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Diplôme D'etudes Scientifiques Spécialisés (DESS) UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Scientifiques Spécialisés (DESS) Sciences de l’Environnement Option : Biologie de Conservation ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE LA DIVERSITE DES REPTILES SUIVANT LES DIFFERENTS TYPES D’HABITATS (Forêt sèche, Forêt Galerie, Forêt de transition) DANS LE PARC NATIONAL D’ANDOHAHELA (MADAGASCAR) Présenté par : Mr RAKOTONDRASOA Eddie Fanantenana Devant le JURY composée de Président : Pr RAMINOSOA Noromalala Rapporteur : Dr RASELIMANANA Achille Examinateur : Dr RAKOTONDRAVONY Hery Encadreur pédagogique : Dr RAKOTONDRAVONY Daniel Encadreur professionnel : Mr THEISINGER Ole Soutenu publiquement le 01 juillet 2011 Promotion Avotr’Ala UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Scientifiques Spécialisés (DESS) Sciences de l’Environnement Option : Biologie de Conservation ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE LA DIVERSITE DES REPTILES SUIVANT LES DIFFERENTS TYPES D’HABITATS (Forêt sèche, Forêt Galerie, Forêt de transition) DANS LE PARC NATIONAL D’ANDOHAHELA (MADAGASCAR) Présenté par : Mr RAKOTONDRASOA Eddie Fanantenana Devant le JURY composée de Président : Pr RAMINOSOA Noromalala Rapporteur : Dr RASELIMANANA Achille Examinateur : Dr RAKOTONDRAVONY Hery Encadreur pédagogique : Dr RAKOTONDRAVONY Daniel Encadreur professionnel : Mr THEISINGER Ole Soutenu publiquement le 01 juillet 2011 REMERCIEMENTS Nous ne remercions jamais assez DIEU qui par son amour et sa grâce infinie a béni la réalisation de ce mémoire. Le présent mémoire de fin d’étude est le fruit de la collaboration et de soutient des différents personnes, de près et de loin, auxquelles nous tenons à exprimer notre profonde gratitude. • Docteur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY, Maître de conférences au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, coordonnateur du projet, notre encadreur pédagogique, a accepté de chercher le financement de nos stages sur terrain. Ses critiques constructives, ses encouragements et ses conseils durant la rédaction nous ont permis de réaliser ce travail. • Docteur Edmond ROGER, Maître de conférences au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Coordonnateur de la formation DESS-SE, qui malgré ses nombreuses occupations, nous a fourni des conseils et critiques constructives durant notre formation. • Aux professeurs et Enseignants Chercheurs, grâce à qui, nous avons compris combien le savoir est inépuisable durant les études théoriques. Nos sincères remerciements se destinent à tous les membres de jury : 9 Professeur RAMINOSOA Noromalala qui malgré ses nombreuses occupations, nous a fait un grand honneur et a accepté avec bienveillance d’être président du jury pour le présent mémoire. 9 Docteur RASELIMANANA Achille , rapporteur, qu’il nous soit permis de vous adresser ici, notre vive et sincère gratitude pour votre abnégation. 9 Docteur RAKOTONDRAVONY Hery, permettez-nous de vous exprimer nos vifs remerciements pour avoir bien voulu siéger comme membre du jury en qualité d’examinateur. Nous vous exprimons notre sincère reconnaissance. Nous voudrions exprimer notre gratitude à Monsieur Ole THEISINGER et Mademoiselle Wibbke BERG, doctorants à l’Université de Hambourg, qui nous ont conduits et nous ont encadré sur terrain. Nous tenons également à remercie le DAAD par la collaboration avec l’Université de Hambourg d’avoir financé les descentes sur terrains. Nos témoignages de reconnaissances sont adressés : - A la fondation MAC ARTHUR qui nous a permis à l’ensemble de notre promotion de réaliser notre étude par le financement du projet DESS-Sciences de l’Environnement. - A toutes les personnes du Madagascar National Park (les agents du Parc, tous les guides locaux) à Andohahela pour l’accueil chaleureux et l’aide précieuse qu’ils ont apportée durant notre recherche sur terrain. - A tous mes amis, et en particulier la promotion Avotr’Ala, pour leur aide et soutien précieux. Je dédie ma reconnaissance à ma fiancée Volatsara pour son soutien moral, spirituel et matériel tout au long de la réalisation de ce mémoire. Enfin, je tiens à adresser une spéciale gratitude à toute ma famille qui m’a toujours soutenu avec grand amour que ce soit moralement ou financièrement. Que Dieu soit toujours avec vous ! RESUME Une étude sur la diversité des reptiles le long du gradient environnemental a été menée dans la parcelle 2 du Parc National d’Andohahela du 12 octobre au 16 décembre 2009. L’étude a pour objectif de comparer la diversité des reptiles suivant les différents types des forêts (forêt sèche, galerie et de transition). La méthode de transect combinant les méthodes d’observation directe et la fouille systématiques des microhabitats ont été appliquées. D’une part, l’estimation de l’abondance relative et de la diversité taxonomique, a permis de caractériser la diversité des espèces ; et d’autre part, la méthode de classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH) a été utilisée pour la détermination de la distribution biogéographique. Ainsi, un total de 2287 individus réparti dans 50 espèces, 27 genres et 10 familles de reptiles a été inventorié dans huit sites différents. Suivant la distribution écologique des espèces, l’analyse a montré deux groupes : un groupe des forêts galerie/transition et un groupe des forêts sèches. Nombreuses espèces trouvées dans la forêt galerie pourraient être présentes dans la transition comme Phelsuma modesta, Lygodactylus roavolana. Mais celles caractéristiques de la forêt sèche comme Tracheloptychus madagascariensis sont aussi abondantes. Des mesures de conservation doivent être renforcées afin de préserver les espèces contre les menaces. Mots Clés : Reptiles, Inventaire, Diversité, Types des forêts, Conservation, Parc National d’Andohahela, ABSTRACT Study on the diversity of reptile along the environmental gradient has been conducted in parcel 2 of the Andohahela National Park from 12 October to 16 December, 2009. The goal of this study is to compare the diversity of reptile across various types of forests (dry, gallery and transitional forests).The estimates of relative abundance and taxonomic diversity have permitted to characterize the species diversity. In addition, cluster analysis hierarchical was used to determine biogeographical distributions. A total of 2287 individuals from 50 species, 27 genera and 10 families of reptiles were found and identified in eight different sites. The analysis shows two groups according to the ecological distribution: a group of gallery/transitional forests and the dry forests. Many species in the gallery forest could be present in the transitional one such as Phelsuma modesta, Lygodactylus roavolana. However dry forest specialists such as Tracheloptychus madagascariensis are also abundant. Conservation measures have to be reinforced to protect species against threats. Keywords: Reptiles, Inventory, Diversity, Forests types, Conservation, Andohahela National Park. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………… 1 PARTIE I : PRESENTATION DU MILIEU D’ETUDE……………………………….. 3 I.1. MILIEU PHYSIQUE………………………………………………………………. 3 I.1.1. LOCALISATION ET HISTORIQUE……………………………………………… 3 I.1.2. HYDROLOGIE…………………………………………………………………….. 5 I.1.3. CLIMATOLOGIE………………………………………………………………….. 5 I.1.1.1. Température………………………………………………………………………… 5 I.1.1.2. Précipitations……………………………………………………………………….. 6 I.1.1.3. Courbe Ombrothérmique…………………………………………………………… 6 I.1.1.4. Variation climatique dans les trois parcelles……………………………………….. 7 I.1.4. PEDOLOGIE………………………………………………………………………. 7 I.2. MILIEU 8 BIOTIQUE………………………………………………………………... 8 I.2.1. VEGETATION……………………………………………………………………... 12 I.2.2. FAUNE……………………………………………………………………………... 12 I.3. POPULATION……………………………………………………………………... 13 I.4. SITES D’ETUDES…………………………………………………………………. 16 PARTIE II : MATERIELS ET METHODES…………………………………………... 16 II.1. ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ET CARTOGRAPHIQUE……………………….. 16 II.1.1. ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE…………………………………………………….. 16 II.1.2. ETUDE CARTOGRAPHIQUE…………………………………………………….. 16 II.2. MATERIELS DE TERRAIN………………………………………………………. 17 II.3. METHODOLOGIE………………………………………………………………… 17 II.3.1. METHODES D’ECHANTILLONNAGE………………………………………….. 17 II.3.1.1. Observation directe………………………………………………………….......... 17 II.3.1.2. Fouille systématique des microhabitats…………………………………………. 18 II.3.1.3. Méthode des trous pièges………………………………………………………… 20 II.3.2. TECHNIQUES ET METHODES D’IDENTIFICATION DES SPECIMEN…….. 20 II.3.2.1. Prise de photos des individus représentatifs………………………………............ 20 II.3.2.2. Utilisation des livres guides………………………………………………………. i 21 II.3.3. METHODES D’ANALYSE DES DONNEES…………………………………….. 21 II.3.3.1. Caractéristique de la diversité des reptiles…………………............................. 21 a. Abondances relatives………………………………………………………………. 21 b. Diversité taxonomique…………………………………………………………...... 22 II.3.3.2. ANALYSE DE LA DISTRIBUTION ECOLOGIQUE………………………….. 22 a. Test du khi deux……………………………………………………………………. 23 b. Analyse de l’affinité biogéographique : similarité de Jaccard…………………….. 23 c. Analyse des préférences écologiques………………………………………………. 24 PARTIE III : RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATION………………………………… 24 III.1. RESULTATS GLOBAUX…………………………………………………………. 27 III.2. DIVERSITE BIOLOGIQUE……………………………………………………….. 27 III.2.1. RICHESSE SPECIFIQUE ……………………………………………………….. 31 III.2.2. ABONDANCE RELATIVE ………………………………………………………. 31 III.2.2.1. Abondance relative des reptiles par site………………………………………… 32 III.2.2.2. Abondance relative des reptiles par famille…………………………………….. 33 III.2.2.3. Dominance des espèces le long du gradient………………………………...........
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