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Aeronautics and Space Report of the President
Aeronautics and Space Report of the President 1971 Activities NOTE TO READERS: ALL PRINTED PAGES ARE INCLUDED, UNNUMBERED BLANK PAGES DURING SCANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL CHECK HAVE BEEN DELETED Aeronautics and Space Report of the President 197 I Activities i W Executive Office of the President National Aeronautics and Space Council Washington, D.C. 20502 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE OF TRANSMITTAL To the Congress of the United States: I am pleased to transmit herewith a report of our national progress in aero- nautics and space activities during 1971. This report shows that we have made forward strides toward each of the six objectives which I set forth for a balanced space program in my statement of March 7, 1970. Aided by the improvements we have made in mobility, our explorers on the moon last summer produced new, exciting and useful evidence on the structure and origin of the moon. Several phenomena which they uncovered are now under study. Our unmanned nearby observation of Mars is similarly valuable and significant for the advancement of science. During 1971, we gave added emphasis to aeronautics activities which contribute substantially to improved travel conditions, safety and security, and we gained in- creasing recognition that space and aeronautical research serves in many ways to keep us in the forefront of man’s technological achievements. There can be little doubt that the investments we are now making in explora- tions of the unknown are but a prelude to the accomplishments of mankind in future generations. THEWHITE HOUSE, March 1972 iii Table of Contents Page Page I . Progress Toward U.S. -
9538\Ariel View.Pdf
Cover story.qxd 2/5/07 4:59 pm Page 14 An Ariel view of UK spacecraft It’s 40 years since t was 5 May 1967, just before 12pm, when a satellite was designed by the Space Scout rocket was launched from NASA’s West- Department of the Royal Aircraft Estab- the first UK designed and I ern Test Range in California, witnessed by a lishment (RAE), Farnborough, with group of British scientists and engineers wit- British Aircraft Corporation and GEC as manufactured satellite nessed. The successful launch assured the precious the main industrial contractors. cargo – and the engineers – a place in UK engi- At the time, relatively little was known was launched. How has neering history. about the space environment, although Sitting atop the four stage Scout was Ariel III the RAE did simulate vacuum, radiation – the first entirely UK built satellite and third in and thermal effects on Ariel and its pay- the UK satellite industry an Anglo-American cooperative space research load. Meanwhile, thanks to the RAE’s SkyLark programme to extend atmospheric and ionos- rockets, which had been providing upper atmos- developed? pheric investigations. The small observatory car- phere research data since 1957, many of the test ried five British experiments and a tape recorder payloads used by Ariel had been proved in rocket Vanessa Knivett to obtain data. launch and simply required adaptation. Sputnik 1, the first man made satellite, had Ariel III was approximately 66in high and 30in explores. been launched almost 10 years earlier, on 4 Octo- in diameter. Four booms hinged out from the ber 1957. -
19710023003.Pdf
General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) X-625-71-308 PkEFRlil NASA T1:1 X- ELECTRON AND POSITIVE ION DENSITY ALTITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE EQUATORIAL Q REGION A. C. AIKIN R. A. GOLDBERG Y. V. SOMAYAJULU Aq ^F q "9,>/ #44#i4 a^F/j/F C-r; AI!riICT 1471 Jp ,32479 Ole °o (ACCESSi JN N MBCR) (THR 0 'i (NASA CR R TMX OR AD NUMBER) (CATEGORY) --- GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER GREENBELT, MARYLAND - it %0 ELECTRON AND POSITIVE ION DENSITY ALTITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE EQUATORIAL D REGION by A. C. Aikin R. A. Goldberg • Laboratory for .Planetary Atmospheres NASA/Goddard !7nace Flight Center Greenb?.. , Maryland and Y. V. Somayajulu National Physical Laboratory New Delhi, India ABSTRACT Three simultaneous rocket measurements of P region ionization sources and electron and ion densities have been made in one day. -
Desind Finding
NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE ARCHIVES Herbert Stephen Desind Collection Accession No. 1997-0014 NASM 9A00657 National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC Brian D. Nicklas © Smithsonian Institution, 2003 NASM Archives Desind Collection 1997-0014 Herbert Stephen Desind Collection 109 Cubic Feet, 305 Boxes Biographical Note Herbert Stephen Desind was a Washington, DC area native born on January 15, 1945, raised in Silver Spring, Maryland and educated at the University of Maryland. He obtained his BA degree in Communications at Maryland in 1967, and began working in the local public schools as a science teacher. At the time of his death, in October 1992, he was a high school teacher and a freelance writer/lecturer on spaceflight. Desind also was an avid model rocketeer, specializing in using the Estes Cineroc, a model rocket with an 8mm movie camera mounted in the nose. To many members of the National Association of Rocketry (NAR), he was known as “Mr. Cineroc.” His extensive requests worldwide for information and photographs of rocketry programs even led to a visit from FBI agents who asked him about the nature of his activities. Mr. Desind used the collection to support his writings in NAR publications, and his building scale model rockets for NAR competitions. Desind also used the material in the classroom, and in promoting model rocket clubs to foster an interest in spaceflight among his students. Desind entered the NASA Teacher in Space program in 1985, but it is not clear how far along his submission rose in the selection process. He was not a semi-finalist, although he had a strong application. -
Solar Radiation (SOLRAD) Satellite Summary Table As of 26 March 2004
Solar Radiation (SOLRAD) Satellite Summary Table as of 26 March 2004 Satellite Name Launch Date Transmitter(s) Vanguard 3 18 September 1959 108.00 Mc/s 30 mW FM/PM IRIG 2, 3, 4 & 5 Explorer 7 13 October 1959 19.9915 Mc/s 660 mW FM/AM IRIG 2, 3, 4 & 5 Solrad Dummy 13 April 1960 Inert Test Article Sun Ray 1 22 June 1960 108.00 Mc/s 40 mW FM/AM IRIG Ch 4 & Ch 5 Sun Ray 2 30 November 1960 (Failure) 108.00 Mc/s 40 mW FM/AM IRIG Ch 4 & Ch 5 here Sun Ray 3 29 June 1961 (Partial failure) 108.00 Mc/s Sun Ray 4 24 January 1962 (Failure) 108.09 Mc/s 100 mW FM/AM Sun Ray 4B 26 April 1962 (Failure) 108.00 Mc/s 100 mW FM/AM 20 inch sp Sun Ray 5 Not Launched Sun Ray 6 15 June 1963 136.890 MHz 100 mW FM/AM SolRad 7A 11 January 1964 136.887 MHz 100 mW FM/AM IRIG Ch 3 to 8 SolRad 7B 9 March 1965 136.800 MHz 100 mW FM/AM IRIG Ch 3 to 8 SolRad 8 19 November 1965 137.41 MHz 1W Stored data playback Explorer 30 136.44 MHz 100mW 24 inch sphere Solar Explorer A 136.53 MHz 100mW SolRad 9 5 March 1968 136.41 MHz 500 mW Stored data playback Explorer 37 136.52 MHz 150 mW Primary RT FM/AM IRIG 3 to 8 Solar Explorer B 137.59 MHz 150 mW RT FM/AM IRIG 3 to 7, 12 PCM SolRad 10 8 July 1971 136.38 MHz 250 mW 5W on cmd TM2 - PCM/PM or Stored Data or Stellrad on cmd Explorer 44 137.71 MHz 250 mW TM1 - PAM/PCM/FM/PM RT analog (chs 4-8, COSPAR Ch 7) Solar Explorer-C and digital PCM (ch 12) SolRad 11A & 14 March 1976 137.44 MHz 5W (11A), 136.53 MHz 5W (11B) SolRad 11B 102.4 bps PCM/BiØ-L/PM convolutional encoded (R=½, k=7) Early X-ray missions Name Vanguard 3 Launch Date 1959 September 18.22 UTC SAO ID 1959 ? (Eta) COSPAR ID 1959-07A Catalog No. -
Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Astronomy
Sp.-V/AQuan/1999/10/07:19:58 Page 207 Chapter 10 γ -Ray and Neutrino Astronomy R.E. Lingenfelter and R.E. Rothschild 10.1 Continuum Emission Processes ............. 207 10.2 Line Emission Processes ................. 208 10.3 Scattering and Absorption Processes .......... 213 10.4 Astrophysical γ -Ray Observations ........... 216 10.5 Neutrinos in Astrophysics ................ 235 10.6 Current Neutrino Observatories ............. 237 10.1 CONTINUUM EMISSION PROCESSES Important processes for continuum emission at γ -ray energies are bremsstrahlung, magneto- bremsstrahlung, and Compton scattering of blackbody radiation by energetic electrons and positrons [1–6]. 10.1.1 Bremsstrahlung The bremsstrahlung luminosity spectrum of an optically thin thermal plasma of temperature T in a volume V is [3] 1/2 π 6 π 2 32 e 2 mc 2 L(ν)brem = Z neniVg(ν, T ) exp(−hν/kT), 3m2c4 3kT where the index of refraction is assumed to be unity, m is the electron mass, Z is the mean atomic 1/2 charge, ne and ni are the electron and ion densities, and the Gaunt factor g(ν, T ) ≈ (3kT/πhν) for hν>kT and T > 3.6 × 105 Z 2 K, or −38 2 −1/2 −1 −1 L(ν)brem ≈ 6.8 × 10 Z neniVg(ν, T )T exp(−hν/kT) erg s Hz . 207 Sp.-V/AQuan/1999/10/07:19:58 Page 208 208 / 10 γ -RAY AND NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY 10.1.2 Magnetobremsstrahlung The synchrotron luminosity spectrum of an isotropic, optically thin nonthermal distribution of −S relativistic electrons with a power-law spectrum, N(γ ) = N0γ , interacting with a homogeneous magnetic field of strength, H,is[5] . -
Front Matter (PDF)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON A. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES Volume 343 pp. 159-287 Number 1633 PRLAAZ 343 (1633) 159-287 (1975) 29 April 1975 A D iscussion on the scientific results from the P rospero and A r iel 4 satellites PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE LONDON SW1Y 5AG NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS TO PROCEEDINGS AND PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY The Royal Society welcomes suitable communications for publication in its scientific journals: papers estimated to occupy up to 24 printed pages are con sidered for the Proceedings and longer papers and those with numerous or large illustrations for the Philosophical Transactions. Detailed advice on the preparation of papers to be submitted to the Society is given in a leaflet available from the Executive Secretary, The Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London swiy 5AG. The ‘Instructions to authors’ are also printed in every fifth volume of the Proceedings A and B (volume numbers ending in o or 5). The basic requirements are: a paper should be as concise as its scientific content allows and grammatically correct; standard nomenclature, units and symbols should be used; the text (including the abstract, the list of references and figure descriptions) should be in double spaced typing on one side of the paper; any diagrams should be drawn in a size to permit blockmaking at a reduction to about one half linear, the lettering being inserted not on the original drawings but on a set of copies; where photographs are essential the layout should be designed to give the most effective presentation. -
Multi-Wavelength Observations of the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Solar
Multi-Wavelength Observations of the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Solar Flares with AIA/SDO: II. Hydrodynamic Scaling Laws and Thermal Energies Markus J. Aschwanden Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Org. ADBS, Bldg.252, 3251 Hanover St., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; e-mail: [email protected] and Toshifumi Shimizu Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In this study we measure physical parameters of the same set of 155 M and X-class solar flares observed with AIA/SDO as analyzed in Paper I, by performing a differential emission measure (DEM) analysis to determine the flare peak emission measure EMp, peak temperature Tp, electron density np, and thermal energy Eth, in addition to the spatial scales L, areas A, and volumes V measured in Paper I. The parameter ranges for M and X-class flares are: log(EMp)= 47.0 50.5, T =5.0 17.8 MK, n =4 109 9 1011 cm−3, and thermal energies of E = − p − p × − × th 1.6 1028 1.1 1032 erg. We find that these parameters obey the Rosner-Tucker-Vaiana (RTV) × − × scaling law T 2 n L and H T 7/2L−2 during the peak time t of the flare density n , when p ∝ p ∝ p p energy balance between the heating rate H and the conductive and radiative loss rates is achieved for a short instant, and thus enables the applicability of the RTV scaling law. The application of the RTV scaling law predicts powerlaw distributions for all physical parameters, which we demonstrate with numerical Monte-Carlo simulations as well as with analytical calculations. -
Table of Artificial Satellites Launched in 1971
This electronic version (PDF) was scanned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Library & Archives Service from an original paper document in the ITU Library & Archives collections. La présente version électronique (PDF) a été numérisée par le Service de la bibliothèque et des archives de l'Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) à partir d'un document papier original des collections de ce service. Esta versión electrónica (PDF) ha sido escaneada por el Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) a partir de un documento impreso original de las colecciones del Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la UIT. (ITU) ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ (PDF) ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻼ ً◌ 此电子版(PDF版本)由国际电信联盟(ITU)图书馆和档案室利用存于该处的纸质文件扫描提供。 Настоящий электронный вариант (PDF) был подготовлен в библиотечно-архивной службе Международного союза электросвязи путем сканирования исходного документа в бумажной форме из библиотечно-архивной службы МСЭ. © International Telecommunication Union A COSMOS-428 1971 57A E 0 COSMOS-429 1971 61A COSMGS-430 1971 62A COSMOS-431 1971 65A APOLLO-14 1971 8A COSMOS-432 1971 66A EOLE 1971 71A OAR-901 1971 67C APOLLO-15 1971 63A COSMOS-433 1971 68A EXPLORER-43 1971 19A CAR-907 1971 67D APOLLO-15 CSUB•SAT 3 1971 63D COSMOS-434 1971 69A EXPLORER-44 1971 58A OREOL-1 1971 119A ARIEL-4 1971 109A COSMOS-435 1971 72A EXPLORER-45 1971 96A OSO- 7 1971 83A COSMOS-436 -
Index of Astronomia Nova
Index of Astronomia Nova Index of Astronomia Nova. M. Capderou, Handbook of Satellite Orbits: From Kepler to GPS, 883 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03416-4, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Bibliography Books are classified in sections according to the main themes covered in this work, and arranged chronologically within each section. General Mechanics and Geodesy 1. H. Goldstein. Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, Mass., 1956 2. L. Landau & E. Lifchitz. Mechanics (Course of Theoretical Physics),Vol.1, Mir, Moscow, 1966, Butterworth–Heinemann 3rd edn., 1976 3. W.M. Kaula. Theory of Satellite Geodesy, Blaisdell Publ., Waltham, Mass., 1966 4. J.-J. Levallois. G´eod´esie g´en´erale, Vols. 1, 2, 3, Eyrolles, Paris, 1969, 1970 5. J.-J. Levallois & J. Kovalevsky. G´eod´esie g´en´erale,Vol.4:G´eod´esie spatiale, Eyrolles, Paris, 1970 6. G. Bomford. Geodesy, 4th edn., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980 7. J.-C. Husson, A. Cazenave, J.-F. Minster (Eds.). Internal Geophysics and Space, CNES/Cepadues-Editions, Toulouse, 1985 8. V.I. Arnold. Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (60), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989 9. W. Torge. Geodesy, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991 10. G. Seeber. Satellite Geodesy, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1993 11. E.W. Grafarend, F.W. Krumm, V.S. Schwarze (Eds.). Geodesy: The Challenge of the 3rd Millennium, Springer, Berlin, 2003 12. H. Stephani. Relativity: An Introduction to Special and General Relativity,Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004 13. G. Schubert (Ed.). Treatise on Geodephysics,Vol.3:Geodesy, Elsevier, Oxford, 2007 14. D.D. McCarthy, P.K. -
Legacy Image
NASA SP17069 NASA Thesaurus Astronomy Vocabulary Scientific and Technical Information Division 1988 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, M= . ' NASA SP-7069 NASA Thesaurus Astronomy Vocabulary A subset of the NASA Thesaurus prepared for the international Astronomical Union Conference July 27-31,1988 This publication was prepared by the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility operated for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration by RMS Associates. INTRODUCTION The NASA Thesaurus Astronomy Vocabulary consists of terms used by NASA indexers as descriptors for astronomy-related documents. The terms are presented in a hierarchical format derived from the 1988 edition of the NASA Thesaurus Volume 1 -Hierarchical Listing. Main (postable) terms and non- postable cross references are listed in alphabetical order. READING THE HIERARCHY Each main term is followed by a display of its context within a hierarchy. USE references, UF (used for) references, and SN (scope notes) appear immediately below the main term, followed by GS (generic structure), the hierarchical display of term relationships. The hierarchy is headed by the broadest term within that hierarchy. Terms that are broader in meaning than the main term are listed . above the main term; terms narrower in meaning are listed below the main term. The term itself is in boldface for easy identification. Finally, a list of related terms (RT) from other hierarchies is provided. Within a hierarchy, the number of dots to the left of a term indicates its hierarchical level - the more dots, the lower the level (i.e., the narrower the meaning of the term). For example, the term "ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES" which is preceded by two dots is narrower in meaning than "GALAXIES"; this in turn is narrower than "CELESTIAL BODIES". -
Table of Artificial Satellites Launched in 1978
This electronic version (PDF) was scanned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Library & Archives Service from an original paper document in the ITU Library & Archives collections. La présente version électronique (PDF) a été numérisée par le Service de la bibliothèque et des archives de l'Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) à partir d'un document papier original des collections de ce service. Esta versión electrónica (PDF) ha sido escaneada por el Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) a partir de un documento impreso original de las colecciones del Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la UIT. (ITU) ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ (PDF) ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻼ ً◌ 此电子版(PDF版本)由国际电信联盟(ITU)图书馆和档案室利用存于该处的纸质文件扫描提供。 Настоящий электронный вариант (PDF) был подготовлен в библиотечно-архивной службе Международного союза электросвязи путем сканирования исходного документа в бумажной форме из библиотечно-архивной службы МСЭ. © International Telecommunication Union Table of artificial satellites launched in 1978 COSMOS-1 012 1978 54A C0SM0S-1064 1978 119A MOLNYA-1 (40 ) 1978 55A A C0SM0S-1013 1978 56A C0SM0S-1065 1978 120A MOLNYA-1 (41) 1978 72 A COSMOS-1066 1 21A MOLNYA-1 (42) 1978 80A AMSAT-OSCAR-8 1978 26B C0SM0S-1014 1978 56B 1978 MOLNYA-3 (9) 1 978 9A ANIK-B1 1978 116A C0SM0S-1015 1978 56 C COSMOS-1067 1978 122A C0SM0S-1016 1978 56D COSMOS-1 068 1978