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ANNA’S EFFORTS TOWARDS WOMEN’S RIGHTS EQUALITY IN ELIZABETH HAND’S ANNA AND THE KING

A THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S) in English Language specialized in Literature

By: DAYU HAPSARI ARIYATI C11.2009.01048

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2014

MOTTO

Patience, diligence, perseverance and obedience to the Almighty breed succes

(Elisa, 2000)

DEDICATION

To my daughter, my beloved husband, and my parents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this happiest moment, I wish a prayer to my Lord, Allah SWT who has blessed me during writing this thesis.

Furthermore, I would like to express my sincere thanks to:

1. Mr. Achmad Basari, S.S., M.Pd., Dean of Faculty of Humanities of Dian

Nuswantoro University, who gave me permission to conduct this thesis.

2. Mr. Sarif Syamsu Rizal M.Hum., The head of English Department of Strata 1

Program, Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University, who gave me

permission to conduct this thesis.

3. Mrs. Haryati Sulistyorini, M.Hum., my advisor, for her continuous an valuable

guidance, advice, and encouragement in completing and finishing this thesis.

4. Ms. Valentina Widya, M.Hum., who makes me sure that I have to follow my

heart and passion to choose a section I want to take. I find home in literature

section.

5. All lectures at the English Department of Faculty of Humanities of Dian

Nuswantoro Unversity, who have taught, motivated, given guidance and a

chance to get more experience and develop my skill in English language

during studying in English Department of Faculty of Humanities of Dian

Nuswantoro University.

6. My beloved husband Kristianto Purbo Cahyono and my lovely daughter

Callysta Elicia Dayuthiana, for their love and many marvelous moments that

build my spirit getting greater each day.

7. My beloved parents, Haryanto and Muryati, and my mother in law, Hj.

Sutami, for their big support.

8. My big family, especially my sister Dayu Elisa Arilina and her family, for

their big support and help.

9. All my friends in English Department of Faculty of Humanities of Dian

Nuswantoro University, especially Dini, Tika, Elvira, Gucci, Windy.

Finally, I do realize that due to my limited ability, this thesis must have shortcoming. For this I welcome any suggestions and critics.

Semarang, January 2014

The Writer

Dayu Hapsari Ariyati

vii

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “Anna's efforts towards women's right equality in Elizabeth Hand's Anna and the King” presents Anna Leonowen’s effort in Siam Thailand struggling for woman’s rights connected to social feminism and cultural feminism. Library research method was used to set the references dealing with the object of analysis. The structural and feminism approaches were used to analyze the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The structural approach is used to analyze character, setting and conflict. Feminism approach is used to analyze social feminism and cultural feminism of Anna. The result of the analysis shows that Anna Leonowen is the main character. She was a widow who was struggling, tough, smart, helpful and wise woman. Anna belongs to round static character since she has more than one specific trait but her characteristic as a struggling person remains the same during the story, who began her new life as a teacher in Siam Palace Thailand. The setting of this thesis is divided into three parts; they are setting of place, setting of time and setting of social dealing with significant event Anna experience. Anna experiences both internal and external conflicts. The internal conflict happens when Anna could not get her own house outside the palace as King Mongkut had promised in the letter before. In the beginning of the story the external conflict happens between Anna againts the interpreter. It is when the interpreter calls her as a “sir” rather than “madam”. Then, the external conflict happens when Anna against the King Mongkut about women slavery. Another external conflict happens between Anna against Kralahome about her house. Last of all, the external conflict happens between Anna against Lady Jao Jum Manda Ung about releasing her slave La Ore. Finally, here are Anna’s efforts towards women’s rights in Siam. They are the equality of women’s position in society, to release women’s slavery, and to make the positive change in Siam culture.

Keywords: women’s right, equality, women’s slavery, culture.

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF TITLE ...... i

PAGE OF APPROVAL ...... ii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... iii

MOTTO ...... iv

DEDICATION ...... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vi

ABSTRACT ...... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ...... 3

1.3. Scope of the Study ...... 3

1.4. Objective of the Study ...... 4

1.5. Significance of the Study ...... 4

1.6. Method of the Study ...... 5

1.6.1. Research Design ...... 5

1.6.2. Source of Data ...... 5

1.6.3. Unit of Analysis ...... 5

1.6.4. Technique of Data Collection ...... 6

1.6.5. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 6

1.7 Thesis Organization ...... 8

CHAPTER II AUTHOR AND SYNOPSIS

2.1. Elizabeth Hand’s Biography and Works ...... 10

2.2. Synopsis of Anna and The King ...... 11

CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

3.1. Character ...... 15

3.2 Conflict ...... 18

3.3 Setting ...... 19

3.4. Feminism ...... 21

3.4.1. Social Feminism ...... 21

342.2. Cultural Feminism ...... 22

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION

4.1. General Description and Characterization of Anna ...... 23

4.2. Setting ...... 36

4.2.1. Setting of Place ...... 37

4.2.2. Setting of Time ...... 42

4.2.3. Setting of Social...... 47

4.3. Conflict ...... 51

4.3.1. Internal Conflict ...... 51

4.3.2 External Conflict ...... 54

4.3.2.1. Anna against Intrepreter ...... 54

4.3.2.2. Anna against Kralahome ...... 54

4.3.2.3. Anna against the King ...... 55

4.3.2.4. Anna against Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung ...... 57

4.4. Anna’s effort towards the right equality to Social and Feminism ..... 57

4.4.1. Social Feminism ...... 58

4.4.2. Cultural Feminism ...... 62

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

5.1. Conclusion ...... 67

5.2. Suggestion ...... 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 70

APPENDICES ...... 72

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Literature is a literary study connected with the human life, like behavior, feelings, social condition and tradition among them. It also has a relationship with the societies and psychology. Therefore, literature whether in the form of poetry, drama, prose, will always be an interesting matter to discuss.

For some reading lovers, tend to choose written English literature as because writing has a wide expression in diction and language style. Novel is one of the written English Literature, which has a sophisticated language in a free writing. Jassin in Zulfahnur (1996:67) stated that Novel is the remarkable events of the characters, where the events lead to inner turmoil that changed the course of the fate of the characters.

A novel brings a certain imagery for the reader such as horror, criminal, or romance. Thus, the writer raises Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The King , which is inspired based on the screenplay by Steve Meerson and Peter Krikes and Andy

Tennant and Rich Parks. Unlike the other, this novel offers many interesting conflict inside and enlightenment to know about the feminism.

Think as feminist involves efforts against a lot of things considered as a knowledge. Because historically, living in a society dominated by men, woman mostly became as object rather than a knowledge creator. (Steve Jackson and Jackie Jones, 1998:1) 1 2

The quotation above contains a deep sense about women’s position against men’s in the society. Basically, the main purpose of feminism is to obtain women’s rights and opportunities of equality to the men’s. Many ways have been done by feminist to achieve women’s equality, such as forming an organization to socialize their program towards the society surround. Nowadays along tenth the times, feminism begins to be seen and noticed.

In relation to the writer’s thesis about women’s equality reflected in

Hand’s Anna and The King , the writer would like to dig out the issue of woman’s effort towards the right equality through Anna Leonowen’s the main character.

She was an English woman, struggle for women’s equality in 1862’s era.

The King Maha Mongkut himself, actually had a willingness towards the progress of his Country, especially Siam. Despite of that, it is not that simple to make such a progress, knowing that there so many old culture influenced Siamese living society. Reform is vital to many country’s survival.

Siamese culture, the King’s believe and British Culture, make Anna’s effort became challenging and unique. Anna sometimes faced by unfair women’s problems because of the Siamese custom, for instance slavery, having some wifes, concubines. Even underestimating someone’s position.

The main purpose of Anna Leonowens is to teach the King’s children, but she could not just stand seeing, many unfair incidences around the palace.

Therefore some interesting conflicts happened and one of them is about feminism. 3

Women and their social matter always be an interesting issue. That is the reason for the writer to explore further about women right equality connected to feminism and in the next chapter we will discuss deeper to reveal Anna’s struggle in every conflict she met.

1.2 Statements of the Problems

In this research, the writer wants to limit the discussion by presenting the following problems:

1. What is the general description of Anna as the main character in Elizabeth

Hand’s Anna and The King?

2. What are setting described by Anna in Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The

King?

3. What are conflicts experience in Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The King?

4. What is the effort toward the right equality as reflected by Anna

Leonowens in Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The King?

1.3 Scope of the Study

Based on the statement above, the writer focuses to analyze on the general description of Anna as the main character, setting and conflict experienced by

Anna. Besides, the writer analyzes on the effort of the main character towards the right equality, dealing with the era of Siam in 1862’s.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

Some objectives that the writer wants to achieve are written bellow:

1. To describe the general description of Anna as the main character in

Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The King novel.

2. To describe the setting in Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The King novel.

3. To describe conflicts experienced by Anna as the main character in

Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The King novel.

4. To describe the effort towards the right equality as reflected of Anna as the

main character in Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and The King novel.

1.5 Significance of the Study

1. The writer

To learn further about literature which is connected with feminism,

especially on woman’s right.

2. The readers

As a reference for the students who are studying about literature, dealing

with feminism.

3. The university

To give a contribution for the library of Dian Nuswantoro University as

the additional references, especially in Literary Department. 5

1.6 Method of the Study

To analyze the novel entitled Anna and The King by Elizabeth Hand, the

writer uses the following methods:

1.6.1 Research Design

The writer uses qualitative descriptive design to analyze this data.

According to Endraswara (2003:7), the important features of qualitative research

are: this researcher is the key instrument that reads accurately the literary work,

the research has been done descriptively, it means explaining on form of word or

picture needed, not numeral form, this qalitative descriptive research is more the

priority of process than the result and inductively analysis.

1.6.2 Sources of Data

In this thesis, the writer uses Anna and The King by Elizabeth Hand as the

object of study and source of data. The writer uses some of literary and feminism

theories , which are relevant and related to intrinsic and extrinsic element of the

main topic. Besides, the writer acquires from the websites to support the analysis.

1.6.3 Units of Analysis

In the unit of analysis, the writer will focus on the intrinsic element and

extrinsic element. The intrinsic elements includes character, setting and conflict,

and the extrinsic elements will be focused on the woman’s effort towards the right

equality. 6

1.6.4 Techniques of Data Collection

In this study, the writer needs many materials to strengthen her research.

Because of that the writer takes data from the library research. Library research is

a method of collecting data by reading books and other reference, which are

related to the topic. This method was to complete the data needed for this

research. According to Nazir (1999: 111):

“Library research is an activity to find and analyze reference. The writer searches and collects all the necessary and important references, information and ideas from significant sources related to the subject matter to support the ideas in writing the thesis.” Besides, tacquires from the websites to support the analysis.

1.6.5 Techniques of Data Analysis

The writer uses two approach, they are structural approach and feminism

approach. Structural approach analysis character, conflict and setting, and

feminism approach analysis social feminism and cultural feminism.

1. Structural Approach

According to Jabrohim (2003: 60) “structural approach is an approach in

literary research which focuses in literary autonomy in a work of fiction”.

The writer uses the structural approach to analyze the structural elements

like main character and internal and external conflict experienced by Anna.

Main character is the main topic of the analysis. The characteristic of the

main character has a close relation with the topic that the writer wants to analyze 7

which is about “Feminism”. Conflicts, both internal conflicts and also external conflict, is the element which also important to support the analysis of the main topic of the thesis.

2. Feminism Approach

Feminist theory tries to analyze the conditions that shape the lives of women and investigate a variety of cultural understanding of what it means to be female. And how to explain the conditions of life they lead. Caroline

Ramazonaglu states feminism is sharing of social theory that describes the relationship between the sexes in the society and differences between the experiences is experienced by men and women, which is also a theory of political practice (1998, 8)

According to Glover, David, & Kaplan, Cora, (2000), “Feminism refers to political, cultural and economic movements aimed at establishing the greates rights and legal protections for women. Feminism includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference.

It is also a movement that campaigns for women’s right and interest. Nancy Colt defines feminism as the belief in the importance of gender equality, invalidating idea of gender hierarchy as a social constructed concept.”

In this thesis feminism approach is used to analyze social feminism and cultural feminism. The writer wants to describe the process of social and cultural feminism of Anna in Anna and The King by Elizabeth Hand and the reason and also the purpose of why it happen. Talking about “social and cultural”, it has a 8

close relation with feminism approach, that’s why, by the explanation about social feminism and cultural feminism, the writer want to describe the analysis of this topic.

On the research, the writer does two steps. First step is reading the novel.

On it the writer gets the interesting topic to discuss.

The second step is collecting the data related to the topic from this novel.

The writer applies reading book and read articles from websites, related to the topic, find some quotations which are also related to the topic, makes some notes which can help the writer when analyze the topic, discuss the topic with friends, and then analyzing the topic.

1.7 Thesis Organization

This thesis is divided into five chapters as follows:

Chapter I is Introduction. It consists of Background of the study.

Statements of the Study, Scope of the Study, Objectives of the Study, Significance of the Study, Method of the Study and Thesis Organization.

Chapter II is Author and synopsis of the story. It covers biography of

Elizabeth Hand and synopsis of Anna and The King.

Chapter III is review of related literature. This chapter consists character, conflict, setting and feminism on literature, social feminism and cultural feminism theory of personality by Anna as main character in Elizabeth Hand of Anna and

The King. 9

Chapter IV is discussion. It covers general description of Anna, conflict experienced by Anna, setting and the social and cultural feminism experienced by

Anna.

Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion. This chapter presents the conclusions and suggestion of the study.

CHAPTER II

AUTHOR AND SYNOPSIS

2.1 Elizabeth Hand’s Biography and Works

Elizabeth Hand was born in March, 29 1957. She had grew up in Yonkers and Pound Ridge, New York. She studied drama and anthropology at The

Catholic University of America. Since 1988, Hand has lived in coastal Maine, the setting for many of her stories. She also lives part-time in Camden Town, London which has been the setting for “Mortal Lone” and the short story “Cleopatra

Brimstone”.

Hand’s first story “Prince of Flowers” was published in 1988 in Twilight

Zone magazine and her first novel “Winterlong” was published in 1990. As an

American Novelist, Hand has won several award such as International Horror

Guild Awards (2001) and most recently she won the “Shirley Jackson Award” for

Generation Loss and The World Fantasy Award in 2008 for “Illyria”.

Elizabeth Hand also writes movie and television spin-offs, including “Star

Wars” tie-in novels and novelization of such films as X-Files, Flight the Future,

12 Monkeys, and Ana and The King. Hand is a longtime contribution to numerous publications, including the Washington Post Book World and the Village Voice

Literary supplement.

10 11

2.2 Synopsis of Anna and The King.

Since the first time Anna receives the letter from King Maha Mongkut,

She never has a feeling of doubt to accept the request of the King Phra Chom

Klao, Rama IV ( Maha Mongkut ) to give some educations for his family about the knowledge of English, science and literature due to the future of siamese .

Anna realizes that there will be a challenging journey for her as a teacher, an

English teacher in Bangkok, at the English era, 1862. The story of Mrs. Anna

Leonowens is describes by the King’s son, Prince Chulalongkorn.

Anna recently spends her life in Bombay and now she must start her new life in Bangkok, a place where she never imagines before. Together with her son

Louis, also her two loyal servants Beebe and Moonshee, Anna goes to Siam

Bangkok.

When Anna and her family enter the palace, they could not stop being amazed by the beauty of the King’s palace. Although the place is far away in the forest but it cannot hide the beautiful classic buildings of the palace. Entering the palace, Anna is welcomed by the interpreter and introduces her to the Prime

Minister, His Excellency, Chao Phya Kralahome. He asks Anna some personal questions that suppose these were impolite according to Anna’s culture.

Kralahome also calles Anna as a Sir rather than Mam. Anna then straight to the

point, she explaines that she wants to see the King, but seems Anna has to wait for several days.

The day for Anna to meet the King comes. The kralahome reminds Anna and he son to touch forehead to floor as a manner to greet the King. She kindly

Refuse. She does this with her own way. It is not easy to see the King. Anna must hurry runs after the King and tries to have a conversation with him. Anna’s effort is not useless, the King finally allows Anna and her son to come into the

Children’s Garden. It makes Anna amazed.

The King’s garden is so beautiful. There, Anna is introduced to the King’s twenty three wives, forty two concubines, fifty eight offspring and ten more on the way. “Each one my hope for the future” Said King Mongkut proudly. Louis himself does not understand what is meant by a concubine. Anna is about going to say a word but the King starts to introduce them to his family.

Prince Chulalongkorn, the first son looks worried when he knows Anna will become his new teacher. Chulalongkorn disagree to his father because his father sent the imperialist schoolteacher as the English teacher for him and his brothers and sisters. The king tries to comprehend his son that the main purpose why he sends Anna as the teacher is for teaching and introducing his children about science and literature.

Days went on and Anna has not got her own house, as the king promises her. Anna tries to confirm but still King has made his own decision. Anna keeps

on teaching everyday as she was getting understand the palace and the people surround, she starts to be familiar with Lady Thiang, The King’s head wife.

Meanwhile, Louis has not found any match with the prince. They often argue and get punishments from Anna.

Another story in the palace comes from Lady Khun Jao Tuptim. She is the new King’s concubine comes from another village far away from the palace.

Tuptim’s family forced her to get married with the King. Lady Tuptim actually has had a lover his name is Khun Phra Balat. But what else could she do, the

King’s wishes is her command. Tuptim herself is no longer could bare her feeling.

She then joins her boyfriend and becomes a monk in the Emerald Buddha Temple.

This causes the King feels angry and put Lady Tuptim and Balat into trouble.

They must face Siam court that obviously would not be in their side. Anna tries hardly to defense Tuptim and Balat at the King’s court, but Siamese law still could not accept her way of thinking. The punishment has been done. Lady

Tuptim and Balat died in an execution witnessed by Siamese. That was the hardest day for Anna that she could only cried in her house.

Sadness seems won’t go away from the King’s palace, a letter brought by

Kralahome in the morning really shocks Anna. The King’s daughter Princess Fa

Ying got Cholera and almost could not hold on against her illness. Princess Fa

Ying finally died in 16 th May Anno Christy 1863. She has not been the only child to die, by the time the cholera outbreak ends, several of the royal children has been buried, though none with so much ceremony as Princess Fa Ying.

Meanwhile, a rebellion was arranged by some important men of the King.

They are Prince Chofa, the King’s brother and General Alak. King Mongkut did not realize it even when Kralahome said about the death of Prince Chofa in the

Burmese’s attacked. The rebellion had forced King’s family away from the

Palace. Together with Anna and her son, they went in a monastery in Non Khai. It is far away in the forest. As General Alak’s army came to the bridge, Anna’s plan helped by King’s children had saved King Mongkut and his men, Nikorn, Noi and

Pitak. The explosions that Anna made caused Alak’s army ran away as they were afraid King Mongkut had brought the English army. Alak finally left alone in the bridge. The king let Alak alive in humiliation.

In the fine night the King celebrates all of his glory and winning with the royal family and the beloved teacher Anna Leonowens and her family. In a romantic dance, the King has a warm conversation with Anna. Through all these days and events has grown up their feeling of love. But Anna must bury her feeling as she does not want to be his next wife nor his concubines. In the end,

Anna and her family come back to England continue her rest of her life along with all of the memories in Siam.

CHAPTER III

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

3.1 Character

Characters are the people told in a story. Moreover, characters talk about an individual’s personal characteristic. Although sometimes readers use the word character synonymously with person, human being and literary figure, more often they use it in reference to individual or personal characteristics.

Characters are the most important element in the literary work. Every work use characters to serve it story. As stated by Potter (1967:7) “Characters are basic element in much imaginative literature and therefore, they limit the considerable attention paid to them”.

Characters in a story or fiction will be able to change it to be alive and interesting as in a real life. As we know, a literary work is an imitation of reality; story, setting, and event experienced by characters are almost same with characters in fiction, not real. They are only illusion created by the author. A character usually is the imitation of real person’s personality. Sometimes he has similar personality to that human being. According to Holman (1980:443) that;

A character is a brief descriptive sketch of personage who typifies some definite quality. The person is described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some vice or virtue types as a busy, a supercilious fellow.

15 16

In detail, Taylor (1981:62) states as follows:

A character in a novel or play is not a real human being and has no life outside the literary composition, however well the illusion of reality has been created by the author. A character is merely construction of word meant to express and idea or view of experiences and must be considered in relation to other features of the composition such as action and setting, before its full significance can be appreciated.

3.1.1 Main / Major Characters

A major character is the main part of the story. He or she is the most

important character in the story. Usually the actions of the story are focused on

this character from the beginning to the end parts. The content of the story is

highlighted to these characters experience. Major character consists of:

protagonist and antagonist. The protagonist is considered as the central character

in a fiction. This character has the important role in the developing the story.

Morner and Rausch (1998:176) state, “Protagonist is the principal and central

character of a novel, short story, play or the other literary work”.

3.1.2 Typified and Character development

According to Perrine (1993:71) also divides all fictional characters into

two, they are:

1. Static character

Static character is the same sort of the person at the end of the story

as it was beginning.

2. Dynamic character

Dynamic character undergoes permanent change in some aspect of

his personality, or outlook. The change may be a large or small one; it may

be for better or for worse.

It is easy to understand the meaning of the story, because reading for character is more difficult than reading a plot. Furthermore, Perrine (1993:71) also explains that reading character is more complex:

“Reading for character is more difficult than reading for plot, for characteris much more complex, variable and ambigues. Anyone can repeat what person has done in a story, but considerable skill may be needed to describe what a person is less experienced reader demand that characters be easily identifiable and clearly labelled good or bad; they must be not complex as to taxt the reader’s understanding” (1993:93). Meanwhile, Perrine (1959:85) classifies the characteristic of fiction into two types, those are:

1. The flat characters are characterized by one or two traits; they can be summed in a sentence, and

2. The round characters are complex and have many side, they might require an essay for full analysis.

Both types of character can have the vitality that good fiction demands.

Round character live by their roundness, by many points at which they touch life.

Flat character, though they touch life at only one or two points, may be making memorable in the hands of an expert author through some individualizing detail of appearance, gesture, or speech.

3.2 Conflict

Characters in a literary work also have problem just like in the real life and their problem will lead to conflict. In real world, the term of conflict often has a negative perception thing. That is why human being always tries to avoid conflicts. According to Ensiklopedia Umum (1991:578), "conflict is the human soul clash which happened because the difference between willingness and reality".

In literature, conflict is the struggle of opposing external or internal forces.

Conflict is at the heart of every story. In fact, we don’t have a story at least not one most of us would want to hear or read. The impediments and complications of conflict keep us reading. The more important, challenging believable, and coherent the conflict is, the more we are engaged by the story and want to follow it to its conclusions (Madden, 2002: 90).

Conflict is the zone of relations between person and environment feeds back into the mind to affect the regulatory control of internal conflict and the choice of defense against internal conflict (Ackerman, 1958: 73).

Conflict can be classified into two types: internal and external conflict.

Internal conflict is a conflict that happened inside the character itself. This conflict happens in character's mind and feeling. According to Meyer (1990:46),"conflict may also be internal such as case some oral or psychological issue must be resolved with the protagonist. Inner conflicts frequently accompany external mess".

External conflict is a conflict that happened outside the character. It relates with relationship between one and another characters. According to Meyer

(1990:46), "external conflict may place the protagonist in opposition to another individual, nature, or society". In line with Meyer, Drubeck (1982:26) also classifies conflict into two main streams such as follows:

External and internal conflict, the term internal conflict refers to the conflict that took place within the character own mind and consciousness. The battle in the internal conflict takes place in his consciousness. The theories above are used to analyze the general description of Anna as the main character, the characterization and the conflicts as well as the feminism in

Anna and The King.

3.3 Setting

In literary work, setting is one of the essential materials that construct a story. Defining the term setting can be started at recognizing where and when the actions of the character occur. The basic definition about setting is the circumstances which the actions of the story take place. Meyer (1990:170) believes that: setting is the context in which the action of the story occurs. The

major elements of setting are time, place, and social environment that frame the characters act. In most stories, they also serve as more than background and furnishings. if we are sensitive to the context provided by setting, we are better to understand the influence to the behavior of the characters and the significance of their action.

Type of setting includes of setting of time, setting of place, and setting of social. Setting of time and place, According to Kenney (1966:38-45) are:

1. Setting of time Setting of time includes of tradition and morality habitude from certain

time which a part of setting spiritual can be very important in fiction that is

no history charaterization.

2. Setting of place Setting of place is fictions which have a dominant place setting

generally qualification as a local or regional. The local written investigates

the influence of geographical setting of character such as physical and

spiritual setting.

3. Setting of social Setting of social is a good description of setting, where the readers is

given about the specific of social life knowledge. Such as; fisher man

society, labor man society, etc. Taken from hand-out “ pengantar

kesusasteraan inggris” by Sumardjo (1984:59-60).

So setting of time, place, social are the time, location and environment social in which the action of a narrative takes place. Often the setting impactsa story’s and helps to develop a story’s characters

3.4 Feminism

Ramazonaglu (1998, 8), states feminism is sharing of social theory that describes the relationship between the sexes in the society and differences between the experiences is experienced by men and women, which is also a theory of political practice.

According to Glover, David, & Kaplan, Cora, (2000), “Feminism refers to political, cultural and economic movements aimed at establishing greates rights and legal protections for women. Feminism includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. It is also a movement that campaigns for women’s right and interest. Nancy Colt defines feminism as the belief in the importance of gender equality, invalidating idea of gender hierarchy as a social constructed concept.”

3.4.1 Social Feminism

According to Stevi Jackson (1997) that social theories of feminism to give attention to efforts to understand the fundamental inequality between men and

women, as well as the analysis of male power over women. The idea is male domination came from social, economic, political, and distinctive in particular society.

As well as the theory of Michele Barett (1990) called the shift as “a reversal of its culture (culture turn)” in feminist theory, namely a change of emphasis from the “things” turned into “words”. According to Rowbotham 1981 that structure is not flexible and does not provide space or change denial and also implies a universal form of oppression that is based on biological differences between women and men. View women as a monolithic category offers little room for consideration of the differences, complexity, and the ins and outs of the differences in the historical context of women's oppression and the different geographical.

3.4.2 Cultural Feminism

Cultural studies explore the complex relationship between institutions, industry, texts, and cultural practices. According to Morris (1997, 43) "cultural studies include an active relationship with the social creation of standards, norms, and taste." This is an important dimension for the majority of feminist cultural analysis that explores how the study of norm-often times in the right gender.

As well as the theory that Angela McRobbie "Cultural feminism is closely linked to the political economy of culture, cultural policy, and the experiences and we should not ignore the contribution of feminist".

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

4.1 General Description of Anna

In this Chapter the writer would like to discuss one by one about the problems raised from Hand’s Anna and The King . The main character of this novel is a woman named Anna Leonowens. Anna is the main character who holds an important role in building the story of the novel and every of her brief actions will lead us to Anna’s interesting characteristics.

4.1.1 Widow

Hand’s Anna and The King told that the main character, Anna Leonowens is a widow. She has a son, Louis. Anna’s husband was a captain in the British army, he passed away about two years ago. It shows from the conversation between Anna and Kralahome, the prime minister of Siam, when the first time

Anna comes to the palace and introduces her self. Kralahome is helped by the interpreter asks whether Anna is a married woman. The quotation as follows:

“Sir is married?” the interpreter translated. Anna unconsciously twisted her wedding ring. “I’m…a widow.

(Hand, 1999: 20)

23 24

“How long are you in possession of dead Husband? She hesitated “Twenty three months,” she replied at last. The men said nothing but stared at her expectantly. “He… He was a captain in the British army.”

(Hand, 1999: 23)

4.1.2 Struggling

Even though Anna is a widow, she does not have a feeling of lonely, she is a woman with full of struggling, the first struggling is when she did her best for her family and her life. She dedicates herself to be a good teacher by teaching for other countries such as India, Singapore and Thailand, being a mother and a father for Louis as because Anna is a widow. She never wants to show her worried or sad feeling just to make her son feels comfort. It proves from the following quotation:

“Anna on the other hand knew it was not a dream. As the weeks droned on, she grew more and more impatient, but tried for Louis’s sake to retain the outward calm and poise he had grown up with.”

(Hand, 1999: 38, 39)

Secondly, Anna’s struggling is when she keeps demanding her right to get her own house outside the palace. Anna does not have a feeling of afraid towards the king because the king has promised and it is mentioned in the letter he sent.

She tells her expectation in a good manner even though she has out of her patient.

Anna firstly asks to the prime minister about her house and then in a different time she straightly asks to the king again about her house. Nevertheles both of

them answer the same that in Siam everything has its own time. We can see from the quotation below:

The Kralahome did not glance up. “Sir will be shown to palace quarters.” “I’m sorry, but the King promised us a home of our own outside the palace,” said Anna. “It is what was agreed upon.” “In Siam you will learn everything has its own time,” Kralahome replied tersely, still ignoring her.

(Hand, 1999:22)

He turned and headed back to the gate. “And what of our house?” Anna cried after him Without looking back, he replied, “Everything has its own time.” Silently the garden’s vast gates swung open once more, just as silently closed after him. The King was gone. Anna stared, angry yet resolute, at the doors, completely unaware of the hundreds of eyes gazing at her in unrestrained awe and amazement.

(Hand, 1999: 57-56)

The third, Anna’s struggling is when Khun Jao Tuptim, one of the king’s concubine. Tuptim runs away from the palace because she does not love the king and being sent to the king as a gift from her father towards the king. Just like a close friend, Anna tries to give a solution. When Phim, the Tuptim’s servant comes to Anna secretly, she asks Anna to meet Lady Tuptim. From the meeting we can see Anna’s struggling that she tries tell Tuptim that Anna would say to the king about Tuptim’s wish although it seems impossible for Tuptim as she became a monk to follow her boyfriend. We can see from the quotation below:

“Who is it?” she cried. “Please,” she whispered. “No one must see me! I am Phim. My Lady Tuptim needs you.” “Go then.” She commanded in a low voice. “Bring me to her.” Phim pressed herself against the wall. From the darkness behind her another figure appeared, passing the young girl and stepping out into the square. A slender figure with a shaved head and eyebrows, wearing the saffron robes of a Buddhist monk. Tuptim. Anna gasped. “Dear girl, what have you done?” Tuptim approached her, hand outstretched. “What I have done is not result of King or intention to dishonor. A concubine’s is of no consequence to man consumed with matters of whole universe.” Anna shook her head in dismay. “Tuptim, why?” Why you didn’t come to me? The King might have understood. How could you do this to him? “If love was a choice, who would ever choose such exquisite pain? This is what I need His Majesty to know, if such does not compromise Mem.” “I will tell the King anything you wish, but-“ Tuptim smiled. “I thank Buddha for giving me direction, and now, with Mem before me, I thank him for giving me a true friend.”

(Hand, 1999: 227-229)

Moreover, Anna also struggles for Tuptim in the court. The debate could not be bare between Anna and the judges. She does not fear towards Siamese court and the judges though she is a foreigner in Siam. Anna keeps struggling for what she think it is right according to her way of thinking. Unfortunately, Anna’s effort is useless, the court has made a decision and even the King could not change what has become a decision in the court. The quotation is follows:

Another gong echoed through the room. The magistrate raised his head and in a thundering voice proclaimed, “ Khun Jao Tuptim, you are accused of a traitorous act against His Majesty, King Mongkut, which carries the penalty of death.”

(Hand, 1999:232)

There were cries of outraged disbelief from the dowagers as Judge Phya Phrom and his colleagues regarded Tuptim with incredulous amusement. “I speak the truth!” she said desperately. She turned, searching the courtroom until she found Anna, and pointed. “Mem Anna is here, she will tell you!” Anna hesitated, unsure of courtroom protocol, then began to stand. But before she could do so, Justice Phya Phrom declaimed, in English. “Mem Leonowens has no voice here”

(Hand, 1999: 236)

“Stop it!” Heads turned as Anna sprang from her seat, shouting so loudly, her throat ached. “Do you hear me? Don’t you dare lay another hand on her!” Moonshee watched, speechless, as Anna pushed through the gallery toward Tuptim, past the sputtering Lady Jao Jom and other dowagers. But before she could reach Tuptim, the guards grabbed her. Anna struggled with them, turning to shout at Justice Phya Phrom.

(Hand, 1999:237-238)

“Thank you for seeing me Your Majesty,” she said, curtsying. “The Prime Minister told me this was none of my concern” “It is none of Mem’s concern,” the King interrupted,” and King is seeing you now tell you same himself.”

(Hand, 1999:238)

Anna’s struggling doesn’t stop just for Tuptim. She also helps the King defend his country againts the enemy. It is when Anna is about going to leave

Siam and Kralahome, the Prime minister asks Anna to pursuade the King to stay with the children rather than joint the army. Anna decides to change her plan, she decides to join the King defens the country, although Anna is only a woman. We can see from the quotation below:

His eyes welled, “Most probably, even should deception succeed, harm may be fatal. Please, Mem you are only one who can persuade him to stay with the children until army returns and palace is secure.” Merriment exploded all around them as Anna stood, silent. Finally she nodded, then turned. “A change of plans,” Anna said, her voice expressionless. She looked at the Kralahome. “Please, lead us to him, Your Excellency.”

(Hand, 1999: 255)

Anna then proves that her struggling in joining the King is not useless.

Anna’s trick in King’s was has saved the King and his army. Together with the children she succees to force the army to surrender. It can be seen by the quotation below:

“You!” the King cried. Anna turned, startled. King Mongkut stared down, his expression unreadable, then dismounted and strode over to her. “Why did you not go to monastery like King order!?” Clearing his throat, the Crown Prince stepped forward and bowed. “Mem Anna not fully to blame, Father,” he said. “After all, you did put me in charge.” For a long, long moment, the King was utterly speechles. And the King smiled, remembering a bit of dinner party conversation. “To sound English bugles in own defense...” Anna smiled. “Yes”

King Mongkut continued to stare thoughtfully at Louis’s instrument. Finally he said, “When King say handful of men could save all Siam, he was most unusually correct.”

(Hand, 1999: 280-281)

Anna’s struggling in Siam Thailand has made her becomes a tough woman in front of her family and in front of the King. When Anna has not got her own house as the King promised, she kept fulfill her responsibility by teaching the

King’s children every day. Anna also tough to face the court decision that caused the death of Lady Tuptim. Her heart is broken and she is truly sad but when the

King got into trouble, Anna helped the King without any feeling of vengeance.

4.1.3 Smart

Anna is an English teacher. She has been teaching in several Countries like India and Singapore. She is good in teaching English, science and culture.

King of Siam, Thailand has sent Anna a letter asking some favors whether she would like to teach his family. It show that Anna is a famous smart woman. Now

Anna lives in Siam Bangkok, and becomes a teacher for the King’s family. Here is the quotation:

I do not know what Mrs. Leonowens expected to find when she entered Bangkok, Krung Thep, our City of Great Angels. Certainly no Oriental fairytale land such as her countrymen read of in their storybooks and adventuring novels. My teacher had lived in both Bombay and Singapore, though I do not believe her tenure in either of those places could have most readily prepared her for her time with us.

Bangkok is a young capital, its official stature fewer than a hundred years old when Anna Leonowens arrived.

(Hand, 1999:25)

“Dearest family! I desire you all, when a\of appropriate age, to be educated in English Language, science, and literature.” He paused, for Chulalongkorn’s benefit, then went on, “This is a necessary and practical gift I give to you, and you must never forget to respect your renowned teacher” He gesture dramatically. “Mem Anna Leonowens”

(Hand, 1999:51)

Moreover, King Mongkut is slightly different from Anna. He likes to judge people from their appearance, rather than their way of thinking. It is shown when Anna tries to answer unusual question from the King. By her smart of thinking, Anna can answer King’s question precisely and in a polite manner. The quotation as follows:

“You do not look sufficient of age for scientific teaching. How many years have you? Ana fought to maintain her composure. “Enough to know that age and wisdom do not necessarily go hand in hand, Your Majesty.” The King’s eyes narrowed. He considered whether or not to return this volley, then: “I doubt you would say same for being bold and English.” Anna smiled ruefully. “They are rather inseparable, I’m afraid.” The King nodded at this small sign of humility.

(Hand, 1999: 45-46)

In another case, Anna must has a smart way of telling something and smart decision of saying things in relation to Louis’ question dealing with adults

discussions. It is when Anna tries to answer King’s question and when Anna answers her son’s question:

“Moonshee, why does the king have so many wives? His mother and Beebe exchanged looks. “Because heathens obviously lack restraint,” whispered Anna. “That is an excellent question,” Moonshee replied loudly. “For your mother,” Louis hoped to his feet. “Mother…?” “I heard you Louis.” …” Well, Siam is a monarchy, just like we have in England. So the power of the throne is passed on from parent to child, just as it is at home. But even royal children are threatened by disease-cholera and smallpox and the like-and there is always the danger of war. And so one way to royal family maintains its control of the throne, in the face of these dangers, is to have as many as children as possible.” Louis brightened. “So he needs a lot of wives to take care of them?” Relief flooded to Anna. “A keen observation, dear. Now off to bed”.

(Hand, 1999: 58)

Based on the conversation between Anna and Louis, this proves that Anna also has a sense of motherly because she has explained smartly and clearly to her son about adult matter so that he can understand what her mother says to him.

4.1.4 Helpful

Anna Leonowens is a helpful woman. Without any doubt accept King’s demand to teach in Siam Thailand. Meanwhile she never know the real conditions of the Country. On her way to Thailand, she cruises with Captain Orton. Captain

Orton is a man who in charg in the ship. When Anna speaks to the captain about

Siam, The Captain tells her, that Siam is more primitive than Bombay. In fact

Anna keeps on going. Here is the quotation:

“Mrs. Leonowens, I’m afraid the tide won’t wait. Not even for you,” he added with a gallant smile. Anna forced a smile in return. “Thank you, Captain. You have been more than patient with me.” “I really shouldn’t allow you to disembark without an escort.” The Captain gestured at the door, and Anna swept out, skirts rustling.”Nonsense,” she said, tilting her chin and giving him a flash of her blue-gray eyes. “You should know better, Captain. I’m not one of your wilting English roses! I’ve spent years in India.” The Captain shook his head and peered after her into the dim, narrow corridor belowdecks. “This isn’t Bombay, madam, or even Singapore, for that matter. It is rather more…primitife..out there.” “Which is precisely why I’m here,” retorted Anna with rather more confidence than she felt.

(Hand, 1999: 6)

Anna also helps Lady Tuptim, a woman she never met before. She is there when Lady Tuptim wants to share something and when she needs help. Once

Lady Tuptim gets a letter from her lover, in which sent to Anna through a boy.

The quotation as follows:

The boy smiled, mimed something that Anna could not comprehend, then with a laugh whirled and raced off. Puzzled, she watched him go, and finnaly examined the tube. It was a sort of envelope, inside which a small parchment scroll could be rolled. Someone had written a name on the outside, in very small, fine back black English letters. KHUN JAO TUPTIM Anna frowned. A letter for Tuptim? From the family she had spoken of so fervently?

(Hand, 1999: 165-166)

Anna then gives the letter to Lady Tuptim, firstly Tuptim feels surprised that the letter is in Anna’s hand. Tuptim thanks to Anna and explains that her

family is very important to her. On the other hand, the letter in fact comes from her lover Khun Phra Balat. Here is the quotation:

“Tuptim?” She started from her reverie, and then turned, palms pressed together as she gazed respectfully at Anna. “I have a surprise for you.” She handed the bamboo tube to her. As Tuptim read the name inscribed there, her eyes widened. “How did you…?” Anna smiled. ”Actually, I’m not quite sure.” Tuptim waied deeply. “Thank you, Mem. My… family is very important to me.” “Then I shall leave you to enjoy every word.” As she left, Tupitim stared down at the message from her lover, her eyes welling.

(Hand, 1999: 167-168)

Once again Anna Leonowens gives a hand for Lady Tuptim. Finally Lady

Tuptim faces the court, she must do responsibility towards what she has done.

Confidently Lady Tuptim says in the court that Anna will explain the truth and she hopes Anna will be able to help her. It shows from the quotation below:

“I speak the truth!” she said desperately. She turned, searching the courtroom until she found Anna, and pointed. “Mem Anna is here, she will tell you!” Anna hesitated, unsure of courtroom protocol, then began to stand.

(Hand, 1999: 235)

Not only Tuptim gets some help from Anna but she also helps another.

Although Anna is a foreigner in Siam, she never feels reluctant to help the innocence people. It shows in the quotation below when Anna tries to help a slave

named La Ore. The slave left outside chained with blood on her feet. It shows from the quotation below:

“It is unconscionable!” Ana cried, whirling to face him. Her cheeks were pale and her hair disheveled, but her eyes glittered dangerously as she strode forward to meet him. “She has been left outside for six weeks, all because she tried to buy her own freedom!”

(Hand, 1999:85)

Anna’s effort in saving La Ore is not useless. The slave finally got her freedom although Anna must losts her precious ring from her husband. She gives the ring to pay La ore’s freedom, but the Slave’s master Khun Jao Jom Manda

Ung throws the ring. The quotation as follows:

“She tricked me! She broke into my own home, set my servant free, then came to me with an offer to buy her and made payment!” “La Ore purchased her freedom once, Your Majesty.” The Englishwoman”s voice rang out clearly above the sound of the rain. She did not see Prince Chulalongkorn, standingoff by himself behind a pillar and watching her in silence. “I believe had I given this woman my ring first, she would have kept it and continued to hold La Ore captive” Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung glared at her as King Mongkut eyed them both wearily.

(Hand, 1999: 96-97)

4.1.5 Wise

Wise is a feeling of having a deep thinking of something important. Just like when Anna decides not to go home and changes her plan to help King

Mongkut dealing with the attack of the palace. The prime minister, Kralahome

even asks Anna to pursue the King in order to stay with the royal children at the monastery that located far away in the jungle until the condition save enough for the King and his family. He begs for Anna’s kindly hearted because Anna and her family are about going to leave Siam. Hearing Kralahome explanations, Anna then quickly takes a wise decision by seeing the King immediately. It can be seen from the quotation bellow:

Anna gazed at him without understanding. The crowd jostled them as he went on. “King invented sighting so that he can escort royal family to greet imaginary beast, as is tradition.” He took a breath. Anna looked puzzled. “I don’t understand.” “Sir, there is a traitor marching on the palace. Deception’s only purpose is to hide royal children at monastery in Nong Khai. I have been deeply distrustful of you, but my. King believes you are wise…” His eyes welled. “Most probably. Even should deception succeed, harm may be fatal. Please, Mem you are only one who can persuade him to stay with children until army returns and palace is secure.” Merriment exploded all round them as Anna stood, silent. Finally she nodded, then turned. “Moonshe, Beebe tell then to hold our things, please.” “Mother?” Louis ran to her side.”What is it?” is it..” “A change of plans, “Anna said, her voice expressionless. She looked at the Kralahome. “Please, lead us to him, You Excellency.”

(Hand, 1999: 254-255)

Anna also behaves wisely when Anna gives a punishment for both Louis and Prince Chulalongkorn, although the one who starts to make mistake is the

Princes but still Anna gives a punishment to both of them. The quotation as follow:

At the front of the room Anna Leonowens sat, calmly reading her Siamese primer. Behind her the chalkboard, laboriously filling it with the same sentence: I WILL NOT FIGHT IN SCHOOL I WILL NOT FIGHT IN SCHOOL I WILL NOT FIGHT IN SCHOOL Beside the other chalkboard, Prince Chulalongkorn sat defiantly and glared at the English boy.

(Hand, 1999:74)

Most interesting, he thought, and looked at Anna curiously. But to Lady Thiang he only said, “Why?” She hesitated, reluctant to speak the truth. Finally she said haltingly, “Prince insult memory of boy’s dead father”.

(Hand, 1999:75)

Based on some Anna’s characters explained above, the writer could assumes that Anna Leonowens has a round static characters, in which her character may change not dynamic and have many side way of thinking (Perrine,

1959:85)

4.2 Setting

Setting is divided into three parts; they are place, time, and social. Place is where the story taken and happened, it describes the locations of the story. Time is when the story and the actions occur. Meanwhile social is the surround of the story look from the culture and society and social also connects to the outer story such as the readers’ knowledge and society.

Hand’s Anna and The King take several places in Thailand. Here are the explanations of the setting started when the King Maha Mongkut wrote his letter to Anna.

4.2.1 Place

4.2.1.1. Grand Royal Palace

The novel firstly takes place when a letter comes from King Mongkut in

Grand Royal Palace, Bangkok. He straightly writes the letter himself to Anna

Leonowens confirming his purpose. We can see from the quotation below:

English Era, 1862, 26 th February Grand Royal Palace, Bangkok To Mrs. A. H. Leonowens

(Hand, 1999: 2)

4.2.1.2. Bombay

In the story is told that Anna had lived in Bombay with her family. Now together with her son Louis, Beebe and Moonshee, they are on her journey to

Bangkok Thailand. It is supported by the quotation below:

Bombay had been a daydream… And like a daydream her sojourn there had been too short… Bangkok was no daydream. Indeed as she sat with her stateroom on the steamer Newcastle , she could scarcely imagine sleeping here at all.

(Hand, 1999:3-4)

4.2.1.3. Chao Phraya River

Hand’s Anna and The King secondly take place on the Newcastle deck crossing the Chao Phraya River. Anna and her family truly see a different view along the river. They can see Thailand highway crowded with the clipper ships, schooners, Chinese junks and many flags flutters above the vessels. As stated from the quotation below:

She turned, gazing across the Newcastle’s deck to where the Chao Phraya River flowed, a veritable highway crowded with clipper ships and schooners, canoes and Chinese junks. Dozens of flags fluttered above the vessels, from as many nations; and over all of them, like a watchful giant, loomed the vast ramparts and spires of Fort Paknam.

(Hand, 1999: 9)

King Maha Mongkut also announced that Chao Phraya river is the most fertile valley in all of Asia . We can see it from the quotation below:

The Chao Phraya River is lifeline to the most fertile valley in all of Asia, “King Mongkut announced. He gestured at the river loftily, as though he himself had created it.

(Hand, 1999: 109)

4.2.1.4. The Secret City

Another place is described when Anna and her family entering Bangkok

Thailand, Anna is amazed by the beautiful of the palace. There are so many

unique ornaments and trees. Not only Anna is amazed, even Louis Beebe and

Moonshee could only keep silent in amazement. The quotation as follows:

The carriage jounced along its passengers vying with each other to catch a glimpse of the Secret City outside the hansom’s windows. Minute later, they were outside the palace gates. “Oh” Anna’s voice was scarcely above a whisper. Beside her, Louis and Moonshee and Beebe were silent. “Oh, my…” Nothing on earth could have prepared her for it. An entire royal compound that was a city unto itself… throne halls and temples, pavilions and gilded columns, arched gateways and carven gables- an endless vista of glittering buildings, extending more than twenty city blocks, as far as the eye could see.

(Hand, 1999: 16)

4.2.1.5. The Prison

The important place in which related to Ana’s struggle defending a woman’s right is that when Ana looks for Tuptim. Lady Tuptim has leaved the

King and runs away from the palace to join her boyfriend Balat in the Emerald temple. Tuptim is in jail, three days after Tuptim comes to see Anna to explain what has going on, unfortunately, somebody find out the meeting. This causes

Tutim is in jail. Lady Tuptim is being held in the prison within the royal Palace grounds. Here is the quotation:

“Where is Tuptim?” Anna cried. “What crime is she being charged with? The Kralahome stopped at the bottom step, turned, and regarded her spitefully. “Her fate is none of your concern.” In fact, it was a simple matter to locate Tuptim. She was being held in the prison within the royal palace grounds.

(Hand, 1999: 230)

In Siam prison, it is where the feminism shows up. This is the place when

Anna struggle for Tuptim getting her right, unfortunately Anna is not allowed to get involved.

4.2.1.6. Court

Another important place is at the court. Anna’s struggle does not stop by looking for Lady Tuptim that put in jail, but Anna also gives her voice at the court to defend Tuptim. With her brave, Anna tries to comes into the court, where there are many members of the royal household, judges both men and women. Here is the explanation:

She entered the Hall of Justice warily, but her trepidation turned at once to genuine dread. The chamber had none of the comfort or beauty she had come to associate with Bangkok; it was a large, sparely furnished chamber, crowded with members of the royal house hold. A tribunal of judges, both men and women, sat in tiered rows to one side.

(Hand, 1999: 230-231)

The palace court also becomes a witness of Lady Tuptim’s punishment.

In the court, the sound of a gong rings before the punishment announced. The quotation as follows:

Another gong echoed through the room. The magistrate raised his head and in a thundering voice proclaimed, “Khun Jao Tuptim, you are accused of a traitorous act against His Majesty, King Mongkut, which carries the penalty of death.”

(Hand, 1999: 232)

4.2.1.7. The Field

A field in Siam Palace stands a banner “Siamese Cricket Club”. It is a place where Tuptim and Ballat executed. There is a small platform for the Justice

Phya Phrom standing to judge both of them. On the field, there are many crowd roars watching the execution. Here is the quotation:

An ox cart drew Tuptim and Balat through a jeering crowd, onlookers shouting abuse at them from the edge of the field where a tattered banner reading SIAMESE CRICKET CLUB dangled forgotten from a tree. Tuptim’s arms cradled her lover’s broken body. She caressed his bloodstained scalp, her eyes scanning the crowd for Anna Leonowens, but Anna was not there.

(Hand, 1999: 243)

On a smaller platform stood Justice Phya Phrom.

(Hand, 1999: 244) At the fieldof Siam Palace the social feminism can be seen. This place becomes a witness of a couple died defending their true love and becomes the witness of King’s superiority.

4.2.1.8. Non Khai Monastery

In Hand’s Anna and The King written that Non Khai is a place where the

King used to spend half of his life. In Non Khai there is a monastery which used to hide all of the King’s family when there is a rebellion led by General Alak. The quotation as follows:

“There is a monastery in Non Khai. Mongkut spent half his life there.”

(Hand, 1999: 263)

“You and the children must go on to Nong Khai without me. I will meet you there.”

(Hand, 1999: 266)

4.2.1.9. The Grand Terrace

The Grand Terrace become the most touching place in the story. It is where The King and Anna dance tenderly in a farewell party as Anna must go home in the next day. The Grand Terrace also becomes a witness between two lovers than cannot be together because of a complicated matter and culture of their country. We can see from the quotation below:

The King continued to stare at her, searching her face. “What?” asked Anna. “I am wondering if, given circumstance, it is appropriate for King to ask…” He paused.”…Anna to dance.” Struggling to control herself, she replied, “I have danced with a king before, Your Majesty.” “And I, an Englishwoman.” Slowly he held out his hand. Anna placed hers in his, and he guided her down toward the Grand Terrace, his other hand circling her waist.

(Hand, 1999: 288)

4.2.2 Time

4.2.2.1. English Era 1862

Hand’s Anna and The King taken time in the English Era 1862. It is written in the King’s letter sent to Anna Leonowens. In that time, Anna together

with her son Louis and her two servants Beebe and Moonshee goes to Siam

Bangkok Thailand. It is shown from the quotation below:

English Era, 1862, 26 th February Grand Royal Palace, Bangkok To Mrs. A. H. Leonowens

(Hand, 1999: 2)

In this era, social and cultural feminism are obviously seen based on the superiority of the King and custom happened in daily life of Siamese.

4.2.2.2. Morning at the Palace

Some of the stories happened in the morning. First is when Anna hardly tried to meet the King. She has been waiting for weeks but the prime minister answer with the same words that Anna now the King is unable to meet her today.

But in the next morning, a very surprising news comes from Kralahome that Anna must meet the King immediately. Here is the quotation:

But the next morning, suprising news reached Anna. “Sir. You are to accompany me now” “Now?” She stared across the breakfast table to where the Intrepeter stood in the doorway, flanked by an irate looking Moonshee. “But we’ve just” “If you please, sir. It is now or,” “Yes! Yes, ofcourse!” In a flurry of silk and lace, Anna jumped up, nearly upsetting the table.

(Hand, 1999: 39-40)

Lady Tuptim is firstly introduced to Anna also in the morning. She is introduced by Lady Thiang in order to study english with Anna. But seems

Tuptim’s words arousing a suspicious thinking about what has going on in Lady

Tuptim herself. Lady Tuptim then comes to Anna’s english class together with the children. She looks like watches carefully towards the lesson but still Tuptim’s empty face can not hide her weird feeling as seems that her heart is not as focus as her appearance. We can see it from the quotation below:

“Good morning, Lady Thiang,” Anna said. “How are you today?” “I am well. Mem Leonowens, thank you. This is Lady Tuptim, sir. She is new to palace also like your self, but have no son to keep her company.” “Hello, Lady Tuptim,” said Anna. “My name is Anna.” “I wish also to learn writing of Englih, Mem,” Tuptim replied awkwardly. To please His Majesty, King Mongkut.” Anna stared at the young woman with curiosity. Tuptim’s empty gaze belied her words. The Englishwoman measured her own before saying, “Of course. But I should hope it would please Lady Tuptim as well.”

(Hand, 1999:102-103)

Others were learning, too. Every morning Lady Tuptim showed up for class with the children, taking her place at the back of the room. For all her promptness in arriving each day, and the serious expression she affected as Anna read excerpts from Shakespeare and Keats and Dickens, still the teacher suspected that Tuptim was not quite as focused upon her studies as she appeard.

(Hand, 1999:105)

In a fine morning, an important story is told. It is the day when Tuptim and

Balat get their punisment. Anna has tried hard giving her voice at the siamese court but she fails and the execution becomes a decision. It is stated from the quotation below:

The execution was scheduled for the next morning. A royal edict announced that a parachik a corrupted monk and a nang ham were to die at the fifth hour after sunrise. It was signed by the King. An ox cart drew Tuptim anf Balat through a jeering crowd, onlookers shouting abuse at them from the edge of the field where a tattered banner reading SIAMESE CRICKET CLUB dangled forgotten from a tree.

(Hand, 1999: 243)

4.2.2.3. Night at the Palace

Some of important events in the novel also happens in the night. First is when Anna gives punisment to both Louis and Prince Chulalongkorn. They have to write a thousand words on the blackboard. This causes them must finish the punisment until late at night. The quotation as follow:

Dust deepened to night, and still the Prince did note move. Behind him his guards stood and occasionally drifted off the sleep, awakening with a start.

(Hand, 1999: 77)

Another event hapens in the night is when Anna and prince Chulalongkorn still outside the children’s garden. In silence they hear a sorrowful voice. That voice in fact comes from a slave that chained. It is supported by the quotation below:

“Stay here,” She called to Prince Chulalongkorn. The night was still, cooled by an intermittent breeze and the gently plashing fountains. Anna stood in the path, listening anf there it came again. (Hand,1999: 80)

In that night, the feminism is viewed from women slavery abuse. A slave named La Ore is being left outside in a bad condition. Her body is chained like animal.

“And when that woman La Ore offered her the money, her mistress accused her of ingratitude and chained her like an animal in the yard where the Prince and I found her last night!”

(Hand, 1999: 85)

In a different moment when Anna is about preparing an anyversary dinner as told by King Mongkut, an interesting event happens, when Anna instructing servants on how to pour champagne, suddenly the King comes, this causes all of the servants bow down without considering the glasses drop breaking on to the floor. And the King tells them to stand up. He Also announces on that night, that tomorrow when the anniversary is held, they must stand up when the King comes, only for one night. It is shown from the quotation below:

There were a poignant few minutes while Anna was instructing a room full of servants on how the pour champagne. Without warning, they all dropped to the floor, sending silver trays crashing and bottles flying in their wake, as Anna turned to see the King in the back of the hall. She threw her hands up in frustation, but he took no notice. “Stand,” he commanded loudly. “All of you stand!” Slowly, with heartbreaking timidity, everyone stood. Anna watched, trying to keep her own emotions in check. “It is only for a night,” the King reminded her as he gazed disapprovingly upon this room full of upright citizens. “One night” And with a scowl, he left.

(Hand, 1999: 144-145)

Annother story that shown Anna’s struggles when Anna waiting for

Kralahome, the Prime Minister to look for Tuptim. She dissappears after that night when Tuptim and Phim, her servant come to meet Anna. We can see from the quotation below:

Two days passed. Each morning Anna presented herself at the door of the Kralahome’s rooftop suite; each morning he failed to appear. “Where is Tuptim?” Anna cried.

(Hand, 1999: 229-230)

4.2.3 Social

The setting of social in the novel is meant to describe the social condition happens in the story. This setting of social influenced by life and knowledge which increases in the society. In Hand’s Anna and the King, the social setting is the one in Siam and British.

In this thesis the writer would like to divide the social setting into three parts, they are social setting viewed from Siamese society, Royal Palace society and British Era.

4.2.3.1 Social setting of Siamese

Siam Thailand in 1862, is a unique society that higly respect to their heritage, custom, and habit. It is precisely called rather primitive. Like when the captain tells Anna not to continue her decision to go to Siam Thailand becouse of such reason. Here is the quotation:

The captain shock his head and peered after her into the dim, narrow corridor belowdecks. “This isn’t Bombay, madam, or even Singapore, for that matter. It is rather more... primitive... out there.” “Which is prescisely whu I’m here, “ retorted Anna.

(Hand, 1999:6)

The social life in Siamese on that time has raised social feminism toward

Anna’s life in Siam, Thailand and the women slavery is one of the example. The quotation as follows:

(Hand, 1999:85)

4.2.3.2. Social setting in Royal Palace

According to the writer Kingdom centris influence the living activities at the Palace. First is when all of the people in the Palace bow down to the respect the coming of King Mongkut. Here the quotation:

“Best not to assume too much. “He stepped through the arch. “When presented to His Majesty, you and son will remeber to touch forehead to floor”.

(Hand, 1999: 41)

Another event that proved King is fully respected by the people is when all of King’s family, Palace military army, officers and servants bow down to the floor seeing the coming of King Mongkut. Even when the King said some words,

the people still bow the head down to the floor. We can see it from the quotation below:

Before she could answer a gong sounded, deafeningly. Like starled antelope, everyone in the garden froze and turned, seeing the King. With near military precision they dropped to the ground, foreheads pressed to the grass. The King regarded them measuringly and clapped his hands. “Attention, my most blessed and royal family! We have company. Two who have sailed from far, far away.” Once more the assemblage touched their heads to the ground.

(Hand, 1999: 49)

A King in Siam Thailand is also considered to be a god for Siamese. As mentioned in the novel when Anna answer Louis question about King Mongkut and Anna give a brieve explanation that people in Siam Reveres The King as a

God. Here are the quotation:

“What do you suppose he’s like?” she said. “This King Mongkut?” Louis shrugged, too intent on the market to answer. “I’ve heard that commoners used to be forbidden to even look upon King Mongkut’s face. The Siamese consul back in Singapore told me that they are revere him as a god.”

(Hand, 1999:12)

Kingdom centris also shown when King makes a decision of a problem.

No one can disobey his wish whenever a decision has been done, this has raised social feminism for example when Anna asking about her House as the King has promised but King Mongkut reject to give Anna the house immediately and tells that in Siam everything has its own time, Anna then does not continue asking again becouse she does not want to debate the King. The quotation as follow:

“Then Your Majesty realizes why having a home outside the palace is of such importance to me,” she went on quickly. “A home which has been promised but has, so far, not been provided.” The King tilted his head. “It is my pleasure that you live in the palace,” he said firmly. Anna’s resolve echoed his own, “But it is not mine, Your Majesty.” The King’s eyes flashed. He stepped toward her, his voice booming across the tranquil garden. “You do not set conditions of your emploeyment and you shall obey!”

(Hand, 1999: 54-55)

4.2.3.3. Setting social in British Era

Bassically the King of Siam realize that the progress of his country can be gained from Learning something outside his country. He therefore proposes Anna to be a school teacher for his family in order to enlarge the knowledge of science and culture. It is supported by the statement below:

“Reform is vital to my country’s survival,” he said. “This have I seen, in my studies in the monastery, in my visit with farangs and my present duties with ambassadors. But reform must be slow, not to disrupt existing order.”

(Hand, 1999:54)

King Mongkut himself actually loves science and knowledge. He is influenced by the western that tend to have a higher civilization in many things. It shown from Prince Chulalongkorn’s statement, that his father loves children, science, mathematics and astronomy. Here the quotation:

But one thing he loved as much as he did his children, was Knowledge, Science, Mathematichs, Astronomy, Reason these were his wives, his mistresses, his lovers.

(Hand, 1999:28)

4.3. Conflict

Conflict happens when there is a clash between hope and reality. In

Hand’s Anna and The King , conflict begins when Anna arrives in Siam Thailand.

Her decision has brought her to many challenging experience for herself and her family. Conflict is divided into two parts, they are internal conflict and external conflict. Internal conflict is a conflict that happens inside the character.

Frequently, the internal conflict followed by the external mess that caused external conflict. It is a conflict that occurs outside the character.

4.3.1. Internal Conflict

There are some internal conflicts happened in Anna Leonowens herself during her stay in Siam Palace Thailand. First is when Anna is struggling for her house as King Mongkut has promised. She tries to hold on and hide her feeling of impatient for Louis sake. The statements is as follow:

Anna on the other hand, knew it was not a dream. As the weeks droned on, she grew more and more impatient, but tried for Louis’s sake to retain the outward calm and poise he had grown up with. She sat not within the scant shade of a small pagoda shaped pavilion, reading for the hundredth time the well worn pages of her Siamese primer.

(Hand, 1999: 38-39)

Second is when Anna meets Kralahome the prime minister. He asks some questions that precisely impolite according to Western culture. Kralahome asks about personal questions and Anna tries to calm down her feeling of uncomfortable by taking a deep breath. We can see it from the quotation below:

(Hand, 1999: 21)

Third, Internal conflict occurs when Anna faces the court defending La

Ore, the slave she finds in the night with Prince Chulalongkhorn. The quotation as follows:

She fell silent. King Mongkut studied her, and under his fierce gaze Anna looked away, embarrassed and, yes, perlpexed by what she had most uncustomarily revealed about the real reason she’d journeyed to Siam.

(Hand, 1999: 97)

Fourth is relating to another Anna’s struggling for woman’s right in Siam.

She helps Lady Tuptim in defending her right tobe with the man she loves. Anna tries hard to give her voice in the court in order to make King Mongkut cancels the decision of the court to give a death punisment. Unfortunately Anna could not succeed and this causes her very dissappointed and feel guilty. It is supported by the quotation below:

From Anna’s house the drums sounded like muted thunder. When they abruptly grew silent, she was standing in a corner of her bedroom with her arms crossed tightly againts her chest. Her breath came in hoarse gasps. In the uneartly stillness that descended, the house around her seemed to grow dark, speared with flashes of white and crimson.

She began to pace mindlessly. A terrible expression crept across her face,

(Hand, 1999: 246)

Fifth, the internal conflict happens when Anna about going to go home.

She decides to change her mind to help King Mongkut. Kralahome has told her to pursue the King to stay with the children until the rebellion is over. This has made up her mind that she might able to do something for the King and his family. Here is the quotation:

(Hand, 1999: 255)

Last of all, internal conflict occurs when Anna look at the King through telescope, riding on his way to the bridge where General Alak the enemy is waiting. Anna then gets an idea although she doubt it and asks the children to wait. It is supported by the quotation below:

Anna turned from where she was repacking their things, Louise’s bugle in her hand’s. “What is it?” “The King is riding toward the bridge! See?” “What?” In her shock she dropped the bugle, then found herself staring down at it, the brass shining brightly in the mud like a spark, or a sword.

“wait,” she whispered, and slowly retrieved the instrument. “Just wait..” (Hand, 1999: 271)

4.3.2. External Conflict

Hand’s Anna and The King presenting many interesting external conflicts related to woman’s right and feminism. Here are the explanations:

4.3.2.1. Anna against Intrepreter

In the beginning of the story Anna Leonowens faces a contrary feeling towards the interpreter. He is the man whom Anna firstly meets when she enters the Palace. The interpreter of the palace calls her as a “sir” rather than “madam” or “misses”. The quotation as follows:

The interpreter relayed this information to the Kralahome, who studied her thoughtfully before asking another question. “Sir is married?” the intrepeter translated. Anna unconsciously twisted her wedding ring. “I’m.. a widow. And please, can you explain why you call me sir?” The intrepreter looked at her disdainfully. “Women do not stand in presence of His Exellency.

(Hand, 1999: 20)

4.3.2.2. Anna against Kralahome

Another external conflict happens between Anna and the Prime Minister

Kralahome. Anna is asking about her house to him. She tries to explain that the

King has promised to give her a house outside the palace. Nevertheless,

Kralahome does not give any certain attention. Here is the quotation:

“Mr. Prime Minister! I assure you I meant no disrespect. However, getting here was something of a challenge.” The Kralahome did not glance up. “Sir will be shown to palace quarters.” “I’m sorry, but the King promised us a home of our own outside the palace,” said Anna. “It is what was agreed upon.” “In Siam you will learn everything has its own time,” the Kralahome replied tersely, still ignoring her.

(Hand, 1999: 21-22)

4.3.2.3. Anna against the King

Once again Anna fights for her house by asking to King Mongkut. She asks wisely by explaining that having a house outside the palace is important,

Anna also reminds him that the King has been promised the house. We can see it from the statement below:

(Hand, 1999: 54-55)

Still Anna does not stop trying to get her own house outside the palace.

She keeps on arguing with the King. Without any doubt or afraid Anna debates with the King Mongkut by demanding her house. Unfortunately, the King gives a flat by saying that everything has its own time. The quotation as follows:

“And what of our house?” Anna cried after him. Without looking back, he replied, “Everything has its own time.”

(Hand, 1999: 55)

On the other day, Anna faces a court for La Ore. Anna debates with the

King to confirm about King’s letter. It is mentioned that the King wants to build something greater, a country where no man is above the law, but the King denied it. It can be proved from the quotation below:

“Your Majesty” Anna took a deep breath, then continued. “In your letter confirming my employment, you claimed you wanted Siam to take its place among the nations of the modern world. You spoke of ‘building something greater’ than yourself ‘a country where no man is above the law’. Which is why I chose to come here. Finally: “Scholteacher has outstanding memory,” said the King.

(Hand, 1999: 97)

In Lady tuptim’s court, Anna also takes part in defending Lady Tuptim, although she has to argue with the King begging for Tuptim’s sake. Meanwhile,

King Mongkut states that the descission can not be changed. It means that Lady

Tuptim will be executed according to the rule in Siam. Here the quotation:

“Thank you for seeing me, Your Majesty,” se said curtsying. “The Prime Minister told me this was none of my concern” “It is none of Mem’s concern,” the King interupted, “and King is seeing you now to tell you same himself.” “Forgive me, Your Majesty, but” “I do not wish for you to talk more on this, Mem. To King or anyone”

(Hand, 1999: 238)

4.3.2.4. Anna against Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung

Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung is La Ore’s master who Anna tries to free her by giving her ring to Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung. However she makes another statement in front of the King when this case has come into the Palace court. A conflict then raises between Anna and Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung. Here is the following quotation:

“She tricked me!” She broke into my own home, set my servant free, then came to me with an offer to buy her and made payment!” “La Ore purchased her freedom once, Your Majesty”. The Englishwoman’s voice rang out clearly above the sound of the rain. She did not see Prince Chulalongkorn, standing off by himself behind a pillar and watching her in silence. “I believe had I given this woman my ring first, she would have kept it and continued to hold La Ore captive.”

(Hand, 1999: 96-97)

All of the conflicts above, has proved Anna’s effort as her presence as an

English teacher in Siam Palace Thailand. She has struggled for woman’s rights equality for the sake of people in Siam.

4.4 Anna’s effort towards the right equality to Social and Cultural Feminism. Anna’s effort in Siam Palace Thailand, towards the right equality is mostly related to social and cultural feminism. In this chapter the writer would to discusses further about those two feminism reflected in Hand’s Anna and the

King.

4.4.1. Social Feminism

Social feminism raises from male domination towards female, that happens in the particular society (Stevy Jackson, 1997). In Hand’s Anna and the

King , Anna Leonowens comes into her new society in Siam Palace Thailand. A place where she never imagines before. This causes a big suprise to Anna facing her new society. Moreover Siam Palace is a primitive society on that English Era,

1862.

Social feminism is showed in Anna’s position as a woman and a single parent, which fights for her own right and tries to continue her live with her family alone in her new society. No doubt, all of her struggling comes into a social feminism, that comes out from the King’s and Palace domination towards

Anna that happens in the society. Besides the society surround her, positions Anna on the high level. They calls her “sir” rather than “madam” or “misses”. It shows that the people appreciate Anna, eventhogh women in Siam is positioned in medi- low level. The quotation as follows:

(Hand, 1999: 20)

Another social feminism also can be seen from King’s wives that was introduced to Anna. Man especially King in Siam tends to have two or more wives. Such thing does not exist in western country. As stated in the quotation below:

“Twenty three wives, forty two concubines, fifty eight offspring, and ten more on the way. Each unique,” said King Mongkut proudly. “Each one my hope for the future.” Anna swallowed, averting her eyes as a woman laughed and parted her silken blouse, exposing a breast for her infant to nurse from. The English woman’s expression was not lost on the King. “I understand your suprise,” he said with a meaningful glance. “Not as many emperor af China, but he did not spend half of life in monastery.”

(Hand, 1999:48-49)

At another occassion, Anna has a serious discussion about a marriage with

King Mongkut. Anna begins her discussion by asking whether his wives ever get jealous, then she comes to a statement that in her opinion she would not be able to share her husband for another. King Mongkut consider this as a slavery for a man, so he does not agree about this, he also adds that by having such condition, his country will be considered uncivilized. The quotation as follows:

Anna kept herself from smiling but instead looked over at the King through a fringe of windblown hair, and asked, “Don’t your wives ever get jealous?” King Mongkut frowned. “I do not understand significance of question.” “I’m prying. Forgive me.” The King leaned on his mallet. “No, please. Continue.” “Most of the world believes a man and woman should have a relationship which is sacred unto them.” “Each of my wives believes same about King.” Mongkut replied matter of factly.

Anna hesitated. “Not everyone can mary you, Your Majesty,” she said, “I could never imagine sharing my husband with anyone.” “Why not?” “Because...he’s mine.”...”Ha! Like slave.” “No!” Then, laughing, she added, “Well, perhaps, but strictly a voluntary one.” The King shook his head in mock dismay. “A man becomes slave to woman, and they call my country uncivilized.”

(Hand, 1999: 214)

In spite of that, King Mongkut still could not understand why a man can stand by having only one wife. He considers that a man deserves being satisfied by some women. Knowing that, Anna could only smile because she realizes that such view can not be change at once. In deed everything needs a process. Here is the supporting quotation:

“Until now, Madam Leonowens,” the King wishpered, “I did not understand supposition man could be satisfied with only one woman.” Anna bit her lip. Then, smiling through her tears, she nodded as the King led her out onto the terrace, where they joined their family and friends in the waltz.

(Hand, 1999: 288)

The domination of a man also shown when Prince Chulalongkhorn gives a comment to Louis as he says sory to her mom about what he has done. Price

Chulalongkhorn says that in his country men never says sorry about anything. He also insult Louis by saying if Louis had father he would know that. Like stated in the qoutation below:

“Louis,” Anna said warningly. Remember what I said...” Louis turned to her, red faced but calm. “Sorry, Mother, but he started it.” Anna glanced at Lady Thiang, whose own eyes were fixed on the Prince’s. Chulalongkorn was glaring at Louis, who stared back unafraid. “In my country,” the Prince shouted, “man never tell woman he is sorry about anything, ever!” If you had father, you would know that.”

(Hand, 1999:70-71)

Anna Leonowens’s effort does not stuck in her debates between King

Mongkut nor Kralahome the Prime Minister, but Anna also struggles in the court.

It is proved when Anna gives her opinion in La Ore’s issue in the court. La Ore is the slave she found in the night with Prince Chulalongkorn. In the court Anna reminds the king about his statement about building something greater than himself, a country where no man is above the law. The quotation as follows:

(Hand, 1999: 97)

King Mongkut himself has a lot of wives, He married the women without considering whether she loves him or not. It happens to Lady Tuptim who loves somebodyelse but she can not do anything because Tuptim is given to the King as a present from her family to the King. Tuptim could only express her feeling to

Anna in the night when she intends to meet Anna. We can see from the qoutation below:

Anna gasped. “Dear girl, what have you done?” Tuptim approached her, hand outstretched. “What I have done is not result of King or intention to dishonor. A concubine’s is of no consequence to man consumed with matters of whole universe.” Anna shook her head in dismay. “Tuptim, why?” Why you didn’t come to me? The King might have understood. How could you do this to him? “If love was a choice, who would ever choose such exquisite pain? This is what I need His Majesty to know, if such does not compromise Mem.” “I will tell the King anything you wish, but-“ Tuptim smiled. “I thank Buddha for giving me direction, and now, with Mem before me, I thank him for giving me a true friend.”

(Hand, 1999: 228)

The description above has come to the conclusion that considering a man majority above a woman in social, political, and distinctive in particular society, in this case Anna Leonowens’ effort in Siamese society struggling for woman right is linked to Social Feminism (Stevi Jackson: 1997).

4.4.2 Cultural Feminism

Cultural feminism is closely related to cultural studies which include an active relationship with the social creation of standards, norms and taste (Moris,

1997: 43). In Hand’s Anna and The King , some story meet the cultural feminism that links toward Anna’s effort in defending woman’s right. In this section the writer would like to explore deeper by giving some descriptions writen in the novel.

Cultural Feminism appears in the beginning when Anna and her family arrives in Siam Palace, she is surprised by the Interpreter’s questions. The interpreter asks some personal questions without any permission. Even the Prime

Minister explains that it has become a custom in Siam asking personal questions is polite. The quotation as follow:

Anna felt herself flush. She took a deep breath, forcing her voice to remain level and said, “Could you please convey to His Exellency that my business here is as tutor to the King’s eldest son, and it is not necessary for him to ask me any more personal questions?” The intrepreter regarded her hesitantly. “Please?” Anna added in a softer voice. Tentatively he turned back to the Prime Minister, who made a quick, sharp gesture of dismissal. “In Siam, sir,” the Kralahome announced with cotempt, “it is custom to first ask questions of personal nature to be polite.”

(Hand, 1999: 21)

Another cultural feminism also found in Siam slavery of women. The owner tends to treat their slave uncivilize. When we connect it to the cultural feminism, it is viewed from a woman’s struggling. In this case Anna Leonowens who has struggling for a woman’s right knows that the consequence she will get is some difficulties in providing her efforts. For example when Anna tries to confirm

La Ore which suffer at night chained outside. Anna then tries confirming this to the King but she could only meets Kralahome. He says that such problem will resolve itself in time, moreover the owner Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung is a daughter of very influential family. Here is the supported quotation:

The Kralahome drew himself up, deciding to try another tack. “Mem leonowens,” he said in a tone of exaggerated patience, “the Lady Jao Jum Manda Ung is daughter of very influential family” “And when that woman La Ore offered her the money, her mistress accused her of ingratitude and chained her like an animal in the yard where the Prince and I found her last night!” The Kralahome’s face darkened. “Heir to throne must never get involved in issue of bond servant. This will resolve itself in time.”

(Hand, 1999:85)

The presence of Anna Leonowens has brought cross cultural feminism.

More or less King Mongkut is influenced by Anna’s custom. It is proved when the

King asks Anna to set the similar to English Country. The quotation as follows:

“The King gazed at her. “Thank you, Mem, for humble validation,” he said softly. Then, “I, um, have decided to give self anniversary dinner, and invite important English nobles and diplomates.” Anna looked confused. “I don’t understand.” “As if to sound English bugles in own defense.” He nodded at her as though something had been decided. “You shall take charge of all formalities, as Mem is obvious choice to make certain guests feel at home.”

(Hand, 1999: 140)

Meanwhile, the local custom in Siam that construct people there to bow down on the floor when they meet the King. It is also related to cultural feminism.

Anna feels surprised when Kralahome tells her to do so at the firs time but she replies that she would honoured the King with outmost respect (Hand, 1999:41 ).

The respect of people to the King, they have to bow their body down even their hand is still holding glasses. We can see it from the quotation below:

(Hand, 1999: 144-145)

It also happens when the King asks Anna for dancing with him after dinner. It makes the distinguished guests surprise since the custom seems different from the local custom. The quotation as follows:

A moment as the musicians paused, adjusting their instruments. Then, to Anna’s astonishment, the plaintive strains of a waltz filled the Great Hall. King Mongkut’s smile broadened at he suprise. “In honor our most distinguished guests, a waltz, as is European custom of dancing after dinner.”

(Hand, 1999: 159)

Based on the explanation above cross cultural feminism occurs betwen

British and Thailand. Another supporting statemen in the story is mentioned that

Anna as an English teacher trains all of here Palace servants how to set table manner and how to pour champagne for the guest (Hand’s, 1999: 144).

Cultural feminism actually is formed from the political, economy, condition and the custom improves in the society. Hand’s Anna and the King has lead us to the positive point of view about social and cultural feminism, which represented by Anna Leonowens who gives her fully effort to struggling for woman’s right. The important part is that Anna Leonowens defending all of this in a new place that becomes a positive change for Siam Thailand.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

This thesis entitled “Anna's efforts towards women's right equality in

Elizabeth Hand's Anna and The King”. Library research method is used to gain the references related with the object of analysis. The structural and feminism approach are used to analyze the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The structural approach is used to analyze character, conflict, and setting. Meanwhile, feminism approach is used to analyze social feminism and cultural feminism.

The results show Anna as a widow, struggling, tough, smart, motherly, helpful and wise woman. Anna is round static character since she has more than one specific trait but her characteristic as a struggling person remains the same from beginning to the end of the story. Anna Leonowens also experiences internal and external conflicts. Anna’s internal conflict caused by a clash of emotional feeling within herself. The external conflict experienced by Anna appears against Intrepreter,

Kralahome, the King, and Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung.

The setting in Hand’s Anna and The King is setting of place, time, and social.

The settings of places dealing with conflict, social feminism and cultural feminism of

67 68

Anna are Grand Royal Palace, Bombay, Chao Phraya River, The Secret City, The

Prison, Court, The Field, Non Khai Monastery, and The Grand Terrace. The settings of time are English Era 1862, February 26, Morning at the Palace, and Night at the

Palace. The social setting in this novel is divided into the one Siamese society, Royal

Palace society and British era.

Anna’s efforts towards women's rights equality in Elizabeth Hand’s Anna and

The King are the extrinsic element analyzed using Feminism approach. Social feminism and Cultural Feminism experienced by Anna is used to maintain a woman involvement in her effort for woman’s rights.

In the end, Anna’s struggling towards woman right equality brings some results, but not all of her struggling in Siam succeeded. First Anna succeeded in defending La Ore, the slave and the second Anna could not succeeded in helping

Lady Tuptim saved from the punishment.

Finnally, Anna’s efforts towards the women’s rights in Siam can be described as follow:

1. The equality of women’s position in the society from medi-low level to be medi-

high level.

2. To release Lady Tuptim and La Ore from women slavery in Siam.

3. Besides, to make the positive change in Siam culture from the traditional culture

to be the modern culture.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer hopes there will be further research dealing with feminism viewed from other novel. Because novel is one of most interesting literature that could bring us to the outer world by analyzing the story in many point of view.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ackerman, Nathan W.M.D.1985.The Psycodynamics of Family Life. USA: Basic Books Barret,Michele, 1980. Women’s Oppression Today”

Brah, Avtar, 1991, “ Questions of difference and international feminism” in Jane Aaron and Sylvia Walby (ed), Out of the Margins: Women’s Studies in the Nineties, (London: Falmer) Carol Divjak and Peter Symonds Endraswara, Suwardi.2003. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Widyagama Holman, Clarence Hugh.1985. A Hand Book to Literature. United States Of America: The Bobs-Merrill Company Inc. Hollows, Joanne.2000. Feminism, Feminity, and Popular Culture, Manchester University Press.MM McRobbie, A. (1997a) The Es and The Anti-Es: new Question for Feminism and Cultural Studies, dalam M.Ferguson dan P.Golding, eds, Cultural studies in Question, London, Sage. Morner, Kathlen & Rausch, Ralph.1998 NTC’s Dictionary of Literature Terms . United States of America: NTC Publishing Group Nurgiyanto, Burhan.2002. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. Nurgiyanto, Burhan.2010. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University. Said, Edward.1978. Orientalism, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Soenarjati Djajanegara, 2000 Kritik Sastra Feminism. Indonesia.

Sholwater, Elaine, 1997, A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing, London: Virago Stanton, Robert.1965. An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Stacey,Jackie,1993,” 1” in D.Richardson and V.Robinson (ed), Introducing Women’s Studies Basingstoke Macmilan Elizabeth Hand Biography by Wookieepedia the Star wars Wiki. (available online at) http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Elizabeth_Hand (retrieved on) 12 April 2013

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Elizabeth Hand Biography by Encyclopedia of World Biography. (available online at) http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Co- Lh/Hand-Elizabeth.html. (retrieved on) 15 April 2013 The Moral Value in the Movie “Anna and the King” by Shvoong. Publish October 9, 2010. (available online at) http://www.shvoong.com/entertainment/movies/2060906-moral-value- movie-ana-king/#ixzz2AlzxSqfe. (retrieved on) 1 Mei 2013

Literature By Esther Lombardi. (available online at) http://classiclit.about.com/od/literaryterms/g/aa_whatisliter.htm. (retrieved on) 7 September 2013

APPENDICES

No Data Clasification Context Page 1 English Era, 1862, 26 th Setting of time: King Mongkut sent a letter to 2 February Grand Royal 1862 Anna Leonowens in 1862 Palace, Bangkok To Mrs. A. Setting of place: February 26 th . It is written in H. Leonowens Grand Royal English Era at Grand Royal Palace, Bangkok. Palace Bangkok. He intended to ask Anna to be an English teacher for his family.

2 Bombay had been a Seting of Place: Anna Leonowens was on her 3-4 daydream… And like a Bombay journey to Bangkok. Unlike daydream her sojourn there Bombay, a place where She had been too short… ever lived before, Bangkok Bangkok was no daydream. was far away from her Indeed as she sat with her expectation. Right now Anna stateroom on the steamer was in the steamer Newcastle , Newcastle , she could on her boat together with her scarcely imagine sleeping family in a boat waiting for here at all. her new live.

3 “Mrs. Leonowens, I’m afraid General Captain Orton was the 6 the tide won’t wait. Not even Description: captain of the boat. He for you,” he added with a Helpful assisted Anna while she was gallant smile. Anna forced a on his boat. He actually did smile in return. “Thank you, not allow Anna to disembark Captain. You have been without any escort because more than patient with me.” He knew that Bangkok was “I really shouldn’t allow you totally different from her to disembark without an expectation. He informed that escort.” Bangkok is a little bit more The Captain gestured at the primitive. Anna then door, and Anna swept out, explained that was the reason skirts rustling.”Nonsense,” why She was here in she said, tilting her chin and Bangkok to help King’s giving him a flash of her family in getting knowledge. blue-gray eyes. “You should know better, Captain. I’m not one of your wilting English roses! I’ve spent years in India.” The Captain shook his head and peered after her into the Setting of social:

72 73

dim, narrow corridor Siamese belowdecks. “This isn’t Bombay, madam, or even Singapore, for that matter. It is rather more…primitife..out there.” “Which is precisely why I’m here,” retorted Anna with rather more confidence than she felt.

4 She turned, gazing across the Setting of Place: When Anna and her family 9 Newcastle’s deck to where Chao Phraya arrived in Bangkok Thailand, the Chao Phraya River River She passed through Chao flowed, a veritable highway Phraya River. There was crowded with clipper ships many clipper ships and and schooners, canoes and schooners, canoes and Chinese junks. Dozens of Chinesejunks. There were flags fluttered above the also dozens of flags fluttered vessels, from as many above the vessels from many nations; and over all of them, nations. like a watchful giant, loomed the vast ramparts and spires of Fort Paknam.

5 “What do you suppose he’s Setting of Social: A King in Siam Thailand is 12 like?” she said. “This King Royal Palace also considered to be a god Mongkut?” Louis shrugged, for Siamese. As mentioned in too intent on the market to the novel when Anna answer answer. “I’ve heard that Louis question about King commoners used to be Mongkut and Anna give a forbidden to even look upon brieve explanation that people King Mongkut’s face. The in Siam Reveres The King as Siamese consul back in a God. Singapore told me that they are revere him as a god.”

6 The carriage jounced along Setting of Place: Anna and her family had 16 its passengers vying with The Secret City come to Palace gate. She was each other to catch a glimpse surprised to the beauty of the of the Secret City outside the secret city hidden in the forest hansom’s windows. Minute of Siam Thailand, so as later, they were outside the Beebe and Moonshee, Anna’s palace gates. servants and Louis Anna’s “Oh” Anna’s voice was only son feels astonished by

scarcely above a whisper. the beauty of the scenery Beside her, Louis and around the Palace gates. Moonshee and Beebe were silent. “Oh, my…” Nothing on earth could have prepared her for it. An entire royal compound that was a city unto itself… throne halls and temples, pavilions and gilded columns, arched gateways and carven gables- an endless vista of glittering buildings, extending more than twenty city blocks, as far as the eye could see.

7 The interpreter relayed this Firstly entered the Palace 20 information to the Conflict: Anna met the interpreter of Kralahome, who studied her External Siam Palace. The annoying thoughtfully before asking thing was that the Interpreter another question. asked Anna about personal “Sir is married?” the General questions such as whether intrepeter translated. Description: Anna is married. Even the Anna unconsciously twisted Widow interpreter called her “Sir” her wedding ring. instead of “Madam”. “I’m..a widow. And please, can you explain why you call Feminism: me sir?” Social Feminism The intrepreter looked at her disdainfully. “Women do not stand in presence of His Exellency. 8 “Mr. Prime Minister! I Confli ct: Kralahome, the Prime 21 - assure you I meant no External Minister of Siam Palace also 22 disrespect. However, getting welcomed Anna, She here was something of a disagree when Kralahome challenge.” was about going to show The Kralahome did not Anna’s place to stay in the glance up. “Sir will be shown Palace while waiting for the to palace quarters.” King. Anna was asing for her “I’m sorry, but the King own house as the King had promised us a home of our promised her. own outside the palace,” said Anna. “It is what was agreed upon.” “In Siam you will learn

everything has its own time,” the Kralahome replied tersely, still ignoring her.

9 Anna felt herself flush. She Feminism: Not only the interpreter asked 21 took a deep breath, forcing Cultural about personal question but her voice to remain level and Feminism Kralahome also asking same said, “Could you please question and this truly convey to His Exellency that bothering Anna. To the my business here is as tutor Conflict: contrary, Kralahome to the King’s eldest son, and Internal answered it calmly that it has it is not necessary for him to become a custom of asking ask me any more personal someone with a personal questions?” question. The intrepreter regarded her hesitantly. “Please?” Anna added in a softer voice. Tentatively he turned back to the Prime Minister, who made a quick, sharp gesture of dismissal. “In Siam, sir,” the Kralahome announced with cotempt, “it is custom to first ask questions of personal nature to be polite.”

10 “In Siam you will learn General Seemed Anna must be patient 22 everything has its own time,” Description: to have her own house Kralahome replied tersely, Struggle outside the Palace. Anna had still ignoring her to learn that in Siam everything has its own time.

11 “How long are you in General Although Anna was a bit 23 possession of dead Husband? Description: annoyed, She keept anwsered She hesitated “Twenty three Widow the personal question from months,” she replied at last. Kralahome by explaining that The men said nothing but her husband was a captain in stared at her expectantly. the British army. “He… He was a captain in the British army.”

12 I do not know what Mrs. General Before Anna went to 25 Leonowens expected to find Description: Bangkok Thailand. Anna ever when she entered Bangkok, Smart spent her live in Bombay and

Krung Thep, our City of Singapore. She was a smart Great Angels. Certainly no tough woman. By moving to Oriental fairytale land such one and another country, with as her countrymen read of in her talent, she continued her their storybooks and live. adventuring novels. My teacher had lived in both Bombay and Singapore, though I do not believe her tenure in either of those places could have most readily prepared her for her time with us. Bangkok is a young capital, its official stature fewer than a hundred years old when Anna Leonowens arrived.

13 But one thing he loved as Setting of Social: King Mongkut himself 28 much as he did his children, British Era actually loves science and was Knowledge, Science, knowledge. He is influenced Mathematichs, Astronomy, by the western that tend to Reason these were his wives, have a higher civilization in his mistresses, his lovers. many things. It shown from Prince Chulalongkorn’s statement, that his father loves children, science, mathematics and astronomy. 14 “Anna on the other hand General Although Anna got impatient 38- knew it was not a dream. As Description: struggling for her own house, 39 the weeks droned on, she Struggle she kept tough for Louis sake. grew more and more Her only son that she loved. impatient, but tried for Conflict: Louis’s sake to retain the Internal outward calm and poise he had grown up with.” She sat not within the scant shade of a small pagoda shaped pavilion, reading for the hundredth time the well worn pages of her Siamese primer.

15 But the next morning, Setting of time: In the next morning, the 39- suprising news reached Morning at the interpreter came to meet 40 Anna. Palace Anna. To her surprised Anna

“Sir. You are to accompany hurried to the palace, hoping me now” there will be a hope to see the “Now?” She stared across King and get her own house. the breakfast table to where the Intrepeter stood in the doorway, flanked by an irate looking Moonshee. “But we’ve just” “If you please, sir. It is now or,” “Yes! Yes, ofcourse!” In a flurry of silk and lace, Anna jumped up, nearly upsetting the table.

16 “Best not to assume too Setting of social: The social life in Siamese on 41 much. “He stepped through Royal Palace that time has raised social the arch. “When presented to feminism toward Anna’s life His Majesty, you and son in Siam, Thailand and the will remeber to touch women slavery is one of the forehead to floor”. example.

17 “You do not look sufficient General When the King met Anna at 45- of age for scientific teaching. Description: the first time, he seemed to 46 How many years have you? Smart underestimated Anna, but by Ana fought to maintain her giving a brief answered, she composure. “Enough to has proved that Anna was a know that age and wisdom smart woman. do not necessarily go hand in hand, Your Majesty.” The King’s eyes narrowed. He considered whether or not to return this volley, then: “I doubt you would say same for being bold and English.” Anna smiled ruefully. “They are rather inseparable, I’m afraid.” The King nodded at this small sign of humility.

18 “Twenty three wives, forty Feminis m: King Mongkut introduced his 48 - two concubines, fifty eight Social feminism family, and surprisingly, He 49 offspring, and ten more on has so many wife and the way. Each unique,” said concubines. He looked proud

King Mongkut proudly. to introduce them to Anna. In “Each one my hope for the Siam Palace it had been a future.” common thing for having Anna swallowed, averting more than one wife. her eyes as a woman laughed and parted her silken blouse, exposing a breast for her infant to nurse from. The English woman’s expression was not lost on the King. “I understand your suprise,” he said with a meaningful glance. “Not as many emperor af China, but he did not spend half of life in monastery.” Before she could answer a Setting of social: gong sounded, deafeningly. Royal Palace Like starled antelope, everyone in the garden froze and turned, seeing the King. With near military precision they dropped to the ground, foreheads pressed to the grass. The King regarded them measuringly and clapped his hands . “Attention, my most blessed and royal family! We have company. Two who have sailed from far, far away.” Once more the assemblage touched their heads to the ground.

19 “Dearest family! I desire you General King Mongkut, the King of 51 all, when a\of appropriate Description: Siam Thailand had heard age, to be educated in Smart Anna’s great contribution English Language, science, toward education. This was and literature.” why He sent a letter to Anna. He paused, for In order to teach his family Chulalongkorn’s benefit, about language, science and then went on, “This is a literature of British. Western necessary and practical gift I country give to you, and you must never forget to respect your

renowned teacher” He gesture dramatically. “Mem Anna Leonowens”

20 “Reform is vital to my Setting of Social: Bassically the King of Siam 54 country’s survival,” he said. British Era realize that the progress of his “This have I seen, in my country can be gained from studies in the monastery, in Learning something outside my visit with farangs and his country. He therefore my present duties with proposes Anna to be a school ambassadors. But reform teacher for his family in order must be slow, not to disrupt to enlarge the knowledge of existing order.” science and culture.

21 “Then Your Majesty realizes Conflict: Anna argued with the King. 54- why having a home outside External She was demanding her right 55 the palace is of such to get her own house outside importance to me,” she went the palace. King replied that on quickly. “A home which Setting of Social: it was his pleasure that Anna has been promised but has, Royal Palace stay in the palace but Anna so far, not been provided.” did not want to stay at the The King tilted his head. “It house which was not hers. is my pleasure that you live in the palace,” he said firmly. Anna’s resolve echoed his own, “But it is not mine, Your Majesty.” The King’s eyes flashed. He stepped toward her, his voice booming across the tranquil garden. “You do not set conditions of your emploeyment and you shall obey!”

22 “And what of our house?” Conflict: Anna kept demanding about 55 Anna cried after him. External her own house because the Without looking back, he King had promised her and it replied, “Everything has its is mentioned in the letter he own time.” sent.

23 He turned and headed back General At the end of her 56 - to the gate. Description: conversation between Anna 57 “And what of our house?” Struggle and King Mongkut, she still Anna cried after him on her principal by asking her

Without looking back, he own house. replied, “Everything has its own time.” Silently the garden’s vast gates swung open once more, just as silently closed after him. The King was gone. Anna stared, angry yet resolute, at the doors, completely unaware of the hundreds of eyes gazing at her in unrestrained awe and amazement. 24 “Moonshee, why does the General In one occasion, Louis asked 58 king have so many wives? Description: her mother Anna about the His mother and Beebe Smart reason why a King had so exchanged looks. “Because many wife. Anna then replied heathens obviously lack wisely in a smart way. She restraint,” whispered Anna. gave the explanation that a “That is an excellent child like Louis could question,” Moonshee replied understand easily. She loudly. “For your mother,” explained starting from the Louis hoped to his feet. government of Siam that the “Mother…?” “I heard you power of the throne was Louis.” …” Well, Siam is a passed on from parent to monarchy, just like we have child just like at home, but in in England. So the power of that era there were so many the throne is passed on from diseases threatened the parent to child, just as it is at children like cholera and home. But even royal smallpox therefore the King children are threatened by must have many children. disease-cholera and smallpox Louis himself is also a smart and the like-and there is boy that curious to know always the danger of war. everything. And so one way to royal family maintains its control of the throne, in the face of these dangers, is to have as many as children as possible.” Louis brightened. “So he needs a lot of wives to take care of them?” Relief flooded to Anna. “A keen observation, dear. Now off to bed”.

25 “Louis,” Anna said Feminism: At the palace when the 70- warningly. Remember what I Social Feminism children took a lesson from 71 said...” Anna, prince Chulalongkhorn Louis turned to her, red faced argued with Louis. Anna then but calm. “Sorry, Mother, reminded Louis for not to do but he started it.” so and Louis felt sorry, so He Anna glanced at Lady did apologize to his mother. Thiang, whose own eyes To the contrary, prince were fixed on the Prince’s. Chulalongkhorn said that a Chulalongkorn was glaring man never tell woman that He at Louis, who stared back felt sorry about anything. unafraid. “In my country,” the Prince shouted, “Man never tell woman he is sorry about anything, ever!” If you had father, you would know that.”

26 At the front of the room General 74 Anna Leonowens sat, calmly Description: reading her Siamese primer. Wise Behind her the chalkboard, laboriously filling it with the same sentence: I WILL NOT FIGHT IN SCHOOL I WILL NOT FIGHT IN SCHOOL I WILL NOT FIGHT IN SCHOOL Beside the other chalkboard, Prince Chulalongkorn sat defiantly and glared at the English boy.

27 Most interesting, he thought, General 75 and looked at Anna Description: curiously. But to Lady Wise Thiang he only said, “Why?” She hesitated, reluctant to speak the truth. Finally she said haltingly, “Prince insult memory of boy’s dead father”.

28 Dust deepened to night, and Setting of time: In the night 77 still the Prince did note Night at the move. Behind him his guards Palace stood and occasionally drifted off the sleep, awakening with a start.

29 “Stay here,” She called to Setting of time: 80 Prince Chulalongkorn. Night at the The night was still, cooled by Palace an intermittent breeze and the gently plashing fountains. Anna stood in the path, listening anf there it came again.

30 The Kralahome drew himself Feminism: In the Jao Jom Manda Ung 85 up, deciding to try another Cultural case, Kralahome told Anna tack. “Mem leonowens,” he Feminism that Jao Jom was a daughter said in a tone of exaggerated of very influential family patience, “the Lady Jao Jom which was why she supposed Manda Ung is daughter of Setting of time: not to be punished. very influential family” Night at the “And when that woman La Palace Ore offered her the money, her mistress accused her of ingratitude and chained her like an animal in the yard where the Prince and I found her last night!”

31 “It is unconscionable!” Ana General Anna was a helpful woman. 85 cried, whirling to face him. Description: She helped people although Her cheeks were pale and her Helpful she did not know them well. hair disheveled, but her eyes Anna defended La Ore, a glittered dangerously as she Setting of social: slave of Lady Jao Jum Manda strode forward to meet him. Siamese Ung at the court. She gave “She has been left outside for her confession. six weeks, all because she tried to buy her own freedom!”

32 “She tricked me! She broke General Lady Jao Jom Manda Ung 96- into my own home, set my Description: denied by saying that Anna 97 servant free, then came to me Helpful was tricking her by broke into with an offer to buy her and her own house, set the servant

made payment!” Conflict: free then came to her with an “La Ore purchased her External offer to buy her and made freedom once, Your payment. Anna responded Majesty.” The calmly by giving an Englishwoman”s voice rang explanation that she had out clearly above the sound given her ring first and of the rain. She did not see continued to hold La Ore Prince Chulalongkorn, captured. standing off by himself behind a pillar and watching her in silence. “I believe had I given this woman my ring first, she would have kept it and continued to hold La Ore captive” Lady Jao Jom MandaUng glared at her as King Mongkut eyed them both wearily.

33 “Your Majesty” Conflict: Anna also gave her opinion 97 Anna took a deep breath, External by putting her reference that then continued. “In your in King Mongkut letter, He letter confirming my Feminism: claimed that He wanted Siam employment, you claimed Social Feminism to take its place among the you wanted Siam to take its nations of the modern world. place among the nations of Anna also reminded him that the modern world. You He spoke of building spoke of ‘building something something greater than greater’ than yourself ‘a himself, a country where no country where no man is man is above the law. above the law’. Which is why I chose to come here.” Finally: “Scholteacher has outstanding memory,” said the King.

34 She fell silent. King Conflict: Anna herself sometimes 97 Mongkut studied her, and Internal showed a feeling of silent under his fierce gaze Anna having a new journey in Siam looked away, embarrassed Palace, a place where she and, yes, perlpexed by what never imagined before. she had most uncustomarily revealed about the real reason she’d journeyed to Siam.

35 “Good morning, Lady Setting of time: In the morning, Lady Thiang, 102- Thiang,” Anna said. “How Morning at the King’s wife, introduced Anna 103 are you today?” Palace to Lady Tuptim. Lady Tuptim “I am well. Mem was King’s new concubine. Leonowens, thank you. This Anna greeted her warmly. is Lady Tuptim, sir. She is Lady thiang responded that new to palace also like your she wish also to learn writing self, but has no son to keep of English, she also added her company.” that she did that to please His “Hello, Lady Tuptim,” said Majesty. Seemed Tuptim’s Anna. “My name is Anna.” words had an odd feeling but “I wish also to learn writing Anna replied wisely that this of Englih, Mem,” Tuptim would also pleased Lady replied awkwardly. To please Tuptim. His Majesty, King Mongkut.” Anna stared at the young woman with curiosity. Tuptim’s empty gaze belied her words. The Englishwoman measured her own before saying, “Of course. But I should hope it would please Lady Tuptim as well.”

36 Others were learning, too. Setting of time: Every morning the class 105 Every morning Lady Tuptim Morning at the begun and Lady Tuptim showed up for class with the Palace never missed the class, Her children, taking her place at gesture looked serious the back of the room. For all learning Anna’s lesson but her promptness in arriving she actually did not quiet each day, and the serious focused upon her study as she expression she affected as appeared. Anna read excerpts from Shakespeare and Keats and Dickens, still the teacher suspected that Tuptim was not quite as focused upon her studies as she appeared.

37 The Chao Phraya River is Setting of place: Chao Phraya River is one of 109 lifeline to the most fertile Chao Phraya famous river in Thailand. It is valley in all of Asia, “King River lifeline to the most fertile Mongkut announced. He valley in all of Asia, as told gestured at the river loftily, King Mongkut.

as though he himself had created it.

38 “The King gazed at her. Feminism: King Mongkut felt grateful 140 “Thank you, Mem, for Cultural towards Anna and said thank humble validation,” he said Feminism you. He decided to have an softly. Then, “I, um, have anniversary dinner and invite decided to give self important English nobles and anniversary dinner, and diplomats. King Mongkut invite important English wanted the party was set into nobles and diplomates.” western style by confirming Anna looked confused. “I that the guests must felt like don’t understand.” at home. “As if to sound English bugles in own defense.” He nodded at her as though something had been decided. “You shall take charge of all formalities, as Mem is obvious choice to make certain guests feel at home.”

39 There were a poignant few Setting of time: At night, Anna was preparing 144 - minutes while Anna was Night at the the party by giving an 145 instructing a room full of Palace instruction to the servants. To servants on how the pour her surprised, all of the champagne. Without Feminism: servants dropped to the floor warning, they all dropped to Cultural seeing their King passing by. the floor, sending silver trays Feminism They did not care about the crashing and bottles flying in bottles and glasses dropped their wake, as Anna turned to crashed on the floor. King see the King in the back of Mongkut then cried ordered the hall. She threw her hands them to stand, and clarified up in frustation, but he took that this was only for one no notice. night. “Stand,” he commanded loudly. “All of you stand!” Slowly, with heartbreaking timidity, everyone stood. Anna watched, trying to keep her own emotions in check. “It is only for a night,” the King reminded her as he gazed disapprovingly upon this room full of upright citizens. “One night”

And with a scowl, he left.

40 A moment as the musicians Feminism: Anna presence in Siam has 159 paused, adjusting their Cultural brought a bit movement for instruments. Then, to Anna’s Feminism the King’s point of view. It astonishment, the plaintive was then the King honored strains of a waltz filled the the European custom of Great Hall. dancing after dinner. King Mongkut’s smile broadened at he suprise. “In honor our most distinguished guests, a waltz, as is European custom of dancing after dinner.”

41 The boy smiled, mimed General A boy sent a letter to Anna. 165- something that Anna could Description: In fact the letter was for Lady 166 not comprehend, then with a Helpful Khun Jao Tuptim. Anna then laugh whirled and raced off. gave the letter to her. Puzzled, she watched him go, and finnaly examined the tube. It was a sort of envelope, inside which a small parchment scroll could be rolled. Someone had written a name on the outside, in very small, fine back black English letters. KHUN JAO TUPTIM Anna frowned. A letter for Tuptim? From the family she had spoken of so fervently?

42 “Tuptim?” General Anna Leonowens was a 167 - She started from her reverie, Description: helpful woman. She did not 168 and then turned, palms Helpful differentiaded anybody and pressed together as she gazed gave a hand to those who respectfully at Anna. “I have needed. She gave the letter a surprise for you.” brought by a boy to Lady She handed the bamboo tube Tuptim, and Tuptim was very to her. As Tuptim read the thankful for that because it name inscribed there, her was a letter from her family. eyes widened. “How did you…?” Anna smiled. ”Actually, I’m not quite sure.”

Tuptimwaied deeply. “Thank you, Mem. My… family is very important to me.” “Then I shall leave you to enjoy every word.” As she left, Tupitim stared down at the message from her lover, her eyes welling.

43 Anna kept herself from Feminism: Anna and King Mongkut 214 smiling but instead looked Social Feminism were in a serious over at the King through a conversation about marriage. fringe of windblown hair, She began by asking whether and asked, “Don’t your his wife ever get jealous, wives ever get jealous?” because The King had so King Mongkut frowned. “I many wives and concubines. do not understand He answered that each of his significance of question.” wives believed the same “I’m prying. Forgive me.” about him. Anna continued The King leaned on his that according to her opinion mallet. “No, please. it was hardly to imagine Continue.” sharing her husband with “Most of the world believes anyone because He was hers. a man and woman should King Mongkut wondered and have a relationship which is said that was like a slave. In sacred unto them.” their last conversation, the “Each of my wives believes King replied that it was same about King.” Mongkut impossible for him to become replied matter of factly. a slave of a woman, his Anna hesitated. “Not country would called his everyone can mary you, country uncivilized. Your Majesty,” she said, “I could never imagine sharing my husband with anyone.” “Why not?” “Because...he’s mine.”...”Ha! Like slave.” “No!” Then, laughing, she added, “Well, perhaps, but strictly a voluntary one.” The King shook his head in mock dismay. “A man becomes slave to woman, and they call my country uncivilized.”

44 “Who is it?” she cried. General At night, Tuptim’s servant 227- “Please,” she whispered. “No Description: named Phim came to see 229 one must see me! I am Phim. Struggle Anna. She had a message for My Lady Tuptim needs Anna that her master Lady you.” Tuptim wanted to see Anna “Go then.” She commanded secretly. Anna then came to in a low voice. “Bring me to meet Anna and asked what her.” has going on. Lady Tuptim Phim pressed herself against explained her that She had the wall. From the darkness left the King because she did behind her another figure not love him and had another appeared, passing the young boyfriend named Balat. Anna girl and stepping out into the did not understand why she square. Feminism: did not come earlier to finish A slender figure with a Social Feminism her problem. She might have shaved head and eyebrows, helped her. Despite of that wearing the saffron robes of Tuptim thankful to Buddha a Buddhist monk. Tuptim. that Now she became a monk Anna gasped. “Dear girl, joining Khun Phra Balat. what have you done?” Tuptim approached her, hand outstretched. “What I have done is not result of King or intention to dishonor. A concubine’s is of no consequence to man consumed with matters of whole universe.” Anna shook her head in dismay. “Tuptim, why?” Why you didn’t come to me? The King might have understood. How could you do this to him? “If love was a choice, who would ever choose such exquisite pain? This is what I need His Majesty to know, if such does not compromise Mem.” “I will tell the King anything you wish, but-“ Tuptim smiled. “I thank Buddha for giving me direction, and now, with Mem before me, I thank him

for giving me a true friend.”

45 Two days passed. Each Setting of time: Unfortunately their meeting 229- morning Anna presented Night at the that night was followed. 230 herself at the door of the Palace Tuptim was caught, and Anna Kralahome’s rooftop suite; could not see her since then. each morning he failed to Anna then came to appear. Kralahome to find out about “Where is Tuptim?” Anna Tuptim. She knew that cried. Kralahome Knew about it.

46 Another gong echoed General Anna’s struggle did not stop 232 through the room. The Description: only by looking for her. Last magistrate raised his head Struggle of all, Anna came into and in a thundering voice Tuptim’s court session and proclaimed, “ gave her voice in the court, KhunJaoTuptim, you are although it seemed accused of a traitorous act impossible to Anna to save against His Majesty, King Tuptim, Anna gave her last Mongkut, which carries the effort by demanding the King penalty of death.” to cancel the court decision.

47 “I speak the truth!” she said Ge neral Tuptim tried to defend 235 desperately. She turned, Description: herself. She wanted Anna to searching the courtroom until Helpful tell the truth but it seemed she found Anna, and pointed. useless because Tuptim had “Mem Anna is here, she will left the King for another man tell you!” whish was not her husband. Anna hesitated, unsure of This was a big mistake for courtroom protocol, then Lady Tuptim. began to stand.

48 There were cries of outraged General Sadly, Anna’s voice did not 236 disbelief from the dowagers Description: useful in Tutim’s court as Judge PhyaPhrom and his Struggle session, because Justice Phya colleagues regarded Tuptim Phrom declaimed it in with incredulous amusement. English clearly That Mem “I speak the truth!” she said Leonowens has no voice in desperately. She turned, lady Tuptim “s court session. searching the courtroom until she found Anna, and pointed. “Mem Anna is here, she will tell you!” Anna hesitated, unsure of courtroom protocol, then began to stand. But before

she could do so, Justice PhyaPhrom declaimed, in English. “MemLeonowens has no voice here”

49 “Stop it!” General Anna’s struggled for 237- Heads turned as Anna sprang Description: Tuptim’s sake. She wanted 238 from her seat, shouting so Struggle the punishment of death loudly, her throat ached. “Do could be cancelled. Her you hear me? Don’t you dare emotion filling her heart, she lay another hand on her!” was shouting at the court Moonshee watched, asking for justice. speechless, as Anna pushed through the gallery toward Tuptim, past the sputtering Lady JaoJom and other dowagers. But before she could reach Tuptim, the guards grabbed her. Anna struggled with them, turning to shout at Justice PhyaPhrom.

50 “Thank you for seeing me General Anna then came to the King 238 Your Majesty,” she said, Description: which was there in the court, curtsying. “The Prime Struggle but King Mongkut agreed to Minister told me this was his Primme Minister that thiw none of my concern” Conflict: was none of her concern. Still “It is none of Mem’s External Anna give a reply, and before concern,” the King she could finish it, King interrupted,” and King is Mongkut cut her words by seeing you now tell you saying that He did not wish same himself.” her talk more to the King nor “Forgive me, Your Majesty, anyone. but” “I do not wish for you to talk more on this, Mem. To King or anyone”

51 The execution was scheduled Setting of time: The punishment of Lady 243 for the next morning. A royal Morning at the Tuptim was held in the next edict announced that a Palace morning, She was going to be parachik a corrupted monk executed in front of Siamese. and a nang ham were to die Together with Balat. They at the fifth hour after sunrise. were brought outside at the It was signed by the King. field.

An ox cart drew Tuptim anf Balat through a jeering crowd, onlookers shouting abuse at them from the edge of the field where a tattered banner reading SIAMESE CRICKET CLUB dangled forgotten from a tree.

52 From Anna’s house the Conflict: In the same day of Tuptim’s 246 drums sounded like muted Internal execution, Anna was in her thunder. When they abruptly house. She was standing in a grew silent, she was standing corner of her bedroom. So in a corner of her bedroom many feeling bursting her with her arms crossed tightly heart. She was sad, angry and againts her chest. Her breath upset. came in hoarse gasps. In the uneartly stillness that descended, the house around her seemed to grow dark, speared with flashes of white and crimson. She began to pace mindlessly. A terrible expression crept across her face,

53 Anna gazed at him without General Anna had completed her 254- understanding. The crowd Description: teaching in Siam Palace and 255 jostled them as he went on. Wise was about on her way to “King invented sighting so leave Thailand, But that he can escort royal Kralahome told her that the family to greet imaginary King was facing a rebellion beast, as is tradition.” and going to face it himself He took a breath. Anna because He wanted to be looked puzzled. “I don’t responsible as a King and a understand.” leader for his people of Siam. “Sir, there is a traitor Kralahome also asked Anna marching on the palace. to pursue King Mongkut to Deception’s only purpose is join his family to hide in the to hide royal children at Nong Khai monastery in the monastery in Nong Khai. I Conflict: jungle. Hearing that Anna have been deeply distrustful Internal then changed her mind, she of you, but my. King would join the King and his believes you are wise…” General army defending Siam Palace. His eyes welled. “Most Description:

probably. Even should Struggle deception succeed, harm may be fatal. Please, Mem you are only one who can persuade him to stay with children until army returns and palace is secure.” Merriment exploded all round them as Anna stood, silent. Finally she nodded, then turned. “Moonshe, Beebe tell then to hold our things, please.” “Mother?” Louis ran to her side.”What is it?” is it..” “A change of plans, “Anna said, her voice expressionless. She looked at the Kralahome. “Please, lead us to him, You Excellency.”

54 “There is a monastery in Setting of place: The monastery in Nong Khai 263 Nong Khai. Mongkut spent Non Khai was the place where the King half his life there.” Monastery used to spend half of his life there.

55 “What has happened?” cried Setting of place: King Mongkut ordered Anna 266 Anna Non Khai and the children to hurry to “You and the children must Monastery Nong Khai without the go on to Nong Khai without children and the King would me. Iwill meet you there.” meet them there, but Anna “No! I can see it in your eyes disagreed, she knew that something horrible is something terrible was happening.” happening. The King “Was no to be this way, explained that General Alak Mam.” The King gazed dully who led the rebellion had at the telescope. “Alak’s found them and if He found army has found us. If he them, the King would lose crosses the bridge, everyone everyone he loved. I love will die.” Anna blanced. “But they’re just children...” “Yes, and each one heir to the Chakri throne. Now you must hurry.”

56 Anna turned from where she Conflict: Anna and the children were 271 was repacking their things, Internal hiding. They did not go to the Louise’s bugle in her hand’s. monastery in Nong Khai. “What is it?” Louis was pointing at King “The King is riding toward Mongkut that riding toward the bridge! See?” “What?” the bridge. Anna had In her shock she dropped the arranged a strategy to cheat bugle, then found herself Alak’s army. staring down at it, the brass shining brightly in the mud like a spark, or a sword. “wait,” she whispered, and slowly retrieved the instrument. “Just wait..”

57 “You!” the King cried. General King Mongkut surprised for 280- Anna turned, startled. King Description: knowing Anna and the 281 Mongkut stared down, his Struggle children did not go to the expression unreadable, then monastery. Prince dismounted and strode over Chulalongkhorn soon to her. answered before Anna. He “Why did you not go to said that Anna should not be monastery like King order!?” fully blamed. The King could Clearing his throat, the only kept silence as because Crown Prince stepped Anna and the children had forward and bowed. saved his life and his army by “Mem Anna not fully to making a strategy using an blame, Father,” he said. explosion. “After all, you did put me in charge.” For a long, long moment, the King was utterly speechles. And the King smiled, remembering a bit of dinner party conversation. “To sound English bugles in own defense...” Anna smiled. “Yes” King Mongkut continued to stare thoughtfully at Louis’s instrument. Finally he said, “When King say handful of men could save all Siam, he was most unusually correct.”

58 The King continued to stare Setting of place: The King held a party to 288

at her, searching her face. The Grand celebrate their winning. King “What?” asked Anna. Terrace Mongkut asked Anna to “I am wondering if, given dance, and this was the circumstance, it is second time for them to dance appropriate for King to at the palace. The King ask…” seemed comfort circling his He paused.”…Anna to hand on her weist. dance.” Struggling to control herself, she replied, “I have danced with a king before, Your Majesty.” “And I, an Englishwoman.” Slowly he held out his hand. Anna placed hers in his, and he guided her down toward the Grand Terrace, his other hand circling her waist.

59 “Until now, Madam Feminism: In the middle of their dance, 288 Leonowens,” the King Social Feminism King whispered that until wishpered, “I did not now, he did not understand understand supposition man why a man could be satisfied could be satisfied with only with only one man. Anna one woman.” gave no reply; she just bit her Anna bit her lip. Then, lip and smiling through her smiling through her tears, tears. Then they joined their she nodded as the King led family and friends in the her out onto the terrace, waltz. where they joined their family and friends in the waltz.