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Assessment of Natural Resource Conditions, Isle Royale National Park

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Assessment of Natural Resource Conditions, Isle Royale National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Assessment of Natural Resource Conditions Isle Royale National Park Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRR—2010/237 ON THE COVER Left: Lichens on Rock at Davidson Island (Photograph by Dave Mechenich) Top Right: Foggy Morning at Scoville Point (Photograph by Dave Mechenich) Bottom Right: Sunrise on Davidson Island (Photograph by Steve Seiler) Assessment of Natural Resource Conditions Isle Royale National Park Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRR—2010/237 George J. Kraft David J. Mechenich Christine Mechenich Center for Watershed Science and Education College of Natural Resources University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Stevens Point, WI 54481 James E. Cook Steven M. Seiler College of Natural Resources University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Stevens Point, WI 54481 This report was prepared with funding from the National Park Service under Task Agreement J2380085505 of the Great Lakes Northern Forest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit under Cooperative Agreement CA H6000082000 between the National Park Service and the University of Minnesota. September 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer-reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the NPS Water Resources Division (http://www.nature.nps.gov/water/) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM). Please cite this publication as: Kraft, G. J., D. J. Mechenich, C. Mechenich, J. E. Cook, and S. M. Seiler. 2010. Assessment of natural resource conditions: Isle Royale National Park. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRR—2010/237. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 139/105526, September 2010 ii Contents Page Figures............................................................................................................................................ ix Tables ............................................................................................................................................ xii Appendices ................................................................................................................................... xiv Commonly Used Abbreviations .................................................................................................... xv Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... xvii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xxii Introduction and Park Description .................................................................................................. 1 Island Communities and Regions ............................................................................................ 3 Ecologic Groups Based on Vegetation Mapping ..................................................................... 3 Lake Superior Communities and Regions ............................................................................... 4 Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Historic and Current Uses ........................................................................................................ 7 Soils and Geology .................................................................................................................... 9 Lake Superior ................................................................................................................................ 13 Physical Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 13 Coastal Geomorphic Zones and Processes ............................................................................ 16 Coastal Wetlands and Nearshore Habitats ............................................................................. 16 Lake Superior Shorelands ...................................................................................................... 19 USEPA Shoreline Types .................................................................................................... 19 Great Lakes Rocky Shores (Ecologic Group 5) ................................................................ 19 Shoreline Rock Pools ........................................................................................................ 22 Biologic Resources ................................................................................................................ 22 Aquatic and Shoreline Vegetation .................................................................................... 22 iii Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Aquatic Invertebrates, and Benthos .................................. 23 Lake Superior Fish Communities...................................................................................... 25 Fish Abundance and the Commercial and Sport Fishery ................................................. 28 Ecosystem Condition ............................................................................................................. 31 Offshore Water Quality ......................................................................................................... 33 Nutrients ............................................................................................................................ 33 Dissolved Oxygen.............................................................................................................. 36 Alkalinity, Specific Conductance, and pH ........................................................................ 37 Major Cations and Anions ................................................................................................ 37 Temperature ...................................................................................................................... 37 Critical Pollutants and Substances of Emerging Concern ............................................... 39 Nearshore Water Quality ....................................................................................................... 40 Total and Fecal Coliform Bacteria ................................................................................... 40 Contaminants in Fish and Other Organisms .......................................................................... 41 Inland Aquatic Resources ............................................................................................................. 43 Physical Description .............................................................................................................. 43 Lakes ................................................................................................................................. 43 Streams .............................................................................................................................. 48 Wetlands ............................................................................................................................ 50 Northern Shrub/Graminoid Fens and Bogs (Ecologic Group 1) ..................................... 52 Wet Meadows and Marshes (Ecologic Group 3) .............................................................. 56 Northern Conifer and Hardwood Forest and Shrub Swamps (Ecologic Group 4) .......... 56 River-Associated Wetlands ............................................................................................... 57 Groundwater ..................................................................................................................... 57 Biologic Resources ................................................................................................................ 61 iv Fish Communities ............................................................................................................
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