. '...... '...... '... '...... '...... '.'...... '.'...... '...... '.'.'...... '...... '...... '.'.. P. gra,nu/ata 3b. Tubercles do not have white tips ,and does not look gr,anul,at'ed '.'..... '.'.'...... '..... '...... '...... '...... P. striata 4a. Tubercles are arranged in rows ...... '...... '...... 5 4b,. Tubercles are sin,gl,e or compound tubercles but 'Scattered

on top ,of th,e mantle ....• '...... ,.'.'.. '...... '...... '. '! ••• '. '. '••••••• '. '•••••• 6 Sa. The centre row of tubercles is continuous '...... '. P. rosans Sb. The centre row of tubercles are discontinuous with ridges separating the ,grey tubercles tn black ,..... _... '.'. P. zey/anica 6a. Rhinophores are black in colour ...... '...... '.'.... 8 6b,. Rhinophor,es not bl,ackin colour .. ,..... ,.,...... ,.'..... ,...... ,.,.'...... 7 7a. Tubercles bright yellow and simple ...... '...... P. oce/lata 7b. Some tubercles are compound and usuaUy white in colour ...•. '...... ,.. '...•.• '.,...... •. '.'....• '.'.'...... • •'...... •••...•.• ','... P. m,adangensis 8a. Tubercles are s,imple .'..... '.'...... '...... '.'...... '...... P. pustulosa ab. Tuberc~es are ,compound '.'.'...... '...... '..... P. cooraburrama ga. Ventral foot stripe present ...... '...... '...... '...... '...... '10 9b. Ventr.al 'foot stripe absent ...... '..... '.'...... '.'...... '.'.'...... 11 lOa. All tubercles are yellow tipped .'..... '.'...... '...... P. varicosa lOb. Tubercles in the centr,al ridge ,alone are yellow t ipped ...... '.'. '...... '...... '.'...... '.....•.. '.'...... '...... '.'..... '.'. . P. a/yt.a 11a. 3 large tube:rcles on the central ridge very 'consp'icuous .. ,•••.•• .,' ." ••• •• '...... '...•••••• ,••••••• ,.,.'..••••••• '.•••• ,.'.,.,•••••••• '..• ,P. coelestis lib. T,he central ridge has smaller tuberclles th,an the ridges located to the sides ...... F. marindica 57 Fryeria marindica (Yonow and Hayward, 1991), Fig. 72

BRUNCKHORST, OJ. (1993) he systematics ,and phylogeny of PhylU diid Nudibranchs ,(Ooridoide,a) . Rec.ords of the Australian Museum, Supplement, 16 : 1-107. DES'CRIPTION : F. marin,dicais predominately btue'-grey in colour w'th two long"tudinal black bands running the ,Iength of the mantle, one on each s'd,e of a single median blue ridge" The medean ridge has a s:ingle row of yellow capped tubercles. There are also many back rays or lines, on e"ther side of the mantlle, running at rightang ~ es to the Imantle ledge,. The ventral surface of mantle and the foot are grey Fryeria marindica appears to be closest to F.menindie which is found in the western Pa,cif'ic Ocean. This species has oft,en been confused with Fryeria ruepp,eliiBe gh, 'which is considered by 'Brunckhorst to be ,confined to the Red Sea ,. It is alsoO Ukely to be mistaken for the wiidespread Phyllldia varicosa but in that species there are always thr'ee or fiv,e longitudinal ridges on

Fig. 72. Fry.eria marindica (Rlitchie's Archipella go) the dorsum, and of course the anus opens in the dorsal midline. SIMILAR SPECIES: Fryeria menindie/ F. rueppe/i/; Phyllidia varicosa. DISTIRIBUTION : Indian Ocean from North Western Australlia to Eastern Africa. Ind·a· o'grpur, Ritchies Archipelago, North B,ay, And,aman tslands. REMARKS : New record to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. PI TH H OF

5,8. Phyllidia alyta Yonow, 1996, Fig. 73

YONOW J N. (19'96) System,atic Revision of the F,amily PhylUdiid,ae in the Indian Oc'ean Prov:in'ce: Part 1 (Opisthobran,ehia : Nudibranchia: ). Journal of Conch.olo8~ 35 : 483 .. 516. DESCRIPTI'ON : This species is characterOzed by four ',ongitudinal black bands which rarely meet. The inner pair runs from behind the rhinophores to just -nfront of the ana p,apUla. Between them is th,e median row of tub,ercleswhich are usually tOpped with yeJow. There is then a second row of tuber,cles on e,ach side which are rarely tipped in y,eUow,. Outside this row is the second black line ,on ,e,ach side which runs fr,om the anterior edge of the mant.le back to behind the ,anal papilla. There is a!lso usuaUy a blac.k tranverse band between the rhinophores. Outside the longitudinal black lines ,are another row of tubercles and ,outside that row samll irre,gularly scattered tubercles at the m,antle ,edge. There is a solid bl,a'ck median Hne on the sole of the foot which is brok,en anteri,orly into one or tw,o patches. The rhinophores ar,e yellow"

Fig. 73. Phyllidla alyta (Rit.chie's Archipelago). SIMILAR SPECIES : Fryeria marindica, Phillidia varicosa~ p. coelestis DISTRIBUTION : W,estern Indian Ocean (Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar). India : Wand,oor, Ritchies Archipe,lago, South Andaman. REMARKS: New Record to ,In-dian waters. AND LANDS

5'9. Phyllidia coelestis IBergh, 1'905, Fig . 74

BERGH, l.S. R. (190.5) Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der PhiUppinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zw,eiter TheiL WissenschaftHche Resultate.Band 9, Theil 6, ief. 2, pp. 57- 118. pis. 5 ·8. DESCRIPTION : Body white w'th two black ines on both .sides of the mantlle. A ,median black line with three large tube 'c es of yellow colour p, co e/es tis is a smaUe species which has neither a foot strOpe nor a median ridge. p~ coelestis can be dist ngu'shed from ,other simillar-1looking phyUidiids by colour and pattern: in particular the Ily" shape of the blue-grey dorsal ridg,es; the ve,low-capped mid-dorsal tulberclles (which never form a med'an ridge as in .P, varlcosa); the evenly tuberculate, broad, blue-grey mantle margin; and the un,iformJ'Y grey foot without a dark strOpe,

SIM LAR SPECIES : P. a/yta, P. varicosa

Fig. 74. Phy//idia coe/estis (R itchie's Archipelago). DS

DISTRIBUTION : Western Pac:ifiicOcean, South Ch'ina Sea, Timor Se,a ,and ,across the Indian Ocean to South Africa. India : Wandoor, Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman REMARKS: New Record to Indian waters. 60. Phyllidia madangensis Brunckhorst, 1993, Fig. 75

BRUNCKHORST1 OJ. '(1993). The systematics and phyllogeny of PhyllidUd

Nudibranchs (Doridoidea). Records of the Australian Museum~ Supplement 16 : 1-107. DESC,RIPTION : P. madangensis is characteriz,ed by having few, sparse y scattered notal tubercles on ,a b ~ lack mantle, the baclk colour runs up to the edge of the mantle Another char.acter that can be noticed by keen observation is the pres,ence of an alternating smalle tubercle between the larger notal tuberc e. Presence of rhinotubercles is a c'ommon occurance in all Phyllidia species, but a small tubercle is present immediately in front of each rhinophoral pocket which is characteristic to P. madangensis. P. madangensis's very s'mi ar to P. carlsonhoffi, P. varicosa and P. tula, but the absence of black line on the foot sole distingu'ishes it from the rest.

F"g, 75. Phy//idia m,adangensis (M,ayabund'er, North Andam,an). Phyl/idiamadangensis w,as first described by Brunckhorst in 1993. Subselquently few reports ,on the occurrence lof the species are r'eported in the Australian museum web page (www.seastugforum.net). all fr,om v.arious parts of the South Western part of Pacific Ocean (Sulawesi, Vanuatu1 Papua N'ew Gu 'inea). It has been obselrved that in the Pacific Ocean the same sp'elcies has a yelliow tipped tubercl,e but in the specimen observed here, the tubercles were whitish in colour. 5'IMILAR SPEC'IES : P. carlsonh,offl P. tula, P. varicosa, P. Dce/lata. DISTR:IBUTION : Tropic.al western Paci'filc Ocean (Guam, Vanu,atu, SO llomon Islands and PNG) ,,, India : Mayabunder, North Andaman R MARKS : INew Record tD Indian Ocean aTaa. PST OBR CHS 0

61. Phy/lidia oce/lata Cuvier, 1804, Fig. 7,6

BRUNCKHOR'ST, OJ. (1993) The syst'em,atics ,and phy'logeny of PhyllidUd Nudibranchs (Ooridoidea). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement, 16 ! 1-107. DESCRIPTION : The most typical dorsal pattern consists ,of four to ten bla,ck rings b,ordered lin white, e,ach with a ,central gold colour,ed. There is little ontogenet,ic variation in external pattern (i.e., ,juvenHes res,emble ,adults), however consid,erable individual variation in dorsal pattern o'ccurs in this species,. From th'e basic pattern described, there appe,ar to be numerous re~ated and irregular patterns where the bl,ack ,are,as exp,and and or meander a'cross the d,orsum. SIM'ILAR SPECIES : P.madang,ensis/ P" tu/a. DISTRIBUTION : Comm,on thr,oughout the trop'ical Indo... West Pacific Ocean, including the Red Sea ,. Ind·a : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman . REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters.

Fig. 76. Phy/lidia ocellata (Ritchie'.s Archi,pelago).. 62. Phyllidia varicosa amarckJ 1801, Fig. 77 tAIMARCK, J.B . (1801) Systeme des anlmaux sans vertebres. Paris.

BRUNCKHORST, OJ. (1993) The system"atics and phylogeny of Phyllidiid Nudibranchs (Oor'idoidea). Records of the Australian Museum/ Supplement 16 : 1-107. DESCRIPTION : One of the commonest nudibranchs distributed in Andaman sands. Len,gth of the collected specimens anged frolm 3.5 9.7 em and the w'idth va(ed from 1.3 - 3.3 cm. The body is frm, 3-6 longitudinal tuberculate notal ridges on the dorsum. The ridge and b,ases of the tuber,cles ,are blue-grey in co our and the tube elles are capped

Fig. 77. Phyllldia varic,osa (Ritchie' s Archipelago) line in the sole of the foot. However, P. varico.sa has many yeU,ow capped notal tuberc,l,es on aU the rows whUe only fe'w flew notal tubercles in the inner three rows found in P.alyt-a. SIMILAR SPECIES: Bohadschiagraffei Juvenile.

DISTRIBUTION : Throughout the Indo-West Pacifi,c Oce ~ S including the central Pacific and the Red Se,a. ,India : Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, 'Widespread in Andaman and Ni,cobar Islands,. REMA,RKS : New r,ecord to And,am,an ,and Nicobar ,Islands. os

63. Phyllidiella cooraburrama Brunckhorst, 1993, Fig. 78

BRUNOKHORST, OJ. (1993), The syste'matics and phylogeny of Phyllidiid Nudibranchs (Ooridoidea). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement, 16 : 1 ~ 107. DESCRIPTION : P. cooraburrama is particularly strik"ng nudibranch. It is characterized by its extremely large, isolated, notal tubercles which have a very broad pink base, are steep sided, taU and multicompound with fl,attish apices. The rhinopores are black in colour P. cooraburraf!1a is easily separated from other phyUidids with pink tubercles by the form of its large tubercles. Phyllidiella pustulosa has grouped clusters of low tubercles. Phyllidiella annulata has rings of pink with ow angular tubercles. Phyllidiellanigra has single rounded red-pink tubercles. Phyllidiella rosans has low, rounded, smooth, straight ridges. Phyllidiella zeylanica has highly tuberculate ridges which join together anteriorly and posteriorly. Phyllidie//a granulata is superficia'lly similar to P.

Fig. 78. Phyllidiella cooraburrama (Ritchie's Archipelago). PIS OBRANC OF A D NICOBAR S

cooraburrama, but differs in having smaller conical or acute wh·te tubercles on a granul,ar grey background.

SIMI~R SPECIES : ,p' rosans, P. nigra,P. pustulosa. o STRIBUT ON : Ponape, Fiji, and Great Barrier Re lef, Australia. India : Wandoor, Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman-. REMARKS : New Record to nd'ian waters,. 64. Phyllidiella granulata Brunckhorst, 1993, Fig. 79

BRUNCKHORST, OJ. (1'993). The syst,emaUcs and phylogeny ,of Phyllidiid Nudlbr,anchs (O'orido.dea),. ,Recprds of the Australian Museum, Supplement, 16 : 1-107,. DESCRIPTION : The distinguishing external features of P. granulata are the grey background with conical and acute compound white tubercles, and the cOrcular black bao,ds med'al y. The granular white pattern on the grey foot sole of live specimens is also characteristic. Phyllidi~lla gra,n,ulata posses,ses fewer lamellae on the rhinophor.al clavus than most other spec ",es of Phyllidiella, except Phyllidiella rosans. Phyllidiellapustulosa has three c:lusters of tuberc eswhich vary ontogenetically in their state of amalg,amation, the background colour is black and the tubercles are pink (white tubercles in P. granulata). Phyllidiella pustulos,a is further separated by its grey ventral ,color,at,ion. Phyllidiella cooraburrama differs from the present species primarily in hav,ing very large, isolated, smooth, rounded tubercles wh'ich

Fig. 79. Phyllidiel/a granulata (Ritchie's Archipelago). Qp TH BRANCHS OF AN

,are pinlk. Phyllidiella rudmani also has rounded, white capped tuberc es but ·ts background c'oloration is bright pink and lit has two longitudinal black stripes.

SIM'ILAR SPECIES: P. coorab , urrama~ p" pustulosa~ P. rudm,ani. 015- RIBUTION : Trop·cal Western Pacifi,c Oce,an (Micrones a to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Indi,a Ritchies Arch ipelago, South Andam,an. REMARKS : New Rec,ord to Indian waters. PISTHOBRANCH F

65. Phyllidiella pustulosa (Cuvier, 1804), Fig. 80

BRUNCKHORST, OJ. (1993) The systematics and IPhyl,ogeny of PhyUidiid Nudibranchs (D,oridoidea). R,ecords of the Austra/ianMus,eum, Supplement, 16 : 1-107,.

DESCRIPTION: P.pustulosa has three median clusters of pink tubercles. The tubercles are iin a cluster whiich is seperated lin ,adult specimen; however It is am,alg,am,ated on juvenHe stage. The intensiity ,of P!nk colouration is possiblly related to diet and time since feeding. The m,antle has pale pink edge, the broad and oral tentacles are triangular, black ttped and the rhin,ophoral clavus possessing 22 ~ 26 lamellae. The length of the speci'mens coU'eeted from Andaman water rang,es from 3.5- 6,.0 elm with the width 1.5-2.8 ,em. SIMILAR SPE'CIES : P. annulata/ P. ,granulata/ ,P. cooraburrama. DISTRIBUTION : Throughout th,e tropical Ind.o--West Pacifi,c. India Rutiland, Mayabunder, Ritchies Archipelago, Andaman Isllands. 'REMARKS: New Record to Indian waters. Fig. 80. Phyllidiella pustulosa (Rlitchie7 s Archipelago) PISTHOBR OF

66. Phyllidiella rosans (Bergh, 1873), Fig. 81

BRUNCKHORST, OJ. (1993) The systematics and phylogeny of PhylUdUd Nudibranchs (Oorido':dea). Records of the Australian Museum~ Supplement, 16 : 1-107. DESCRIPTION: Phyllidiella ro,sans is distinguished by its nume 'OUS, longitudinal, rounded pink (dges, pink rna 'gin and black rh'inophores which have a p"nk stalk. Ventrally, P. rosans is pale grey. The longitudinal notal rid,g,es of the present speciesj" di·_ stln,gU ·. Sh. IIt' f romI th_ . e SI"mol __ ar· spec•.es , of_ rllyll~ulenl.. •iliA " ~I. ,a. The only other species of Phyllidiella which possesses longitudina ridges and a pale 'foot is Phyllidiella zeylanica. However, that species differs from P.rosansin the very uneven, irregular nature of the notal fdges which are formed f om the coalesced bases of compound tuber'cl,es ,. Furthermore, the f,oot of P. zey/anica is wh 'tish and its gins and oral tentac"es are dark grey (p,ale in P. rosans). SIMILAR SPECIES : ,Po zey/anica

Fig. 81. Phyllidiel/a l~osans (R lit,chie's Archip@lago). DS

•

DISTR BUTION : W,estern Pacif·c Ocean and the 'ndian Oce,an (Maldives, East Af iea). lnd'ia :ROtchiesArchipe ago; South Andaman, Car Nicobar; Nicobar Islands. REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters. 67 Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859), Fig. 82 KELAART, E.F. (1859). Descriptions of new and little known species of Ceylonese nudibranchiate mollusks. Ann. Mag. Nat. .Hist., 3(3) : 291 304 : 3(3) : 488-496.

8RUNCKHORST, OJ. (1993) The systematks and phyl,ogeny of Phyllidiid Nudibranchs (Ooridoidea), Records of the Australian Museum~ Supplement, 16 : 1-107. DESCRIPTION : The sp,ecies ;s characterized by the presence of three black concentric bands running round the notum and an interrupted median dark band. Th,e m·edian band and the first ,concentric dark band close to the former are prominent. The concentric band is incomplete posterior y leav:ing a small gap. The other two more marginally situated bands are very narrow and inconspicuous_ In between the dark concentric bands are prominently elevated greenish ye'llow longitudinal ridges bearing tuberc,fes of vary,ing sizes. Thes·e ridges run across in front of the rh ·nopore .and behind the .anal reg'on . Mantle tubercular, salmon-coloured; three confnuous black lines run roung the who1le length; the internal one broaderJ taking with,in its 'cir'cuit the dorsal tentacles and anal orifice;

Fig. 82. Phyllidiella zeylanica (Pongibalu, South And.a,man) two other lines run parallel to thlis all round the m,antl,e, the outer one narrowest. Dorsal tentacles large, conic,al, pointed, circularly lalminated at the upper half, which is ofa black colour.. SIMILAR SPECIES : P.. ,rosans DIST,RIBUTION : Tropical Indian Ocean (E.astern Africa to Java). .. India : Gulf of Kutch, Kavaratti la,goon, Lakshadweep Islands,Wides.preadin ,Andaman and Nicobar 'lsl,ands 'REMARKS : Extremely r,are ,and little known species whi,ch has been recorded only for the third time in the past l13years after its first description by Kelaart in 1,859 (Rao, 1974); New record to Andaman and Nicobar Islands and is one of the most common species in Andaman Islands. PIS H F

68.Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis Brunckhorst, 1993, Fig. 83

BRUNCKHORST, OJ . '(1993). Th,e syste'm,atics and phylog,eny of PhylUdHd Nudibr,anchs (O

DESCRIPT:ION : ,Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis is ch,aracteristic.ally noticed by two low wh'ite ridges which are separated by thre,e furrows tined with bla'ck. The central furrow is anteriorly long,er than the two ,adja,cent furrows allmost re,ach,ing up to the ,mantle margin. Whereas posteriody the adjacent furrows are :Ionger and generally join together to form a IU' shaped furrow,. The mantle !margin is white with black spots. Rhinophor,es wer'e p,ale wh:ite in colour The ventral side is white in colour with black spots on the margin 'of th'e hyponotum ,and on the side of the foot. P. phiphiensis shares ,close resemblances with three species of the sa,me genera which can be confused on'e for the other as they are aU longitudinally striped phyUidiids. In P. .striata the central b1lack furrow is separated into two from the

Fig. 83 Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis (MayabunderJ North Andaman) posterior side to the anterior s'ide by a centrally running white ridge. Thus P. striata has four black striations where,as p" phip.hien.sis h.as only three. In P. sphingis and P. annae the rhinopores are yellow and black ,ooloured respectively whereas in P. phiphiensis it is white to very pale brown..P. sphingis and P. annae have a bluish colour more towards the periphery on their body which is absent in P. phiphiensis.

SIMILAR SPECIES: P. striata~ P. annaeJ P. sphingis. DISTRIBUTI'ON : Southe:rnThaiiand (Andam,an Sea).. India: Mayabunder, North Andaman. REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters. 69,. ,Phyllidiopsis shireenae Brunckhorst/ 19931 Fig. 84 BRUNCKHORST, O.J. (1993). The systematics and phylogeny of PhylHdUd Nudibranchs (Ooridoidea). R,ecords of the Austr,a/ian Museum S.upplement, 16 : 1-107. DESCRIPTION : Phyllidiopsis shireena,e is characteristically noticed by its mid dorsal crest (i.. ,e., the body is not dorsoventraUyflattened ,as in other phyJid"ds). The ,crest is lined with a black furrow which is ,extended towards the mant'le edge into thinner line anteri,orly and posteri,orfy,. In most specimens the line diverges mid dorsaUy from the central furro'w towards both the 's,ides. The mant e ,is wh"te in co ,our with salmon pink rhinophores. Each rhinophoral clavus has 18 lamellae. Other phyUidiids do not possess a large dorsal crest and salmon p·nk rh'lnophorles like P. shireenae. Phyllfdiopsis gemmata has b,lack rhlnophores. Phy/lidiopsis krempfi has mulfcompound pink tubercles, black and p'nk rhinoph,ores, and possesses 26-.28 lamellae on each rhinophoral clavus whereas in P. shireenae it is 17-20. Phyllidiopsis pipeki/

Fig, 84, Phyllidiopsis shireenee (R it1ch:ie's Ar,chipelago). Phyllidiopsis burn; and Phyllidiopsis fissuratus differ fromP. shireena,ein having large compound tubercles, black ,and pink rhinophores ,and p,ink to grey ventral coloration.

SIMILAR SPECIES: P. kremp~ P. ,pipekl P. burn~ P.lissuratu~ P. gemm,ata,. DISTR'IBU'TION: Tropical Indo-West P,acific. India : Rit,chies Ar,chip,eilago, South Andaman,.

REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters. PIS HOB A CH OF ICOSAR Is ND

70, Phyllidiopsis striata Bergh, 1888, Fig, 85

BRUNCKHORST, O.J. (1993). The systematics and phylogeny of Phyll;diid Nudibranchs (Ooridoidea). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 16 : 1-107.

DESCRIPTION: Phyllidiopsis striata is easUy distinguished in the field by its three low, white longitudinal dorsal ridges, white mantle skirt, four black longitudinal bands and transluc'ent straw,-coloured rh'nophores,. Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis has two white ridges and three b1ack bands (three white ridges and four black bands in P. striata), black spots on the mantle margin, white rhinophores and is white ventrally (grey and black in P. striata). Phyllidiopsis annae has three blue ridges, and bl,ack rhinophores. Phyllidiopsis sphingis has three irregular white ridges which are usuaUy separated (straight ridges join at the anus in P, striata), iridescent blue coloration to the mantle skirt, cream rhinophore and a cream to white foot sale (grey in P. striata). The specimen observed from

Fil_ 85. Phyllidiopsis striata (Ritchie's Archipelago) o ISTH BRANC S OF A DAMAN AND N ICOB DS

Andaman has a bl,ack rhinophore but other characters similar to P. striata and s'o considered to be this species.

SIMILAR SPECI S : P. phiphiensi~ P. sphin8i~ P. annae

DISTIRIBUTIOIN : Centlral and W1est1ern Pacif~c Ocean and Indian Ocean. India . Ritchies Archipelago, South ,Andam,an REMARKS: New Rec,o.rd to Indian waters. QPISTHOBRANCHS OF

ANDAMAN A 0

71. Reticu/idia suzanneae Valdes and Behrens, 2002, Fig. 86

VALDES, A. and BEHRENS, D.W., 2002. Phyfogenetie systematics of

Reticulidia Brunckhorst, 1990 (MoUusea J Nudibranehia), with the description of a new species fr,om th,e tropical Indo-Pa,eific. Nat. Hist. Mus. los Angeles Co., Contrib. in Sci., 492 : 1.. 10. DESCRIPTION : A recently described genus by Brunckhorst (1990). Only three species reported till date as per the data available. Aniimal yeUow 'with white ridges. The ridges are separated by yellow coloured grooves and a black spot at the central. Rhinphore yellow in colour The type specimens w'ere collected from Andaman Sea, Thailand. The gill is between notch and foot, very characteristic to this genera.

SIMILAR SPECIES : R. halgerdaJ R. (ungia OISTRIBUTI'ON ': Indian Ocean '{East Africa, Thailand}. India Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman. REMARKS : New Record to Indian wate s.

Fig. 86. Reticulidia suzannae (Ritchie1s Archjpelago). QPISTHOBRA CHS OF SLANDS

SUBORDER : AEOLIOINA Odhner, 1934 FAMILY: AEOLIOUDAE Gray, 18.27 The size of aeolidUds range from slmaU to ·quite large . The elongate body may be narrow or broad, and the back is often crowded with cerata. The foot is usuaUy wlider than the body and the anterior corners ,are enl,arged, and either angular or tentacular The oral tentacles are usually long. The rhinophoral structur,e can be smooth or annul,ate or with ,clubs that ,are lamell.ate or papillate. The cerata ,are often, but not always numerous. Their shape can vary from fl,attened to ,cylindri,cal ,and tapering. When distressed, ,a,eoUd'ids tend to r,eadUy cast off their cerata. In most aeol'idiids, the ,cerata are arran.ged in regul,ar, oblique rows,. The majority prey upon s'ea anemones. Spe,cies of the genu.s Cerberilla plough bene,ath the sand and ,are dorso ... ventraUy flattened, cl,early an adaptation to that habitat. Many species of this family h,ave also developed a symbi,osis with zo,oxanthellae obtained when digesting their prey and subsequently IIfarm" them within special ~ranches of the digestive gland in the body wall. These branches conta'ining the zooxanthell,ae appear as fine brown reticulations just under the s!kin.

Key to the species of genus CerberiUa record,ed from Andaman and Nicobar Isl,ands la. Dorsal sid'e of the foot is pl,ain white in colour .... ,...... ,.. ••••• 41. ,.·••••••••• "'.'...... '...... ' •••••••• '•••••••••••••••• .•'...... C annulata lb. Dorsal side of the foot 's lined with black stripe .extending to the foot edge ...... '...... '...... C ,ambonensis 72. Cerberilla ,ambonens/s Bergh, 1905, Fig,. 87 BERGH} l .S.R. (1905). Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Expedltion. Monographie, SO : 1 .. 248, pis. 1~ 20 . DESCRIPTION : The most characteristic external feature of this specie,s would appear to be the tr,ansverse dark !lines a'cross the foot. The basal half of the longest ,cerata 'is greyish brown then black. The black band between the yellow and th,e whit.e termin,al region can be thin, broad or absent. The or,at tentacles are white at the base and have a br'oad blue band filling the middle ha'if of the tentac1le, a short black band, ,and white tip. In Cerberilla annulata which also has yellow and black ceratal bands, they,eUow and bl,ack are in reverse order SIMILAR SP CIES : C annulata DISTRIBUTI'ON : Western Pacific and Indonesian Archipelago,. fndi,a: Rit1chies ,Archlipelago, South Andaman .. REMARKS ': New Rec,ord to Indian waters.

Fi,g. 87 Cerberilla ,amboinensis '(Hitchie' sArchip,elag,o) . I THO N H

73 . Cerberilla ,annulata (Quoy and Galmard, 18,32), Fig. 88 QUOY, J.R. and GAIIMARD, J.P. (1832). Voyages de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe pendant les annees 1826- 1829 so us lie e,o'mmand,ement de MJ. Dumont d'Urvilie. Zo%gie, 2 : 1-686. DESCRIIPTION : Mantle and cerata are white in co our This sand dwel ing aeolid has a wide tropical ndo-West Pacific distribut'on. It's ch,aracteris'ed b'y the relatively long cerata, wh ~ te body and cerata, and ye low (upper) and bllack (lower) band near the ceratal tip. The yelllowand blacik bands are divided with ,a • smalll white band. The cerata are numerous in number and are arranged i,rregular y. SIMILAR SPECIES : C am,bonensis OISTR BUTION : W·de Indo-West Paci'fic distribution. ndia : M,ayabunder, N,orth Andaman REMARIKS : New Record to Indian waters

Fig. 88. Cerberilla ,annu/ata (Mayabunder, North Andaman) 15TH BRA C 5 0

FAMILY: FLABELllNIOAE 8 1erghin Carus, 1889 FlabeUinids are aeolids that have a long} narrow and talpering body, usually w,ith a pointed ta'"1. The body iis generaUy high in profile and the underlying foot is 'wide. The anterior ,corners of the foot are rounded or devel'Oped 'into short blunt tentacles. The oral tentacles are very long and ta pering. The rhinophores can be either smooth, or have clubs th,atare p,apHI,ate or lameUate. Tlhere ar'e no basal sheaths. The eyes are positioned at the base of each rhinophore. There is usually a mantle b im 0 r'idge running down the dorsa m'dline wh'ch is a mantlle remnant. The cerata, which are usually long and th'n, arise in rows or clusters down each side 'Of the body and are eithet dire,ctly inserted onto the body 'wall or are attached to lobes of varying size. Each ceras carri,es a digestive gJand branch that continues tlO the tip ending in a cnidosac conta,ining nematocysts . There are no separate gill structures with respi ati,on taking place through the thiin wal s of the body and cerata. AU flabeUinids feed on athe,cate hydroids. HS

74. Flabel/ina exop,tata (GosUner and WiUan, 1991), Fig. 89

GOSlINE:RJ T.M. and W'ILLAN, R.C. (1991) 'Review of the Flabellinida'e (Nudibranchi,a: A,eolidac,e,a) 'from the tropical Indo~Pacific, with the descriptions of fiv,e ne'w slPecies. Tne Veliger, ,34(2): 97-133. DESCIRIPTION : Flabellina ex,optata is ch,aracterised by the brilliant cotour pattern and the bright orange papillate rhinophores. The oral tentacle have apurple band in the middle region. The cerata ,are metallic in colour with a purple b,and in the mid region. The ani1mal observed was only up to 5 em in length. SIMILAR SP 'EC'IES F. delicate,. F.

macassaranaJ F. rubrolineata DIST:RIBUTION : Indian ,Ocean (South Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia), Western Pac:ific. Indi,a : Rit,chies ,Archipel,ago, South Andaman. REMARKS : N,ew Re,cord to 'Indian waters.

Fig. 89. Flabellina exoptata (Ritchie's Archip'elag'o). QPISTHOB A CHS OF SLANDS

FAMILY ': GLAUCIDAE Olken, 181.5 The body is long and slender, 'with tw,o ,cephalic tentacles or feelers on their head, and rhinophores on top and at the front. Thes,e animals have finger !like cerata of their digestive s'ystem extending down the ba,ck of the animal. They lack gills and it is believed they ,absorb oxygen through diffusion,. They feed on sea anemones, cor.als, soft ,corals and gorgonians, lelly fish and mollusk eggs. These animals can p,ass the :stinging ceUs through their digestive system WIthout triggering th'em and use them in their own defence,. Some species extra,ct algae from their prey ,and farm them,.

Key to the genera and speci,es of familyGlaucidale rec'orded from ,Andaman and Nic'obar Islands la. Blue ,annuli pr1esent on the ar,al tentaclles ...... '...... '...... ,. .... '...... '..... '...... '...... '... ,.. '. ,. ... '...... '...... '.. ,Pterae,o/idia lanthin,a lb. MHky orange oral tentac1les .. '...... Sakuraeolis kirembosa le. Oral tentacle 'with oran.ge base and white tips ...... '.'...... '..... '...... '...... '., ...... '..... '.. ,' .... '.... '. Moridi'lla brockii 1d, An olrange stripe ,on ,each tentacle meeting at the base. The tip of th,e oral tentaci1e pale yellow .... ,.... Ph/diana ,militaris 75. Morldilla b~ockii Bergh, 1888, Fig. 90

BERGH, R. (1888) Be 't ra,ge zur Kenntnis d,er aeolidiaden, 9. Verh. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wein., 673,-706.

RAO, K. ,P,. (1965) Moridilla brockii Bergh 1,888, redescribedwith notes on anatomy and earf'v development. Journal of the Marine Biological , Ass , ociation~ India, 7(1) : 61-68.

DESCRIPTION : tiThe specimens are light orang,e in colour along the dorsal and lat,eral surfaces. The regon between the

rhinophores ,and the oral tentacles I the surface of the oral tentacles, the ,club of the rhinophores, the surface of the c,erata and the iintegument of the pericardi,al orominence are deep orange in ,col,our The miiddl,e one third of the oral tentacl,es ,and the cnidosacs of the cerata are coated with si'lvery sh;ining granules. The foot is co'iouriess. Th'e h'ermaphrodite gland which is visible through the foot is rght or.ange in colour (Rao, 1965). The specimens were mostly found und'er the I'oose stones and in the algal turf, below the part of sublittoral zone,." This spe,cies was redes,cribed 'with sp'ecimens col.lected from Gulf .af Mannar The bright r,ed tips to the cerata of thlis aeolid ,apparently warn potential predators of the presence of the cnidosac whi,ch contains the stinging nematocysts rem'oved from the cnidarian food of Moridilla bf7o.ckii. When disturbed, Moridilla puts on ,a spectacullar 'startle' display, unc,oUing the large roned ,cerata ,and pojntling them at the source of the disturbance,. There are few anatomical reasons to retain Moridilla as a genus distinct from .

Fig. 90. Moridil/a brockii (R itchie's Archipelago). SIIMILAR SPECI S : Ph/diana militaris DISTRIBUTION: Trop·ca _ Indo-West Pacifc. ndia: Gulf of

Mann-ar, 'Rit'chies Arch·pelagoJ South Andam,an. REMARKS: New record to And,aman and Nicobar _slands,. 15T DB A CH5 OF ANDAMAN AND

76. Phidiana militaris (Alder and Hancock, 1864), Fiig. 91

ALDER, 1. and H.ANC'OCK, A. (1864). N,otice of a coUection of Nudibr.anchiate Mollusca made in I,ndia by Walter Elliot, Es'q., with descriptions of sev,eral new gen,eraand species. Transactions of the Zoological Society of london,S: 113-147. DESCRIPT'ION : Body r.ather stout, tapering to a fine point behind, of a p,ale filesh colour or ne,arly white . Dorsal tenta,cles rather ~ong, s,mooth, swe.lling ,a little iin the centre, and taper1ing to a point abovel with a bro·ad belt of scarlet ne.ar the centre, gradually fading into flesh colour belo·w. Bright yellow on the upper half, excepting the extreme tips/wh;ich are white. Oral tenta'cles larg,e, stout, and tapering, ,color as the d,orsal, ex,cepting that the scarlet c,entral belt ;s extended down each tentacle in narrow lline, the two uniting on a bulb on the ,central of the head, and continued thence bac,kw.ards to the commencelment of the branchi,al papilla,e. Branchial p,apilla,e numerous1 moder.ately stout, of a redd:ish brown co'iour, with bright yellow tips, forming six clusters on each side, .and neat1ly m,eeting on the back. OriginaUy described from Iindia,it has been reported two or three times from ·India.

Fig. 91. Phidiana militaris (R1tchh~'S Arch\pe'lago). Qp S OBRANCHS F ANDAMAN A D

SIMILAR SPECIES : Moridilla brockii DIST'R,e'UTION : Gulf of Oman, Thailand, H,ong Kong, Philippines,. ,India : Originally described from India from 'Visakhaptnam, 'Gulf of Kutch, Ritchies Archipelago, ,Andaman Islands. REMARKS : New record to Andam,an and Nicobar Islands. 77,. Ptera,eolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864), Fig. 92 ANGAS, 'G.F. (1864). Des,cription d'esp,eces nouveHesapp,arten,ant a plusieurs genres de Mollusques Nudibr,anches d,es ,environs d'e 'Port-Jac'kson (NouveUeselGaUes du Sud), aClcompagnee de dessins faits d'apres nature. Journal de Conchyll%gie, 12 : 43-70. ,DESCRIPT,ION: he mantle greyish in co,lour; the coloulr varies from place to place. Distinguished by the length and branched cer,atal group at particular interva_.. A greenish white stripe from the anterior of the mantle to the end. Pteraeolidia has stor,es zooxantheUae'n -ts body, which helps them to stay without taking food for few days. The white anlimal is a juven'le which ,as not yet developed its crop of zooxantheiliae. White juvenile,s are usually found 'in lush growths of short turfing hvdroids. The large solitary hydroid is the preferred adult food. The anima was co ected from a massive porites cora:1 from the reef flat are,a.

Fig. 92. Ptaeraeo/idia ianthina (Ritchiets Arch jpelago). PIST BRA H 0 NDAMAN A D OBAR ISLA OS

DISTRIBUTIO : Throughout the tropica and subtropica Indo West Pacific. India : Oiglipur, Ritchies Archipelago, North B,ay, Andaman Islands. REMARKS : New Record to Indian waters. 78. Sakura,eo/is kirembosa Rudman, 1'980, Fig. 93

RUDMAN, W.B. (1980). A,e,olid opisthobr.anch molluscs (Glaucidae) from the Indian O,cean and the $,outh .. west Pacific. Zoological Journal ,of the llnnean Soc;et~ 68 ,: 1:39-172. DESCRIPTION : He,ad and body a milky tr.ans'lucent orange colour, with body darikening behind the se,cond ceratal arch to a deeper ,orange where th,e gonads show through. The oral tentacles are long ,and tapering and about one and ,a half time the length of the rhiinophores. The bas,al half of ea,ch oral tentacle is transparent with the distal half being milky orange. The basal thlird of the rhinophores is transparent, while the uppler two thirds is a milky or.ange. The rh:inophores have s,cattered, rounded bumps aU ,over them,. 'The foot is translucent with a faint orange tinge, the anterior end produlcin,g long, tapering foot corners. A Imedian band of orange runs t lO the t ip ,of the tail from between the Im,ost posterior c'er.ata. The cerata ,are arranged into si.x pairs of multi­ rowed arches each raised on ,a p,ad, and there ,is ,also a group ,of irregularly arran.ged cer,ata ,at the posterior end of the body. The lower three quart1ers of ea,ch ceras is t r,anslucent, with dense white spe,ckling, which obscures the digestiive ,gland duct. The upper quarter of each cerata is quite co'iourful, with a milky orange tip, and then below t hat a bright purpl'e r,egion, and below that a dull ,greenish brQwn section. As in other

.Fig. '93. Sakuraeolis kirembosa (R,itchie's .Archipelago ). spe'cies of the g,enus, the cerata are long and slender, and are helld out from the body in large clumps SIMILAR SPECIES : Godiva q,ua,dric%r, S. gujaratica DISTRIIBUTION : Tanzani,a and Gulf of Oman. India : Hitchies Archipela,go, South Andam,an. REMARKS : New Record t,o Indi,an waters. IS 0 RA os

SUBORDER : DENDRONOTINA Odhner, 1934 FAMILY: T'ETHYDIDA'E Rafinesque, 1815 Tethydids range in size from small to very large, and all have an elongate body. Their Imost distinctive featur,e is a very large, ,extensible or,al hood with fring;ing tentacles whiich is used to trap prey~ The rhinophores have very small, lameUate clubs .. The rhinophoral sheaths, ho'wever, ,are qu'ite large ,and ,eyUndr'ical or flattened to be simHar to the cerata .. Each side ,of the body be,ars quite large cerata down its length These are broad and flat exc'ept at the base wh,ich is more cyUndrical. They ,are oftenfluid ... fiUed but do not usu,aUy have branches of the digestive gland within. 'In some of the smaller species, the cerata may be tuberculate,. The cerata can be shed when the animal is disturbed but they can regen,erate. In most species, the bushy ,gills are scattered over the ins:ide and outside surface of the cerata or over th,e whole dorsum. In others, pairs of gills m,ay be ,attached to the base of the Ilarger cerata. Some of the larger species can swim with lateral flexi,ons of the body assisted by thelar,ge surface are,a of the erect cerata. This appears to be only an escape response. They feed upon s,malicrustace,ans ,captured in the oral hood,.

Key to the ,species ,of the genus Me/ibe recorded from Andaman and Nic'obar Islands la. PapiUa,e present on the cerata ...... '..... M. megaceras lb. Cerata sjmple with n.o papillae ...... '. M. ,oce/lata '79. ,Melibe megaceras Gosliner, 1987, Fig. 94

'G'OSUNER, T.M. (1987). R,eview of th'e nudibranch ,genus Melibe (Op,isthobranchia: De,nd:ronotaclea) with d'es'cr,iptjons of two new sped,e:s. The Veliger, 2'9(4'): 400-414.

O,ESCRIP'TIO,N : The whole ,anima,1 appears translucent bro'wn, the colour shown by microsc,opic alg,a,e livin,g in the body, and wh"ch can be seen through the transparent body wall. Some anilmals can have opaque whlltish spots on the 'ceratal wan and ,along the edge of the foot. like all species of Melibe there is a 'l.a rge oral hood which is used in the capture of its food ~ small crusta,ce,a. There are ,also largle cerata down each side of the body_ This species is found on shan,ow water sandfl,ats in HawaH ,and sugge:sts that 'it m,ay be seasonally abundant. He describes how it holds the c,erata out horiizontaUy when ,it is cra'wUng along, so that it istexeedin,gly flat' It tr.anslucent bro'wn colour, and its flat aspect, ,make it al,most invjsible on a white sandy bottom. Kempf (1984) studied th,e symbiotic rel.atllonship

Fig. 94 • .Melibe m,eg8ceras (Ritchie's Archipelago). between Melibe megaceras and its symb·otic zooxantheU,ae SymbiodJnium microa,driaticum. Kempf suggests that lit must obta'in zooxantheUae either duriing the veJger stage, when it is an phytoplankton feeder, or just after metamorphosis, when ·t may feed on something which has zooxantheUae. S M LAR SPECIES : M. cf oce/lata DISTRIIBUTI'ON : ,Hawaii, Malaysiia, IGreat B,arrier Reef. India : Ritchies Archipelago, South Andaman. REMARKS ,: 'New Record to 'Indian wate _-s. 80. Melibe cf ocellata Bergh, 1888, Fig. 95 BERGH, R. (1888). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der aeolidiaden, 9. Verh. K. Zool. ,80t. ,Ges. Wein.., 673 .. 706,. DESCRIPTION : This is the on y tropical species of Melibe with taU pointed cerata without any pustules or papHlae on them. The oral hood is re'latively small. The large cerata have white spots on them which enables them to blend with the background of sand. The body darker than the cerata. SIMILAR SPECI S : M. megaceras DISTRIBUTION: Malays"a. ndia : Ritchies Arch"pelago, South Andaman. REMARKS : New Record to ndian waters,.

FII- 95,. ,Melibe cf ,o,cellat-a (Ritchiels Ar'chipela,gol. SUBORDER OENORONOTINA Odhner, 1934 FAMilY BORNELlID,AE Fis'cher, 1883 The body lis sioft, narrow, and elongate (a most sOnuous) and the mantle skirt is absent. Along each side of the dorsum are several pairs ,of cerata-like papHlae, sometimes branched, each protecting one or two small bushy gins that ,are ,attached ne,ar the base medial y. Each side ,of the m'outh an oral tent.acle presents as a palm .. like paddle b,earing five to ten p,ointed papi'llae. The rhinophores have a lameUate club and a taU sheath that iis usuaUy br.anched and resembles the papillae on the body. Some s eciesare a e to swim by ate al flexions of the body so they resemble an eelo TheV feed upon s,mall hydroids. OPI THOB ANC F

81.. Bomella dotoides Pola, Rudman and Gosliner, 2009, Fig. 96

POLA, M,., RUDMAN, W.B. and GOSLINER, T.M. (.2009). Systematics and preliminary phylogeny of IBorneUida,e (Mollusca: Nudibranchi,a: Oendronotina) based ,on morlphologiical chara,cters with description of four new species. Zoo taxa, 1'975, 1 .. 57. DESCRIPTION : The g'eneral body shape is long and tapering, typical for ,specie's of Bornel/a, and the surface is s,cattered with low po,inted tubercl,es. The body isa translucent whitish brown colour with subepidermal white granules scattered an over The head is rounded, ,and be,ars a lobe-like oral tentacle on each side 'of the mouth, with seven finger-Uke papillae of unequal length arranged in tw,o rows. The rhinophore sheath is tall with the whitish rhinophore protruding at the t ip,. There ,are three ellongate papiUae on the front and sides of the upper ,edge of the rhinophor'e she,ath, and a taller, ftat and branched sai'l-like structure attach,ed posteriorly . The posterior s,aiil 'c.arries thr'e'e or four small papillae of different lengths,. Behind the rhinophores are four pairs ·of dorsolateral proclesses J followed by two singl,e pr,ocess,es in th'e dorsal midline. The first two dorso-Iateral pro'cesses on each side have four p,apillae, the third dorso-Iateral process has ,only three 'p,a,piUae, and the fourth iis simpl,e, lackiing ,any papilla,e. Behrens suggested thi.s may be a specIes of Phyllo.desmium (Personel communication). SIMILAR SPECIES : .

Fig . '96 . Born.e//a dotoides (Ritchi,e' s .Ar'ch ipellago). DISTRIBUTION ': North 'coast o'f Papua New GU'ine,a,. 'Ind·a : Ritchies Arch'ipe ago, South Andaman. 'REMARKS : New Record to ndian waters. QPIS HOBRANCHS 0

CK 5

The authors are ,grateful to the Ministry ,of Envir'onment and Forests, Government of India for providing the necessary facilities and financi , a~ support through the project of N,atioanl Cora,l R,eef Research Instiute for carrying out the work. Sincere thanks are due to Mr Vikas, Dive India, Havelock Istand, South Andaman and Vardhan Patankar, Reef watch, P'ort Blair for providing some underwater pictures of opisthobran,chs, Dr Gary Me Dona d, CaUfornia Academy of Sciences for literature consultation and Dr 1M,. Bak,i Yokes (Halle University, Istanbul, Turkey), David W. Behren:s fG'ig Harbor, WA), Terrence M. Go:sUner (Department of Invertebrate ,Zoolo,gy and Geology, California Ac,ademy of Sc'iences, San Fran'cisco, USA) and Oeepak Apte (Bombay Natural History Society, B'0!l1bay) for the conformity of identification of opisthobranchs . The assistance provided b'y the scientific staff 'of ZSI, 'Port Blair is also gratefully acknow,ledged. PIST OB CH OF os

GLOSSARY

AEOLID A nudobranch having cerat.a rather than a p:lum.e-rke

gill on itJs back and no rhino,phoral sheathJ belonging to the maJor group (suborde ) AeoUdOna.

ANNULAT - - Referring to a type of rhinophore having a series of rings or bands ,allong its stalk. AN ERIOR· Toward the front of the body. ANUS Exit ofintest'ne. ,APE,RTIURIE .. The single larg,e terminal or'fic'e of a shelll through wh'ich the head .. foot is ,extruded. APEX - Narrow first formed part of she , typically bearing a (the tip ,of the ).

AUTOTOMY - A defens've behav'iour in which an animal deliberately casts off part of its body (usually the mant e or cerata).

AXIAl- Describes di ection of shell scu'lpture that liS ,more or less parallel to the coiling axis. BENTHIC - Refers to ,an organism liiving on or in the substrate, BIFURCATE ... Branching or forking evenly Onto two obes. BIPINNATE - With small s;ide branches arising on two sides of the main stem or axis (refers to the gill),. BIVALVES ... An ex'c usivelly ,aquafc class of monuscs that has tw,o shells that are typically symmetrical along the hinge nne and feed by siphoning and fillter1ing particles from the water

BRANCIHIAl PLUME - Respiratory structure, 'Or gill, usuaUy situated posteriorly on the dorsum. BR.AN'CHIAl POCKET .. A Icav:ity in the posteri,or midline ,of a doriid's body into 'which the gills can be retracted. BUCCAIL Referr,ing to the mouth or Imouth cavity. QPIS HOBR NCHS OF ANDA

BUCCAL MASS - The stronglly Imuscullar portlion of the digestlive system posterior t,o the oral tube and anterior to the esophagus. CARNIVOROUS ... literal y a meat-eater; but in th"s context relates to a nudibranch feeding on a diet of anima materia' (e.g. spon,ges, bryozoans, br,istl'e worms, cn'idarians, or sea squirts). CARUNC E- Elevated ridge or abe with presumed sensory function. CARYOp:HYL'LIOIA - SlPecialised spiculose tubercl'es on the mantle surface of so'me cryptobranch dorids. CEPHAL C TENTACLES - the most ,anterior paired tentacles; he,ad tentacles, oral tentacles. CHlOR'OPLASTS - The plastid within a plant celli that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis. Cl_A - F'ne hair.. rke organelles that beat w "th a lash ... i e stroke. CLAVATE - Gradua_ly th'ckenling near distal end. CLAVUS - The distal portion of the rhinophore above the stalk. t ;s often expanded and 0 na,mented 'with lame lae or papil ae CNIDOSAC - A small cavity at the apex of each ceras of aeolids in which unexploded nematocysts a1quired from the cnida(,an food are stored. - The pillar forming the centra axis of the shell around which the 'whorJsspjraJ of a shell. CRVPTIC- Body Ica lm,ouflaged to resemble part of the microhab1itat; or possessing se,cretive behaviour CRYP OBRANCH - Referr'ing to the g_oup of dorid nud"branchs which are capable of retracting their gills In a cavity .. DENTICULATE Having ittl'e teeth or rais,ed points; with notches Imuch finer than those refereed to as serrate, SLANDS

DIGESTIVE DIVE'RTICULUM - A branch of the digestive gland within a ceras. DIGITIFORM ... F·ngler-like. DISTAL - That section of an organ ,or append,age which is most remote from 'the point of attachment t lO the body. DORIO - Nudibranchs with a circ!le of gills surrounding the anus in the midline towards the rear of the body, belonging to he major group (suborder) Do(dina. DOR'IDIFO'RM '"' Shaped hke a dorid nud'ibranch. DORSAL - The top surf.ace of the ani'ma . ENDEMIC - A species that is rest -icted to one or 'few I,ocalities in its distribution. EPHEMERAL - Seasonal organ"sms that usually die back in winter

GIZZARD ~ A Imodified region of the gut used for masticating food. HERBIVOROUS - Feeding on plant material (e.g. seaweed, encrusting microalgae). HERMAPHRODITE - Bisexua; an individua possessing functional male and fema e reproductive organs and capable of pr,oducing both sperlm ,and eggs. HYPONOTUM - The under surface of the mantle. IN S TU - Refers to the natural environment of an ,anima. IN RAPALLIAL LOBE - Posterior fo d of body enclosing shel of cepha aspideans. IINVOLUTE - IR'ef'ers to the sp·re of the shell of the family BuUid,ae, which IS sunk below the level of the apex. AW - Chiitinous structure used to grasp prey wh·le feeding. LAM LLATE - (- perforate) Rhonophores bea ing pates on the posterior face of the stalk or clavus. LATERAL TEETH The teeth located to each side of the rachid·an or central tQoth on the radula,. lE'CITHOTROPHIC - Relates t ,O the type of development in 'which larvae utilise only the reserves of 'yolk in the egg to nourish th'emselves MANTLE CAVITY • C,avity h10usling gens and other organs in typicat prosobranch motluslks and pr.mltiv,e opisthobra nchs. MANTLE GLANDS - n anaspideans, a group of simp:le glands on the right ventral ed,ge ,of the mantle shelf. They exude a purple or whitish fluid ,and or musky odor Also caned purlplegland. MANTLE RIM - The edge ,of the mant'le; in many nudibr,anchs this is reduced to a ridge along the sides of the body, from which processes or c'erata ,ari:s'e,. MARGINAL TEETH .. Radular teeth, usuaUy along the ,m,argin of the radula. They differ in shape signific,antly fr'om adja,c,ent lateral teeth. METAMORPHOSIS - A b:iologic.al process whereby ,an animal develops by undergoing a physical and ab:rupt ,change in f.orm often ,accompanied by a change in habitat and behav,iour METAPOOIUM - Posterior ext'ension 'of the mantle.

NEIKTON ~ Per1manently flo,ating ,at the surfa,ce of the ,ocean. NEMATOCYST ... The stinging organ of the :(a ,mic:roscop,i,c capsule with a coiled thread th,at ralPidly unwinds on discharge). Present in hydroids, sea ane,mones, corals, ,etc. Aeolid nudib,ranchs separate the nematocysts fr,om the rema:i.nder of the hydroid tissues and pass them, unexpoded, through the digestive diverti,culum in the 'cer,ata to the cnidosac at the tip where they ,are used 'for the aeolid's own defense. NOCTU'RNAl .. Acfv'e ,at night. NOTAL RIDGE - A moOre or less projecting, lateral ridge on the slide of some nudibranchs' bodies" repr1esents theor'iginal mantle edge. PI TH BAH F

orUM - (= dorsum) The exposed b,ack or top surface of a nudibranch mantl,e. OP'ERICUlUM - A P ate serving t c'lose the aperture when the animal retreats into its shell. Present in a few primitive opisthobranchs. Lost n adult nud,ibranchs. ORAL VEil - A melmbranous extens'ion of the he,adabout the mouth,. ourER IP - Outer edge of aperture of a shell.. PAPllLA- A finger-like extens'on w'th a basal diameter much smaller than its length and not conta 'ning digestive gland diverticulae. PARAPODIA ... Fap-Uke extens'onsfrom the sides of the foot in cephalaspidean, sacoglos,san and thec1osomatou,s ,opisthobranchs. They enclose the body and can be used for ,swimming. PE'RICAIRDIUM - Sac .. Uke structure enclosing the heart. - The external, chitinous covering of the shell of certain mo luscs. PHANEROBRANCH GILL - Gills of dor'id nudibranchs that cannot be withdrawn ~nto a branchial pocket beneath the notum. They can only be contracted into a tight group above the notum. PINN.A E - Bearing side branches; branched as to resemble ,a feather PlANKTOTROPHIC - Re ates to the type of development in which larvae actively feed on micro-organisms to nourish themselves while they ,are in the plankton. PR,OPODIAl .. located at the ant,enor part of the foot. PROSOBRANCH - The subclass of marine gastropods in which th,e mantle cavity is located anteriorly.

PUSTULE (= tubercle) A lo'w, conica J rounded or uneven swelling on the notum. QPI HO RA HS 0 AN

RACHIIS - The axis of the blranchial plume. RAOULA - Nudibranchs have a file Ulk,e organ (raduf,a) which is only found ,in moUuscs ,and is used to sc.rap

spon.gel soft coral etc. This organ is covered on top with rows of chitinous teeth which are produced by the radula sac as they are warn down. M,any species are identified by their radula. The Phanerobranch dorids have a narrower radula with a pair of large teeth in most 'cases us'ed to cut open bryozoans or ascidians. The Crytobranch dorids have a broad radula with many teeth in each row. The ,AeoUds have a horse sho,e shaped tooth with a strong centr,al denticle usually fl,anked by slmaUer cusps. The Phyllidiid and Oedrodorids don't have a radula. They use digestive enzymes to break down tissue beforle suckir.-g sm,aU piecles from the food source (suctorial predat,ors),. The MeUbe species use a net-lik,e hood to ,capture the'ir prey, which they shaUow whole. RETICULATE .. ,A pattern ,of straight lin,es .or ridges joiniing at angl'es. RHINOPHORAL POCKET- The cavity into whi'ch the rhinophore ota dorid nudibranch Ican be withdrawn. RHINOPHORAl SHEATIH .. Upstanding flange from the antero­ lateral part of the mantle (of dendronotoid nudibranchs) into which the rhinophore can be contracted. 5'HEL: - The mollusc,an sheUis a ,caf,careous exoskeleton which enc,loses" suppo,rts and protects the soft parts of the animal. It is formed, repaired and maintained by the mantle" 1110 ,opisthobranchs it may be reduced, internal or completely lost in the adult. - A tube-like ext'ension of the mantle for the passage of water ,currents. SPICULE - A Iminute rod or star",shap,ed thick,ening in tlh 1e mantle; spiculles can be interwoven ina sponge .. liik1e fashion to give a protective texture to the mantle. SPIRAL - Whorled or twist'ed in helical fashion. STAllK - The basal attachment of the rhlinophore. STRIATE -M,arked with fine grooves,.

SYMBIOSIS - Describes a close and often long term interaction betw'een different species usuaUy where both organisms benefiit. SYNONYM ... A newer nam,e given inadvertently t ,o a speci'es alre,ady described. TENTA'CtE - ,A proje,ctin,g sensory appendage ,associ,ated with the head or mouth . These terms are uSled to describe the gills: unipinnate, bipinnate, trilPinnate, retr,actabte,. TRIPINNATE - With slmall branching arising from thesid,es of the main stem or axis TUB,ERCLE '" A sma ll" rounded ,elev.ation on the body surface with a basal dia.meter equal to or greater than its height. UNISERIATE - lin relation to the arrangement of teeth in the radula 'where there is a :single to'oth in each row,. VEil - A Imembranous 'extension of the head. VELIGER ..., The I,a,rval stage ota mollusk which is furnished with a velum or ciliated swim'ming membrane. When hatched, veUg,ers are usually free-swimming but they m,ay also be seen rotating w'ith'in the egg capsule just plrior to hatching. VELUM ... A ciliated pair of lobes, used for swimming and f.eeding by larval molluscs. VERRUCOSE ... Covered with warty e,levations, referring to a type of rhinophore; wrinkl,ed. VISCERA - The soft ,interi,or organs of the body. - One complete spiral turn ,of a univalve sheiL ZOOXANTHEllAE ... Symbi'otic dinofl,agell,ates in m ,any cnid,ari,ans (Mostly of Symbiodinium sp.) PIST OBRA C S 0

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