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VOL. 3 • NO. 4 WE ARE NOW observing the about 85 per cent of the world's population today would one hundredth anniversary of have to be agricultural in order to maintain life. the introduction of Cyrus Today, a full century after the first introduction of Hall McCormick's Virginia the McCormick Reaper overseas, International Har­ Reaper to the world at the vester operations reach into all sections of the globe. famous Crystal Palace Exhi­ Overseas business is handled through the International bition of Industries of All Na­ Harvester Export Company, a separate organization tions in London, England. In from the parent company. To market its farm machines, this centennial year, we com­ motor trucks, industrial power, and refrigeration units, memorate the beginning of International Harvester has established subsidiary com­ one of the world's largest and oldest foreign traders, a panies in 19 countries outside of the United States. pioneer in global markets. International Harvester Com­ These subsidiaries maintain 11 IH manufacturing plants pany, the organization that was formed fifty years after and 63 branch houses. In addition, there are 170 distrib­ the initial introduction of McCormick's reaper in world utors with 112 branches located throughout the world. markets, developed along free enterprise lines from the In all, International Harvester is represented in 128 little reaper plant of Cyrus Hall McCormick until today countries. its operations blanket the globe. We now find International Harvester Company's Had it not been for the deep-rooted predilection of foreign and domestic markets developed far beyond the Cyrus Hall McCormick to advance the best interests of hopes and dreams of the company's original founders. the world's greatest and most vital industry—agriculture Yet, the aims of the company today are essentially the —and his unswerving firmness of purpose in bringing it same as theirs; to build and distribute products for the to a realization, the world might still be as it was in the betterment of individuals and entire nations everywhere. nineteenth century. The McCormick Reaper was the first step in setting mankind free from the slavery of hand labor needed for the development of cities and of indus­ President tries. Without labor-saving machinery on the farm, International Harvester Company THE BEGINNING... a young man with a dream

ROM THE DAWN of civilization down to the nine­ the Alleghanies could be seen. teenth century, agricultural processes were performed The parents of Cyrus Hall McCormick were of Scotch-Irish almost entirely by manual labor. Before the perfec­ descent. His father, Robert McCormick, was the owner of 1,800 tion of the reaper by Cyrus Hall McCormick, agri­ acres of excellent valley land and operated upon his estate a num­ culture struggled along from the beginning of time ber of industries, including a flour mill, and a carpenter and blacfc with the same arduous harvesting methods. McCor­ smith shop. He possessed more than a local reputation for mechani­ mick's machine was the first step toward the mechanization of cal ingenuity; an ingenuity which subsequently became strongly agriculture and pointed the way to the machine age of this industry. and prominently developed in his son, Cyrus. This year when the centenary of the introduction of Cyrus Hall The elder McCormick invented a number of devices to sim­ McCormick's Virginia Reaper into world markets is being observed plify the labors of the farm and the idea of building and perfecting around the globe, it is appropriate to reflect on the man who con­ a reaping machine, as a means of saving much of the heavy work tributed immeasurably to world progress. and time consumed in the harvest, had engaged his attention for The life history of Cyrus Hall McCormick, inventor, manufac­ many years..In 1816, Robert McCormick built a clumsy reaping turer, and benefactor, is that of one of the outstanding innovators machine in his own blacksmith shop. This contrivance proved to of all times. He was born on Feb. 15, 1809 in the valley of Walnut be a failure and cost McCormick years of disappointing experi­ Grove, Rockbridge County, Virginia. The ments and a large expenditure of money surroundings of his early life presented a but when it proved inoperative, it was fi­ panorama of fields of waving grain, inter­ nally abandoned by him. spersed with streams, hills, and comfortable Cyrus Hall McCormick watched his homes. The Blue Ridge Mountains towered father's experiments with interest. He spent over the valley to the east and to the west many months in the harvest fields and tKUM THIS 1831

knew the importance of a machine that would relieve the farmer of the heaviest labor at harvest time. At the age of fifteen, Cyrus in­ vented a lightweight grain cradle which enabled him to keep up with the older men in the reaping of wheat. In 1831, he patented a hillside plow, and in 1833, another improved plow. In 1831, Robert McCormick made his last unsuccessful trial with his reaping machine and gave up this project. But meanwhile, Cyrus began working out a new principle which proved successful and is still used in the harvesting machines of today. In the hillside blacksmith shop he built a machine which successfully cut grain. The first public trial of Cyrus McCormick's machine took place in July, 1831, in a field near Steele's Tavern, not far from Walnut Grove. Curious neighbors came from all over to witness the trial. The young inventor walked behind his machine while Jo Anderson, his faithful helper, walked beside the machine, raking the platform clear of cut grain. Thus the first step in mechanized harvesting, from manpower to horsepower, was accomplished. Though still not perfect, the McCormick reaper was employed in cutting fifty acres of wheat in 1832. In 1834, Cyrus patented his machine. The next year, however, the machine was temporarily laid aside when the McCormick family engaged in smelting iron ore. The panic of 1837 brought about a greatly reduced price in iron and ruined the enterprise. Consequently, Cyrus Hall McCor­ mick again turned his attention to the reaper. In the old blacksmith shop, Cyrus, aided by his father and two brothers, Leander and William, finally began to build machines for sale. The first one was sold in 1840; in 1842, they sold a half- dozen; in 1843, seven; in 1844, twenty-five; and in 1845, fifty. In this year, the first consignment was sent to the western prairies of the United States. Young McCormick had the sagacity to see that his principal market was in the great fields of the West, and that the blacksmith shop on his farm was inadequate to handle the needs of manufac­ turing. McCormick then took a horseback trip through Illinois, Ohio, Missouri, and Wisconsin, to study the advantages of several larger cities for the purpose of introducing his reaper. In 1847, he chose Chicago, Illinois as his city of opportunity. Arriving in Chicago in the late summer of that year, McCor­ mick found a city with a population of 16,859; a roistering, brawl­ ing, young metropolis. Chicago offered McCormick all the advan­ tages he was seeking since it was strategically located at the cross- TO THIS 1951

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777 J ii g^ ^ • ::7 roads of river and lake shipping and was situated in the center of a vast grain producing area. On the north bank of the Chicago River, McCormick built his factory and in the year following seven hundred reapers were built and sold. This factory was a great improvement over the meager ^Z^Z^Z •',. •,^ZZ^r,.$r.Z facilities at Walnut Grove. The ensuing years saw a period of ex­ v : ; : pansion that brought more machinery, more power, and more men • V -~' '' "- -' into the factory to keep pace with the growing demand for reapers. With the success of his machine now thoroughly established at home, McCormick turned his attention to the grain producing countries abroad. The Old World, during this period, viewed with suspicion any device which seemed to promise a lessening of hand labor, or to deviate in any way from the old and traditional farming customs. At first Europe was inclined to be prejudiced against the [%tmi?Z .;<• ^% tW!Z&<&;*i'.:??•?$$'.':''frtf-f&z&S- introduction of the reaper. But after a very short period, the reaper proved its immense usefulness to leading agriculturists and the no­ The scythe was for centuries the most efficient method of harvesting grain. bility and surmounted the prejudice arrayed against it. With this, one man could only cut on an average of about one acre each day. To introduce his reaper, McCormick exhibited his machine at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London in 1851. After receiving the highest award of the Fair, the Council Medal, McCormick em­ barked on a campaign of introducing his machine to the other countries abroad through the media of fairs and exhibitions. The sale of the McCormick machines rapidly became world­ wide. In all the grain countries of Europe, in Persia, India, and Australia, in South Africa, and South America the whir of the reapers' knives were heard. In 1858, Cyrus McCormick married Miss Nettie Fowler, a daughter of Melzar Fowler of Jefferson County, New York. Their children were: Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., and Harold F. McCor­ •,«7^7 C7. 77 mick, both of whom later became Chairman of the Board of In­ : ternational Harvester Company; Anita McCormick, who married •/ z-z:" ; Emmons Blaine; Mary Virginia McCormick; Stanley McCormick, ••••: who was very active in the early formative days of International The cradle came after the scythe before McCormick's perfection of the r Harvester Company; and Robert and Alice McCormick, the latter In cradling of grain, two acres was considered a day's work by most farmers. two failing to survive their first year. The Great Chicago fire of 1871 consumed the McCormick Works on the banks of the Chicago River. But the smoke of its embers had barely died away before McCormick began to rebuild. In 1872 a new factory was planned and built for more modern production. The new Works was situated in an open field on the outskirts of the city. Today, in this spacious factory, one of the Hi "J oldest and largest farm machine plants in the world, some 8,000 persons are employed in the manufacture of grain binders, mowers, rakes, husker-shredders, harrows, ensilage cutters and harvesters, and other farm implements. z Even toward the end of his lifetime, McCormick continued to advocate the expansion of foreign markets. He lived to see his products in use in every section of the civilized world. It was said that the sun never set without a McCormick reaper having been at work in some harvest field or meadow in some quarter of the globe.

The year 1884 saw the well-filled life of Cyrus Hall McCor­ Though several men were needed to bind the grain cut by McCormick's mick come to a close. He died on May 13, at his Rush Street home reaper, it was a great improvement over the traditional harvesting methods. in Chicago. A sculptor's bust of Cyrus Hall Mc­ Cormick (1809-1884), perfector of the world's first successful reaper in 1831 i and one of the original founders of the harvesting machinery industry.

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DAWN OF IH FOREIGN TRADE CENTURY The Crystal Palace Exhibition

Y 1850 THE PRELIMINARY experimental period of of All Nations in London in the spring of 1851 furnished a spec­ mechanical reaping in the United States was over. tacular opportunity for the first introduction of reapers from the Cyrus McCormick, securely established at Chicago, United States into the grain fields of Europe. each season marketed about fifteen hundred ma­ Two years prior to the Great Exhibition, Cyrus Hall McCormick chines to farmers as widely separated as New York was already planning the presentation of his machine in England. and California, Texas and New Jersey. His main McCormick intended to present a specially-built reaper to the competitor was Obed Hussey whose reaper had also proven its Royal Agricultural Society of England through its president, Prince worth. Albert. However, this machine did not leave the United States until Crop failures in Europe in the late 1840's as well as labor the early spring of 1851. scarcities created by widespread emigration of farm workers to With visitors in London from all parts of the world, McCor­ urban areas, brought about an urgent need mick felt the news of his implement would for quicker and better harvesting methods. be carried to every grain area of the globe With McCormick and Hussey in America by exhibiting it in the Great Fair. Hussey ready for new fields to conquer and with also prepared a reaper for the Exposition, Europe desperately needing agricultural but McCormick outgeneraled him by send­ changes, the Exhibition of the Industries ing along with his machine an expert me- chanic, D. C. McKenzie, "a homespun Yankee" of Livingston County, New York. The Great Exhibition of 1851, itself, comprised one of the most outstanding success stories of the nineteenth century. Local exhibitions were held in the British Isles in the early 1800's but it was not until 1847 that the Society of Arts staged the first of a series of modern exhibitions of manufacturers. The new series of industrial exhibitions proved a success with the first one in 1847 drawing 20,000 visitors and the second in 1848, receiving 70,000. The 1849 exhibition brought still more success, and some 100,000 visitors. It was then decided to hold a great National Quin­ quennial Exhibition in 1851. Funds were subscribed and designs were submitted to the Royal Commission. A plan for a building constructed mainly of iron and glass, submitted by Mr. Joseph Paxton was accepted and in July, 1850, construction was begun. In seven months the building was completed and immediately at­ tracted a great deal of attention. Because of its glass construction The United States section at the Great Exhibition presented products of it became known as "The Crystal Palace." American industry, primarily those concerned with agricultural work and In May, 1851, the building was officially opened by Her utilitarian pursuits rather than with artistic articles and products of luxury, Majesty Queen Victoria. By 11:30 on the first morning a crowd of over 25,000 men and women packed the aisles of the Crystal Cyrus Hall McCormick's Virginia Reaper had a conspicuous Palace. The London Times wrote, "It will be remembered as being place in the American exhibit. "A cross between a flying machine, the first time in the world's history that nations did not profit a wheelbarrow, and an Astley chariot," said the London Times. by each others' losses, but that they grew to be great and thriving "An extravagant Yankee contrivance," . . . "huge, unwieldy, un­ by each others' prosperity and works." sightly, and incomprehensible," stated others. Concerning the At the opening ceremonies, Queen Victoria declared, "The American exhibit, the Times wrote, "Other nations rely upon their Exhibition is opened and it is no longer a private undertaking proficiency in the arts, or in manufacture, or in machinery, for but identified with the history of the world." Prince Albert said, production effect. Not so with America, she is proud of her agri­ "The first impression which the view of this vast collection will cultural implements which will be rejected as worthless." produce will be that of deep thankfulness to Almighty for His The local scorn was difficult to face, but an atmosphere was blessings. These blessings can only be realized in proportion to created that made the subsequent successes particularly gratifying. the help which we are prepared to render to each other by peace, After the yacht "America" had outsailed all competitors, after the love, and ready assistance, not only between individuals, but be­ Colt revolver had found no equal, and when the significance of tween the nations of the earth." india-rubber was made clear, the reaction of the English press The number of exhibitors in the Exposition totalled 13,937 changed completely. with 7,381 from the British Isles and Empire. There were over By August of 1851 even the London Times said, "Every prac­ 100,000 individual exhibits and the estimated value was about tical success of the season belonged to the Americans," and "The £•2,000,000. In the 141 days of the Exhibition, a total of 6,039,195 American exhibit has justly assumed a position of first importance persons visited the fair grounds. as having brought to the aid of our distressed agriculturists, a McCormick and Hussey did not arrive in London until the machine, which if it realized the anticipation of competent judges, late summer of 1851, three months after the start of the Exhibition. will amply remunerate England for all her outlay connected with During the first few months of the Fair the English press ridiculed the Great Exhibition." the American exhibits, which seemed barren beside the magnif­ The McCormick reaper, subsequently, was awarded the high­ icent displays of the Europeans. To compete with the silks, statuary, est award of the Exposition, the Council Medal. This medal was and jewelry of Europe, the Americans featured Hiram Powers' not bestowed merely because this machine appeared to surpass the Greek Slave and Fisher Boy statues, Charles Goodyear's india- others on display but because it defeated the others in a practical test rubber, Samuel Colt's six-shooter, and McCormick's and Hussey's in wheat. The test trial took place at Tiptree Heath on July 24, reapers. In short, the Americans presented a cross-section of Amer­ 1851. Neither Hussey nor McCormick was present but nearly two ican life, emphasizing the useful rather than the beautiful. hundred spectators braved the "sour, dark, drenching day," as

The opening ceremony of the Crystal Palace Exhibition, May 1, 1851. The The Exhibition was closed to the public on the 11th of October, 1851, and Royal Family, including Queen Victoria, are on the dais. Grouped by Osier's the closing ceremony took place on October 15. Close to 50,000 people Crystal Fountain are the officials and commissioners of the Great Exhibition. packed the Crystal Palace main hall to witness this impressive ceremony.

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^SSmZSZSZH::nmHH mm^t ^m*m:^m^ JBJJW«kUSfcIr. London Exposition and the Imperial Society of Agriculture in France were the two most notable awards of the 1862 season. Exhibitions and field trials in England, Scotland, Belgium, Italy, Austria-Hungary, the German States, and Russia, brought McCor­ mick a harvest of prizes. The climax of this round of victories came in July, 1863 when the Hamburg International Agricultural Exhi­ bition awarded McCormick its highest prize "for the practical introduction and improvement of the Reaper Machine." Even with this success the grain-growers of the Continent were slow to take advantage of the reaper. Labor was said to be too cheap in Prussia, farms too small in France and England, ridges too high in Italy, and money too scarce in Russia. In 1867 Emperor Napoleon III sought to revive his waning popularity by staging an international exposition in Paris. McCor­ mick entered his reaper and in a field contest at Fouilleuse on July 27 defeated all other entrants. At a colorful ceremony in Tuileries on January 5, 1868, McCormick received the Grand Prize from the Emperor as a "benefactor of mankind" and as a "skillful mech­ anician." Despite this recognition, the McCormick fortunes in the foreign field were at their lowest ebb. The disastrous Chicago Fire of October, 1871, leveled the McCormick factory and he became ab­ sorbed in reconstruction. In that year, over six million dollars of agricultural machinery left the United States for Europe but scarcely a case was marked with the McCormick trademark. By March, 1872, McCormick was almost out of touch with his overseas interest.

For centuries before the perfection of the Virginia Reaper, men The Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia came op­ were chained to the soil. The McCormick reaper soon inspired portunely to turn the tide. Here, many sightseers from foreign lands the invention of many new labor-saving agricultural machines. examined the new McCormick wire-binder and his other machines. Visitors returned from this Exposition carrying the message to the world that McCormick had kept pace with progress and was pre­ Horace Greeley described it, to witness the contest. With McKenzie paring to sell his machines wherever grain was harvested. As a at the helm, the McCormick reaper moved ahead through the result, the doors were opened to the Australian and New Zealand wheat at a speed estimated to harvest twenty acres a day. markets, the largest and most profitable in McCormick's lifetime. During the next four years, McCormick, Hussey, and Bell, a In 1878, Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., graduated from Princeton British reaper manufacturer, contended for the patronage of Eng­ and started his long career in his father's business. He shared his lish landlords. At the same time, a less intense rivalry was in prog­ parent's enthusiasm for the foreign branch of the business and ress across the channel in France. The International Exposition in took the view that, "The overseas markets should be developed Paris in 1855 furnished a new opportunity for McCormick and his with consistent vigor or not at all." competitors to enter the French market. At a contest held by the By 1880 the McCormick reaper was the leading machine of its Exposition in LaTrappe, France, the McCormick reaper again type wherever grass and grain was grown throughout the civilized emerged victorious and was awarded the Grand Gold Medal of world. Cyrus Hall McCormick during his lifetime marketed about Honor, highest award of the Exposition. 12,000 machines outside of the United States of America. Although From France, the news of the American machine traveled to his actual profit was little, the most gratifying result to him for his Austria, Prussia, Poland, and Germany. In such fashion did the thirty-five years of effort to place his machines in foreign harvest story of the McCormick reaper spread from Algeria to Moscow fields was the realization that by 1880 his name stood for integrity and from London to Australia. and progress the world around. When the International Harvester During the following year in Europe, McCormick's machine Company was founded two decades later and began to develop the won for him many trophies, as Greeley put it, "like the row of foreign markets, the McCormick name and reputation furnished a scalps worn by a successful Choctaw Indian." Medals from the sound foundation upon which to build.

An early drawing depicts an artist's conception of the original McCormick The history of agriculture is one of progress. Unlike this farmer of 1831, the Reaper in operation on the Walnut Grove farm in Virginia in the year 1831. farmer of today gets bigger and better yields with much less effort or labor.

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THROUGH ONE HUNDRED HARVESTS a review of McCormick • International Harvester Foreign Trade Century

NTERNATIONAL TRADE has grown to become a big The machine-age and transport joined forces to keep pace in business in the century since 1851 when the first feeding, clothing, and housing the fastly growing, unevenly dis­ McCormick reaper was sent overseas to speed the tributed world population which more than doubled its total in l harvests of the world. Much of the unprecedented the century to over 2,500,000,000. New fields of endeavor in the world progress since that date can be traced to that Old and New Worlds were opened up and millions of migrants E • event. It changed the economic tempo of the world; moved about restlessly to blaze new economic trails. it fired the imagination of creative man to new heights; and for Historians attribute to mechanical farming the trail that led at the first time in history removed the constant threat of hunger. least 20,000,000 immigrants to a new life in America. The result­ The basic principle of international trade—that of exchange of ing vacuum created in the European labor market and the surplus surplus production for deficiencies of other products—has changed grain exported by enterprising immigrants to their mother countries little throughout the ages. Columbus set sail in the 15th century in forced their forebears later to adopt modern production methods search of markets much in the same way as McCormick did in 1851 to meet this new competition. At the time the reaper was first in­ and as world traders in 1951 apply the scientific approach to the troduced to the world in England there were some 7,500 machines art of buying and selling in world markets. Man's ambition for already at work in America's rapidly expanding croplands. exchange of rare and basic products dates back to the beginning of This competition was one of McCormick's greatest assets in time. And through the years products have become more refined to merchandising his machine to the Old World, once he obtained create greater demands from more distant points. the hard-earned endorsements of the royal agricultural societies, the But the big difference in the McCormick-International Har­ nobility, and leading farmers of Europe. Even the mighty grain vester Foreign Trade Century was the emphasis placed upon pro­ basket in the Ukraine was forced to abandon its cheap hand labor ductiveness—of farm products in particular—that created the surplus harvesting methods in the reaper's conquest of the world. which could be exchanged for the skilled production of other The agricultural march of progress was steadfast throughout products. In fact, it was McCormick's machine that released many the McCormick-International Harvester Foreign Trade Century. It men from agricultural pursuits to develop new fields in industry, moved forward undaunted by the long chain of economic deter­ commerce, education, the professions, and the arts. rents such as wars, floods, droughts, depressions and recessions, The development of effective transport on both land and sea crop failures, political upheavals, strong waves of nationalism, occurred about the beginning of the McCormick-International Har­ cartels, protective tariffs, dollar shortages, exchange controls and vester century to provide the link to industrial progress. Before this expropriations. Nothing could stop the wizardry of the machine century was over new and faster modes of transport came upon the age. In fact, some of the setbacks, particularly the war periods, high­ scene to draw the trading communities of the world closer together. lighted more than ever the need for labor-saving machines. International Harvester was also prominent in that development Nations adjusting their economies to mechanical production through the addition of the motor truck. reaped quickly the benefits flowing from maximum production. Those holding on to their traditional methods have never risen to first-rate powers. They are as much concerned today about the basic national job of feeding their citizens as they were 100 years ago. The roster of the nations of the world reflects clearly those who accepted and those who rejected the progress of the machine age. The machine age waited for no man or nation. Failure was in store even for the progressive who dared resting on his laurels. The extensive foreign trade of International Harvester Company would never have been born had Cyrus Hall McCormick's inventive genius been lulled into contentment by the medals of honor which he gained for his reaper. Early in the 20th Century horse and ox power started to give way to the powerful tractor, marking the real beginning of all- purpose power farming. Similarly the century of progress forced the old canal boat to make room for the iron horse and subsequently even the most modern railroads had to share the transport job with the speedy airplane and the versatile motor truck. The silent sailing ship was outmoded by steam propelled and now diesel-powered vessels. The gas lamp could not stand-in the light of the incandescent bulb. The carriage lost the race with the automobile. The wagon could not compete with the motor truck. Rubber and plastics took their rightful places in the century's hall of product fame. Now television is leaving its mark upon the com­ munications field. Diesels are rapidly replacing steam and challeng­ ing heavy-duty gasoline engines. Where atomic energy, in the hands of genius and free men, will take the world before the close of the 20th Century remains only a question of "how far?" Great cities throughout the world a century ago now are infi­ nitely greater; new cities have sprung up in the prairies. The ex­ panding cities have quickly absorbed and encouraged the constant march of new industries and the millions of workers released from farms through mechanization. The cities have become huge mar­ kets for the farmer's produce. The industrialization upsurge has in­ creased the utilization of grain and marked the early beginning of the rising standard of living. HEPRINCIPLES THAT SURVIVE A CENTURY Agriculture set the pace in the world race toward progress, es­ tablishing its most remarkable labor-saving record in the United The seven basic principles devised by McCormick for his States where nearly 4,000,000 tractors are now in use. Almost un­ believable is the fact that in the U.S. today a million and a quarter first reaper and which are still in use today are:— fewer farm hands than in 1830 produce with comparative ease a bounty large enough to feed a population that has grown more The straight serrated knife with reciprocal motion. than twelve-fold in the century, with enough surplus remaining to The guards to hold the grain stalks being cut. supply between 40 and 50% of the total world export grain traffic. The platform to receive the cut grain. In 1830, 80 per cent of the population of the United States with sickle and scythe were needed to feed the population of only The reel to lay the cut grain on the platform. 12,886,020. By July, 1951, the total population had increased to an The divider on the left to separate the grain to be estimated 154,000,000; yet only 8,035,000 farm workers equipped cut. with modern agricultural machinery were needed to give America The main wheel on the right, taking the most of the the world's richest diet and yet at the same time enabling her to weight and providing drive. send nearly one-half of her grain production abroad. Truly, international commerce has grown to become big busi­ Forward draught from the right and in the front of ness in the McCormick-International Harvester Century. The com­ the main wheel. merce between nations, compensating as it does for the maladjust­ ments in the distribution of people, raw materials, and industry is not static. Agricultural and farm products account for more than one-third of the value of goods exchanged between nations. The total world grain movement alone averaged 30,000,000 metric tons a year in the last five years. Meanwhile, the business of producing agricultural equipment for the world's farmers and industrial users has grown to become one of the world's leading industries. Total shipments of these products from United States manufacturing plants alone in recent years have hovered around the $2,000,000,000 mark, with exports accounting for about two-thirds of the world's total trade in these products. World tractor production recently exceeded 1,000,000 units a year. McCormick-International Harvester's century of pio­ neering has elevated the company to the front ranks of the industry. McCormick-International Harvester's progress trails across the seven seas in the century have led to the development of barren as well as rich and fertile fields and valleys above and below the Equator. Its romance has touched every race and color in the four corners of the globe; through cultured Europe; within the confines of darkest Africa; in the Orient, and Latin America. Europe was the first of the Old World continents to reap the benefits of mechanical farming. This continent offered McCormick a real challenge—to help erase traditional food deficiencies—to prove the superiority of the reaper over the scythe and the grain cradle which were the best harvesting devices in the Old World even though the reaper for 20 years previous had been carving history- making trails across the rich grain fields of America. The Old World by 1851 had progressed in the use of imple­ ments for tilling the land, sowing the seed, and for threshing the grain but had found no real substitute for the slow, back-breaking methods of hand harvesting even though the gathering of crops was (and still is) the important key function of successful farming. Europe as a market was ripe for the wizardry of the reaper. Labor on farms became scarcer as new industries attracted workers and as emigration to the New World mounted. Food exports from the New World were threatening the Old World farm bloc. Great Britain was chosen in 1851 by McCormick for his first world market experiment partly because of the potentials surround­ The McCormick Hand-Rake Reaper of 1831. ing England's agricultural prowess but principally because of the world publicity advantages that would result from the Great London £. The improved Reaper of 1847-48. Exhibition of 1851. England, too, at that time was America's best overseas cusromer. The Union Jack denoted world power and sym­ S Combined Reaper and Mower of 1857. bolized world leadership. Scientific farming (19th Century style) was at its peak in 4 The Old "Reliable" Self-Rake Reaper of 1865. England in 1851. Grain acreage there was at high levels. But even in this hour of triumph and despite traditional production deficien­ 5 The "Daisy" Reaper of 1898. cies, British farmers were anticipating gloomily an agricultural slump resulting from the repeal of the protective corn laws. O The Hand-Binding Reaper (Marsh Type), 1878 model. They feared their inability to compete with anticipated heavy volumes of meat, hides, and wool from the Southern Hemisphere / Harvester and Wire Binder, 1881 model. and grain from the fields of America that would be encouraged to come into the country under the new free-trade agricultural policy. _ Harvester and Twine Binder (Appleby type), 1885 The leading agriculturists on the other hand viewed the reaper O model. of the New World as an effective means of boosting materially their own production of grain. THROUGH ONE HUNDRED HARVESTS

French demonstration of Although British farm workers at first were reluctant in adopt­ a Peering Mower by Mr. ing labor-saving techniques, this attitude did not prevail. Today, R. Bert of Faul & Co. in one hundred harvests later, Great Britain is one of the most heavily France in the year 1890. mechanized countries in the world, having one tractor for every 70-75 acres as compared with one for every 500 acres in France and one for every 90 to 100 acres in the United States. Traditionally, Europe has been the world's principal importer of grain. Despite big strides in agricultural mechanization through­ markable six-fold increase in Europe between 1930 and 1949. out the McCormick-International Harvester Foreign Trade Century Estimates of the Food Agricultural Organization of the United the continent's food and feed consumption has constantly outrun Nations show that a total of 786,000 tractors (15 per cent of the her ability to produce. world's total) were in use in Europe at the end of 1949. To make matters worse, Europe's grain deficit repeatedly has Most remarkable increase was recorded by FAO for England been affected adversely by the devastation of all-out wars and by where the tractor population rose from 20,000 units in 1930 to political and economic upheavals as well as by droughts and the 300,000 today. France and Germany each have an estimated total constantly increasing population. The greatest disequilibrium in of 140,000 in use; Sweden, 65,000; and Denmark, 20,000. the grain supply reached crisis proportions in the post World War Similarly, in crossing the Mediterranean into rich Africa, the II period. Because of these factors, supply sources of necessity have reaper and its successors helped blaze the trails that turned on the changed completely in the century. economic lights in the Dark Continent. Most, if not all, of this Over the years the New World became Europe's principal sup­ continent's real progress was achieved in the McCormick-Interna­ plier of grain. Russia and the Danube Basin countries some three tional Harvester Foreign Trade Century. decades ago lost their prominence as world grain exporters, although Mechanized agricultute is rapidly coming into the forefront the Russian bloc has retained its position as a leading producer. spurred on by IH's subsidiary companies in British East Africa and Europe's grain import needs are greater today than pre-war in the Union of South Africa, and by the French subsidiary CIMA, in North and Central Africa, as well as by International Harvester Export Company's distributors and representatives throughout this continent. Modern machines enable the people of Africa to produce bounties for world markets on the same soil where natives for

A TD-14 with No. 99 Disk centuries could scarcely eke out a meager existence. New trails are Plow greatly interests the still being developed today with modern pioneers seated behind Rabat (Morocco), Chiefs powerful IH bulldozers and tractors in building new frontiers. during a demonstration. The progress record is just as impressive on the other side of the world. The last of the continents to be settled, Australia, has been transformed from a food importing nation in 1851 to the point where today it is one of the four leading grain exporters of the world. With 3,000,000 immigrants scheduled to enter the country in the next 10 years, Australian farmers are placing con­ principally because of the estimated 15 per cent increase in popu­ siderable reliance upon their 100,000 tractors and other modern lation. Most of the Marshall Plan countries have placed heavy em­ farm implements to expand their production and thus maintain phasis upon increased yields in order to reduce the huge import their present leading food and wool export position. volume or at least to prevent requirements from rising as a result Similarly, New Zealand, mainly a pastoral country, has made of the population growth and the greater livestock feed needs. great use of power farming in achieving the title to the world's Modern machines plus application of scientific farming tech­ greatest export of lamb and mutton and as a leading exporter of niques are playing an important role in helping restore pre-war wool. The Dominion's population growth has been modest in the production goals and thus lessen Europe's foreign exchange diffi­ century, from a group of scattered settlements of 26,000 one hun­ culties and dependence upon other world areas for the major share dred years ago to slightly under 2,000,000 today. of its grain import requirements. The young Philippine Republic, still in the throes of estab­ The labor-saving record of power farming is evident through­ lishing a sound economy for 19,000,000 Filipinos, is placing con­ out the hemmed-in continent of Europe. Germany has been able siderable emphasis upon the need for full-scale adoption of modern to reduce the number of her farm workers from 75 per cent of the mechanical farming methods for its 211,710 farms. Experiments, total population in 1851 to 30 per cent today; Sweden, from 80 such as the government's Bukidnon Project in which IH agricultural to 27 per cent; Switzerland, from 41 to 21 per cent; and France, experts played an important role, have proven extremely successful, from 53 to 25 per cent. increasing the upland rice to the highest figure in history—four In densely populated Great Britain today only 2 per cent of times the average yield. the total population work in agriculture; 17 per cent in Belgium; Turning to another world frontier, McCormick-International and 30 per cent in Denmark — Europe's dairyland. The rractor Harvester has contributed immeasurably to the progressive develop­ growth, as representative of mechanical farming, has shown re- ment of mechanized agriculture and to modern highway transporta-

The first International IH machines played an im­ Benzine Tractor Engine portant role in the highly was demonstrated in New successful Philippines' Zealand in early 1911. 1950 Bukidnon Rice Project.

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•:,' ....•" -•: tion in the Latin American republics. Most, if not all of the indus­ trial and agricultural progress here, has been achieved within the corporate lifetime of International Harvester, with the greater pre­ dominance of the progress occurring within the past 25-50 years. Today, 150,000,000 Latin Americans constitute one of the world's In 1800 — Labor of 3 farmers needed to feed 1 city worker richest markets with highly promising potentials. Progress, once it got started in Latin America after the yoke of colonization bonds was broken, was rapid. This can be attributed in large measure to the Latin American's foresightedness in adopt­ &k*UJ ing the economic and agricultural advances achieved through trial In 1950 —Labor of 1 farmer needed to feed 3 city workers and error experiments elsewhere in the Old and New Worlds. With the help of modern implements and machines, countries exporters of grain—the United States, Canada, Australia, and Ar­ gentina—is the extent to which modern science and machinery have been applied to existing natural advantages to produce speedily for world consumption with a minimum of man-power. No better proof can be cited than the contrast afforded by Asiatic countries where mechanized farming is for the most part yet unknown. Asia's McCormick-Deering Disk enormous grain harvest is produced at great effort by a maximum Harrow being pulled by number of workers using primitive implements and crude hand oxen in Brazil (1927). methods of a century ago. But despite all this back-breaking effort by a vast majority of its population, the food production is far from sufficient to supply even extreme-minimum requirements at home, yet alone have any surplus for international markets. Proudly International Harvester reviews its century of pioneer­ ing in opening world agricultural, transportation, and industrial frontiers. Through 100 harvests it has keyed itself to both the per­ like Argentina within the century were transformed from flour- plexing problems confronting economic-retarded areas of the world importing economies to leading world exporters of wheat, corn, as well as the highly scientific ones of the advanced areas. The meats, hides, wool, and linseed oil. Brazil in the period rose to changing tempo of every continent is pulsed daily by the company's world prominence in coffee and cotton. Cuba became a world leader world-wide network of experts in the International Harvester Ex­ in sugar and tobacco. port Company and in the 19 foreign subsidiary organizations. Their Mexico, with less than one acre of arable land per capita, is reports are screened for practical action by the hub of the far-flung well on its way with mechanized units to achieve self-sufficiency operations in Chicago, which is headed by seasoned officials rooted in grain production and in expansion of crops for export such as deeply in service and quality traditions a century old. No firmer cotton, sugar, bananas, winter vegetables and coffee. foundation could be laid for the preservation of this rich heritage Uruguay, one of the smaller Latin American republics, is work­ in the second International Harvester Foreign Trade Century. ing rapidly to achieve the distinction of becoming the most mech­ anized country in the world. Using power equipment as a yardstick INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER HORIZONS of mechanization, Uruguay has a total of 8,747 tractors on its farms Published by or one for every 187.2 hectares. The march of industrialization and new building construction INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER EXPORT COMPANY of the past several decades characterizes the future diversified econ­ 180 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 1, ILL., U.S.A. omy of the Latin American republics in their transformation from EDITOR: LAWRENCE TEEMAN a hoe-agricultural and single agrarian-product economy. The sur­ Assistant Editor: Wm. Noorlag, Jr. face of its almost unlimited economic potential has hardly been scratched; Latin America is moving ahead and modern machinery PICTURE ON FRONT COVER will help it move faster. IH is in the forefront in Latin America's The CouncilMedal, highest progress parade—in agriculture, in industry, in transportation. award of the Great Exhibition The outstanding single characteristic of the world's principal of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851, was cast One of the first Interna­ in bronze with the heads of tional wagons built at Queen Victoria and Prince Akron Works, in 1906. Albert on the obverse. It was designed by W. Wyon, R.A. At first it was suggested that prises be given but this was later changed and medals were presented. The Council Medals were given for some "important novelty of invention, application, or originality combined with great beauty of design." The Coun­ cil Medal was awarded to Cyrus Hall McCormick by the Juries of Agricultural Implements not only because his machine appeared to surpass the others on display but because it defeated the others in a practical test. HARVESTER

The head of International Harvester's far-flung overseas operations is FOREIGI1 Mr. Edward M. Ryan, President of International Harvester Export Company.

MV^^M HROUGH THE YEARS, International Harvester has perfection of the first successful reaper by Cyrus Hall McCormick JTTl developed into one of the largest industrial foreign in 1831. But it was in the summer of 1851 that the seed was planted m trade organizations in the world. The story of this for foreign trade when McCormick sent a special machine across m company's growth is far more than just a record of a the Atlantic for the Crystal Palace Exhibition of Industries of All I single machine or of a single company; rather it is an Nations in London, England. account of the development of modern farming itself. During the next decade the use of the reaper spread rapidly Today, International Harvester's trained group of international throughout the European continent. A McCormick reaper was sold trade specialists operate in 128 countries around the globe and run in Austria in 1851; in 1856 the reaper was introduced into Prussia the gamut of every race, creed, and nationality. In almost every and Poland. Two years later a McCormick machine reached Russia. section of the world, the IH red pylon is a familiar sight, and farm Despite this, the real potential of the foreign markets was not real­ equipment, motor trucks, industrial tractors and engines, and re­ ized in the nineteenth century. frigeration units bearing the International Harvester label, are at At the turn of the century, the McCormick Harvesting Machine work. Company and the Deering Harvester Company, both located in To achieve any degree of success in the highly specialized field Chicago, merged with three other leading manufacturers of farm of international trade, a firm must first have a solid and sound be­ machinery to form the International Harvester Company. From the ginning as a foundation for such a vast operation. As indicated in beginning it was decided to give special attention to the successful the pages of history, International Harvester traces its origin to the conduct of foreign trade. In 1925 the International Harvester Ex-

14 AROUND THE WORLD

port Company was formed for the purpose of expanding and di­ rectly conducting the overseas business. The merger in 1902 had an immediate effect on export trade of the company. Spurred on by new capital, new material resources, new personnel, and a new enthusiasm, IH's foreign business dou­ bled within a few short years. As the volume of overseas business increased, expansion of the organization became inevitable. In the beginning the company operated in foreign markets through dealers, jobbers, and distribu­ tors who were serviced by its traveling representatives. This system soon proved inadequate since it was not geared to handle and finance the rapidly growing volume and increased demands. Con­ sequently, International Harvester was obliged to form affiliate companies in many countries around the globe to provide adequate sales, service, manufacturing, and credit outlets. Today, affiliate or subsidiary organizations play an important role in the business of International Harvester overseas. IH owns a majority of shares in its subsidiaries and most of these companies An International Harvester-123 SP Harvester-Thresher in operation on a farm carry International Harvester as part of their firm's name. At pres­ situated among the rolling hills and valleys of the Dorsetshire countryside. ent, there are 19 affiliate companies, including Canada, scattered throughout the world. The International Harvester Export Com­ Britain, France, Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Belgium, and pany is a separate organization that handles the overseas sales from Spain; Pacific—Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines; Latin Chicago, acting as an intermediary that buys its goods from the America—Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Cuba, and Uruguay; Africa parent company and sells them overseas to various affiliates and and the Middle East—South Africa and British East Africa. distributors. The IH Export Company also has representatives and International Harvester's subsidiaries do not live entirely on sales personnel operating abroad principally in areas not reached their imports from the United States. For example, the Mexican IH by the subsidiary companies. Company sells the implements and machines manufactured at its To facilitate control over its world-wide distribution and manu­ Saltillo plant to other Latin American countries. Tools and ma­ facturing of its extensive line of products, International Harvester chines may originate in European or Australian plants and will has divided its operations outside of the United States and Canada go directly to Africa, the Middle East, or the Orient. into four geographic areas, each of which is under a Director- Truly, the "International" portion of the company's name is General. At the helm of this far-flung organization stands the now more than just a word selected as a corporate designation, for President of the International Harvester Export Company, who is Harvester's operations are certainly world-wide. also a vice-president of the parent company in charge of foreign This year witnesses the completion of the first McCormick- sales. International Harvester Foreign Trade Century. It is only fitting The four geographic areas are Europe, Pacific, Latin America, at this time to review the history and development of the IH affili­ and Africa and the Middle East. The 19 IH subsidiary companies ate companies since it is through them that the foreign trade of and the areas in which they are located are: Canada; Europe—Great International Harvester has grown to its present proportions.

A scene in contrast. Native Arab on the traditional donkey passes the modern prototype service station building of Louis Boudrand Meknes in Morocco. ; JUt j

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minimum ^^m^mm-y ^'V^C i Today, the whir of the McCormick 123-SP combine is heard in almost every grain field. Here is one working near Brandon, Manitoba.

HARVESTER IN CANADA

N THE YEAR 1615, Etienne Brule, a French ex­ Proximity to the Hudson-Mohawk Valley added stature to Hamil­ plorer on a mission to find Indian allies for Samuel ton's growing potentialities. Eventually, it was recognized as the de Champlain, whom history has designated as the center of low-cost power and transportation close to American raw founder of Canada, is believed to have skirted the materials, and became an important centrally-located hub of the western end of Lake Ontario and become the first Canadian market. European to see the beauties of Hamilton Bay un­ It was only natural, therefore, that Hamilton, Ontario should fold before him. be chosen as the location for International Harvester operations in But the first officially recorded visit to the Hamilton Harbor, Canada. Cyrus Hall McCormick, President of International Har­ with its majestic, wooded hills and rolling, green glades, came vester Company in 1902, was instrumental in establishing the fifty-four years later in 1669 when a hardy band of Frenchmen Canadian IH Company in Hamilton. In a letter to the Commis­ seeking a westward passage from the already established colonies in sioner of Industries in Hamilton, dated March 26, 1910, Mr. Mc­ eastern Canada to the Orient, under the leadership of the intrepid Cormick wrote: "We take pleasure in answering your inquiry as Sieur de LaSalle, painstakingly charted the splendor of this forest to why the Deering Harvester Company originally located at Ham­ idyll. ilton, and why this company has, since 1902, continued to develop With the passing of LaSalle's birch canoes, the curtain of his­ the plant that was acquired from the Deering Company. A careful tory descended on the land-locked waters of Hamilton Bay, and survey of all the principal Canadian towns and cities was made to remained closed for more than a century. Then, in 1778, an English find the point that offered the most advantages for the manufacture settlement began when two British loyalists, Robert Land and of agricultural implements, and the city of Hamilton was selected." Richard Beasley, severed their ties in New England and journeyed After listing several reasons, Mr. McCormick concluded his to Canada to carve new homes for themselves out of the Canadian letter with: "We feel sure that any new industry locating in Hamil­ wilderness. Following their lead came other settlers, and foremost ton may expect to receive the same fair and just treatment from among these was George Hamilton, an outstanding figure of this you that has always been accorded our company, and we, therefore, period. In 1813, his name was given to the dynamic manufacturing believe that it is a most desirable and advantageous site for the lo­ center which today stands among the first in Canada: Hamilton, cation of a manufacturing plant." Ontario—"City of Industry". International Harvester had its beginning in Canada in 1902 As Hamilton grew step by step from a tiny community of 31 only a few short months after the amalgamation of the McCormick dwellings in 1791 to a city of over 200,000 today, it maintained Harvesting Machine Company with the Deering Company and the pace with the development of Canada. The industrially-strategic Piano, Champion, and Milwaukee Companies. The Deering Com­ location of Hamilton's harbor became more and more apparent as pany a year previously had purchased a manufacturing site on the the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes waterways gained importance. harbor at Hamilton where ideal shipping on the Great Lakes would

16 The first model "S" International Truck built at Chatham Works, in be available. All of the companies that participated in the forma­ Chatham, Ontario, was sold to the Chatham Fire Department in 1921. tion of International Harvester Company had enjoyed extensive business in Canada prior to that time. For example, the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company operated a district office at Winni­ peg where six hundred machines were sold for the harvest of 1883. From the outset, the IH Hamilton Works made agricultural im­ plement history. Trainloads of agricultural machinery were shipped to western Canada, Russia, and South America. Originally, Hamil­ ton Works made but four lines of machines: binders, mowers, drills, and hay rakes. Today more than 40 different lines are manu­ factured here in a total range of over 150 sizes and variations. International Harvester in Hamilton now employs approxi­ mately 3,700 people and the farm machines built at the Hamilton Works are known and used throughout the world. At the Hamilton Twine Mills more than 35,500,000 pounds of binder and baler twine is manufactured each year. If the yearly production of this twine was tied end to end it would reach 3,579,545 miles, or 143 times around the world. The development of International Harvester Company of Can­ ada, Limited, with its general office in Hamilton, was rapid after its establishment in 1902. The company kept pace with the growth of Canada and today has a total investment in plant and buildings of $25,000,000. In 1910, the company purchased the Chatham Wagon Works, in Chatham, Ontario, where in 1921 the first Canadian model "S" International trucks were built. In September, 1948, International Harvester opened a new four and one-half of immense oil reserves in western Canada, unlimited quantities million dollar motor truck plant at Chatham for the manufacture of high grade iron ore in Quebec and Labrador, tremendous hydro­ of the complete line of International Motor Trucks for the Cana­ electric developments in Ontario and British Columbia, all point dian market. to an unprecedented period of prosperity and development. Cana­ Recently, a modernization program was completed with the da's timber resources, agriculture, mining, and manufacturing all construction of six new district offices and increased manufactur­ contribute their share to the country's growth. The greatest asset ing facilities, involving an investment of more than 14 million of all, however, is the industry and resourcefulness of its people. dollars. Today, the International Harvester Company of Canada is The International Harvester Company of Canada, Limited, has represented by district offices in 19 major Canadian cities from kept pace with Canada's growth; and looks forward to the second coast to coast, and the company's products are sold through a net­ International Harvester Foreign Trade Century confident of its work of 1,300 independently owned dealers' stores located in every ability to render service through its products, and thus contribute section of this vast country. to better living for all Canadians. Throughout Canada today, IH Canada's future is bright. A half century ago, a great Canadian products are serving this great nation—on the farm, in the factory, statesman, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, predicted that the Twentieth Cen­ in the oilfields, in the mining country, in the forests, in pulp and tury would belong to Canada and this prophecy has become more paper and timber industries, on highways and byways, and in the and more of a reality through the passing years. Recent discoveries homes of Canadians everywhere.

This aeria picture of the Hamilton Works provides a panoramic view of the vastness of this plant. At present over 3,700 people work here.

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Occupying a prominent spot in International Harvester's exhibit at England's recent Royal Show in Cambridge, the display commemo­ rating 100 years of IH foreign trade in England included this bust of Cyrus Hall McCormick.

EUROPEAN OPERATIONS ENGLAND

NGLAND IN 1851 was an effective spring board for Hemisphere or grain from the rich fields of America. Her own Cyrus Hall McCormick's first plunge into interna­ increasing population and the loss of man-power through immigra­ tional trade markets. It was at this time that Great tion created a still greater problem. Britain was passing through her greatest agricultural English agriculturists, unable to deny that grain was needed period, often described as the "Golden Age." A new from abroad, urged the landlords and the tenant farmers to devote spirit was arising and new leaders were taking the more land to grain-culture and to bend every effort to increase initiative. Men like Tull, Coke, Townsend, and the Collings started the yield per acre. By 1850, England required an immediate sub­ the people thinking and experimenting on new lines. Prince Al­ stitute for hand harvesting since its supply of labor was threatened bert's Royal Agricultural Society was doing much to advance all with serious curtailment. aspects of the vital agricultural industry and many other organiza­ Men in Scotland and England tried for many years prior to tions sprang up to advocate the development of better farming 1851 to invent a practical horse-power reaper. The Ogle machine as a contributing force to better living. of 1822 did not last a single harvest. The creation of the Rev. The reasons behind this agricultural awakening were many Patrick Bell, promising when first invented in 1826, had long and diversified. The expanding economy of the civilized world been relegated to the obscurity of a farm in Scotland and forgotten had thrust Great Britain into a position where her farmers were until exhibited at the Crystal Palace in 1851. not able to compete with meat, hides, and wools from the Southern These were the agricultural conditions in England that formed

18 AROUND THE WORLD Sitting at the wheel of his Farmall M tractor, Mr. W. Gilks of Warwick­ shire, England, admires the plastic toy counterpart of his versatile machine along with his three daughters, Rosemary, Ann, and Margaret.

part of the background for Cyrus Hall McCormick's first interna­ tional endeavor. McCormick's success in 1851 at the Great Exhibi­ tion in London, convinced him that here in Great Britain was a potentially great market. The appearance of his reaper at the Exposition proved to be the beginning of what later developed into the International Harvester Company of Great Britain Limited. Almost immediately after the Exposition, McCormick con­ tracted Messrs. Burgess & Key of Norwich to act as his agent and also to manufacture his reaper under license. The satisfactory operation of an agency to cover sales of imported machines ap­ parently commenced in 1886 under Henry Lankester after the arrangement between Burgess & Key and McCormick was finally terminated following fifteen stormy years. By 1890, the American-made farm machines had become very popular in Great Britain because of their lightness and strength. In 1900, the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company began direct operations which continued until the formation of the International Harvester Company at Chicago in 1902. Distribution continued through jobbers until early 1907 when the International Harvester Company of Great Britain Limited came into being for the purpose of representing all IH products in Great Britain. The next decade witnessed a strong organization being built

in Great Britain including a virile dealer group. The appearance Pest Control Limited of Bourn, Cambridge are the biggest single users of new lines, and the development of the entire organization made of International Harvester tractors in England at the present time possible a full-year around sales program. During World War I, having 98 tractors in use for their widespread spraying operations. the original line of tractors was introduced and immediately be­ came popular. The early twenties was a period of rapid development and long term planning. In 1922 the present premises at Liverpool were strategically constructed to receive consignments from the American plants and to distribute them to the north of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The company moved in 1926 from its London office at 80 Finsbury Pavement to the premises which it now occupies on Canal Bridge, City Road. These premises still comprise the general office headquarters and a parts warehouse. In the-middle of the 1930's it was decided to build a warehouse in England to be followed by a factory for manufacture of various IH products. The warehouse was erected in 1939 but the planned site for the factory at Doncaster was requisitioned by the English Government at the outbreak of war in 1940. As the end of the war came into sight, it became more evident that the important market in the United Kingdom could not be held securely unless Harvester carried through with its original planning and established a manu­ facturing operations in England. Accordingly, the Doncaster prop­ erty was repurchased by the company in 1946 and immediately The Doncaster Works foundry as it appears today. The first Doncaster construction was begun on the Doncaster Works. Farmall M rolled off the assembly lines of this plant in September, The first Doncaster produced Farmall M rolled off the assembly 1949. Now, nine different IH products are made at Doncaster Works. lines of the new manufacturing building in September, 1949- Today, the products produced at Doncaster Works consist of the Farmall M, No. 45 Pickup Baler, No. 3 Bale Loader, 8A 2 and 3 Furrow Tractor Plows, 9A Disc Harrow, No. 200 Manure Spreader, 21UE Mower, R. Green Loader, and front and rear tool bats for H and M Tractors. By mid-June of this year, the International Harvester Company of Great Britain Limited sales for 1951 al­ ready totalled 6,566 farm implements in the domestic market and 3,987 in the export field. The roots of International Harvester in Great Britain are now 100 years deep. From the seed of Cyrus Hall McCormick's early ;i m endeavors in the grain fields of England has grown the Interna­ tional Harvester Company of Great Britain which today looks forward to further centuries of service to British farming. HARVESTER AROUND

Twine, manufactured at the Croix Twine Mill in France, has been put to many uses throughout the world but none more deco­ rative than this display made in 1938 at CIMA's Tours branch in central • France. porary competitors introduced their machines to the wheat fields of France. A great contest at LaTrappe, in Normandy on the farm of M: Dailly, the Postmaster-General of France, climaxed the Exposi­ tion of 1855. Seven reapers were entered and the trials were witnessed by many of the leading men of France including Prince Jerome. The McCormick machine won and was awarded the Grand Gold Medal of Honor, the highest award of the Fair. As result FRANCE of the Paris World's Fair, the inventor was given the title of Knight of the Legion of Honor by the French Government. In the same year, Mr. Francey of Tonnerre, Yonne, whose descendants are still agents of CIMA, sold in France the first imported reapers. Burgess & Key, the organization that held the McCormick manufacture and sales license in England, made arrangements at N THE YEARS preceding 1851, the agricultural in­ this point to sub-lease manufactufing rights to several firms in dustry in France was limited to the manufacture of Europe. During this period, France was considered excellent for horse plows, and only the traditional scythes and exhibits but few countries offered less encouragement as a market. sickles were employed in the harvesting of French D. L. Laurent of Paris and Francois Bella of Grignon made a few grain. Farming in this country was a long and ex­ McCormick machines for sale in France and Algeria, but for the hausting labor from dawn until dusk. Prior to 1851, most part, the thrifty French peasants on their small holdings con­ French inventors had made several efforts to reap grain by ma­ tinued complacently to swing their scythes and sickles. Neither chines but they had not advanced much farther toward success than McCormick nor his competitors could make headway against Gallic the crude implements of their Gallic ancestors. conservatism. A French reaper was on display at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London in 1851 but it was not tried in grain and received no One of the first No. 21 Harvester-Threshers to be used in France was the recognition from visiting farmers or from the agricultural juries machine shown here with a 10/20 tractor in use on a French farm in 1923. of the Exhibition. The success of the American machines in the London Exposition evoked wide-spread comment in France at the time. Nevertheless, it was 1855 before French farmers accorded much attention to the possibilities of mechanical harvesting with the American reapers. The International Exposition in Paris in 1855 and the Agricultural Congress in the same city in 1856 furnished the occasions upon which McCormick and his contem-

20

H s ;•{*!'• THE WORLD...EUROPEAN OPERATIONS

McCormick's fortune in France fared badly until 1867 when This is the CIMA branch his machine won the Grand Prize at the Universal Exposition in located in Toulouse, France, Paris. In 1878 he was admitted to the rank of Officer in the Order 50 miles north of Spain. To of the Legion of Honor. the left is the Toulouse In 1900, two French industrialists, Messrs. Wallut and Faul, branch side railroad track. were appointed as representatives of McCormick and Deering prod­ ucts, respectively. Shortly after the formation of the International Harvester Company in 1902, CIMA, the Compagnie Internationale des Machines Agricoles, was organized and granted the use of the International Harvester patents and designs. In 1911 the Deering line was transferred to CIMA from the Faul Company while the Wallut organization continued to handle the McCormick line. The development of CIMA was rapid and in 1909 a factory was built at Croix, near Lille in Northern France, for the manufacture of farm machinery. Three years later, a modern twine mill was erected at Croix and within a short period its production Croix Twine Mill is the covered the needs of the French market as well as a part of the source of supply for many requirements of many other European countries. European countries. Here is the mill's preparing room In the early days of CIMA and R. Wallut and Cie, it was where the twine is baled. realized that in connection with distribution, an effective sales service organization was essential and branches were established throughout France and North Africa. a tractor plant in St. Dizier with the support of the French Govern­ The early 1930's saw great steps taken when CIMA merged ment and the aid of ECA. With this factory, the total area of with R. Wallut & Cie under the name of CIMA-WALLUT. The CIMA's three works amounted to over 97 acres and its combined new company took over the Montataire Works which was built by production in 1950 reached over 60,000 tons. the Wallut Company and modernized and equipped the plant to Today, the quality of McCormick-Deering farm machinery manufacture tractor plows and tillage tools not produced at Croix and service, and the efficiency and goodwill of its agents are well and in addition, sales branches of Amiens, Bordeaux, Lyons, Nancy, known throughout France and Northern Africa. CIMA points Nantes, Paris, Toulouse, and Tours in France and Algiers, Oran, with pride to the role it has played in the devolpment of modern Tunis, and Casablanca in North Africa were reorganized. agricultute in the areas under its jurisdiction and in the countries In 1948, it was decided to merge the two separate trademarks, that import its products. In planning for the future, CIMA will McCormick and Deering into one. When this was accomplished, continue to strive to help its countrymen produce foods more CIMA-WALLUT again became CIMA, Compagnie Internationale easily with less hand labor and in higher quantity; a vital com­ des Machines Agricoles. The constant development of CIMA ponent in man's efforts to build better standards of living, with throughout the years was crowned in 1950 with the purchase of its accompanying promise of peace and prosperity.

In Senlis, France, early this year, the annual International Exhibi­ tion took place. As usual, the col­ orful CIMA exhibit captured con­ siderable interest of the spectators.

'l,vh,l,^t(Mitif|fffi; Jr&8

i I

"

•nuiii Tropic of %«J Cancer

Efuotar

Trepie of QgerxcoMM

•Wi^'twi/ VJK, 7-i-

This is the busy Norrkoping, Sweden harbor. The grey •M building in the background is the AB. IHC warehouse.

and during the first few months only the McCormick 2-horse mower, "New 4", and reel reaping attachment were made. In August of that year, there were 13 salaried employees and 91 workers on the Swedish company's payroll. Today, there are over 850 workers. From the beginning, a large share of Norrkoping production SWEDEN was exported to Russia, Finland, Denmark, and Norway. In 1908, 70 per cent of the Swedish company's production was exported. With a reasonably stable market Norrkoping Works was in an exceedingly favorable position to enlarge its line, operate at ca­ pacity, and compete in both the domestic and export fields. ARLY IN JULY, 1875, Cyrus Hall McCormick ex- A twine mill was erected in the winter of 1912 and by June, M m tended his European operation into the Scandinavian 1913, it was in operation. Immediately after the first World War, M J states when he appointed Abel A. Westengaard as his the manufacture of grain drills and fertilizer distributor were M J agent for this area. Westengaard set up his head­ added to the Swedish company's manufacturing program. Subse­ quarters in Copenhagen, Denmark and for the next quently, production was begun on the No. 5 R.H. grain binder. seven years he struggled to build a Scandinavian Although the first tractor of IH manufacture was sold in market. His failure could not be attributed to lack of energy since Sweden in 1909, the evolution in this field proceeded slowly. In he appointed over seventy agents, tacked up posters in many rail­ 1935 there were about 10,000 tractors of all makes in that country road stations and country taverns, distributed newspapers in Swed­ but the number of farm tractors increased rapidly until World War ish sent to him from the Chicago factory, exhibited the machines II broke out and put a temporary stop to all importation of trac­ at work wherever possible, and rented a store with big show tors. After the war the number of tractors increased considerably windows in Copenhagen. and today it amounts to about 65,000 units of all makes. The first year Westengaard sold two machines. In 1876 there The rapid increase in Sweden created a corresponding increase was a severe drought; in 1877, the crops were drowned by the in demand for tractor implements. After the second World War, excessively wet weather, and the years that followed brought little the Norrkoping Works added the manufacture of several kinds improvement. Westengaard assiduously exploited the Scandinavian of tractor-drawn implements to their line in order to meet the market for the next three years but was unsuccessful. By 1881, growing demand. seventy-four machines in all had been shipped to Westengaard and From the beginning of the Swedish company's activities the he sold only fifty-five. After 1882, the McCormicks were content sales were made through retail dealers. This dealer organization to handle the small Scandinavian trade from their London office. was gradually extended and finally the number amounted to about For the next two decades McCormick products were imported 500. In 1947 the number of outlets was cut down considerably and into Sweden by jobbers. Consequently, when the Aktiebolaget In­ each dealer was granted sole selling rights in a certain defined ternational Harvester Company of Sweden was incorporated in district. At the same time, the company intensified its campaign Stockholm on October 21, 1904, farm implements manufactured by for better sales and service facilities which resulted in new sales McCormick were already well known in that country. and service premises, employment of more personnel, and in­ About this time rising protective tariffs abroad forced the creased sales. parent company in Chicago to make a choice of embarking upon The plant modernization program started in 1947, and which a program of expanded foreign manufacture or face partial ex­ is still in progress, will provide the Swedish company with still clusion from the European market. The former course of foreign gteater possibilities to fill its important place as a supplier of manufacture was decided upon. In October, 1905, the newly quality farm equipment throughout the area as it enters into the founded AB International Harvester Company of Sweden purchased second International Harvester Foreign Trade Century. the Vulcan factory in Norrkoping and converted it for the manu­ facture of agricultural machinery; thus, the first overseas plant of International Harvester was established. Shortly afterwards, the headquarters of the Swedish company was also moved to The Vrinnerid Woods near Norrkoping Norrkoping. becomes a winter wonderland when the Manufacture at the Norrkoping Works began in March, 1906, first snow blankets the entire countryside.

24 : RmMiZZZZZ

Of interest at Germany's 1951 Deutschen Landwirtschafts Gesellschaft Fair was this striking IH exhibit and display.

He spent several weeks that summer in Germany overseeing the work of his machine and arranging with James R. McDonald, the acting United States consul at Hamburg, to be his agent. During the selling season of 1866, McCormick saw the encouraging out­ look in the German States and Austria-Hungary disappear with the outbreak of the Austrian-Prussian war of that year. GERMANY From 1868 to 1876 the sales of McCormick machines in Ger­ many were too few to be of any significance in that area, the number of purchases never exceeding two hundred a year. After Cyrus Hall McCormick's death in 1884, his company under the directorship of his son, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Jr., made gradual gains in the German market. When the International S IN ALL other European countries, agriculture in Harvester Company began to establish affiliate companies in var­ Germany in 1851 was conducted with very little ious countries, one of the first to be decided upon was the German labor-saving equipment. During this period over subsidiary, International Harvester Company mit beschraenkter 75 per cent of the total population of Germany was Hagtung, Neuss in 1908. engaged in the vital agricultural industry. Despite Following its formation, the International Harvester Company this, the conservatism of the German landowners m.b.H. imported equipment from the parent company in America and in some areas the hostility of farm laborers hindered the intro­ but also it immediately began making machines particularly duction of American reapers into the grain fields. adaptable to the German and other European markets. In 1911 Cyrus Hall McCormick, ever-conscious of the tremendous po­ Neuss Works was placed in operation and within a short period tentialities of the European market, utilized agricultural journals was turning out a steady flow of mowers, rakes, and tedders. and societies to teach German, Austrian, and Russian landowners The First World War and the inflation period which followed, that on a farm of moderate size a reaper would almost pay for retarded the development of the German subsidiary, but by 1925 itself in a single harvest by its saving of grain, time, and labor costs. operations took on substantial proportions and continued to ex­ This pioneer work soon achieved a measure of success when pand until the outset of the second World War in 1939. Neuss an American reaper, made in England reached Austria in 1851 and Works operated throughout the war until the closing days of the Baron Ward, an Englishman living near Vienna, attempted to conflict when it came into the direct line of artillery fire between perfect it. From Austria the news of the American machines traveled the American forces on the left bank of the Rhine River and the to Prussia and Poland, and in 1856, the editot of one of the leading German forces on the right bank. papers in Berlin, Germany, imported a Burgess & Key McCormick Since the end of the war in May, 1945, International Harvester machine from England with the purpose of introducing it in Ger­ Company m.b.H. has made a steady progress in the re-establishment many. In the same year, a Virginia Reaper also left the United of production and in the reconstruction of the Neuss plant. This States, consigned to Jacob Beylen of Cologne. work was climaxed in 1949 when Neuss engineers developed a Development of the German market continued slowly until 4-cylinder 25 HP direct starting diesel engine which ultimately 1863 when McCormick exhibited his reaper at the Hamburg Inter­ became a popular addition to the company's line of tractors, both national Agricultural Exhibition and was awatded its highest prize, for sale in Germany and in other countries. the Grand Gold Medal for "the practical introduction and improve­ The rehabilitation of the International Harvester Company ment of the Reaping Machine." Visitors to this fair carried the news m.b.H. and the corresponding reconstruction of its Neuss Works of this machine back to their homes and a few influential men; are expected to elevate this subsidiary to an increasingly important among them, C. S. Schneitler, the editor of an important farm role in Germany's agricultural industry. Through the years this journal in Berlin, bought machines for their own farms, arranged company has contributed greatly to the farming industry in the for trials, and urged their friends to buy them. country in which it is located and future planning is pointed to­ McCormick attended this Exposition and enjoyed his triumph. wards building the bulwark of a free Germany.

Young German farmers re­

ceive instructions on the new -•^MMBSW McCormick Diesel Tractor DF.

This McCormick binder, as it appeared in 1910, is still in operation on a Bavarian farm. N 1861, the first McCormick grass mowers were sold in Switzerland, the world's oldest republic situated in the center / of Europe. This event marked the beginning of what later developed into International Harvester Company's operations in that country. Since that time, International Harvester and its predecessors have been a decisive influence in the propagation of agricultural machines in this nation. Prior to 1851 over 41 per cent of the total Swiss population was engaged in farming and the growing of essential foods. Today, only 20 per cent are required. This fact provides ample proof of the intensive mechanization Swiss agriculture has undergone in the past century. One of the contributing factors has been the steady decrease of the farm population due to a constant develop­ ment of Swiss industry, which for sixty years has held first place among all economic groups in Switzerland. The accompanying draw on the manpower of this nation brought on by the develop­ TB 'kENMAEK, Europe's oldest kingdom, is a country entirely ment of industries ultimately forced the farmers into an ever- m M surrounded by water, except on the south where the Jut- increasing utilization of modern, efficient agricultural machines. J_^J land peninsula borders Germany. No section of Denmark It was in 1894 when the McCormick name took permanent root is situated far from the sea and the sea breathes through in Switzerland as a Swiss firm began the manufacture of mowers the history of the Danes to constitute a vital part in Denmark's bearing the trademark of McCormick-Aebi. In March, 1901, the national economy. But more important to this country's present McCormick Harvesting Machine Company established offices in day economy is the soil, for this is an agricultural land with highly Zurich under the jurisdiction of Mr. W. V. Couchman. On June developed stock-raising and dairying. 28, 1911, the name of the firm was changed to International The rise of Denmark's intensive farming since 1851 has been Harvester Company Aktiengesellschaft. steady. At the beginning of the McCormick-International Harvester At the turn of the century, in the years preceding the formation Foreign Trade Century the farming operations in this country of International Hatvester A/G, the grass mower was synonymous were naturally very primitive but with the passing of time enormous with the McCormick trademark in the Swiss market. But as new strides have been taken in agriculture. As new machines were lines began to be introduced they also were readily received by the developed the Danish farmer accepted them and today the agri­ progressive Swiss farmers. During World War I, when many cultural industry of Denmark is on a very high plane. International farmhands were being called for military service, IH grain binders Harvester, through the years, has contributed a great deal in making proved their value by making ir possible for the Swiss to harvest this possible by not only supplying machines which enable the their grain crop with a minimum of manpower. Today, McCormick farmer to do his work better and in less time but also by constantly binders are the most popular machine of its type in this country developing new implements which provide the farmer with the supplying over 50 per cent of the market. means of producing better crops more economically. To distribute IH products the Switzerland affiliate, at present, International Harvester's initial contact in Denmark came in acts as a direct selling agency without maintaining district offices. 1875 when Cyrus Hall McCormick appointed Abel A. Westengaard Motor trucks, tractors, industrial power, and refrigeration are as his Scandinavian agent in Copenhagen, Denmark. This arrange­ handled by separate dealer organizations with the exception of one ment was doomed to failure and in 1882 it was terminated. But the dealer who handles both general line and refrigeration. Danish market was not to be forgotten and in 1890 the firm of With the aid of the products developed by International Har­ Bendix Brothers, who are still Harvester distributors today, took vester, the farms of Switzerland have become more and more over the handling of the McCormick line of harvesting machines. mechanized throughout the years until today even the smaller The Danish market began to expand after this and in February, farmsteads have replaced the traditional horse with tractors. As a 1905, the Aktieselskabet International Harvester Company was result, Switzerland, in the first McCormick-International Harvester established in Denmark. For a number of years this company Foreign Trade Century, has gained the world-wide reputation of carried only Piano and Milwaukee products. In 1912, however, the being one of the most mechanized countries per area in the world. Deering line was added and later, motor trucks and industrial equipment. Today, the A/S International Harvester Company and the Switzerland, land of the famed Alps, is known throughout the world firm of Bendix Brothers distribute Harvester products throughout for its majestic snow-capped mountains and spectacular winter scenery. Denmark. The Danish affiliate, since its inception in 1905, has developed an extensive dealer organization with 300 scattered around the entire country. In addition, Bendix Brothers, the oldest distributor of Harvester products in Europe has its own organiza­ tion of some 700 dealers. With such a wide-spread distribution pat­ tern, the farmers of Denmark are assured of outstanding service, parts, and whatever mechanical assistance they might require. **«^ite Although Denmark is not one of the foremost European countries in mechanized agriculture, great progress has been made since the end of World War II. Prior to this conflict, the tractor population numbered 4,400; now it amounts to approximately 20,000. In addition an increasing number of IH machines, imple­ ments, and trucks have made their appearance in the fields, on the farms, and on the highways of Denmark in recent years.

26 BELGIUM

~m "7~ESTLED AMONG FRANCE, Germany, the Grand Duchy / ^k/ of Luxembourg, and The Netherlands lies the small I ^ European country of Belgium. Traditionally a tourist's country with its wonderful museums, long stretches of scenic beaches, and imposing architecture, Belgium is the most densely populated nation in Europe. Despite the density of the '•'"• v:-;i %&; An early McCormick Harvest­ population, more than 70 per cent of the population of an esti­ er-Thresher in Huesca, Spain. mated 9,000,000 reside in communities with less than 25,000 persons. Life in Belgium is essentially provincial in character. «tefc if - Belgian agriculture is mainly of the garden type. Because of the small holdings, the intensive methods of farming, and the extraordinary amount of labor expended per acre, high yields are realized. As a matter of record, Belgium and The Netherlands pro­ SPAIN duce the highest yields per cultivated acre in the world. The largest and most fertile agricultural area of Belgium is the so-called loam region which covers about 1,750,000 acres and •N 1851 AGRICULTURE in Spain was extremely backward and extends throughout the center of the country in the form of a in an abandoned condition with the exception of a few segte- horseshoe. Wheat, oats, barley, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, vege­ / gated coastal regions where the ancient irrigation systems in­ tables, clover, and alfalfa are the principal crops and great quanti­ stalled by the Moors provided excellent yields. For centuries ties are obtained everywhere. Near the cities and villages intensive almost the entire Spanish population was engaged in some phase market gardening is carried on. of food-growing for subsistence and farming was a day-long toil Intetnational Harvester's initial contact in this land dates back from dawn until dusk. to 1862 when Cyrus Hall McCormick, on his campaign of exhibit­ When Spanish nobles and leading agriculturists returned from ing his reaper in many of the leading expositions of Europe, dis­ the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London in 1851, they spread the played his machine at the Brussels Exposition of Belgium and took word about the amazing American harvesting machines that could home the highest award, the Grand Gold Medal. reap grain "twenty times as fast as any method previously known For the next few decades the products of the McCormick Har­ to the grainfields of Spain." However, the Spanish people were re­ vesting Machine Company were sold through the agents appointed luctant to abandon the methods of their forefathers and it was not by Mr. McCormick and his son. After 1899 these products and until 1864, when Burgess & Key of London shipped eight of its those of the newly formed International Harvester Company were McCormick reapers to Spain and five more were sent there from distributed by jobbers. Wallut, the Belgian branch of the French Chicago that the Virginia Reaper gained entrance into the Spanish Wallut Company in Paris, handled the McCormick line together market. with rakes, tedders, and cultivators made in Montataite, France. The following year, Burgess & Key sent twenty more McCor­ At the end of World War I it was decided that a sales company mick reapers to Spain but very few were sold. McCormick's agent, should be formed in Belgium. Accordingly, on November 11, 1919, J. T. Griffin in London, wrote the inventor in March, 1866, that the International Harvester Company de Belgique was organized "Italy was a dead field and Spain, due to political troubles and lack in Brussels, the capital and heart of Belgium. This arrangement of money, not much better." The Spanish market experienced a continued until November, 1926, when the stockholders voted to slight stimulation in the fall of 1879 when McCotmick's reaper dissolve the IHC de Belgique. However, IH products continued to won the Gold Medal in an exhibition in Madrid, Spain; however, be distributed by the International Harvester Export Company in the ensuing decades saw only a small quantity of American harvest­ Chicago through its system of Belgian dealers. ing machinery arriving in this country. Following the second World War, forming subsidiary com­ From the beginning of the century until 1925, the business of panies where the btanches formerly were located steadily became the International Harvester Export Company in Spain, was handled favored by the parent company in the United States. Under the by various jobbers. As was the case in many other foreign countries, working of this policy, the International Harvester Company of this did not constitute satisfactory representation, so in 1926 it Belgium, S.A. was incorporated on November 30, 1949. was decided to establish a local affiliate in Madrid under the name of Compania Internacional de Maquinas Agricolas. In spite of cer­ tain setbacks in connection with foreign exchange difficulties, this

A loaded International L-l60 Motor Truck emerges after a trip through company progressed steadily and when the Civil War broke out the mile-long tunnel under the Escaut River at Antwerp in Belgium. in 1936, it had consolidated its position in the Spanish market. The Civil War changed the outlook of Spanish farmers, who rhrough the years had clung to the very rudimentary processes of threshing and plowing. Many young men who had been handling motor trucks and other mechanical equipment in the army were no longer content to return to the archaic methods of their predeces­ sors. Consequently, when the war ended in 1939 there was an enormous demand for tractors and modern machinery but the advent of World War II again shut off the supplies for the Spanish marker. Today, the outlook is improved since crop conditions are infi­ nitely better with new, if limited, regions being put under irriga­ tion. At the beginning of the second International Hatvester For­ eign Trade Century, the Spanish affiliate views the future as hold­ ing great opportunities for them to serve Spanish agriculture.

27 HARVESTER

J

Sydney (Australia), capital of New South Wales and city of more than 1,400,000, today is a far-cry from the uncharted wilderness found by the settlers who first landed there in the Eighteenth Century.

PACIFIC OPERATIONS. AUSTRALIA

O THE PIONEER SETTLERS of the late eighteenth around 1880, the interests of the increased population of necessity century standing on the shores of what is now Sydney, turned to greater production of food, the development of agricul­ New South Wales, the wide expanses of fertile land ture, and the building of industries. stretching for miles before them must have held un­ Agriculture in the early years before 1851 was inefficient. The T told promise for the future. Today, only a little more implements available for cultivation were naturally of a simple than a century and a half later, a visitor to these order and harvesting was accomplished with the traditional scythe same shores finds manifestation of development far beyond the and sickle. With the increasing importance of locally grown wheat dreams of the first settlers. This development through the years and other cereals to feed the growing population, attention was has increased the agricultural, strategical, and industrial importance immediately turned to improved methods of agriculture. In 1843 of Australia until it now ranks among the major nations of the a man named John Ridley of South Australia developed a stripper world. drum, a machine with comb and beaters for stripping or reaping The prodigious growth of Australia actually began in the same the heads of ripe grain. Crude as it was, Ridley's machine subse­ year that Cyrus Hall McCormick first introduced his reaper into quently came into general use and is considered the forerunner of foreign trade markets in London, England. In that year, 1851, when the stripper harvester and combine in Australia. McCormick was displaying his machine at the Crystal Palace Exhi­ As early as 1852 the first American reapers reached Australia bition, gold was discovered in Australia. Hordes of pioneers, miners, when Obed Hussey tried without success to sell a dozen of his ma­ and adventurers descended on this island continent and serious ex­ chines at Melbourne. A McCormick implement made by Burgess pansion and exploration gathered momentum. & Key in England won a prize in Australia in 1856 and the in­ Australia in 1851 was a new country on the brink of consider­ ventor apparently shipped 25 Chicago-made reapers there in 1858. able activity, growth, and enterprise. The enormous influx of men Of the reapers which McCormick sent to Great Britain after the with "gold fever" from all over the world swelled the population Civil War, one found its way to Australia and another to New of Australia from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,146,000 in I860 and to Zealand. Thereafter, until the Centennial Exposition at Philadel­ 2,232,000 in 1880.' When the gold seeking activity died down phia in 1876, the letter-books of the Chicago Company rarely men-

28 AROUND THE WORLD

tioned these countries, although their grain exports were yearly be­ coming of more importance in the European market. The interest of the Australians awakened by the Philadelphia Fair led Cyrus Hall McCormick to patent his machines in New South Wales, Victoria, and New Zealand. Arkell, Tufts & Com­ pany, a forwarding house of London and New York, which was pleased with the wire-binders sent by McCormick to England in 1877, asked for and received an agency for Australia and New Zealand. They immediately shipped fifty machines to Motrow, Bassett & Company of Christchurch. While the agricultural boom in Australia and New Zealand lasted, it proved a profitable one for the McCormicks and their competitors. The excellent performance of the fifty binders sent in One of the first International Harvester TD-24 Diesel Crawler Tractors to land on Australian shores is shown here being unloaded in the port 1877 brought McCormick an order for eight hundred more. In of Brisbane, Australia, from the ocean freighter ship "Pioneer Tide." July, 1878, over five hundred and fifty were shipped to Port Lyttel- ton, New Zealand. For the harvest of that year, McCormick sent sixty-four machines to Australia and Tasmania. By the close of the season, agents had been appointed in Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide, and McCormick binders had won eleven tralia established its Works at Geelong, Victoria and commenced first prizes in trials in Australia and New Zealand. All in all between operations in 1939. The extensive manufacturing program sched­ 1877 and 1884, the McCormicks had shipped to these two countries uled for Geelong Works was interrupted by the outbreak of World about 3,500 harvester-binders, some 400 mowers, and several reap­ War II. After cessation of hostilities, the company commenced the ers. This was the largest and most profitable foreign field of sale swing back to full production of farm equipment and service parts, developed during the lifetime of Cyrus Hall McCormick. Compared and post-war development and progress were marked by a general with France and Great Britain, it cost very little effort and brought expansion program. richer returns. This progressive program was climaxed in August of 1949 with For the next eighteen years prior to the formation of Interna­ the construction of a huge, modern plant at Dandenong, Victoria as tional Harvester Company in the United States in 1902, Australia the home for the manufacture of International Ttucks in Australia. had its link with both McCotmick and Deering products in the The agricultural life of Australia, with its wide ramifications separate sales organizations then operating in this country. For some and its enormous output, is the field of rural activity in which In­ time after the merger they continued to operate as separate divi­ ternational Harvester plays its most important role. During the har­ sions of the parent company, but in 1904 they combined operations vest time, when millions and millions of acres of wheat and other as International Harvester Company of America. grains are ripe, IH agricultural machines and implements are seen It was in July, 1912, that International Harvester Company of in large numbers. And on the Australian roads, International Trucks Australia Pry., Ltd., was formed to carry on the business fotmerly are hauling loads of grain to railroad sidings and silos for transpor­ conducted by the IHC of America. The history of the Australian tation to the cities or to ships for shipment overseas. affiliate is one of steady progress, interrupted only by the financial The policy of the International Harvester Company of Aus­ depression of the early 1930's. However, the sound structute of the tralia, which is so closely allied with the vital agricultural industty organization was evidenced by the rapid recovery from that period. of that country, is like that of its parent company in Chicago and It was at this time that widespread tariff restrictions on imports is founded on the spirit of Harvester tradition. Such tradition is were imposed, causing the company to examine avenues of Aus­ the main spring of the determination of the organization to serve tralian manufacture. Following careful research, the IHC of Aus- Australia and its people, and serve them well.

International Trucks serve the Australian timber in­ dustry by providing fast transportation. Here is an Australian-made AI-162 International in operation.

'• -swi». •="-3>IK»-»'-;

7;i!7;£77 !

•I HARVESTER AROUND THE

Farmall Tractors are popular with whole families in rural New Zealand because of their many and varied uses.

Cormick products and immediately shipped fifty machines to Mor­ row, Bassett & Company of Christchurch. Thus, the first McCor­ mick wire binders were introduced into the fields of New Zealand and made the farmers of that land cognizant of the importance of farm machinery. The first International Motor Truck to be used in New Zea­ land was the high wheeled auto buggy, which made its appear­ ance in 1909. One of the first models made the difficult trip from Christchurch to the West Coast, a distance of approximately 150 miles over mountains and through rugged terrain. The IH tractors came upon the New Zealand scene in 1911. New Zealand proved to be a profitable market for McCormick and International Harvester products from the time of their initial contact; consequently, on July 1, 1912, the International Harvester Company of New Zealand, Ltd. was established in Christchurch to facilitate further distribution, service, and sales. As new IH products were introduced, they found ready buyers in the progressive New Zealand market. In 1929 the first McCor- mick-Deering harvester thresher was tried in New Zealand fields. Farmers were shown that this machine could handle small seeds as well as grain and the foundation of New Zealand's grass seed in­ dustry was laid. With the introduction of this machine and later of the self-binding baler, harvesting in this island country became NEW ZEALAND completely mechanized. The New Zealand livestock farmer is able to compete success­ fully in the overseas market and maintain a high standard of living because he is able to secure an exceptionally high output per unit of labor. Fundamentally, he owes this to the unique advantages of N THE INTERVAL of the McCormick-International soil and climate, but he was also one of the first to appreciate the Harvester Foreign Trade Century, New Zealand has importance of modern machinery on his farm. And farmers grown from a group of a few scattered settlements throughout New Zealand fully realize the contribution of Inter­ with a total population of 26,000 to the world's national Harvester in the successive steps toward complete mechani­ largest exporter of lamb, mutton, and dairy produce zation in their country. and a leading exporter of wool. Great strides have Probably no country in the world more clearly represents the been made in the settlement of New Zealand since it was first "International" aspects of International Harvester Company for sighted by Abel Tasman in 1642 and the pageant of its history is goods come from sources of supply all around the globe. Major a record of progress and essential development. suppliers for the IHC of New Zealand are the IH Australian and Although New Zealand was discovered by Tasman, the foun­ British factories with their wide range of products. dation of colonization was not laid until the time of the American In a country like New Zealand, where agriculture is so pre­ War of Independence when the renowned English navigator, Cap­ dominantly important in that nation's economy, the International tain James Cook, made his famous voyages into the Pacific. Captain Harvester Company of New Zealand looks to the second Inter­ Cook charted the New Zealand coast line and took home to the national Harvester Foreign Trade Century with enthusiasm and Old World the first reliable accounts of the land and its native in- optimism. habitantSj the Maoris. Colonization was intensified in 1840 when New Zealand became a part of the British Empire. However, even Haymaking on a large scale on the Canterbury plains of New in 1851 there were only ten European colonies scattered through­ Zealand is made possible by the use of machinery. The versatile out the whole of New Zealand. IH Farmall A is a common sight during the annual haymaking time. The primitive state of New Zealand agriculture in 1851 can vividly be described by a pamphlet printed in England which said, "Let the immigrant bear in mind that the mere possession of a formidable array of agricultural implements is not agriculture, but the industrious use of the spade and mattock is." Farming was in the "manpower" stage and the farmers lived little above the sub­ sistence level. But the development in New Zealand did not remain static and in 1877 the settlement in this country began to expand rapidly with the arrival of the machine age. This was the year that Arkell, Tufts, & Company in London started their New Zealand agency for Mc- m 30 IH 125 SP Harvester Threshers played important roles in the highly successful and productive WORLD...PACIFIC OPERATIONS Philippine upland rice operation.

PHILIPPINES

HE BIRTH OF the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, marked the climax of over four cen­ turies of recorded history in these islands of the Malaysia Archipelago. Discovered by the famous explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, in 1521, the Philip­ pines remained under Spanish rule for 377 years until they were ceded to the United States following the Spanish- American War of 1898.

During the 48 years of American occupation, foundations were a laid for the development of democratic institutions, for the in­ %*» dustrialization of the islands, and for ultimate political independ­ ence. In this half-century, the Filipinos made substantial strides in modernizing their agriculture and industries, improving health conditions, and raising the standard of living. As part of the Malaysia, the Philippine Islands share the general Z'yZZiZZ'. features of that archipelago. The islands are mountainous but possess a number of fertile valleys and upland areas. Favored with important of the Manila hemp exporters. As Manila hemp grew wonderful soil and climatic conditions adaptable for the growing in commercial importance, the activities of MacLeod and Company of many agricultural products, the Philippines are primarily agri­ increased. Large warehouses were purchased in Manila in 1916. cultural with more than half of their 12 million acres of arable In 1923, a warehouse was constructed in Davao and another was land under cultivation. built in Cebu in 1930. International Harvester's entry to the Philippine Islands dif­ A hemp plantation located near Madaum, Province of Davao, fered from its beginning in most other countries. The first contact Island of Mindanao, was purchased by the Company in 1928 for in these islands came not from the sale of machines or the display the purpose of raising hemp. The growing and stripping of hemp of products at exhibitions but by the purchasing in the New York fiber on this plantation is a year-around operation with related open market of Philippine hemp or henequen for use in the manu­ activities of grading, baling, packing, and shipping. facture of binder twine. While International Harvester entered the Philippines through Immediately after the introduction of binder twine in 1880 the purchase of Manila hemp rather than by sale of machines, the demand increased rapidly and the sources of supply became McCormick-Deering, Farmall, International, and International inadequate. International Harvester, consequently, decided to enter Harvester were familiar names to the residents of many of the an entirely new manufacturing operation, the manufacture of Philippines' 7,083 islands. As a market for these products de­ binder twine. Factories were established over a period of years in veloped in the Philippine Islands, it was decided to make initial Chicago, St. Paul, Auburn, and New Orleans in the United States, distribution through MacLeod and Company. By 1930 a sales and in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It was largely for these plants volume of some importance had been achieved in this market area. that the hemp fiber was needed from the Philippines and other It was in this year that it was decided upon to form the Inter­ sources. national Harvester Company of Philippines and to conduct the By 1905 the market in the United States for binder twine had company's operations under this new name abandoning the name developed to such a degree that the purchase of fiber in the New of MacLeod and Company. York open market proved to be an expensive and undependable With the outbreak of hostilities of World War II in December, procurement operation. In that year, Mr. H. L. Daniels of Inter­ 1941, all IH business ceased in the Philippines and a virtual black­ national Harvester visited the Philippines and arranged for the out existed until the liberation by the American forces in 1945. purchase of MacLeod and Company, one of the oldest and most International Harvester's physical assets were practically 100 per cent damaged, but by the latter part of the year of 1945 the seemingly impossible reconstruction work got under way. Today, the IHC of Philippines is proud of its new establishments located in Manila, Cebu, Bacolod, and Davao. In addition to company- An island-wide tour of the Farmall Cub Caravan in 1950 owned branches, a chain of some twenty-seven dealers strategically introduced this machine to located throughout the islands have become a definite part of many Philippine agriculturists. Philippine economy and the name "International Harvester" is a cp by-word in that land. feV/;in

31 ZZ ZZWP • iEJ HARVESTER ZZM T

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One of the fifty L-210 Motor Trucks owned ,by the Belgo Mineira Steel Company in Brazil transports a load of charcoal to their mills. The TD-14 is utilized in the building of highways toward Monlevade, Minas Gerais.

LATIN AMERICAN OPERATIONS...BRAZIL

ROM THE TOP of Sugar Loaf Mountain, rising 1,300 rapidly growing interest in IH products over the ensuing decades, feet from the sea, a visitor to the capital of the color­ International Harvester Export Company opened its office in Rio ful country of Brazil can witness the magnificent de Janeiro in May, 1926. A year later, a branch was established in panorama of Rio de Janeiro, the heart of this great Sao Paulo, and in 1936, a sub-branch was set up in Porto Alegre, in nation and the second largest city in Latin America. the extreme southern part of the country. Here, amid fabulous scenery, 2,700,000 persons of Simultaneously a vast network of dealers was organized and the estimated 53 million population of Brazil live, work and play. developed, embracing the entire country and providing all ample This year in picturesque Rio, an event closely allied with the facilities to give service and for the sale of parts required by the McCormick-Intetnational Harvester Foreign Trade Centennial is ever-increasing number of owners of IH machines. being observed. For this year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of In 1947, to secure more firmly the already deep roots of the establishment of the first IH office in Rio after it was given International Harvester in this country, an affiliate company, the authorization to operate in Brazil by President Arthur Bernardes International Harvester Maquinas, S. A., was organized. This action in 1926. inaugurated a rapid phase of expansion which is still in progress International Harvester products were first introduced to Brazil today. by importing firms as early as 1908 and quickly won the approval The continuing development of International Harvester Ma­ of the more progressive Brazilian agriculturists, who found in them quinas, S. A. demanded the establishment of a factory and assembly valuable aids towards increasing production. In response to the and a central parts depot in Brazil. So, even before completing

32 AROUND THE WORLD

its 25 years of existence in Brazil, the Brazilian company, in 1947, acquired a ttact of 42,000 square meters in Santo Andre, State of Sao Paulo, and built a parts depot, factory, and assembly which were inaugurated in February, 1949. Constructed according to the most modern technical principles rhe Santo Andre plant has brought about more economical assembly of International Trucks, as well as of tractors, farm equipment, A team of IH TD-18's with Bucyrus-Erie S-90 scrapers widens an air and road construction machines. The Santo Andre installations, still strip in Brazil. In building roads, railroads, and air fields. International Harvester equipment is playing a big part throughout the entire world. in the process of being completed, will be finished in 1952 and will then be in full operation. One of Santo Andre's most important functions is to facilitate the distribution of spare parts for IH machines. Here, the nationally- made parts are rigorously tested and inspected in order to give the consumer the guarantee of perfect material. It is the ultimate goal of the Brazilian company to have its spare parts manufactured In this respect, IH Maquinas has given ample manifestation of its nationally, whenevet possible. efficient collaboration. Its industrial equipment is widely used as In Brazil, where the railroads fill only a small part of the a more economical source of power. IH motors are used in rock- transportation needs, trucks play an important role and Interna­ crushers, cotton gins, pumps, elevators, power shovels, concrete tional Trucks assembled at the new plant at Santo Andre are render­ mixers, boats, mining and the lumber industry. ing outstanding service. Through the years, International Harvester In the oil fields and inside the factories outstanding service is distributed in Brazil many thousands of its trucks which are em­ given by International engines and industrial tractors. And in still ployed in the transportation of passengers and freight, on farms, another field, the production of electric currenr, International in agricultural districts, general construction, industrial centers, Diesel power units find wide application. and public service. In addition, service and parts are available from During its first 25 years of existence in Brazil International the facilities of a network of 200 IH dealers spread from Belem, at Harvester Maquinas has developed little by little, enlatging its the mouth of the Amazon River, to Porto Alegre, in the far south. sphere of activity each year until it has become one of the largest To solve the problem of transportation, trucks alone are not of its kind in the whole country. Its success is largely due to the enough. There is another important factor, that of good roads, support of the Btazilian people who have enabled it to become which are like arteries to carry the raw material that go to feed deeply integrated with the life of the country. General Manager the great national industries. Luther E. Powell, commenting upon the firm's goals at the silver For this reason the great projects of highway engineering, in jubilee banquet in Rio de Janeiro, said, "Our objective is not to which IH trucks and tractors have taken an active part, deserve operate directly from the profit motive, but to work also for the special recognition. Since 1937, not only the heavy TD-24 crawler economic development and progress of Brazil." tractors equipped with road-consttuction machines but also the The mechanization of agriculture is always a factor of progress. versatile TD-18 and 9 and the ID-9 tractors have conttibuted to Distributing thousands of farm machines in the farm areas of the expansion of Brazil's highway system. Brazil, International Harvester has contributed substantially to the International tractors have rendered no less valuable service increasing mechanization of the nation's agriculture in the past 25 in the construction and development of airports and landing fields years. With the use of farm machines the use of tractors in agri­ in Brazil. Thus, the Santos Dumont airport, that of Campos dos culture was also begun. The sugar producing regions opened Alfonsos, the Santa Cruz base and other air fields from the north the way for mechanization, using heavy disk plows and other special to the south of the country, have seen the work of these tractors machines, drawn by crawler tractors. with their powerful earth-moving equipment. With a quarter century of operation behind it, Intetnational In the increasing industrialization of Brazil, not only directly Harvester Maquinas, S. A. looks forward to the second IH Foreign benefits millions of Brazilians by creating new jobs but also con­ Trade Century and reaffirms its purpose to continue serving the tributes substantially to the economic emancipation of the country. national progress in the same spirit of coopetation as in the past.

is large modern building houses the genera offices of International Harvester's Brazilian affiliate, International Harvester Maquinas, '> S. A., in the picturesque city of Rio de Janeiro.

. ..

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^' 7 ^ HARVESTER AROUND THE WORLD

Many other wealthy landowners were quick to see the value of the new farming machine, and soon a new market developed. In those early days McCormick machines were disttibuted through the Boker Company and the Deering line thtough the Korks- Hornburg Company located in Mexico City and the Dornberg- Peters Company in Puebla. With the formation of the International Harvester Company in 1902, sales in Mexico were placed for the first time under the direct supervision of the newly-formed company. The year 1902 At the Costa Rica sugar mill, Central Sanolona, Sinaloa, Mexico, the also marked the beginning of increased Harvester sales in Mexico powerful and adaptable TD-18 Tractor lifts cane from the mill stockpile. as the owners of large haciendas began large-scale use of mechanical equipment in harvesting their grain. International Harvester operated in Mexico until 1911 when internal conditions made it advisable to turn the Mexican business over to Texas and California offices. During this period it was inevitable that practically no IH equipment was shipped into Mexico. Up to 1918 and the end of World War I, International MEXICO Harvester business in Mexico was at a veritable standstill. The year 1919 saw a vigorous return of the IH trademark to Mexico. In this same year the first large sale of IH products to Mexico was made in a direct sale to that country's government. HEN THE SPANISH EXPLORER, Hernando Cortes, Six carloads of machinery rolled into Mexico for use in the re­ landed in 1519 on the unexplored coast around what habilitation of the new Republic's agriculture. is now Vera Cruz, he found a fabulous country. New The International Harvester dealer organization of Mexico Spain, he called it—later it became known as Mexico. which operates so successfully today had its beginning in 1920. Today, after four centuries, Mexico is still a fabulous In that year Mr. C. H. Cowan came to this country and, with Mr. land. E. E. Foreman, began the development of a dealer organization. Artists from all over the globe ate enthusiastic about the One of the first outlets was Sommer-Hermann and Company which beauties that are Mexico; the blue lake, Lake Patzcuaro, in the State covered the territory of Central and Southern Mexico. Further of Michoacan, which was the stronghold of the Tatascan Empire; expansion took place in 1923 when the first carload of tractors the smoky Paracutin which rose one sunny afternoon in February, were imported and the first dealers were appointed in Mexico. 1943, out of a corn field to become one of the world's most In order to serve Mexican industry and agriculture better, the talked of volcanoes; the colorful traces of the early rule of Spain; Intetnational Harvester Company of Mexico, S.A., was formed and the historical signs of the once mighty Aztec Empite. Mexico in December, 1934. Under this new company, the dealer organiza­ City, the gay and cosmopolitan capital of the Republic, is often tion continued to grow. Today, with 22 main distributors and described as one of the most beautiful cities of the world. many suj>dealers dotting the map, the IHC of Mexico represents Mexico is an agricultural land and its history is firmly rooted an important factor in the distribution of modern farm machinery to the soil. "Mexico, mi terra" is one of the most significant and for the development of mechanized farming in Mexico. often repeated phrases in the language and when a Mexican says, The need of Mexican farmers for modern farm implements and "Mexico . . . my land" he speaks with pride for the land means not the close association of International Harvester with agricultural only his country and his home but also his life. development in Mexico prompted the Mexican government to Approximately 75 per cent of the people employed in Mexico invite the IHC to consider construction of a farm implement factory are engaged in agricultute and other rural pursuits with more in that country. After careful study, it was decided to build a plant than 42 million acres under cultivation. The great variations in in Saltillo, Mexico. At a significant ceremony in Saltillo on Feb­ climate permit a remarkable agricultural diversification. ruary 4, 1946, a plaque was dedicated initiating construction of the International Harvester's history in Mexico began when the first modern agricultural machinery factory to be built south of the McCormick-International Harvester Foreign Trade Century was Rio Grande. only 25 years old. In 1875 when agriculture needed a better method The manufacturing program at the Saltillo Works is a long of binding newly-hatvested grain, the Yucatan supplied henequen range plan which," it is believed, has the potential power to assist or sisal fiber, from which improved binder twine was manufac­ in raising the standard of living for many Latin-American peoples tured. For thtee-quarters of a century, much of the binder and baler in generations to come. In speaking of the IH Saltillo Works, twine made in IH twine factories all over the world came from Mexico's former Under-Secretary of Agriculture, Gonzalez Gal- the henequen supplied by plantations in the Yucatan. lardo, stated, "The solid reputation of this company that has pro­ Agticulture prior to 1879 was very primitive but in that year vided efficient service to the agriculture of this continent for more the Mexican countryside underwent a change. It was in this year than a century guarantees the realization of objectives that will that the first McCormick reapers appeared in the Mexican grain have profound significance for the future of Mexico and the ad­ fields, to replace hand labor with mechanical ingenuity, thus mark­ vancement of agriculture, industry, and the national economy." ing the start of modern Mexican farming. This plaque, unveiled in The McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, under the February, 1946 commem­ guidance of Cyrus Hall McCormick, in the late 1870's looked to­ orates the building of the ward Mexico as a place where new devices might be tried in the early Saltillo Works in Mexico. harvest. v,JK SSTJ ..on til on* MHO M l* 34

„r •• • -.15 fflMPAMY "

LATIN AMERICAN OPERATIONS . s

ARGENTINA 7. :"7

RGENTINA, the second largest country of Latin- America, is an ambitious and versatile land occupy­ ing practically all of the southern section of South America east of the lofty Andes Mountain. Modern Argentina is the product of European immigration and the long arm of Spain still touches this land. Leather is an important item in Argentine industry. Here is a shipment Its century-old traditions appear in an economic system greatly of hides for export to other countries in the Buenos Aires busy harbor. dependent upon the sale of raw materials, the strong influence of the church, and in the persistence of large land-holdings. The full force of the immigrant tide to Argentina started in the 1850's at the beginning of the McCormick-International Harvester decided to open a McCormick agency at Buenos Aires in 1883. In Foreign Trade Century. The news of this open frontier spread to the few short years that his firm operated here, Cyrus Hall McCor­ all corners of the civilized world and in the seventy years between mick sold around 400 harvesting machines in that country. 1858 and 1928 close to six million settlers entered the country— Progressive farmers were quick to apply the newly developed 80 per cenr from Spain and Italy. agricultural machines to the latent productiveness of the rich soil Argentina asserted her independence from Spain in 1816 but of Argentina. In the early years of International Harvester Com­ this revolt lacked zest. Economic advantages prevailed over loyalty, pany, a large market began to develop for its products in Argentina. and the settlers of La Plata remained faithful to the Spanish House For years this market was very ably handled by distributors but of Boutbons. For almost 40 years after Argentina declared its soon reached such importance that it was desirable to establish independence, it was known as the United Provinces of the Silver an affiliate company to handle the business in Atgentina. River. In 1853, it adopted a new constitution which established As a result, on June 25, 1918, the International Harvester the present federal form of government, and officially named Company Argentina was organized to take over the distribution itself, the Argentine Republic. of the International Motor Trucks and the Deering line of farm The primary wealth of present-day Argentina lies in her rich machinery. This marked the establishment of the first IH affiliate soil. It is the world's chief exporter of beef, furnishing two-thirds company in Latin-America. The McCormick line continued to be of the world's trade of that commodity; it is also the leading ex­ handled by an old time distributor, Agar, Cross, and Company porter of corn; the second world exportet of wheat, lamb, mutton, until 1945 when it was taken over by the Argentina affiliate. and wool; it also possesses almost a monopoly in quebracho (used The vast extension of the Argentine territory soon made it in the tanning of leather); and is a substantial producer of hides, necessary for the newly fotmed IHC Argentina to establish several cotton, sugar, and tobacco. district offices in the main commercial cities of Rosario, Bahia Since Argentina is largely in the temperate zone, its range Blanca, Santa Fe, Mendoza, Cordoba, and Tucuman. The general of agricultural production is different from that of most other office was located in the metropolis of Buenos Aires. Latin-American republics. About 11 per cent of this nation's 690 The ability of International Harvester equipment to meet the million acres is now under cultivation, and 44 per cent is in needs of the Argentine farmets and industrialists has created a pasture lands making a total of about 55 per cent of the national general acceptance of IH equipment throughout the country. The area being utilized for agricultute and grazing. International Harvester Company Argentina has contributed con­ Wheat is the leading crop. Argentina accounts for four-fifths siderably to the advancement of mechanized agriculture in Argen­ of all Latin-American wheat production and is the only country tina and will participate in further expansion and development in in South America in which the major part of the wheat production the second International Harvester Foreign Trade Century. is exported. In addition, Afgentina is the leading corn-growing country of this continent. To a great extent the success of Argentina as a cattle producing countty has resulted from improved pasture lands, especially in On a tour of Argentina, Mr. John L. McCaffrey, center, visited a the areas where alfalfa is cultivated and where thtee to four crops ' service station. From left to right are: Messrs. C. Jarchow, J. R. Lester, a year are obtained without irrigation. The cattle-raising industry IH President John L. McCaffrey, J. L. Camp, and C. R. Whisenant. of Argentina is concentrated in the fertile central provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Cordoba. The dawn of IH products in agricultural Argentina came early UK- in the McCormick-International Harvester Foreign Trade Century. Of all the countries south of the United States, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Mexico alone showed any interest in harvesting machinety prior to 1885. A few sales had been made by American firms in these countries before the American Civil War, but no serious effort was made to exploit this field until the mid-1870's. Since Afgentina produced the most gtain in South America, it was LATIN AMERICAN OPERATIONS. CUBA

Symbolic of changing times, the traditional bullock in Uru­ HE FIRST HALF of the McCormick-International guay ruefully surveys its modern successor, the IH Farmall Cub. Harvester Foreign Trade Century was a matter of history before the Company began operations in Cuba, the world's sugar-bowl and the Pearl of the Antilles. Since the offset of the Foteign Trade Cen­ tury, McCormick-International Harvester products gained entrance into most markets through the sale of farm ma­ URUGUAY chinery or through the display of products at world fairs and exhi­ bitions. However, in Cuba, the pattern was alteted when a new IH innovation appeared on the horizons. In the 1910's world demand for new modes of transportation N THE SOUTHEASTERN coast of South America, be­ motivated the addition of the motor truck to the growing line of tween the great tepublics of Brazil and Argentina, IH products. Within a decade, the International Truck and the lies Uruguay. For 120 miles Uruguay's eastern shore newly developed IH tractor became the "giants" of the Company's stretches along the Atlantic and her wide expansion production scheme. While Cuba's need for harvesting machinery of white beaches provide an unparalleled summer re­ was slight during this period, it urgently tequited better means sort for tourists. On the south, Uruguay is bordered of transporting its vital sugar crop. So it was that in 1917, Inter­ by the broad estuaty of the Rio de la Plata and in early days the national Harvester entered the Cuban market through the sale of country was called "La Banda Oriental" because of its position its Model F and H Motor Trucks by a representative of the Inter­ on the east bank of the Uruguay river. national Harvester Export Company. Montevideo, located at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, is the Shortly thereafter, exclusive representation of McCormick- capital and core of Uruguay and here, in neat, suburban homes Deering farm machines and implements was granted to the J. Z. along broad tree-lined boulevards, lives over one-third of the coun­ Horter Company. In 1928, the firm of Van Gorder and Romero, try's population. Further east along the Atlantic coast is the resort took over the exclusive franchise for Cuba of the entire Inter­ city of Punta del Este, often called the Riviera of South America, national Harvester line. where visitors enjoy the luxury of cabana-dotted beaches. Recognizing that Cuba afforded an excellent matket for IH Uruguay is a land devoted largely to sheep and cattle raising products and that the particular needs of this island country re­ due to the abundance of rich pasture areas, temperate climate, and quired the specialized attention already given to other Latin- excellent watet supply. With only about 8 per cent of the countty's American countries, on June 27, 1938, a local affiliate company, territory under cultivation, agriculture has been of minor im­ the International Harvester Company of Cuba, was organized. portance in the past as compared with livestock raising. As a result An extensive dealer network to distribute, merchandise, and service of government stimulation and an extensive program of mechaniza­ IH products was set up shortly thereafter. tion, Uruguay now feeds itself and farming has registered sub­ Cuba's economy is dominated by its sugar cane industry and stantial gains in recent years. this crop has made the island the purest one-crop country of the Mechanization of Utuguay's agriculture gained its otiginal wotld. International Harvester has contributed greatly to the impetus early in the McCotmick-Intetnational Harvester Foreign economy of Cuba by developing, through the years, machines and Trade Century when 450 American binders were imported in 1880 equipment designed for the advancement of successful and econom­ by Theobal & Cia. Shortly thereafter, the distribution of McCormick ical sugar cane cultivation. A recent contribution was the highly products was taken over by the importer firm of Juan Shaw, and efficient hydraulically-operated Universal Cane Tool Bar. Pablo Mane & Cia began to handle Deering products. International Harvester and its Cuban subsidiary company has This arrangement continued until 1929 when the Deering line aided considerably in the progress of all agriculture in Cuba not and International Trucks were taken over by the newly established only through the promotion of new machines and new methods Uruguay office of the Intetnational Harvester Export Company. but also by complete cooperation with the government and agri­ Toward 1932, the IHEC took over the distribution of the McCor­ cultural schools in crop diversification programs, encouragement mick line also. In November, 1948, a local affiliate company was of farmers and sugar cane growers to apply intensive cultivation organized, the International Harvester Company of Uruguay, S. A. methods, and the prompting of crop rotation. For the past quarter centuty, Intetnational Harvester activities in Uruguay have experienced sharp fluctuation ranging from the critical crisis in 1930-33 to its highest ranking position in 1951. A Farmall M hauls International cane carts loaded with newly This is due largely to the government-inspired intensification of • cut sugar cane, king crop of Cuba, to the mills for processing. mechanization which is geared to make Uruguay one of the most mechanized countries in relation to its territory and population. Closely allied in purpose with the Uruguay government is the International Harvester Company of Uruguay, S. A. which has contributed greatly to the mechanization program by placing in the hands of producers, the most modern equipment available.

36 HARVESTER AROUND THE WORLD-

BRITISH EAST AFRICA

NE HUNDRED YEARS AGO there were numerous rea­ Mr. Ronald Scott, Merchandising Manager of Union of South sons for the name, "Darkest Africa." For centuries, Africa IHC, takes a short ride in a 1910 International Truck. the ports and coastal trading posts had been pre­ cariously held by Persians, Arabs, and Portuguese but AFRICAN-MIDDLE EAST OPERATIONS the interior was virtually unknown, apart from the slave routes along which some 30,000 slaves were brought to the coast each year. Livingston, Stanley, and other ex­ UNION OF plorers began delving into the mysteries of Africa in the mid- 1800's, each adding to the small store of knowledge of Africa. The transition from trading at scattered British outposts, to the SOUTH AFRICA aggressive developmenr of the country, began with the opening of the railway. This was built, under exttemely difficult conditions, over 580 miles from Mombasa to Lake Victoria. Settlers were TANDING ON the Berea Ridge, a visitor to the eastern encouraged to take up land adjoining the railroad and colonization coast of the Union of South Africa can see stretching gained its initial impetus. out to the Indian Ocean, a modern city, commanding The hazards and hardships facing the settlers of this period all the amenities of the Twentieth Century; flanked were many. Land was cheap, but it had to be cleared, and the native on the southern side by industrial activities and on laborer was totally unaccustomed to even the simplest of tools. the northern side by new residential areas. Crops were ravaged by herds of game, cattle wete carried off by Cheerful houses and colorful gardens fill the slope of the Berea, lions, and both were attacked by disease. It was only after years of and the busy harbor lies snugly in the land-locked bay under the hard work that sheep and cattle raising were successfully estab­ protective arm of the verdant Bluff. Behind to the westward, and lished, and corn, coffee, sisal, and wheat were proven suitable. farther to the north and south of the closely congested central area Up to 1927 International Harvester equipment had been sup­ of the city, lie the rolling hills of Greater Durban, with their thriv­ plied to farmers and planters through dealers in Nairobi, which in ing communities extending in a wide sweep. This is the city of the meantime had arisen from a railway construction camp to be­ Durban, Union of South Africa. come the capital of Kenya Colony. In order to keep pace with the Durban possesses many natural advantages as an industrial growth of the country, an office of the International Harvester center, the main one being its land-locked harbor which permits Export Company was established in Nairobi in 1927. the handling of shipping in any weather. The industrial sites are The increasing use of trucks, where a few years earlier there mainly in the Maydon Wharf area, where both wharf and railway had been no roads, was reflected in the sale of 28 trucks in the first facilities are as advanced as any in South Africa. As a distributing year. In the same period over 100 tractors were supplied to farmers, center, Durban has no equal in the southern sector of Africa. with a cottesponding number of farm machines, including 25 International Harvester came to South Africa in 1927 with thfeshers. the formation of the International Harvester Company (S.A.) Pty. Expansion continued through the years and at the beginning of Ltd. in Durban. Prior to this, IH products were distributed in South 1948 a local affiliate company, the International Harvester Com­ Africa through a group of nine importing firms, some handling pany of East Africa, Ltd. was formed. By 1950 the sales volume McCormick lines and motor trucks, and others the Deering line. had increased to 63 times that of 1933, aided by an increased One of these importers was William Spilhaus & Company, which volume of machine imports from England and Australia. today are still distributors of IH products. Today, East Africa is a land of progress. Farmers, still the back­ Shortly after its inception in Durban, the IHC (S.A.) realized bone of the country, are rapidly improving their methods, bringing the necessity of having a warehouse and spares department, together new land under cultivation, and working toward a permanent agri­ with some sales personnel in the important inland city of Johannes­ culture that they can pass on to the generations to come. The burg to cover the Transvaal market. The business in Transvaal has country is no longer a backwater and progress is the keyword for grown to the extent where it now represents 60 per cent of the the second International Harvester Foreign Trade Century. total volume. In recognition of the importance of this territory, Johannesburg was established as a district office in 1951. The city of Durban today has many business undertakings that have contributed incalculably to its welfare and to the agricultural A 125-SP Harvester Thresher cuts a wide swath in a fertile and industrial welfare of the Union of South Africa, but there is field on the productive plains near Nairobi, British East Africa. none considered by the people of this land as better deserving of recognition than the International Harvester Company and its South African subsidiary in Durban.

i '<•'•• \ . ' : An example of the first press advertising run by the International Harvester Export Company in the Union of South Africa; the year . . . 1927.

\k,:<>:(\!K K nti Riv Z'ZZZs •Hj •"•* : ZmZi JaEBBBaftfo'. ^ V*^9 MliliiiiMi; - ''•-• , ;;, zz <*>' , —- •*• . "WQEJ/M^^H ' #^1i H JOHN L. MCCAFFREY CYRUS H. McCORMICK Present President, 1946— First President, 1902-1918 ifl Lk J HAROLD F. McCORMICK ALEXANDER LEGGE President, 1918-1922 President, 1922-1929, 1931-1933

^ CENTURY OF PROGRESS

HE MAGNITUDE OF the global operations of Inter­ But the real impetus to McCormick's world-wide expansion national Harvester Company reflects the strong world dream came in 1902 when the International Harvester Company market aspirations that have been an integral part of was formed. McCormick's reputation was already well established the world-famous McCormick and Intetnational Har­ throughout the world but lack of adequate capital for large-scale T vester names and policies for one hundred years. Its developmenr had retarded his vision of world markets. While wide­ foundation was laid securely by Cyrus Hall McCor­ spread competition and mass production techniques had spurred mick with the same thoroughness and farsightedness that charac­ development of improved products, it nonetheless had reached terized his original reaper. ruinous price-cutting stages among agricultural machinery manu­ Imbued with his father's enthusiasm for the development of facturers in the United States. By this time American industry had world markets, the inventor's son, Cyrus H. McCormick, expanded reached a high peak of prosperity and was restless in its desires to the foreign end of the business to world-wide proportions. Early invade world markets. in his long business career he took the view that the "overseas Merger Attempt Fails in 1890 markets should be developed with consistent vigor or not at all." Before 1900 some 80 harvesting machinery companies had Later he was instrumental in the creation of International Har­ gone into bankruptcy either because of lack of experience, lack of vester Company to give emphasis to world market development of patents, insufficient working capital, or poor management. At­ agricultural machinery and new products. tempts to level-off the obvious over-expansion of the domestic Successive leaders of the Company to this day have faithfully market through a merger of the 20 leading companies into the carried on the century-old tradition and applied even more vigor American Harvester Company failed in 1890 because of legal ob­ and emphasis in making the International Harvester trademark the stacles and because American farmers objected to such a large and symbol of world leadership, quality, and service. The second cen­ alleged monopolistic combine. tury now beginning will see still further expansion of the world­ While the devastating competitive battle raged in the United wide institution. Growth has been the outstanding characteristic of States in the succeeding decade, an extremely profitable foreign the McCormick-International Harvester organizations ever since market was waiting to be developed by anyone who was able to the first reaper was sent to the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London take advantage of it. Rivalry for the big European market reached one hundred harvests ago. its crest at the International Exposition in Paris in 1900, especially The first emphasis to the company's foreign trade expansion among the big three leaders in the field: the McCormick Harvesting came in 1877 when the administtation of the foreign end of the Machine Company, the Deeting Harvesting Company, both of business was transferred from the inventor's home to the office Chicago, and the D. M. Osborne & Company of Auburn, New York. and factory staffs of McCormick Harvesting Machine Company. The foreign trade picture was uppermost in Mr. McCormick's The next big step was in 1899 when William V. Couchman was mind when he enlisted financial aid from J. P. Morgan & Company sent to Europe to establish sales agencies and distribution and seiv- in June, 1902, for expansion and credit purposes. The House of ice channels. Morgan recognized the value of the foreign trade potential but

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SYDNEY G. MCALLISTER FOWLER McCORMICK President, 1935-1941 President, 1941-1946 HERBERT F. PERKINS ADDIS E. McKINISTRY President, 1929-1931 President, 1933-1935

claimed that no one company was large enough to develop world the board and held this position until his death on June 2, 1936. markets on the broad scale contemplated by McCormick. Morgan Vice-presidents were James Deering, Harold F. McCormick, John advanced the suggestion and pursued into reality the consolidation J. Glessner, and William H. Jones. of the leading firms in the agricultural implement field. Equipped with a well trained staff and adequate manufacturing Through consolidation was visioned the needed pool of trained facilities the new organization moved fotward at a rapid rate at men, capital, and factories to supply a huge world demand at prices home and abtoad. At home the big problem centered around inte­ more reasonable than ever before and at the same time temove the gration and coordination of multiple manufacturing operations deadly at-home competition. One of the big objectives of the con­ into specialized plant lines for the vastly expanded range of new solidation was the addition of a wide range of products that would products as well as the acquisition of still more companies in non­ keep busy the manufacturing and sales divisions of the vastly ex­ competitive fields. panded company on an all-year around basis and thus eliminate As to the foteign market, sales organizations were established the valleys and peaks resulting from seasonal production. throughout the world in a comparatively shott space of time. The On August 12, 1902, Intetnational Harvester Company was decision was soon reached that foteign manufacturing would be born through the merging of the McCormick and Deering Com­ necessary to circumvent the growing practice in many countries of panies along with the Piano Manufactuting Company of West imposing high import duties on United States' products and in Pullman, Illinois, and the Warder, Bushnell and Glessner Company order to get around the high local cost of supplying machines from of Springfield, Ohio —better known by its trade-mark name of the United States factories. Furthetmore, it was realized that United Champion —and by the outright purchase of the Milwaukee Har­ States factories could not keep up with the huge demands from vester Company. abroad and could not efficiently supply special-type machines J. P. Morgan had suggested the new company be known as the needed for certain markets. United States Harvester Company but this name was discarded as being inappropriate in view of the world-wide functions of the new New Products Added Through the Years True to its purpose of organization, the addition of new prod­ firm. Hence, the name International Harvester Company was chosen ucts to better serve agriculture, industry, transportation, and later, "to make it at home in any of the lands in which it might be doing refrigeration, has been characteristic of International Harvester's business." This ttadition has been carried forward in the names of growth ever since its formation. The development of new products 17 of International Harvester's 19 subsidiary companies operating was so rapid after the organization of the company in 1902 that by throughout the world today. 1916 they outranked the original line of harvesting machinery. C. H. McCormick Heads Company Today, International Harvester machines are at work in almost Cyrus H. McCormick was elected president of the company every facet of agticultural endeavor. The original line has been and retained that post until 1918. He was then made chairman of completely dwarfed ever since the world demand for the needed

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More than forty years ago IH engineers On the highways and byways of the world Inter­ The new TD-18A is another IH product that is accepted a challenge to design a suc­ national Trucks today are playing important roles always on the job wherever there is work to be cessful cotton picker. They succeeded onlv within thp last two decades. in the advancement of global transportation. done in the building of a better world for all. A CENTURY OF PROGRESS. . . The first factory established outside of the United States was built in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1903 by the International Harvester Company of Canada. The plant was designed to produce harvesting machinery but tillage implements, seeders, and manure spreaders were soon added to its production lines. Another plant, in Chatham, Canada, was placed in operation in 1911 to manu­ facture motor trucks. These plants were designed to supply the Dominion's heavy demands and also to supply overseas markets in which Canada en­ In the year 1909, the first French IH plant, Croix Works, was built near the city of Lille in the north section of France. joyed more favorable trade arrangements than the United States. This flexibility of multiple shipping points has through the years enabled International Harvester to gain access to what otherwise might be closed markets. By the same token it has given the com­ pany's world customers a greater latitude and selection in placing :I V

In Mexico, and in many other countries of the world, the IH pylon prototype is a symbol of complete service and good-will.

JLJL constituted two-thirds of the company's total business. World War I temporarily halted the steady development of overseas markets. Enormous losses running into millions of dollars were written off the company's books. The losses resulted from war I damage to European plants, loss of inventoties, and cheapening of foreign exchange reserves. Greatest setback was in Russia where

the company's large investment became a total loss. Despite these : :• :; :;:>'"' costly experiences, however, the company's faith in foreign mar­ kets was unshaken. Within a short time after the close of the first World War most of the European plants were back in operation and the com­ pany took a leading role in helping to rehabilitate European agri­ The need of Mexican farmers for modern farming equipment culture. The war sparked a big sales boom in labor-saving machines brought about the construction of Saltillo Works in 1946. and particularly so for tractors and trucks which were then coming p,7i7777^''' ..,„...,,,,: into general usage throughout the world. This marked the early 6*" beginning of a new era in the company's operations in which the ji0** •%M sales of tractors and trucks were soon outranking all other products. 7::::: ^mw, ^^ssMm? Ip**' " • .<* : New Export Company Proves Successful S..777 '77fa, Because of the constantly growing volume of foreign trade it was again found expedient in 1925 to concentrate the overseas sales mfx and distribution in a separate corporation. Accordingly, Interna­ tional Harvester Export Company was formed to act as the inter­ mediary sales and distribution medium between the parent company ; and its subsidiaries outside of the United States, Canada, and ,'-'%„:'"i.:.^-,77 '""SS>> ••-.«F*.t--.um.,;.,, Z$^m±- *$** Hawaii, and to stimulate sales through distributors and jobbers • .•'';• *'-A*.. (now numbering more than 400) in world areas not served by :.. -• - - the foreign subsidiaries. m " - Overall supervision and direction of these extensive operations

today are vested in a completely constituted organization of the Doncaster Works in England produced its first Farmall M parent company known as Foreign Operations. The new export in 1949. Today twelve IH products are manufactured here. company met with immediate success—foreign sales began to climb steadily, reaching new highs just before the world-wide depression of the 1930's set in. International Harvester emerged from the depression crisis with new and improved lines of products in both the agricultutal and industrial fields, including a new small Farmall all-purpose tractor, small motor ttucks, a complete line of power units, small harvester threshers, milking cooling equipment, and diesel engines and trac­ tors. Its truck line now was the most complete of any on the market and was leading the industry in the heavy-duty line. IH's long standing leadership in the agricultural field now was augmented

with similarly achieved laurels in the commercial transport and The IH plant in Norrkoping, Sweden, purchased in 1905, industrial fields throughout the world. Sales soared to new heights was the first International Harvester overseas works. before the world once again was plunged into another crisis — World War II.

World War II Brings New Problems cultutal machinery, motor trucks, and industrial equipment. Even The second World War presented a new challenge to Interna­ with its great production contributions to the war effort, the com­ tional Harvester Company. Its leadership in both the agricultural pany's profits throughout the war period failed to reach the 1941 and industrial fields placed the company in the difficult dual role figures although war sales were 175 per cent of the 1941 level. of supplying enormous quantities of a wide range of war matefials Equally challenging was the knotty post-war problem of adjust­ for the armed forces and at the same time fulfilling the need for ing the company's vastly increased production facilities to a highly labor-saving machinery and parts to help American farmers satisfy uncettain peacetime economy. Could matkets at home and abroad unprecedented demands for food. be developed to keep pace with the expanded production lines? Through a stepped-up production program, IH fulfilled both Would retrenchment be expedient in view of unstable conditions, war and home front requirements. Despite the fact that as much as both economical and political, throughout the world? 66 per cent of its production capacity was devoted to turning out Under the leadership of John L. McCaffrey, president of IHC more than $1,000,000,000 worth of war matetials in the war since 1946, and Fowler McCormick, grandson of Cyrus Hall Mc­ years, the company nonetheless in the same period achieved sales Cormick and then chairman of the board, the company adopted a records greater than pre-war averages for its regular line of agri- most optimistic viewpoint about the future and set out immediately

Dandenong Works, newest IH overseas plant, is to be the home for manufacture of all types of International Trucks in Australia. ,••• nan llflflj —' ~~ "•"' '«& z

A CENTURY OF PROGRESS. . .

On any heavy duty job, pipelay- a steady and rich market for a still greater sales volume. ing, construction, or mining, IH's But the real challenge in world trade today lies in the few re­ TD-24s, with matched allied equipment, are giants of power maining frontiers, like Central Africa, the Near East, and the Orient, and of excellent performance. where little progress has been recorded over the centuries. Yet, in the strife-torn, hunger-stricken, and politically ensnarled Orient reside about one-half of the world's total population under an ex­ tremely low standard of living. Here the soil is still worked by archaic, back-breaking methods and most of the population is con- 'cerned with eking out a meager existence off the land. . It is here where contribution to economic and agricultural bet­ Z terment will produce enormous benefits not only for the teeming millions of Asiatics but also for the economic benefit of the whole world as well, once political stability is achieved and free men's souls are no longer plagued by hunger and strife. The Oriental market is an area where the obvious question for the time being

The development of a successful must be how to achieve greater production and how to initiate beet harvester by IH engineers economic contributions that can and should be made, rather than has made it possible to top and the immediate sales potential. lift sugar beets to a truck in one engine-powered operation. On the Road to Better Living International Harvester's Foreign Trade Century has proven repeatedly that the markets of the world are not static. Today, like 100 years ago, markets are awaiting the initiative and ingenuity of the organization with products that will help relieve mankind upon one of the most ambitious expansion programs in its history of its most arduous burdens on the coveted road to a better standard to cope with the pent up world-wide demand for its products. of living and to make the world a better place to live in for all In line with this program the company and its subsidiaries spent people. International Harvester's faith in this ideal has been richly more than $250,000,000 at home and abroad in new and improved rewarded, for over the years the world has elevated it to a position buildings, machinery, and equipment and in sales and service fa­ among the first ten top-ranking industries of America; today it is cilities in the five-year period 1946-1951. True to ttadition, new the largest manufacturing and exporting company headquartered products once again were in the forefront. This time they included in the great, mid-western metropolis of Chicago, International a populat line of refrigerators and freezers and the long-awaited Harvester's home base since 1847. cotton picker. The wisdom of the post-war expansion policy is best reflected in the sales figures which climbed steadily to establish new all-time highs near the billion dollar mark in the U.S. alone. Sales of for­ eign subsidiaries likewise mounted. The foreign sales of the sub­ sidiaries now are nearly equivalent to the total sales of the parent company in the United States only a decade ago. Although the IH Products manufactured in foreign countries United States plants ate still supplying in excess of 10 per cent Chatham Works, Canada Grain Binders Grain Drills of their total sales to foreign markets, the company is more and Trucks of 4,200 to 27,000 pounds One Horse Cultivators Plows gross vehicle weight rating. Rakes and Tedders more relying upon its foteign subsidiaries to fill overseas orders. Croix Works, Croix (Nord), France Threshers Tillage Tools International Harvester's ovetseas supply sources were strength­ Fertilizer Distributors Windrowers ened materially in the post-war period through new manufacturing Grain Binders Hay Loaders Hamilton Twine Mill plants opened in Austtalia, Mexico, Great Britain, and France. In Mowers Potato Diggers Twine Potato Planters Rakes Neuss-Rhein Works, Germany addition to rebuilding war devastated facilities, post-war expansion Side Delivery Rakes Fertilizer Distributors programs also have been carried on in Canada, Brazil, Germany, Tedders Grain Binders Hay Rakes Sweden, and the Philippines. Manufacturing is now conducted at Croix Twine Mill, Croix, France Hay Tedders Mowers 11 foreign plants, including 3 twine mills. Twine Reapers Side Rake & Tedders Cuban Plantation, Cardenas, Cuba Tractors Twine Norrkoping Works, Sweden IH Pylon Around the Globe Sisal Fiber Fertilizer Distributors Even after 100 years of successful operations in all areas of Dandenong Works, Australia Grain Binders Grain Drills the world, age has not dulled or slackened the enthusiasm of Inter­ Motor Trucks Manure Spreaders Mowers Rakes Reel Reaping Attachments national Harvesrer to develop foreign markets. Indeed to the con­ Doncaster Works, England Bale Loaders Cultivators Twine trary, at no time in the century has the company demonstrated a Disk Harrows Green Crop Loaders Montataire Works, France keener appreciation nor has it evet been in a better overall position Hay Balers Manure Spreaders Cultivators Grinders Grain Drills Plows than at present to supply the large world market with its wide Mowers Tractors Tractor Plows Crawler Tractors Philippine Plantations, Madaum, tange of quality products and to service them adequately. Symbolic Geelong Works, Australia Philippines * Manila Hemp Cultivators Disk Harrows of IH quality and service around the globe are the several thou­ Saltillo Works, Saltillo, Mexico Earth Scoops Cane Carts Cane Tools sand red pylon prototypes with their prominent display of the Feed Grinders Corn Shellers Fertilizer Distributors world famous IH trademark. Cotton & Corn Planters Grain Drills It is true that most of the world's agricultural frontiers have Cultivators Disk Harrows Hammer Mills Hay Balers Farm Trucks Middlebusters been conquered by the machine age but this does not mean that Hay Rakes Knife Grinders Motor Truck Assembly Milking Machines Mowers farm mechanization has anywhere reached its zenith. Far from it, Peg Tooth Harrows Plows Potato Planters even in countries with the most advanced economies they remain as Plows Stalk Cutters Tractors Side Delivery Rakes St. Dizier Works, St. Dizier (Haute Hamilton Works, Canada Marne), France • Tractors 42 Disk Harrows Field Cultivators NTERNATIONAL HARVESTER, with its background of McCormick tradition, is proud of its cenrury of fairhful service dedicated to the agricultural, industrial, transportation, and refrigeration needs of the rapidly expanding economies of / the world. As trustees of a rich inventive, setvice, and quality heritage, 120,000 Harvester officials and employes the world over today salute the beginning of a second International Harvester Century and dedicate themselves anew with a solemn pledge to continue the program of progress to lighten the burden of mankind—to increase the pro­ ductiveness of man's labor—and to make the world a bertet place in which to live.

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