Computer Architecture (Hardware Engineering) CH02 Computer Evolution and Performance • Dr. BEN CHOI • Ph.D. in EE (Computer Engineering), • A Brief History of Computers The Ohio State University • Designing for Performance • System Performance Engineer, • Pentium and PowerPC Evolution Lucent Technologies - Bell Labs Innovations • Pilot, FAA certified pilot for airplanes and helicopters
TECH TECH Computer Science Computer Science CH01 CH02
Computer Evolution ENIAC - background • Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer • Eckert and Mauchly • University of Pennsylvania • Trajectory tables for weapons • Started 1943 • Finished 1946 4Too late for war effort • Used until 1955
ENIAC - details von Neumann/Turing • Decimal (not binary) • Stored Program concept • 20 accumulators of 10 digits • Main memory storing programs and data • Programmed manually by switches • ALU operating on binary data • 18,000 vacuum tubes • Control unit interpreting instructions from memory • 30 tons and executing • 15,000 square feet • Input and output equipment operated by control unit • 140 kW power consumption • Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies • 5,000 additions per second 4IAS • Completed 1952
1 Structure of von Nuemann machine IAS - details
• 1000 x 40 bit words 4 Binary number 4 2 x 20 bit instructions Arithmetic and Logic Unit • Set of registers (storage in CPU) 4 Memory Buffer Register Input 4 Memory Address Register Output Main 4 Instruction Register Equipment Memory 4 Instruction Buffer Register 4 Program Counter 4 Accumulator
Program Control Unit 4 Multiplier Quotient
Structure of IAS - detail Commercial Computers • 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
Central Processing Unit • UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) Arithmetic and Logic Unit • US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations Accumulator MQ • Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Arithmetic & Logic Circuits • Late 1950s - UNIVAC II 4Faster Input MBR Output Instructions Main 4More memory Equipment & Data Memory
IBR PC MAR IR Control Circuits Address Program Control Unit
IBM Transistors • Punched-card processing equipment • Replaced vacuum tubes • 1953 - the 701 • Smaller 4IBM’s first stored program computer • Cheaper 4Scientific calculations • Less heat dissipation • 1955 - the 702 • Solid State device 4Business applications • Made from Silicon (Sand) • Lead to 700/7000 series • Invented 1947 at Bell Labs • William Shockley et al.
2 Transistor Based Computers Microelectronics • Second generation machines • Literally - “small electronics” • NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines • A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and • IBM 7000 interconnections • DEC - 1957 • These can be manufactured on a semiconductor 4Produced PDP-1 • e.g. silicon wafer
Generations of Computer Moore’s Law
• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 • Increased density of components on chip • Transistor - 1958-1964 • Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel • Small scale integration - 1965 on • Number of transistors on a chip will double every year 4Up to 100 devices on a chip • Since 1970’s development has slowed a little • Medium scale integration - to 1971 4 Number of transistors doubles every 18 months 4100-3,000 devices on a chip • Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged • Large scale integration - 1971-1977 • Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving 43,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip higher performance • Very large scale integration - 1978 to date • Smaller size gives increased flexibility 4100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip • Reduced power and cooling requirements • Ultra large scale integration • Fewer interconnections increases reliability 4Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Growth in CPU Transistor Count IBM 360 series • 1964 • Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series • First planned “family” of computers 4Similar or identical instruction sets 4Similar or identical O/S 4Increasing speed 4Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) 4Increased memory size 4Increased cost
3 DEC PDP-8 DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure • 1964 • First minicomputer (after miniskirt!) • Did not need air conditioned room • Small enough to sit on a lab bench I/O Console Main Memory I/O CPU Module • $16,000 Controller Module 4$100k+ for IBM 360 • Embedded applications & OEM • BUS STRUCTURE OMNIBUS
Semiconductor Memory Intel • 1970 • 1971 - 4004 • Fairchild 4First microprocessor • A chip about size of a single core 4All CPU components on a single chip 4 4i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage 4 bit • Holds 256 bits • Followed in 1972 by 8008 48 bit • Non-destructive read 4Both designed for specific applications • Much faster than core • 1974 - 8080 • Capacity approximately doubles each year 4Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Speeding it up Performance Mismatch • Pipelining • Processor speed increased • On board cache • Memory capacity increased • On board L1 & L2 cache • Memory speed lags behind processor speed • Branch prediction • Data flow analysis • Speculative execution
4 Design for Performance: DRAM and Trends in DRAM use Processor Characteristics
Performance Balance: Solutions Internet Resources • Increase number of bits retrieved at one time • http://www.intel.com/ 4Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper” 4Search for the Intel Museum • Change DRAM interface • http://www.ibm.com 4Cache • http://www.dec.com • Reduce frequency of memory access • Charles Babbage Institute 4More complex cache and cache on chip • PowerPC • Increase interconnection bandwidth • Intel Developer Home 4High speed buses 4Hierarchy of buses
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