Antik Çağ'da Savaşçı Bir Halk: Thraklar the Warrior

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Antik Çağ'da Savaşçı Bir Halk: Thraklar the Warrior SDÜ FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER DERGİSİ, AĞUSTOS 2021, SAYI: 53, SS. 11-24 SDU FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, AUGUST 2021, No: 53, PP. 11-24 Makale Geliş | Received : 23.03.2021 Makale Kabul | Accepted : 31.08.2021 Ergün KARACA Trakya Üniversitesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü [email protected] ORCID Numarası|ORCID Numbers: 0000-0002-0270-3258 Antik Çağ’da Savaşçı Bir Halk: Thraklar The Warrior People in Ancient Times: Thracians Öz Bu makalede, Antik Çağ’ın en önemli savaşçı halklarından biri olan Thrakların askeri özellikleri, savaşta giydikleri kıyafetler, kullandıkları silahlar ve uyguladıkları taktikler incelenmiştir. Çalışma ağırlıklı olarak Antik yazarların verdiği bilgiler doğrultusunda oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca makale, MÖ 5. yüzyılda yapılmış Yunan kırmızı figürlü seramikler ile desteklenmiş, Çalışmada özellikle, Thrakların yaşadıkları bölgelerde yapılmış, erken MÖ 4. yüzyıl ve 3. yüzyıla tarihlenen tümülüslerdeki duvar resimlerinde bulunan Thrak savaşçı tasvirlerinden de faydalanılmıştır. Savaşçı özelliklere sahip Thraklar kendi ordularında ya da başka devletlerin orduları içerisinde bazen gönüllü bazen zorunlu ya da ücretli asker olarak görev yapmışlardır. Antik kaynaklar ile Yunan kımızı figür seramiklerinden gördüğümüz üzere, Thrak askerleri erken dönemden MÖ 5. ve 4. yüzyıllara kadar geleneksel kıyafetlerini üniforma şeklinde kullanılmışlardır. Thraklar başlarına tilki postundan alopekis takmışlar, dar pantolon ile kolsuz ve dize kadar inen, belden bağlanan tunik, en üstte karakteristik, Thraklara özgü zeira adı verilen kalın ve uzun giysiyi giymişlerdir. Ayaklarına ise, baldır kısmını tamamen kaplayan, geyik derisinden yapılmış embedes adı verilen kendilerine özgü botları giymişlerdir. Thraklar MÖ 5. yüzyılda Yunanlar ve MÖ 4. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren Makedonlarla temas kurmalarının sonucunda onların askeri giysilerini ve silahlarını kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Savaş, Kılıç, Askeri Üniforma, Mızrak, Savaşçı Abstract In this article, the military characteristics, the clothes their wore, the weapons their used and the tactics of during the battle of the Thracians, that one of the most warrior peoples in the Ancient times, were examined. The study was mainly created, in line with the information by ancient authors. In addition, the article is supplemented by Greek red-figure pottery made in the 5th century BC. In the study particularly was used, made in the regions where the Thracians live the depictions of Thracian warriors on the fresco in the tumulus dating to the early 4th and 3rd centuries BC. The warrior Thracians served as volunteers, sometimes compulsory or mercenary in their own armies or in the armies of other states. As we can see from ancient sources and Greek red figure ceramics, Thracian soldiers used their traditional clothes as uniforms, from the early period until the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Thracians wore alopekis made of fox skin, they wore narrow trousers and a tunic that was tied at the waist and sleeveless and down to the knee, and at the top they wore the characteristic Thracian zeira, a thick and long garment. On their feet, they wore their own unique deer-skin boots called embedes, which completely covered the calf. As a result of their contact with Greeks in the 5th century BC and Macedonians from the middle of the 4th century BC, Thracians began to use their military clothing and weapons. Keywords: Battle, Sword, Military Uniform, Spear, Warrior 11 Ergün KARACA Giriş Thrakların en dikkat çekici özelliklerinin başında savaşçı olmaları gelmektedir. Yunan ve Romalı yazarların verdiği bilgiler doğrultusunda onların savaşçı karakterleri, askeri yapıları, savaşta uyguladıkları taktikler ile kullandıkları savunma ve saldırı gereçleri konusunda bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Thrakların savaşçı kişilikleri hakkında en erken bilgileri MÖ 8. yüzyılda yaşamış Homeros’un Troia Savaşı’nı anlattığı İlyada adlı eserinden öğreniriz. MÖ 5. yüzyılda yaşamış Herodotos ve MÖ 4. yüzyılda yaşamış Ksenophon’un eserleri bu konuda bize en detaylı tanımlamaları yapan ve onlar hakkında bilgi veren diğer yazarlardır. Thraklar, Troia Savaşı’nda Akhalara karşı Troia’nın yanında savaşa katılmışlardır. Bundan dolayı Homeros, İlyada adlı eserinde savaşmak için gelen Thraklar hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler verir. Bir pasajında Thrakların saçlarını top top yaptıklarını ve uzun bir mızrak taşıdıkları bilgisini aktarır1. Herodotos, Thrakların Hintlilerden sonra en kalabalık halk olduklarını, birlik olsalar hiç yenilmeyeceklerini, ulusların en güçlüsü ve en kalabalığı olacaklarını söyler2. Bunula birlikte, Thrakların toprakta çalışmayı pek hoş görmediklerini, buna karşın soylu bir şekilde yaşamanın “savaşa gitmek ve başkalarını soymak” olduğunu söyler3. Ayrıca Herodotos, Thrak kabilesi olan Satraileri ise “korkunç savaşçı” şeklinde tanımlar4. MÖ 5. yüzyılda yaşamış Thukydides ise, Getaeilerle Istros (Tuna) Irmağı kıyısındaki Thrakların İskitlere komşu ve onlarla benzer şeklide teçhizata sahip ve okçu olduklarını belirtir5. MÖ 5.-4. yüzyılda yaşamış Atinalı ünlü bir hatip olan Isokrates ise, Thrakların İskitler ve Persler gibi diğer tüm halklardan daha hırslı ve daha büyük güce sahip olduklarını ifade eder6. Ksenophon ise kutlamalarda Thrak savaşçıların aulos (flüt) eşliğinde hafifçe sıçrayarak hançerleriyle birbirlerine vurarak dans ettiklerini söyler7. Yine Ksenophon, Thynlerin özellikle gece savaşlarında en yetenekli Thrak halkı olduğunu zikreder8. MS 1. yüzyılda yaşamış tarihçi Plutarkhos ise, Thrakların giydikleri miğfer, zırh ve taşıdıkları silahlarla görünüşlerinin korkunç olduğunu aktarır9. Ordu Thrakların savaşçı özelliklerinin ön planda olması ordularına da ayrı bir önem vermesini beraberinde getirir. Thrakların ordu yapısına bakıldığında süvari ve hafif piyade şeklinde iki sınıfa ayrıldıkları görülür (Figür 1). Ancak bu ordu içerisinde süvariler önemli bir yer tutar. Bununla birlikte Thrakların en zayıf oldukları alan ise donanma yani deniz gücüdür. Thukydides, Thebaililere yapılan saldırı sırasında, kıyıda bekleyen gemilere doğru geri çekilen Thrakların, ok menzilinden çıkmak için kıyıdan uzaklaşan teknelere ulaşamadan birçoğunun öldürüldüğünü ve bunun sebebinin de Thrakların yüzme bilmemelerinden kaynaklandığını söyler10. Süvari Yukarıda da belirtildiği üzere Thrakların askeri gücü içerisinde atlı birliklerin yani süvarilerin önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bundan dolayı ata ayrı bir önem vermişlerdir. Antik kaynaklara baktığımızda, birçok antik yazar Thrak veya Thrakia atlarından övgüyle bahsetmektedir. Ayrıca bölgede çok sık karşımıza çıkan “atlı tanrı” şeklinde de adlandırılan ve üzerinde süvari tasviri bulunan steller önemli bir yer tutar. Antik kaynaklara bakıldığında Homeros, Euripides, Hesiodos ve Ksenophon gibi yazarların Thrakların atları hakkında bilgi verdiği görülür. Homeros’un İlyada’da Thraklar ile ilgili pasajlarda en çok vurguladığı hususlardan biri onların atlarıdır. Homeros, Thrakların yaşadığı bölge için “at besleyen Thrakların toprağı”, Thrak Kralı Rhesos’un atlarını anlatırken de “güzel, iri atlar, giderler yel gibi, kardan beyazdırlar” şeklinde bahseder11. Yine Homeros, savaşa katılan her Thrak askerinin iki atı 1 Homeros, İlyada, IV, 534. 2 Herodotos, V, 3. 3 Herodotos, V, 6, VII.111. 4 Herodotos, VII.111. 5 Thukydides, II, 96. 6 Isokrates, Panegyrikos, IV, 67. 7 Ksenophon, Anabasis, VI, 1. 5-6. 8 Ksenophon, Anabasis, VII, 2. 22. 9 Plutarkhos, Bioi Paraleloi (Aemilius), VI, 18.5. 10 Thukydides, VII, 30. 11 Homeros, İlyada, X, 435-437; XIII, 3-4. 12 Antik Çağ’da Savaşçı Bir Halk: Thraklar olduğunu söyler12. Thrakların atları konusunda bilgi veren bir diğer erken dönem yazarı Hesiodos’dur. Hesiodos İşler ve Güçler (Erga kai Hemerai) adlı eserinde Thrakların yaşadığı bölgeyi “atları bol Thrakia ovaları” şeklinde tanımlar13. Ksenophon Anabasis adlı eserinde, Seuthes’in yanında katıldığı bir şölende bir Thrak tarafından ona beyaz bir at hediye edildiğini ve “Seuthes, sağlığına içiyor ve sana bu atı armağan ediyorum, onunla dilediğini kovalayıp yakalayabilir, düşmandan çekinmeden geri çekilebilirsin” dediğini aktarır14. Yine Euripides’in Rhesos adlı eserinde, Thrakların atlarından “benekli” şeklinde bahsedilir15. Ayrıca Thrak atlarının gece savaşlarına alışık olmadıkları, dolayısıyla ateşten korktuklarını antik yazarlar aracılığıyla öğrenmekteyiz. Iphikrates, Odryslerle savaşırken büyük bir güçle kendisine saldıran Thrak süvarilerine karşı, askerlerine ellerindeki alevli meşalelerle saldırmalarını emretmiştir. Bunun üzerine ateşi görmeye alışkın olmayan Thrak atlarını kaçırtmayı başarmıştır16. MÖ 1. yüzyıl yazarı Vergilius, Aeneas adlı eserinde, Euripides gibi Thrak atlarını “benekli” şeklinde tanımlar17. Atların bu kadar önemli olduğu yarı göçebe karakterdeki bir topluluğun en önemli askeri gücü de doğal olarak süvarilerdir. Eurpides Rhesos adlı eserinde Rhesos’un sayılamayacak kadar çok süvarileri, okçuları ile hafif piyadesi olduğunu bildirir18. Ksenophon Peri Hippikes (At Biniciliği Üzerine) adlı eserinde, Yunan atları ile Pers ve Odrys olarak belirttiği Thrak atlarının eğitildiğini ve yokuş aşağı koştuklarını söyler19. Ksenophon, Anabasis adlı eserinde Seuthes’in ordusundaki atlarda göğüs zırhı olduğunu belirtir20. Gerek Yunan seramikleri üzerinde görülen tasvirlerden edinilen bilgiler gerekse Herodotos ve Ksenophon gibi yazarların verdiği bilgiler ile MÖ 7. yüzyıldan 4. yüzyıla kadar Thrak hafif süvarileri bir tunik, zeira şeklinde adlandırılan pelerin, tilki postundan yapılan ve alopekis adındaki şapka ve embades olarak adlandırılan
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