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A Historico-Literary Analysis of Mahmoud Darwish's Works

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A Historico-Literary Analysis of Mahmoud Darwish's Works Cultural Memory and Exilic Perspective on Home and Identity: A Historico-Literary Analysis of Mahmoud Darwish’s Works By Supervisor Muhammad Ajmal Khan Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan 62-FLL/PHDENG/S12 Professor DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 2018 Cultural Memory and Exilic Perspective on Home and Identity: A Historico-Literary Analysis of Mahmoud Darwish’s Works By Supervisor Muhammad Ajmal Khan Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan 62-FLL/PHDENG/S12 Professor A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF PhD in English To DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 2018 ii iii Acceptance by the Viva Voce Committee Title of the thesis: Cultural Memory and Exilic Perspective on Home and Identity: A Historico-Literary Analysis of Mahmoud Darwish’s Works Name of student: Muhammad Ajmal Khan Registration No: 62-FLL/PHDENG/S12 Accepted by the Department of English, Faculty of Languages & Literature, International Islamic University, Islamabad, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in English with specialization in Literature. Viva Voce Committee ___________________________ ______________________________ External Examiner Dr. Munawar Iqbal Ahmad Dr. Shaheena Ayub Bhatti Dean Director Women Research and Resource Faculty of Languages & Literature, IIU Centre, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi ___________________________ ______________________________ External Examiner Dr. Muhammad Sheeraz Dr. Sarwet Rasul Incharge Associate Professor/Chairperson, Department of English, FLL, IIU Department of English, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi ___________________________ ______________________________ Internal Examiner Supervisor Dr. Munawar Iqbal Ahmad Prof. Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan Dean Dean Faculty of Languages & Literature, IIU Faculty of Languages, NUML, Islamabad December 27, 2018 iv ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the history of the last seventy years of Palestinian struggle for the establishment of their identity as a sovereign nation-state as it is reflected through the poetic and prose works of Mahmoud Darwish. Owing to his persistent role as the mouthpiece of the Palestinian sentiments, Darwish has come to be known as the Palestinian national poet. In the present study, Darwish’s literary outpour is seen in the context of a long history where different claimants have contended to establish their entitlement to the sacred land of Palestine. The historical dimension is an important part of the Arab literature in general and Palestinian literature in particular where the struggle for independence and democratic rights has consistently been nabbed by the colonial masters in the past and the neo-colonial regimes of the present time. In the context of Palestinian/Israeli conflict, the UN-sanctioned ‘two- state’ solution is being systematically undermined by the ultra-orthodox, US-supported Israeli government that openly refuses to admit the legal and historical rights of the Palestinians. While history is being documented by the resourceful western academia and other institutions with more or less ulterior motives, it becomes ever more pertinent to highlight the Palestinian cause as reflected through various modes of their own cultural production. Indigenous literary and non-literary voices must be heeded to for a holistic understanding of the human condition in Palestine. Analysing Mahmoud Darwish’s writings in their historical backdrop is thus an attempt to understand the history of Palestinian national identity through the focal lens of a representative poet. The present research is interdisciplinary in nature using a historico-literary framework of study that takes its lead from intertextuality as well as new-historicism. The purpose of investigation is a deeper understanding of Palestinian struggle through Darwish’s works as he tackles the challenges of exile and cultural memory to realize the ideals of home and identity. It is hoped that the present treatise would encourage further interdisciplinary researches where other literary texts are explored in their historical and political contexts. v DECLARATION I, Muhammad Ajmal Khan son of Muhammad Anwar Khan, Registration No. 62-FLL/ PHDENG/ S12, student of PhD, in the discipline of English Literature, do hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis “Cultural Memory and Exilic Perspective on Home and Identity: A Historico-Literary Analysis of Mahmoud Darwish’s Works” submitted by me in partial fulfilment of PhD degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis/dissertation at any stage, even after the award of a degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. This work was carried out and completed at International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. ____________________ Signatures of Deponent Dated: December, 2018 MUHAMMAD AJMAL KHAN vi DEDICATION To the heroes and martyrs of Palestinian struggle, to their spirit of intifada (resistance) and sumud (perseverence), and the paragon of the two, their national poet Mahmoud Darwish. & To Edward Said who kept the torch of Palestinian struggle well-lit throughout the academic world and from whose dauntless writings the western world had a rare chance to see the real picture of Palestinian lives. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT alhamdulillahi rabbil aalameen wassalaatu wassalaamu alaa syyedil ambiyya’i wal mursaleen nabiyyina wa shafiyyina Muhammad Mustafa sallallahu elaihi wa alaa aalehi wasallam I am highly thankful to my teacher and supervisor Professor Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan, presently Dean Faculty of English Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad who initiated me to look outside the box and undertake interdisciplinary modes of research in the domain of Comparative and Resistance Literature. My deep respect and appreciation for Professor Dr. Munawwar Gondal, Dean Faculty of Languages and Humanities, International Islamic University (IIUI), whose encouraging presence, alacrity of response and the reassuring smile have always resolved all issues of the students while restoring good hopes. Special thanks and regards for Professor Dr. Ayaz Afsar for teaching me the right attitude for research and his challenging assignments followed by immaculate marking! The present HoD English at IIUI, Dr. Muhammad Sheeraz has taught me how to be a leader and a caring friend at the same time. IIU has been a place of academic pilgrimage for me for the last ten years and I have always found myself among hospitable and encouraging friends especially Mr. Rashid Mahmoud, Raja Arshad, Muhammad Ali and Rizwan Aftab. Haq Nawaz Danish has been a beacon light! I am deeply obliged to the foreign and Pakistani reviewers who critically read the draft of my thesis and put forward their invaluable suggestions, appreciation and sincere advice for the improvement of both the content and the form. It is an honour to name these wonderful professors: Dr. Elizabeth Richmond Garza from UT Austin, Dr. Laura Winkiel from University of Colorado, Dr. Sarwet Rasul and Dr. Shaheena Ayub Bhatti from Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi. Jazak’Allah Khair. My profound gratitude to my respected father Muhammad Anwar Khan from whom I have learnt abundant patience, my constant sources of energy: brothers Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Suleman Anwar, sisters and sisters-in-law, all nephews and nieces (bed-bugs!), friends and (lots of) students who silently watched me with hopes and prayers while I steered through the task of exploring the mutuality between Palestinian history and its literature. Special appreciation for my wife Shafaq and children Rabia, Mujtaba, Murtaza and Taha Muzammil for sacrificing their rightful claim on my time by providing me with a very conducive environment to sit and study while I knew not day from night! Without the energies that they have all so bountifully showered upon me, especially during my months of illness, I would not have been able to accomplish this undertaking. Thank you all! Jazak’Allah Khair! Last but not the least, my mother Salima Anwar! Ammi, May Allah (swt) grant you eternal peace and rest in jannat al firdaus! Amen. ‘On the other side of the barbed wire’ as Darwish would say, we shall happily meet again very soon insha’Allah. I have reasons to remember my grandparents Abdul Ghafoor Khan, Razia Begum, Muhammad Yusuf Khan, Noor Fatima, my teachers: respected Mian Anwar ul Haq Sahib, Professor Dr. Jahangir Tamimi, Professor Shamim Tahira Yusuf and Dr. Saeed ur Rehman. May Allah swt keep you all in the shadow of His Eternal Mercy, Peace and Love. Amen. viii CONTENTS Final Approval iv Abstract v Declaration vi Dedication vii Acknowledgement viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 01 1.1 Biography of Mahmoud Darwish, a life of faith and struggle 05 1.2 Imprisonment, exile, death and recognition 09 1.3 International representation of the Palestinian sentiment 14 1.4 Thesis statement 18 1.5 Research questions 18 1.6 Theoretical framework and research design 18 1.7 Parallelism between Historico-Literary and New Historicist studies 21 1.8 The intertextual aspect of the historico-literary study 24 1.9 Two types of analyses in the present research 29 1.9.1 Historical and contextual
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