NOTES

Introduction to the Second Edition

1. ]. C. D. Clark, Revolution and Rebellion (Cambridge, 1986). 2. Jonathon Scott, ''s Troubles 1603-1702', in R. Malcolm Smuts (ed.), The Stuart Court and Europe: Essays in Politics and Political Culture (Cambridge, 1996). 3. See, amongst much other material, David Cannadine, 'British History as a "N ew Subject": Politics, Perspectives and Prospects', in Alexander Grant and Keith]. Stringer (eds), Uniting the Kingdom: The Making ofBritish History (Lon• don, 1995); Pocock, 'Conclusion', in the same volume, esp. pp. 297-8. 4. Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637-1642 (, 1991); Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule ofCharles I (London and New Haven, 1992); Anthony Milton, Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought, 1600-1640 (Cambridge, 1995). 5. Conrad Russell, The Causes of the (Oxford, 1990) - the description is from Anthony Fletcher's review in The Historical Journal, 36 (1993), pp. 211-16; Glen Burgess, The Politics of the Ancient Constitution (Bas• ingstoke, 1992); Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653 (Cambridge, 1993), Part Three; Peter Lake, 'Retrospective: Wentworth's Political World in Revisionist and Post-revisionist Perspective', in J. F. Merritt (ed.), The Po• litical World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621-1641 (Cambridge, 1996); Peter Lake, 'Review Article' (of Russell's works), Huntington Library Quarterly, 57 (1994), pp. 167-97; David Underdown, A Freeborn People: Pol• itics and the Nation in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1996). 6. For influential calls to close the gaps between political and social history, see Patrick Collinson, De Republic Anglorum: Or History with the Politics Put Back (Cambridge, 1990); Smuts, Stuart Court and Europe. Two very important col• lections of essays offer a range of recent work: K. Sharpe and P. Lake, Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (Basingstoke, 1994); S. D. Amussen and M. A. Kishlansky (eds), Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern England (Manchester, 1995). The focus on 'popular culture' is well repre• sented in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (Basingstoke, 1996); see also Tessa Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640 (Cambridge, 1991); Dagmar Freist, Governed by Opinion: Politics, Religion and the Dynamics of Communication in Stuart London, 1637-1645 (London, 1997); and the important chapters by

174 Notes 175

Cogswell, 'Underground Verse and the Transformation of Early Stuart Pol• itical Culture', in Amussen and Kishlansky (eds), Political Culture, and Alastair Bellany, '''Raylinge Rymes and Vaunting Verse": Libellous Politics in Early Stuart England, 1603-1628', in Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture and Politics. 7. See, for example, the extensive discussion of Brenner, New Left Review, 207 (September/November 1994) pp. 103-33, and the continuing very vigorous criticisms of Underdown and associated scholars, as Andy Wood, 'Beyond Post-revisionism? The Civil War Allegiances of the Miners ofthe Derbyshire "Peak Country"', HistoricalJournal, 40 (1997) pp. 23-40. 8. Lake, 'Retrospective'; Sharpe and Lake, 'Introduction', to their Culture and Politics. 9. Laurence Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642 (1972); Con• rad Russell (ed.), The Origins ofthe English Civil War (1973); Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies; Christopher Hill, The Century of Revolution (first published Edinburgh, 1961) is a good example; Mark Kishlansky, Parliamentary Selec• tion: Social and Political Choice in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1986); Russell in a review in London Review ofBooks, 5 September 1985. 10. Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, p. 526 11. Stone, Causes of the English Revolution, p. 48; Russell and Sharpe, Personal Rule, offer contrasting examples ofthe latter approach. 12. R. C. Richardson, The Debate on The English Revolution Revisited (1988; 1st edn, 1977); Howard Tomlinson (ed.), Before the English Civil War (1983); Esther S. Cope and Willson H. Coates (eds), Proceedings ofthe Short Parliament of 1640 (Camden Society, 4th Series, vol. 19, 1977). 13. Anthony Fletcher, The Outbreak of the English Civil War (London, 1981), pp. xx, 38; Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, pp. viii, 149-50, 238; for Adamson, see especially The Baronial Context of the English Civil War', Transactions ofthe , 5th Series, vol. 40 (1990), pp. 93-120. Adamson's use of sources has been convincingly criticized by Mark Kishlan• sky, 'Saye What?', Historical journal, 33 (1990) pp. 917-37, but his argument that the political role of the peerage has been underplayed in much of the historiography demands careful discussion. (See HistoricalJournal, 34 (1991) pp. 231-55, for Adamson's reply to Kishlansky.) 14. Richard Cust and Ann Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics, 1603-1642 (Harlow, 1989), especially the editors' 'In• troduction: After Revisionism', gives a fuller account of the debates of the 1970s and 1980s. T. K. Rabb and D. Hirst, 'Revisionism Revised: Two Per• spectives on Early Stuart Parliamentary History', and Christopher Hill, 'Par• liament and People in Seventeenth-Century England', all in Past and Present, 92 (1981), pp. 79-124, are earlier critiques of revisionist work. For the most recent commentaries see the works cited in n. 5. For Mrs Thatcher see Han• sard, Proceedings in the House ofCommons, 7 July 1988. 15. G. R. Elton, 'AHigh Road to Civil War', in his Studies in Tudor and StuartPolit• ics and Government, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1974). 16. David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion (Oxford, 1985). 17. Russell, 'Composite Monarchies in Early Modern Europe: The British and Irish Example', in Grant and Stringer (eds), Uniting the Kingdom, p. 135; 176 Notes

Felicity Heal and Clive Holmes, The Gentry in England and Wales, 1500-1700 (Basingstoke, 1994), p. ix; Lake, 'Retrospective', pp. 273-4.

1 A European Crisis? Functional Breakdown and Multiple Kingdoms

1. P. Zagorin, The Court and the Country: The Beginning of the English Revolution (London, 1969), p. 5. 2. R. B. Merriman, Six Contemporaneous Revolutions (Oxford, 1938); Trevor Aston (ed.), Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660 (London, 1965) for the articles by Hobsbawm and Trevor-Roper, and the subsequent debate, which first appeared in Past and Present in 1954 and 1959, respectively. 3. See especially the articles by Steensgaard and Elliott in Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith (eds), The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, first published 1978; 2nd edn 1997); T. K. Rabb, The Struggle for Stability in Early Modem Europe (Oxford, 1975) is an excellent survey of the debate over the general crisis; Perez Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers, 1500-1660,2 vols (Cam• bridge, 1982) is a thorough account of early modern revolt, based around the view that it was normally a traditionalist response to aggressive state• building. 4. Michael Roberts, 'The Military Revolution' in his Essays in Swedish History (London, 1967); Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: A Myth?', in his SPain and the Netherlands 1559-1659 (London, 1979);]. R. Hale, War and Soci• ety in Renaissance Europe (London, 1985); G. Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise ofthe West (Cambridge, 1988; 2nd edn 1997). 5. Robert Forster and Jack P. Greene, Preconditions ofRevolution in Early Modem Europe (Baltimore, Md, 1970); ]. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cam• bridge, 1984); David Parker, The Making of French Absolutism (London, 1983); Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers. 6. Conrad Russell, 'Parliament and the King's Finances', in Russell (ed.), Ori• gins of the English Civil War; Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, 1621- 1629 (Oxford, 1979), esp. pp. 64-84; Russell, Causes, p. 168. 7. The discussion of financial and administrative problems is based on David Thomas, 'Financial and Administrative Developments', in Tomlinson (ed.), Before the English Civil War; Russell as in n. 6 above; Menna Prestwich, Lionel Cranfield: Politics and Profits under the Early Stuarts (Oxford, 1965); Prestwich, 'English Politics and Administration, 1603-1625', inA. G. R. Smith (ed.), The Reign ofJames VI and I (Basingstoke, 1979); Smith, 'Crown, Parliament and Finance: The Great Contract of 1610', in Peter Clark, A. G. R. Smith and Nicholas Tyacke (eds), The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640 (Leicester, 1979); Robert Ashton, The Crown and the Money Market, 1603-1640 (Oxford, 1960); Michael J. Braddick, The Nerves of State; Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558-1714 (Manchester, 1996); Russell, Causes, Ch. 7. 8. For a lively discussion of patronage see Linda Levy Peck, '''For a King not to be bountiful were a fault": Perspectives on Court Patronage in Early Stuart England'Journal ofBritish Studies, 25 (1986), pp. 31-61. Notes 177

9. D. M. Hirst, The Privy Council and Problems of Enforcement in the 1620s', journal ofBritish Studies, 18 (1978), pp. 40-66. 10. Alan Everitt, The Local Community and the Great Rebellion (Historical Associa• tion Pamphlet, 1969); Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion (Leicester, 1966; paperbade 1973). 11. Russell, Parliaments and English Politics; Russell, Causes, Ch. 7. 12. Essex examples are from Brian Quintrell, 'The Government of the County of Essex, 1603-1642', Ph.D. thesis, London University (1965); the Lincoln• shire letter is in Joan Thirsk and J. P. Cooper (eds) Seventeenth-Century Economic Documents (Oxford, 1972); Braddick, Nerves of State, and Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation in Seventeenth-Century England (Royal Historical Soc• iety Studies in History, vol. 70, Woodbridge, 1994) discuss general develop• ments. 13. Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, p. 76; cf. Sharpe, Personal Rule, Ch. 1. 14. Sharpe, Personal Rule, pp. 45-6. 15. Russell, 'Parliament and the King's Finances'; Conrad Russell, 'Why did Charles I fight the Civil War?' History Today (June 1984), pp. 31-4. 16. For the general account see Prestwich, Thomas and Smith as in n.7 above; T. E. Cogswell, 'A Low Road to Extinction? Supply and Redress of Grievanc• es in the Parliaments of the 1620s', Historical journal, 33 (1990), pp. 283-303; Richard Cust, The Forced Loan and English Politics (Oxford, 1987). 17. Russell, Causes, p. 175; Tom Cogswell, Home Divisions (Manchester, 1998); Fletcher, Outbreak of the English Civil War, pp. 20-3, 29,50-1,408; Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, pp. 336,402. 18. Derek Hirst, Authority and Conflict (1986), esp. p. 58. 19. Eric Lindquist, 'The Failure ofthe Great Contract' ,Journal of Modem History, 57 (1985), pp. 617-51; Pauline Croft (ed.), 'A Collection of Several Speeches and Treatises of the Late Lord Treasurer Cecil', Camden Miscellany, 29 (Cam• den Society, 4th Series, vol. 34, 1987). 20. Cogswell, Home Divisions; M.C. Fissell, The Bishops' Wars: Charles /'s Campaigns Against Scotland, 1638-1640 (Cambridge, 1994); Simon Adams, 'Spain or the Netherlands? The Dilemmas of Early Stuart Foreign Policy', in Tomlinson (ed.), Before the English Civil War. 21. For general discussions, see Smuts, 'Introduction', in his Stuart Court and Eu• rope; M. Greengrass (ed.), Conquest and Coalescence: The Shaping of the State in Early Modem Europe (London, 1991); J. H. Elliott, 'A World of Composite Monarchies', Past and Present, 137 (1992), pp. 48-71; Conrad Russell, The British Problem and the English Civil War', History, 72 (1987), pp. 395-415, now reprinted in Russell, Unrevolutionary England, 1603-1642 (1990); Rus• sell, 'The Anglo-Scottish Union, 1603-1643: A Success?', in A. Fletcher and P. Roberts (eds), Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modem Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson (Cambridge, 1994); N. Canny, The Attempted Anglicization ofIreiand in the Seventeenth Century', in Merritt (ed.), Politic• al World of Wentworth. For Scottish views, see David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution, 1637-1644: The Triumph of the Covenanters (Newton Abbot, 1973); Allan I. Macinnes, Charles I and the Making ofthe Covenanting Movement, 1625- 1641 (Edinburgh, 1991); the quotation from Baillie forms the epigraph for this book. 178 Notes

22. Russell, 'Parliamentary History in Perspective, 1604-1629', History, 61 (1976), pp. 1-27; Conrad Russell, 'Monarchies, Wars and Estates in Eng• land, France and Spain, c.1580-c.1640', Legislative Studies Quarterly, VII (1982), pp. 205-20; Russell, 'The British Background to the Irish Rebellion of 1641', Historical Research, 61 (1988), pp. 166-82, all reprinted in Unrevolu• tionary England; Russell, The British Problem'; Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies; Russell, Causes, Ch. 2. Scott, 'England's Troubles', stresses the European framework rather than the British dimension but the two broader contexts are most usefully considered together through a focus on multiple kingdoms and religion. 23. The quotation is from Russell, 'The British Problem', while the general ac• count is taken from the works cited in n. 21 above, plus David Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates (Belfast, Ulster Historical Founda• tion, 1981); T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (eds), Early Modem Ireland, 1534-1691: A New History ofIreland, vol. 3 (Oxford, 1976). 24. Russell, Causes, p. 49; Moody, Martin and Byrne (eds), Early Modern Ireland, p. 257; John McCafferty, "'God Bless your Free Church ofIreland": Went• worth, Laud, Bramhall and the Irish Convocation of 1634', in Merritt (ed.), Political World of Wentworth; Russell, The British Problem'. 25. Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates; Russell, The British Background to the Irish Rebellion'; Jane 0 him eyer , Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms: The Career of Randall MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim, 1609-1683 (Cambridge, 1993). 26. Keith M. Brown, 'Aristocratic Finance and the Origins of the Scottish Re• volution', English Historical Review, 104 (1989), pp. 46-87; David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution, 1637-1644; Maurice Lee, The Road to Revolution: Scot• land under Charles 1,1625-1637 (Urbana, Ill., 1985); Macinnes, Charles I and the Making ofthe Covenanting Movement. 27. For the prayer book see: Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, p. 40; , 'The Fashioning of Britain', in Steven G. Ellis and Sarah Barber (eds), Conquest and Union: Fashioning a British State, 1485-1725 (Harlow, 1995); Macinnes, Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement, pp. 144-6. 28. The quotation is from Russell, Causes, p. 201. 29. This account is based mainly on Russell, The British Problem'; Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies; N. Canny, 'What Really Happened in Ireland in 1641?', in Jane Ohlmeyer (ed.), Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 1641- 1660 (Cambridge, 1995); Moody, Martin and Byrne (eds), Early Modern Ire• land, 1534-1691; Michael Perceval Maxwell, 'Ireland and the Monarchy in the Early Stuart Multiple Kingdom', HistoricalJournal, 34 (1991), pp. 279-95; Keith Lindley, The Impact of the 1641 Rebellion upon England and Wales, 1641-1645',IrishHistorical Studies, 18 (1972), pp. 143-76. 30. See Jane Ohlmeyer, 'Strafford, the "Londonderry Business" and the "New British History"', in Merritt (ed.), Political World of Wentworth. 31. David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution, 1637-1644; Stevenson, Scottish Cov• enanters and Irish Confederates; Russell, 'The British Problem'; Russell, 'The British Background to the Irish Rebellion'; Russell, Fall of the British Monar• chies, Ch. 2-4, 8,10. Notes 179

32. Ohlmeyer, Civil War and Restoration, pp. 82-93. 33. Compare Russell, 'The British Problem' and Russell, Fall ofthe British Monar• chies, Ch. 8, with David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution, 1637-1644 for slighdy different accounts. See also Russell, 'The First Army Plot of 1641', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series, 38 (1988), pp. 85-106, reprinted in Unrevolutionary England. 34. Russell, Causes, p. 213; Russell, The British Problem'; Russell, Fall ofthe Brit• ish Monarchies, p. 525. 35. Lake, 'Retrospective'; Canny, The Attempted Anglicization ofIreland'. 36. Besides the seminal work of Russell the fruits of the most important work on Britain and Ireland in the seventeenth century can be consulted in three vit• al essay collections: Grant and Stringer (eds), Uniting the Kingdom; Ellis and Barber, Conquest and Union; Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (eds), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (Basingstoke, 1996). 37. Canny, 'Irish, Scottish and Welsh Responses to Centralisation, c. 1530- 1640', in Grant and Stringer (eds), Uniting the Kingdom, p. 148; Ohlmeyer, 'Introduction', in Ohlmeyer (ed.), Ireland from Independence to Occupation. 38. John Morrill, The Fashioning of Britain'; Morrill, 'The British Problem c. 1534-1707', in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds), The British Problem. 39. Mark Stoyle, 'Pagans or Paragons? Images of the Cornish during the English Civil War', English Historical Review (1996), pp. 299-323. 40. For Russell and Stevenson see n. 31 above; Morrill, The British Problem', p. 10. 41. Scott, 'England's Troubles'. 42. Conrad Russell, The Anglo-Scottish Union'; Russell, 'Composite Mon• archies in Early Modern Europe'; Jane Dawson, 'Anglo-Scottish Protestant Culture and Integration in Sixteenth-Century Britain', in Ellis and Barber (eds), Conquest and Union; Macinnes, Charles I and the Making of the Covenant• ing Movement, lays more stress on Scots' desires for autonomy. 43. Arthur H. Williamson, Scottish National Consciousness in the Reign ofJames VI (Edinburgh, 1979); Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, p. 69. 44. Clive Holmes, 'The County Community in Stuart Historiography',]oumal of British Studies, 19 (1980), pp. 54-73; Ann Hughes, 'Local History and the Origins of the English Civil War', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England; Kevin Sharpe, 'Crown, Parliament and Locality: Govern• ment and Communication in Early Stuart England', English Historical Review, 10 1 (1986), pp. 321-50. 45. David Parker, La Rochelle and the French Monarchy (Royal Historical Society, 1980); Richard Bonney, 'The English and French Civil Wars', History, 65 (1980), pp. 365-82; Kevin Sharpe, 'Crown, Parliament and Locality'.

2 Consensus or Conflict? Politics and Religion in Early Stuart England

1. Stone, Causes of the English Revolution, pp. 91,98,112,116. 2. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost Further Explored (London, 1983); Mark Kishlansky, Parliamentary Selection: Social and Political Choice in Early Modem 180 Notes

England (Cambridge, 1986); David Starkey, The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (1987); J. C. D. Clark, Revolution and Rebellion (Cambridge, 1986); Adamson, 'The Baronial Context of the English Civil War'. 3. Russell, 'Parliamentary History in Perspective, now reprinted in Unrevolu• tionary England; Mark Kishlansky, 'The Emergence of Adversary Politics in the Long Parliament', journal of Modern History, 49 (1977), pp. 617-40; Kevin Sharpe, 'Introduction: Parliamentary History, 1603-29; In or Out of Perspective?' in Sharpe (ed.), Faction and Parliament (Oxford, 1978); Sharpe, 'Crown, Parliament and Locality'. 4. Peter Lake, 'Defining Puritanism - Again?', in F. Bremer (ed.), Puritanism: Transatlantic Perspectives on a Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Faith (Boston, Mass., 1993); Nicholas Tyacke, 'Puritanism, Arminianism and Counter-rev• olution', in Russell (ed.), Origins of the English Civil War; Patrick Collinson, 'Ecclesiastical Vitriol: Religious Satire in the 1590s and the Inventions of Puritanism', in John Guy (ed.), The Reign of Elizabeth (Cambridge, 1995); Sharpe, Personal Rule, pp. 734-8;J. S. Morrill, The Religious Context of the English Civil War', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series, 34 (1984), pp. 155-78; now reprinted in Morrill, The Nature of the English Rev• olution (Harlow, 1993). 5. Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum: The Maner of Government or Policie of the Realme of England, edited by Mary Dewar (Cambridge, 1982; first pub• lished 1583), p.76. See, for example, P. Zagorin, Court and Country, p. 28. 6. G.]. Schochet,Patriarchalism in Political Thought (Oxford, 1975);].A. Sharpe, Early Modern England: A Social History, 1550-1760 (London, 1987), p.l 07, for the Homily. 7. Adamson, 'Baronial Context of the English Civil War'; Adamson, 'Parlia• mentary Management, Men of Business and the House of Lords, 1640-49', in C.Jones (ed.), A Pillar ofthe Constitution: The House ofLords in British Politics, 1640-1784 (1989). James E. Farnell, 'The Social and Intellectual Basis of London's Role in the English Civil Wars', and Paul Christianson, The Peers, the People and Parliamentary Management in the First Six Months of the Long Parliament', both in journal of Modern History, 49 (1977), pp. 641-60 and 575-99, pioneered this approach. 8. Compare Kishlansky,Parliamentary Selection, with]. H. Plumb, The Growth of the Electorate in England from 1600 to 1715', Past and Present, 45 (1969), pp. 90-116, and Derek Hirst, The Representative of the People? (Cambridge, 1975). 9. Laslett, World We Have Lost, pp. 216, 234; David Cressy, Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 145, 148, 152. 10. For similar discussions see Paul S. Seaver, Wallington's World: A Puritan Art• isanin Seventeenth Century London (1985), p. 77; David Wootton, 'From Rebel• lion to Revolution: the Crisis of the Winter of 1642-3 and the Origins of Civil War Radicalism', English Historical Review, 105 (1990), pp. 654-69, and the essays in Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks (eds), The Middling Sort of People (Basingstoke, 1994), and Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds), The Exper• ience ofAuthority. Notes 181

11. Cynthia B. Herrup, The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1987); Herrup, 'Law and Morality in Seventeenth-Century England', Past and Present, 106 (1985), pp. 102-23; Steve Hindle, 'The Keeping of the Public Peace', and Andy Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance: English Free Miners and their Law, c. 1550 - 1800', both in Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds), The Experience ofAuthority. 12. Tim Harris, London Crowds (Cambridge, 1987), esp. Ch. 1; Cust, The Forced Loan, p. 295; Wood, 'The Place of Custom in Plebeian Political Culture: Eng• land, 1550-1800', Social History, 22 (1997), pp. 46-60. 13. Richard Cust, 'News and Politics in Early Seventeenth-Century England', Past and Present, 112 (1986), pp. 60-90; Seaver, Wallington's World, p. 74. 14. Ibid., p. 74. For general discussions ofliterate and oral culture see Jonathon Barry, 'Literacy and Literature in Popular Culture: Reading and Writing in Historical Perspective', in Tim Harris (ed.), Popular Culture in England c. 1500-1850 (Basingstoke, 1995); Tessa Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety; Adam Fox, 'Ballads, Libels and Popular Ridicule in Jacobean England', Past and Present, 145 (1994), pp. 47-83. The political implications are explored in Cust, 'News and Politics'; Tom Cogswell, 'The Politics of Propaganda: Charles I and the people in the 1620s',journal of British Studies, 29 (1990), pp. 187-215; Cogswell, 'Underground Verse'; Pauline Croft, 'The Reputa• tion of Robert Cecil: Libels, Political Opinion and Popular Awareness in the Early Seventeenth Century', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th Series, 1 (1991), pp. 43-70; Bellany, "'Raylinge Rymes and Vaunting Verse"'; Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Stuart England', Historicaljournal, 40 (1997), pp. 598-620. 15. Hirst, The Representative of the People; Richard Cust, 'Politics and the Elect• orate in the 1620s', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England; Cust, 'Wentworth's "change of sides" in the 1620s', in Merritt (ed.), Political World of Wentworth; T. G. Barnes, Somerset 1625-1640: A County's Government during the 'Personal Rule' (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), esp. ch.l0. 16. Cust 'Politics and the Electorate'; Hughes, 'Local History and the Origins of Civil War'; Clive Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: the Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cam• bridge, 1985); Wood, 'Beyond Post-revisionism?' Wood, 'Custom, Identity and Resistance'. 17. See especially M. A. Kishlansky, Parliamentary Selection; Kishlansky, 'The Emergence of Adversary Politics'. 18. Conrad Russell, 'Parliamentary History in Perspective', and Causes, Ch. 6; J. S. Morrill, 'The Religious Context of the English Civil War', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th Series, 34 (1984), pp. 155-78, now reprinted in The Nature of the English Revolution; Kevin Sharpe, 'Crown, Parliament and Locality', p.232, says that there was 'no theoretical contention' about fun• damentals of government. 19. Lake, 'Retrospective'; Sharpe and Lake, 'Introduction', to their Culture and Politics; Hirst, Authority and Conflict, pp. 84-6. 20. J. P. Sommerville, Politics and Ideology in England, 1603-1640 (1986), p. 4. 182 Notes

21. J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law ... A Reissue with a Retrospect (Cambridge, 1987; 1st edn 1957); Glen Burgess, The Politics of the Ancient Constitution (Basingstoke, 1992). 22. J. P. Sommerville, 'The Ancient Constitution Reassessed: the Common Law, the Court and the Languages of Politics in Early Modern England', in Smuts (ed.), Stuart Court and Europe; this chapter is an important response to Bur• gess, Politics of the Ancient Constitution, and a critique of Pocock. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution, pp. 293, 296. See also Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, Ch. 6. 23. Perez Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers, vol. I, p. 23; Michael Roberts, 'On Aristocrat• ic Constitutionalism in Swedish History', in Essays in Swedish History; Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen', p. 195; Underdown, A Freeborn People, Ch. 3. 24. This and the following paragraph are closely based on Sommerville, Politics and Ideology. 25. Ann Hughes (ed.), Seventeenth-Century England: A Changing Culture, vol. I (1980), pp. 51,59. 26. Russell, Unrevolutionary England, 'Introduction'; Burgess, Politics of the Anc• ient Constitution; Peter Lake, 'The Moderate and Irenic Case for Religious War: Joseph Hall's Via Media in Context', in Amussen and Kishlansky (eds), Political Culture; Anthony Milton, Thomas Wentworth and the Political Thought of the Personal Rule', in Merritt (ed.), Political World of Wentworth. 27. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651 (Cambridge, 1993); M. Pelton en, Classical Humanism and Republicanism in English Political Thought (Cambridge, 1995); Collinson, De Republic Anglorum; Collinson, 'The Mon• archical Republic of Elizabeth 1', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 69 (1987), pp. 394-424, now reprinted in his Elizabethan Essays; Smuts, 'Court Centred Politics and the Uses of Roman Historians, c. 1590-1630', in Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture and Politics. 28. Zagorin, Court and Country; the brief discussion in Stone, Causes of the English Revolution, pp. 105-8, has never been bettered. 29. Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, pp. 6, 424; Zagorin himself noted (Court and Country, p. 96) that some royal officials acted as part of the 'coun• try'. 30. R. Malcolm Smuts, Court Culture and the Origins of a Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England (Philadelphia, 1987); Martin Butler, Theatre and Crisis, 1632- 1642 (Cambridge, 1984); Butler, 'Politics and the Masque: The Triumph of Peace', The Seventeenth Century, II (1987); M. Butler, 'The Invention of Britain and the Early Stuart Masque', in Smuts (ed.), Stuart Court and Europe; Kevin Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment (Cambridge, 1987), and Sharpe, 'The Image of Virtue: the Court and Household of Charles I, 1625-1642', in Starkey et al., The English Court. 31. Smuts, Court Culture; Smuts, 'Art and the Material Culture of Majesty in Early Stuart England', in his Stuart Court and Europe; Sharpe, Criticism and Compli• ment;Judith Richards, '''His Nowe Majestie" and the English Monarchy: the Kingship of Charles I before 1640', Past and Present, 113 (November 1986), pp.70-96. 32. Patrick Collinson, 'Puritans, Men of Business and Elizabethan Parliaments', Parliamentary History, 7 (1988), pp. 187-211, for Throckmorton; Smuts, Notes 183

'Court Centred Politics and the Uses of Roman Historians'; Tuck, Philosophy and Government; Debora K. Shuger, 'Subversive Fathers and Suffering Sub• jects: Shakespeare and Christianity', in D. Hamilton and R. Strier (eds), Religion, Literature and Politics in Post-Reformation England, 1540-1688 (Cam• bridge, 1996). Shuger is writing about the church fathers but her remarks are relevant to classical philosophical and political literature also. 33. David Norbrook, Poetry and Politics in the English Renaissance (London, 1984). 34. Cust and Hughes, 'Introduction: Mter Revisionism'. 35. S. R. Gardiner (ed.), The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution (London, 1906 edn), pp. 206-7. 36. Collinson, 'Monarchical Republic'; the collection of essays edited by John Guy, The Reign ofElizabeth, is the crucial work for the 1590s. I have benefited also from many discussions with Richard Cust on questions of lineage and social insecurity. 37. Sommerville, Politics and Ideology, pp. 100-3, 124-6; Pauline Croft, 'Annual Parliaments and the Long Parliament', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 59 (1986), pp. 155-71. 38. Cust, The Forced Loan, p. 219; Richard Cust, 'Charles I and a Draft Declara• tion for the 1628 Parliament', Historical Research, 63 (1990), pp. 143-61; Cust, 'Charles I, the Privy Council and the Parliament of 1628', Transactions ofthe Royal Historical Society, 6th Series, 2 (1992), pp. 25-50; Smuts, Court Cul• ture,p.273. 39. Sharpe, Personal Rule, Ch. 7 for local government, pp. 345-8 for a more scep• tical account of the Puritan context of the Sherfield prosecution. Ann Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War: Warwickshire, 1620-1660 (Cam• bridge, 1987), p. 115 for sheriffs; Christopher Hill, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (first published 1964), pp. 102-3; Richard Cust, 'Anti-Puritanism and Urban Politics: Charles I and Great Yarmouth', Historicaljournal, 35 (1992), pp. 1-26. 40. James F. Larkin (ed.), StnartRoyal Proclamations, vol. II (Oxford, 1983), p. 662; J. P. Kenyon, The Stuart Constitution (Cambridge, 1966 edn), pp. 241,222-3. 41. This view usually derives from views of Tyacke, 'Puritanism, Arminianism and Counter-revolution', and its most eloquent exposition is probably in Patrick Collinson, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford, 1982). 42. Russell, Causes, pp. 85-6, 212. 43. Peter White, 'The Rise of Arminianism Reconsidered', Past and Present, 101 (1983), pp. 34-54; White, 'The Via Media in the Early Stuart Church', in Kenneth Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church, 1603-1642 (Basingstoke, 1993), a vital and wide-ranging collection of essays; Kevin Sharpe, Personal Rule, Ch. 6;Julian Davies, The Caroline Captivity of the Church (Oxford, 1992); Ian Green, The Christian's ABC: Catechisms and Catechizing in England c. 1530- 1740 (Oxford, 1996), p. 566 44. For these paragraphs see Peter Lake, 'The Laudian Style: Order, Uniform• ity and the Pursuit of Holiness in the 1630s'; Anthony Milton, 'The Church of England, Rome and the True Church: The Demise of aJacobean Consen• sus'; Tyacke, 'Archbishop Laud', all in the important collection of essays, Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church; Milton, Catholic and Reformed; Russell, Causes, pp. 103-4. 184 Notes

45. Kenneth Fincham and Peter Lake, 'The Ecclesiastical Policies ofJames I and Charles 1', in Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church; Nicholas Tyacke, Anti• Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism c. 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1987), esp. pp. 106, 253-63; see also J. T. Cliffe, The Puritan Gentry: The Great Puritan Families ofEarly Stuart England (London, 1984), p. 149. 46. , The Stripping ofthe Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1350- 1600 (New Haven and London, 1992), offers a vivid discussion of the attrac• tions oflate medieval religion; see, for example, John Morrill, The Religious Context'; and C. Haigh, The Church of England, the Catholics and the Peo• ple', in C. Haigh (ed.), The Reign of Elizabeth I (1984), forthe inaccessibility of zealous Protestantism. 47. Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety; Judith Maltby, ' "By this Book": Parishio• ners, the Prayer Book and the Established Church', in Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church; John Morrill, The Church in England', in Morrill (ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War (Basingstoke, 1982), now reprinted in The Nature ofthe English Revolution. 48. Martin Ingram, 'From Reformation to Toleration: Popular Religious Cul• tures in England, 1540-1690', in Tim Harris (ed.), Popular Culture in Eng• land, c.1500-1850 (Basingstoke, 1995); Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1680 (1982), and , The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Cambridge, Mass., 1983); Christopher Hill, A Turbulent, Seditious and Factious People (Oxford 1988), shows how Calvin• ism could appeal to the socially humble. 49. Christopher Hill, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (first published London, 1964); Peter Lake, 'Deeds against Nature: Cheap Print, Protestantism and Murder in Early Seventeenth Century England', in Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture and Politics; Lake, '''A Charitable Christian Hatred": The Godly and their Enemies in the 1630s', in Christopher Durst• on and Jacqueline Eales (eds), The Culture of English Puritanism 1560-1700 (Basingstoke, 1996). 50. Patrick Collinson, The Elizabeth Puritan Movement (London, 1967); Nicholas Tyacke, The Fortunes of English Puritanism, 1603-1640 (Dr Williams Lecture, 1990); Jacqueline Eales, 'A Road to Revolution: The Continuity of Puritan• ism, 1559-1642', and Collinson, 'Elizabeth and Jacobean Puritanism as Forms of Popular Religious Culture', both in Durston and Eales (eds), The Culture of English Puritanism; Tom Webster, Godly Clergy in Early Stuart Eng• land: The Caroline Puritan Movement c. 1620-1643 (Cambridge, 1997). 51. Collinson, 'Elizabeth and Jacobean Puritanism'; Lake, 'Defining Puritan• ism'; Lake,' "A Charitable Christian Hatred"'. 52. R. T. Kendall, Calvin and English Calvinism to 1649 (Oxford, 1979); Peter Lake, 'Calvinism and the English Church 1570-1635', Past and Present, 114 (1987), pp. 32-76; Lake, Anglicans and Puritans? Presbyterianism and English Conformist Thought from Whitgift to Hooker (1988). 53. I am indebted here to the forthcoming work by David Como and Peter Lake on London Puritan disputes. 54. Peter Lake, 'Anti-Popery: the Structure of a Prejudice', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England; Lake, 'Constitutional Consensus and Puritan Opposition in the 1620s: Thomas Scott and the Spanish Match', Notes 185

Historical journal, 25 (1982), pp. 802-25; Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints (1966 edn). 55. Quoted in Lake, "'A Charitable Christian Hatred''', p. 157. 56. Clark, Revolution and Rebellion, pp. 88-9. 57. K. Fincham, 'Prelacy and Politics: Archbishop Abbot's Defence of Protestant Orthodoxy', Historical Research, 61 (1988), pp. 36-64; Lake, 'Calvinism and the English Church'; L.J. Reeve, 'Sir Robert Heath's Advice for Charles I in 1629', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, LIX (1986), pp. 215-24; Milton, Catholic and Reformed. 58. These paragraphs are based mainly on Kenneth Fincham and Peter Lake, The Ecclesiastical Policies ofJames I and Charles 1'. 59. For additional material see Thomas Cogswell, 'England and the Spanish Match', in Custand Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England; Lake, 'Cal• vinism and the English Church'; Tyacke,Anti-Calvinists, pp. 113-14, 166-72; Tyacke, 'Laud'. 60. Larkin (ed.), Stuart Royal Proclamations, vol. II, p. 91; Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists, p.188. 61. Tyacke,Anti-Calvinists,pp.l06, 113, 118-126, 170-2, 181,200-1, 246; see also Lake, 'Calvinism and the English Church'; Andrew Foster, 'Church Pol• icies of the 1630s', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England; Lake, 'Laudian Style'; Milton, The Church of England'; Russell, Causes, pp.98-101. 62. Lake, 'Calvinism and the English Church'; Tyacke,Anti-Calvinists, pp. 186-8, 224-5; Cust and Hughes, 'Introduction: Mter Revisionism', pp. 32-3; I am again indebted to forthcoming work by David Como and Peter Lake. 63. Morrill, The Religious Context'; John Adamson, The Vindicwe Veritatis and the Political Creed of Viscount Saye and Sele', Historical Research, 60 (1987), pp. 45-63; E. S. Cope and W. H. Coates (eds), Proceedings of the Short Parlia• ment,p.149. 64. Caroline Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1983), pp. 50,56, 100; David Hoyle, 'A Commons Investigation of Arminianism and Popery in Cambridge on the Eve of the Civil War', Historical journal, 29 (1986), pp. 419-25.

3 A Social and Cultural Conflict?

1. Cf. R. C. Richardson, Debate on the English Revolution Revisited, p.129, on the lack of discussion of the nature or origins of the 'English Revolution' in recent social history textbooks. 2. Christopher Hill, 'A Bourgeois Revolution?' in The Collected Essays of Christo• pher Hill, vol. 3 (Brighton, 1986), p. 5. 3. Russell, 'Introduction', in Origins of the English Civil War, p. 7 for Stone; The International History Review, XVI (1994), p. 129, for his comments on Bren• ner's interpretive framework. 4. A. Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism (Oxford, 1978); R. Bren• ner, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-industrial 186 Notes

Europe', Past and Present, 97 (1982); Laslett, World We Have Lost;J. C. D. Clark, English Society, 1688-1832 (Cambridge, 1985). 5. Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, pp. 653-5, 669-70; for criticisms of his book see Russell, n. 3 above and the comments by Ian Gentles and John Morrill in New Left Review, 207 (September/November 1994), pp. 103-23. 6. Russell, 'Introduction', pp. 6-8; Robert Brenner, 'Dobb on the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2 (1978), pp. 121-40, cf. Hill, 'A Bourgeois Revolution'. 7. C. Hill, The English Revolution 1640 (first published, 1940; 1976 edn is quoted here); Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, pp. 641-4; R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926); The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912); 'Harrington's Interpretation of his Age', Proceedings of the British Academy, XXVII (1941); 'The Rise ofthe Gentry, 1558-1640', Economic His• tory Review, XI (1941); both articles are now also available in]. M. Winter (ed.), History and Society: Essays by R. H. Tawney (1978). A survey of the whole 'gentry controversy' is found in Stone, Social Change and Revolution in En• gland, 1540-1640 (1965). 8. H. R. Trevor-Roper, The Gentry, 1540-1640: Economic History Review Supple• ment, I (1953); C. Hill, 'Recent Interpretations of the Civil War', in his Purit• anism and Revolution (first published London, 1958; 1986 edn is quoted here); Michael Bush, The English Aristocracy: A Comparative Synthesis (Man• chester, 1984). 9. Laurence Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy (Oxford, 1965);]. H. Hexter, 'Storm over the Gentry', in his Reappraisals in History (1961). 10. Hill, 'Recent Interpretations'; Hughes (ed.), Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 87, 89. 11. Alan Simpson, The Wealth of the Gentry, 1540-1660: East Anglian Studies (Chi• cago and Cambridge, 1961);]. T. Cliffe, The Yorkshire Gentryfromthe Reforma• tion to the Civil War (London, 1969); B. G. Blackwood, The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (Chetham Society, 3rd Series, XXV, 1978); D. Brun• ton and D. H. Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London, 1954). 12. Brenner,Merchants and Revolution, p. 648. 13. This discussion of social change is based mainly on C. Clay, Economic Expan• sion and Social Change, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1984), and Sharpe, Early Modern England. Barry Coward, Social Change and Continuity in Early Modern England, 1550-1750 (Basingstoke, 1988) is also relevant. 14. Joan Thirsk, England's Agricultural Regions and Agrarian History, 1500-1750 (Basingstoke, 1987). 15. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change, p. 143; Bush, The English Aristoc- racy. 16. Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, pp. 651-2. 17. Seaver, Wallington's World, Ch. 5. 18. V. H. T. Skipp, Crisis and Development: An Ecological Case Study of the Forest of Arden (Cambridge, 1978); K. Wrightson and D. Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling 1525-1700 (1978; 2nd edn, Oxford 1995); , Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1987). 19. Sharpe, Early Modern England; John Morrill and John Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds), Order Notes 187

and Disorder; Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish', in Griffith, Fox and Hindle (eds), Experience ofAuthority; Wood, 'The Place of Custom' . 20. Stone, Causes of the English Revolution, pp. 14-16. 21. Brian Manning, The English People and the English Revolution (first publish• ed London, 1976; Penguin edn ofl978 is quoted here), pp. 9, 83,133-41, 178-80. 22. Hunt, The Puritan Moment. 23. John Morrill, 'The Northern Gentry and the Great Rebellion', Northern His• tory, 15 (1979), pp. 68-87, now reprinted in his The Nature of the English Rev• olution; Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War, pp. 161-2; Mark Stoyle,Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War (Exeter, 1994), pp. 138-9; the greatest landowners in Devon were more likely to be parliamentarian than county and parish gentry. 24. David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion (Oxford, 1985), esp. p. 40. 25. Smuts, Court Culture, p. 201; Norbrook, Poetry and Politics; Leah S. Marcus, The Politics ofMirth:Jonson, Herrick, Milton, Marvell, and the Defense of Old Hol• iday Pastimes (Chicago and London, 1986); Collinson, 'Elizabethan and Jaco• bean Puritanism'; Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1994) offers the most extensive historical discussion ofthe festive culture. 26. Ann Hughes, 'Religion and Society in Stratford on Avon, 1619-1638', Mid• land History, 19 (1994), pp. 58-84, and David Underdown, Fire from Heaven: Life in an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (1992), on Dorchester are studies of/ocal cultural conflict. 27. Collinson, 'Elizabethan andJacobean Puritanism'. 28. Thirsk (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vols 4 and 5 (Cam• bridge, 1967, 1984); Thirsk, England's Agricultural Regions. 29. Wood, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism' and Buchanan Sharp, 'Rural Discontents and the English Revolution', in R. C. Richardson (ed.), Town and Countryside in the English Revolution (Manchester, 1992), attack too simple notions of def• erence. 30. Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality; Freist, Governed by Opinion; Keith Lindley, Popular Politics and Religion in Civil War London (Aldershot, 1997). 31. Keith Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution, (1980); Buchanan Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of Eng• land, 1586-1660 (Berkeley, Cal., 1980); Wood, The Place of Custom'. 32. Wood, 'Beyond Post-Revisionism'; Sharp, 'Rural Discontents'; Stoyle, Loyal• ty and Locality, p. 68. 33. Fuller discussions of Underdown include]. S. Morill, 'The Ecology ofAileg• iance in the English Civil War' ,Journal of British Studies, 26 (1987), pp. 451- 79, now reprinted in his The Nature of the English Revolution; Hughes, 'Local History and the Origins of the Civil War', and Laurence Stone, 'The Century of Revolution', New York Review of Books, 26 February 1987. 34. Russell, Causes, p. 59; and in London Review ofBooks , 7 August 1986. 35. Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy; Hexter, 'Storm over the Gentry'; Pocock, The Ancient Constitution, p. 331. 36. Farnell, 'The Social and Intellectual Basis of London's Role'; Christianson, 'The Peers, the People and Parliamentary Management'; Adamson, 'Parlia- 188 Notes

mentary Management, Men of Business and the House of Lords'; Adamson, 'Baronial Context ofthe English Civil War.' 37. Diarmaid Macculloch, Suffolk and the Tudors (Oxford, 1986), pp. 73,95; Pen• ry Williams, The Tudor Regime (Oxford, 1981, paperback edn), p. 436; Stone, Crisis ofthe Aristocracy, pp. 269-70, Appendix II; M.James,English Politics and the Concept of Honour (Past and Present, Supp!. 3, 1978), now reprinted in Mervyn James, Society, Politics and Culture (Cambridge, 1986); James's pic• ture is being qualified by the work of Richard Cust; see 'Honour and Politics in Early Stuart England: The Case of Beaumont versus Hastings', Past and Present, 149 (1995), pp. 57-94. 38. John Adamson, 'Chivalry and Political Culture in Caroline England', in Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture and Politics; Hughes, 'Local History and the Origins of the Civil War'. 39. Adamson, 'Parliamentary Management'.

4 King and Parliament, 1625-42

1. Kenyon, The Stuart Constitution, p. 196; Adamson, The Vindiciae Veritatis'. 2. Sharpe, Personal Rule, p. 954; Sharpe, 'Private Conscience and Public Duty in the Writings of Charles 1', Historical Journal, 40 (1997); LJ. Reeve, Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule (Cambridge, 1989), p.3; Macinnes, Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement, p. 133. See also C. Carlton, The Per• sonal Monarch (London, 1983). 3. Brian Quintrell, 'Charles I and his Navy in the 1630s', The Seventeenth Centu• ry, vo!' III (1988), pp. 159-79; Geoffrey Parker, 'The World beyond White• hall: British Historiography and European Archives', in Smuts (ed.), The Stuart Court and Europe, p. 281. 4. Cust, The Forced Loan; Cust, 'Charles I, the Privy Council and the Parliament of 1628'; E. R. Foster, 'Printing the Petition of Right', Huntington Library Quarterly, 38 (1974/5), pp. 81-3. 5. Russell, Causes, pp. 5,190-1; it should be pointed out that Holland was to be exceuted shortly after Charles for his royalism in 1648. 6. Russel!, Causes, pp. 202-5. 7. Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, qualified by Cust, 'Charles I, the Privy Council and the Parliament ofI 628', and Cogswell, 'A Low Road to Extinction?'. 8. Cope and Coates (eds), Proceedings of the Short Parliament, pp. 149-50, 155; Adamson, 'Parliamentary Management'; Bonney, 'The English and French Civil Wars'. 9. Sharpe, Personal Rule, pp. 59-60. 10. Esther Cope, Politics without Parliament (London, 1987); Kevin Sharpe, 'Crown, Parliament and Locality'; Hirst, Authority and Conflict; Cust and Hughes, 'Introduction: Mter Revisionism'. 11. Seaver, Wallington's World, pp. 158-63. 12. Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot, pp. 108--9, 153-5. 13. Cope, Proceedings of the Short Parliament, p. 149; P. H. Donald, 'New Light on the Anglo-Scottish Contacts of 1640', Historical Research, 62 (1989), Notes 189

pp.221-9; David Scott, '''Hannibal at our Gates": Loyalists and Fifth• Columnists during the Bishops' Wars - the Case of Yorkshire', Historical Research, 70 (1997), pp. 269-93. 14. The account ofthe period from November 1640 until the outbreak of war is based mainly on Anthony Fletcher, The Outbreak of the English Civil War, and Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies. Quotations from Parliament's declara• tions are from Kenyon, The Stuart Constitution, and Gardiner Constitutional Documents. See also Russell, 'The Scottish party in English Parliaments, 1640-2, or the Myth of the English Revolution', Historical Research, 66 (1993),pp.35-62. 15. Cliffe, The Puritan Gentry, p.223. 16. Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, Ch. 7. 17. D.L. Smith, Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement, c. 1640-1649 (Cambridge, 1994). 18. The account of the Remonstrance is from Fletcher, Outbreak of the English Civil War, pp. 81-90, 145-57; Dering is quoted from Hughes (ed.), Seven• teenth-Century England, p. 73; Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, pp. 424-9. 19. Freist, Governed by Opinion; Lindley, Popular Politics and Religion; Manning, English People and the English Revolution; Seaver, Wallington's World, p. 151. 20. Fletcher, Outbreak of the English Civil War, Ch. 6, pp. 93, 285. A forthcoming book by Judith Maltby will deal with petitioning over religion in more detail. 21. Lindley, The Impactofthe 1641 Rebellion'. 22. Kenyon, Stuart Constitution, pp. 242-7. 23. Fletcher, Outbreak of the English Civil War, pp. 344, 349, 357; Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality, part IV. 24. Russell, Causes, p. 210. 25. Everitt, The Community of Kent, p. 97. 26. Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, p. 496; Fletcher, Outbreak of the English Civil War, pp. 304, 307. 27. Fletcher, Outbreak ofthe English Civil War, map, p. 354; for this and the follow• ing paragraph see Ann Hughes, The King, the Parliament and the Local• ities during the English Civil War', Journal of British Studies, 24 (1985), pp.236-63. 28. Fletcher, Outbreak ofthe English Civil War, pp. 344-5; William Sheils, 'Provin• cial Preaching on the Eve of the Civil War: some West Riding Fast Sermons', in Fletcher and Roberts, (eds), Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain, p. 303; Hughes, 'Local History and the Civil War', p. 346. 29. Morrill (ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War, 'Introduction', esp. p. 5. 30. A Declaration or Representation, quoted in William Haller and Godfrey Davies (eds), The Leveller Tracts (reprint, Gloucester, Mass., 1964), p. 55; Wootton, 'From Rebellion to Revolution'. FURTHER READING

This bibliography concentrates on material most representative of recent work, and on studies which are themselves useful guides to further reading and to debates. Additional material will be found in the notes to each chapter. Valuable accounts of divergent interpretations of the civil war include Howard Tomlinson, 'The Causes of the War: a Historiographical Survey', in Tomlinson (ed.), Before the English Civil War (London, 1983); Richard Cust and Ann Hughes, 'Introduction: After Revisionism', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Con• flict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics, 1603-1642 (London, 1989); the same authors' introduction to a collection of crucial articles, The English Civil War (London, 1997); andJohn Morrill's introduction to his collect• ed essays, The Nature of the English Revolution (Harlow, 1993). R. C. Richardson, The Debate on the English Revolution Revisited (Manchester, 1988) covers changing interpretations from the seventeenth century to the 1980s. Contrasting examples of general interpretations are Laurence Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642 (London, 1972); Conrad Russell (ed.), The Origins of the English Civil War (London, 1973);John Morrill, The Revolt of the Provinces (London, first published 1976; 2nd edn 1980); Kevin Sharpe (ed.), Fac• tion and Parliament (Oxford, 1978; reissued in paperback, 1985), an important collection of essays, by no means all 'revisionist' in their approach, although the editor's introduction takes a revisionist position; Gerald Aylmer, Rebellion or Rev• olution: Englandfrom Civil War to Restoration (Oxford, 1987);]. C. D. Clark, Revolu• tion and Rebellion (Cambridge, 1986); and Conrad Russell's brilliant The Causes of the English Civil War (Oxford, 1990). Despite their similar tides, Aylmer's and Clark's views are very different. Aylmer is a very balanced survey of recent con• troversies, while Clark is an impassioned critique of what he regards as Liberal and Marxist distortions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Its view contrasts sharply with that expressed here. Early criticisms of revisionist scholar• ship are found in T. K. Rabb and D. Hirst, 'Revisionism Revised: Two Perspect• ives on Early Stuart Parliamentary History', and Christopher Hill, 'Parliament and People in Seventeenth Century England', all in Past and Present, 92 (1981), pp. 79-124. Recent discussions can be found in David Underdown, A Freeborn People: Politics and the Nation in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1996), and Peter Lake, 'Retrospective: Wentworth's Political World in Revisionist and Post• revisionist Perspective', in]. F. Merritt (ed.), The Political World of Thomas Went• worth, Earl ofStrafford, 1621-1641 (Cambridge, 1996). The liveliest narrative account of the seventeenth century is Mark Kishlan• sky, A Monarchy Transformed Britain, 1603-1714 (London, 1996). Other useful

190 Further Reading 191 textbooks combining analysis and narrative with guides to reading are Barry Coward, The Stuart Age, 1603-1714 (2nd edn (Harlow, 1994); Derek Hirst, Authority and Conflict, 1603-1658 (London, 1986); and Roger Lockyer, The Early Stuarts: A Political History of England, 1603-1642 (Harlow, 1989). Coward is the best straightforward introduction, Lockyer the most detailed work, and Hirst has the most sophisticated analysis.

1 A European Crisis? Functional Breakdown and Multiple Kingdoms

A selection of studies of the general European crisis can be found in Trevor Aston (ed.), Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660 (London, 1965) and Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith (eds), The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (1978; 2nd edn Lon• don, 1997); T. K. Rabb, The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe (Oxford, 1975) is a useful survey of the debate, while Richard Bonney, 'The English and French Civil Wars', History, 65 (1980), is a pioneering attempt at comparative his• tory. For military developments, G. Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Inno• vation and the Rise of the West (Cambridge, 1988; 2nd edn 1997) is a thorough up-to-date discussion; while Jeremy Black, A Military Revolution? Military Change and European Society, 1550-1800 (Basingstoke, 1991) offers an accessible introduction. Parker, The Thirty Years War (London, 1984, 2nd edn 1997) is the essential starting point for the European war. Mark Greengrass (ed.), Conquest and Coalescence: The Shaping of the State in Early Modern Europe (London, 1991) provides a broad con• text for the problems of Charles's composite monarchy. Conrad Russell's work is crucial for the 'British Problem'. The Fall of the Brit• ish Monarchies, 1637-1642 (Oxford, 1991) provides a high-political narrative of the crisis in England, Ireland and Scotland. His articles remain invaluable: 'The British Problem and the English Civil War', History, 72 (1987), pp. 395- 415; 'The British Background to the Irish Rebellion of 1641', Historical Research, 61 (1988), pp. 166-82; The First Army Plot of 1641', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series, 38 (1988), pp. 85-106; 'Why did Charles I fight the Civil War?' History Today' Gune 1984), pp. 31-4, all except the last re• printed in Unrevolutionary England, 1603-1642 (1990). David Stevenson, Scot• tish Covenanters and Irish Confederates (Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation, 1981) presents fascinating material in a refreshingly new perspective. There are three excellent essay collections covering aspects of the 'making of Britain' : Alexander Grant and Keith]. Stringer (eds), Uniting the Kingdom: The Making of British History (London, 1995); Steven G. Ellis and Sarah Barber (eds), Conquest and Union: Fashioning a British State, 1485-1725 (Harlow, 1995) and Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (eds), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (Basing• stoke, 1996). The best introduction to developments in Ireland is still T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F.]. Byrne (eds), Early Modern Ireland, 1534-1691: A New History of Ireland, vol. 3 (Oxford, 1976); English policy is covered in H. F. Kearney, Straf• ford in Ireland: A Study in Absolutism (Cambridge, 1989). There is further valu• able material on Strafford in Ireland in Merritt (ed.), Political World of 192 Further Reading

Wentworth. Vital accounts ofthe background to 1641 are Michael Perceval Max• well, 'Ireland and the Monarchy in the Early Stuart Multiple Kingdom', Histor• icalJournal, 34 (1991), pp. 279-95, and the same author's The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 (Dublin, 1994); and Nicholas Canny, 'What Really Hap• pened in Ireland in 1641 ?', inJane Ohlmeyer (ed.), Irelandfrom Independence to Occupation, 1641-1660 (Cambridge, 1995) For Scotland, see David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution 1637-1644: The Triumph of the Covenanters (Newton Abbot, 1973); Maurice Lee, The Road to Rev• olution: Scotland under Charles I, 1625-1637 (Urbana, Ill., 1985); Walter Makey, The Church of the Covenant (Edinburgh, 1979); John Morrill (ed.), The Scottish National Covenant in its British Context, 1638-1651 (Edinburgh, 1990); Allan 1. Ma• cinnes, Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement, 1625-1641 (Edin• burgh, 1991). For the 'functional breakdown' in England, Conrad Russell, 'Parliament and the King's Finances', in Russell (ed.), Origins of the English Civil War, and Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, 1621-1629 (Oxford, 1979), are vital. For con• trasting emphases on both Parliament and finance in the 1620s and the early 1640s see Richard Cust, The Forced Loan and English Politics (Oxford, 1987); Christopher Thompson, 'Court Politics and Parliamentary Conflict in 1625', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England; T. E. Cogswell, 'A Low Road to Extinction? Supply and Redress of Grievances in the Parliaments of the 1620s', HistoricalJournal, 33 (1990), pp. 283-303; Anthony Fletcher, The Out• break of the English Civil War (London, 1981). Readable and thorough surveys of financial and administrative problems can be found in David Thomas, 'Financial and Administrative Developments', in Tomlinson (ed.), Before the English Civil War, and Michael J. Braddick, The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558-1714 (Manchester, 1996). Menna Prestwich, Lionel Cranfield: Politics and Profits under the Early Stuarts (Oxford, 1965) is a classic study; while Pauline Croft (ed.), 'A Collection of Several Speeches and Treatises of the Late Lord Treasurer Cecil', Camden Miscellany, 29 (Camden Society, 4th Series, vol. 34,1987), gives an in• sider's vivid perceptions of financial problems. Tom Cogswell's Home Divisions (Manchester, 1998) is an important contribution. Contrasting views of the relationships between the centre and the localities are presented in Alan Everitt, The Local Community and the Great Rebellion (His• torical Association Pamphlet, 1969) and Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion (Leicester, 1966; paperback 1973) on the one hand; and Clive Holmes, The County Community in Stuart Historiography', Journal of British Studies, 19 (1980); Ann Hughes, 'Local History and the Origins of the English Civil War', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England; and Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War: Warwickshire, 1620-1660 (Cambridge, 1987) on the other. Simon Adams, 'Spain or the Netherlands? The Dilemmas of Early Stuart For• eign Policy', in Tomlinson (ed.), Before the English Civil War, is the best briefintro• duction to conflicts over foreign policy; Thomas Cogswell, The Blessed Revolution (Cambridge, 1989) is a detailed study ofthe crucial period of the aftermath of the failure of the Spanish match. Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule ofCharles I (New Ha• ven, Conn., 1992) offers a thorough treatment of foreign policy; Ian Atherton's Further Reading 193 forthcoming study ofJohn, Viscount Scudamore (Manchester, 1998) will further illuminate the diplomacy of the personal rule.

2 Consensus or Conflict? Politics and Religion in Early Stuart England

The best short introduction to politics in a social contextisJ. A. Sharpe, Early Mod• ern England: A Social History, 1550-1760 (London, 1987; 2nd edn 1997). P. Zagor• in, The Court and the Country: The Beginning ofthe English Revolution (London, 1969) is still worth consulting. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost Further Explored (London, 1983) presents a picture of hierarchical politics in a traditional society, while Mark Kishlansky, Parliamentary Selection: Social and Political Choice in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1986) has an illuminating, if controversial, account of political transition in the mid-seventeenth century. David Starkey et at., The En• glish Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (London, 1987); Linda Peck (ed.), The Mental World of the jacobean Court (Cambridge, 1991); and R. Malcolm Smuts (ed.), The Stuart Court and Europe: Essays in Politics and Political Culture (Cam• bridge, 1996), offer many insights on the royal court. The political culture of those below gentry ranks has been a focus of excel• lent recent work. Pioneering studies include Derek Hirst, The Representative of the People? (Cambridge, 1975); Richard Cust, 'News and Politics in Early Sev• enteenth Century England', Past and Present, 112 (1986), pp. 60-90; Richard Cust, 'Politics and the Electorate in the 1620s', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Con• flict in Early Stuart England; Clive Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: the Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985). Cust's work has been developed by Tom Cogswell, 'Un• derground Verse and the Transformation of Early Stuart Political Culture', in S. D. Amussen and M. A. Kishlansky (eds), Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern England (Manchester, 1995); Alastair Bellany, "'Raylinge Rymes and Vaunting Verse": Libellous Politics in Early Stuart England, 1603- 1628', in K. Sharpe and P. Lake, Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (Basingstoke, 1994); and Adam Fox, 'Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Stuart England', Historical journal, 40 (1997). There is much of value in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds), The Experience ofAuthority in Early Modern England (Basingstoke, 1996); see also Tessa Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640 (Cambridge, 1991); Dag• mar Freist, Governed by Opinion: Politics, Religion and the Dynamics ofCommunica• tion in Stuart London, 1637-1645 (London, 1997), and Keith Lindley, Popular Politics and Religion in Civil War London (Aldershot, 1997). Studies of well-doc• umented individuals often provide a stimulating route to understanding broader issues: John Fielding, 'Opposition to the Personal Rule of Charles I: the Diary of Robert Woodford, 1637-1641', Historical journal, 31 (1988), pp. 769-88, deals with a provincial lawyer; Paul S. Seaver, Wallington's World: A Puritan Artisan in Seventeenth Century London (London, 1985) with a London artisan. 194 Further Reading

The ideological foundations for political action and division are covered in]. P. Sommerville, Politics and Ideology in England, 1603-1640 (Basingstoke, 1986); and J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law ... A Reissue with a Retro• spect (Cambridge, 1987; 1st edn, 1957). Sommerville's views are challenged by Glenn Burgess, The Politics ofthe Ancient Coustitution (Basingstoke, 1992). The docu• ments and commentary in]. P. Kenyon, The Stuart Coustitution (Cambridge, 1966; 2nd edn, 1986) are extremely useful. One of the most fruitful means of understanding early Stuart politics has been through the examination of culture, broadly conceived. Pioneers in the study of court culture are Roy Strong and Stephen Orgel. Strong, Van Dyck: Charles Ion Horseback (London, 1972), and Orgel, The Illusion of Power (Berkeley, Cal., 1975) are representative. R. Malcolm Smuts, Court Culture and the Origins of a Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England (Philadelphia, 1987); Martin Butler, Theatre and Crisis, 1632-1642 (Cambridge, 1984); Kevin Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment (Cambridge, 1987); David Norbrook, Poetry and Politics in the English Renaissance (London, 1984); Amussen and Kishlansky (eds), Political Culture; Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture and Politics; Smuts (ed.), Stuart Court and Europe, are the best of the recent exciting work. J. S. Morrill, 'The Religious Context ofthe English Civil War', Transactious of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series, 34 (1984), pp. 155-78, now available in The Nature of the English Revolution, makes a vigorous but disputed case for the Eng• lish civil war as a war of religion. Patrick Collinson, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford, 1982) is a wide-ranging study ofthe pre-Laudian church. The complexities of English Puritanism have been illuminated recently by the work of Collinson, Peter Lake and Nicholas Tyacke. Both Lake and Collin• son are represented in an important collection, Christopher Durston and] ac• queline Eales (eds), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560-1700 (Macmillan, 1996); see also Nicholas Tyacke, The Fortunes of English Puritanism, 1603-1640 (Dr Williams Lecture, 1990). Christopher Hill, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Rev• olutionary England (first published London 1964), is the classic exploration of the potential social functions of Puritanism. Its influence is clear in Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1680 (London, 1982), and William Hunt, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Cambridge, Mass., 1983). Martin Ingram, 'Religion, Communities and Moral Discipline in Late Sixteenth- and Early Seventeenth-Century England: Case Studies', in Kaspar von Greyerz (ed.), Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe (London, 1984) provides a different perspective.] ohn Morrill, Judith Maltby and Martin Ingram have, in different ways, stressed the unpopularity of zealous Protes• tantism: Judith Maltby, "'By this Book": Parishioners, the Prayer Book and the Established Church', in Kenneth Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church, 1603- 1642 (Basingstoke, 1993) (a vital collection); John Morrill, 'The Church in Eng• land', in Morrill (ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War (Basingstoke, 1982), now reprinted in The Nature of the English Revolution; Martin Ingram, 'From Reformation to Toleration: Popular Religious Cultures in England, 1540- 1690', in Tim Harris (ed.), Popular Culture in England, c.1500-1850 (Basing• stoke, 1995). The distinctiveness of Arminianism is denied in Peter White, 'The Rise of Arminianism Reconsidered', Past and Present, 101 (1983); White, 'The Via Further Reading 195

Media in the Early Stuart Church', in Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church; Kevin Sharpe, Personal Rule, Ch. 6; Julian Davies, The Caroline Captivity of the Church (Oxford, 1992); Ian Green, The Christian's ABC: Catechisms and Catechiz.• ing in England c. 1530-1740 (Oxford, 1996). The argument of this book, how• ever, is based on Nicholas Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism c. 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1987); Peter Lake, 'Calvinism and the En• glish Church 1570-1635', Past and Present, 114 (1987), pp. 32-76; Lake, 'The Laudian Style: Order, Uniformity and the Pursuit of Holiness in the 1630s', Anthony Milton, 'The Church of England, Rome and the True Church: The Demise ofaJacobean Consensus', Tyacke, 'Archbishop Laud', all in Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church. Milton's article is a useful introduction to his monumental Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in Eng• lish Protestant Thought, 1600";'1640 (Cambridge, 1995). Religious policies are explored in Kenneth Fincham and Peter Lake, 'The Ecclesiastical Policies of James I and Charles 1', in Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church; and Andrew Foster, 'Church Policies of the 1630s', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England. Some of the connections between religion and politics are covered in Peter Lake, 'Constitutional Consensus and Puritan Opposition in the 1620s: Thomas Scott and the Spanish Match', Historical Journal, 25 (1982), pp. 802-25, and Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints (1966). Anti-popery was a crucial mechanism for integrating religion and politics: Peter Lake, 'Anti-Popery: the Structure ofa Prejudice', in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart Eng• land; and Caroline Hibbard, Charles 1 and the Popish Plot (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1983) are important.

3 A Social and Cultural Conflict?

The 'gentry controversy' and social interpretations ofthe civil war in general are surveyed in Laurence Stone, Social Change and Revolution in England, 1540-1640 (London, 1965); Christopher Hill, 'A Bourgeois Revolution?' in The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill, vol. 3 (Brighton, 1986) is a significant addition to the litera• ture, while Laurence Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy (Oxford, 1965) is the most important single work to have been produced as part of the debate on the for• tunes oflanded elites. It is still extremely useful for the social, political and cultural history of England before the civil war. Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653 (Cambridge, 1993) is a recent Marxist exploration. The most comprehensive textbook on economic change is C. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1984), while Jim Sharpe, Early Modern England provides a briefer but broader treatment. Wrightson, English Society is also important and Barry Coward, Social Change and Continuity in Early Modern England, 1550-1750 (London, 1988) is a useful general introduction to the concerns of social historians. Joan Thirsk, England's Agricultural Regions and Agrarian History, 1500-1750 (London, 1987) covers an important specific char• acteristic of social change. 196 Further Reading

Brian Manning, The English People and the English Revolution (first published London 1976; Penguin edn 1978) took 'social interpretations' into new direc• tions; it needs to be read in conjunction with John Morrill and John Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds), Order and Disorder, and Morrill, The Nature of the English Revolution; and Keith Wrightson, 'Estates, Degrees and Sorts: Changing Perceptions of Society in Tudor and Stuart England', in P. Corfield (ed.), History, Language and Class (Oxford, 1991). Like Manning, William Hunt, The Puritan Moment, emphasizes the importance of social relationships in determining allegiance in 1642 and David Underdown's ambitious Revel, Riot and Rebellion (Oxford, 1985) attempts an integration of social, cultural and regional factors in explaining the civil war. Hughes, 'Local History and the Origins of the Civil War', is, in part, a discussion of Underdown. Andy Wood, 'Beyond Post-revisionism? The Civil War Alle• giances of the Miners of the Derbyshire "Peak Country"', HistoricalJournal, 40 (1997) and Buchanan Sharp, 'Rural Discontents and the English Revolution', in R. C. Richardson (ed.), Town and Countryside in the English Revolution (Manchester, 1992) are important criticisms. The works on culture listed for Chapter 2 are also relevant here, and Leah S. Marcus, The Politics of Mirth: Jonson, Herrick, Milton, Marvell, and the Defense of Old Holiday Pastimes (Chicago and London, 1986) is particularly important. Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, is, of course, the crucial work on the readjust• ments amongst political elites; Mervyn James, English Politics and the Concept of Honour (Past and Present Supp!. 3, 1978) now reprinted in Mervyn James, Soci• ety, Politics and Culture (Cambridge, 1986) is a subtle and wide-ranging discus• sion of one aspect of the crisis.

4 King and Parliament, 1625-42

The financial and political problems of Charles's reign, and the 'British Problem' are covered in the reading for Chapter 1, while works on religious devlopments are listed for Chapter 2. Kevin Sharpe's massive, Personal Rule is a readable, wide• ranging and sympathetic study; Brian Quintrell, Charles I 1625-1640 (Seminar Studies in History, Harlow, 1993) is an acute, shorter analysis, while Michael Young, Charles I (Basingstoke, 1997) is a historiographical survey covering the whole reign. The outbreak of civil war is covered in Anthony Fletcher, The Outbreak of the English Civil War (London, 1981) and Russell, Fall ofthe British Monarchies. Local studies are often very illuminating. The most important recent works are Ann Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War; J. Eales, Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1990); Mark Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War (Exeter, 1994). INDEX

Abbot, Archbishop George, 84, Aston, Sir Thomas, 141 87,92,103-5,107,111,150 Aylmer, Gerald, 14 Adams, Simon, 30 Adamson, John, 6, Ill, 143-7 Bacon, Francis, 143 agriculture, 115, 117, 122-4, Baillie, Robert, 31,53 128, 134 Bampfield,John, 160 altars, 108-9, 161 Bancroft, Archbishop Richard, ancient constitution, 75-7, 80 86,93 Andrewes, Lancelot, 104-5 Barnardiston, Sir Nathaniel, 71, 84 Anglicans, 91, 96-7,160 Barrington, Anne, Queen, 112 Sir Francis, 88 anti-popery, 28, 46, 53-4, 70, 80, Sir Thomas, 143, 147 83-4,92,98-101,103-4,108, Bavaria, 150 111-12,132-3,157-8,165, Baxter, Richard, 118, 120 171-2; see also popish plot 'benevolence', 1626,87 anti-Puritanism, 95-9, 102-4, Bentham,Joseph,102 108-9,125,133-4,146-7, Berwick, pacification of, 37,43 152,160 Birmingham, 139, 172 Antrim, 34 'Black country', 124, 139, Arden,forestof, 126,137,140 'Black oath', 41 aristocracy, crisis of, 119, 125, Bohemia, 13,21 142-8 Bond of Association, 52 aristocratic constitutionalism, 96, Book of Common Prayer, 95-6, 122 111,113,161,165,169,171 Armagh, clergy of, 46 Book of Orders, 156 Arminianism, 28, 59, 68, 88, Book of Sports, 89, 97,109-10, 92-4,96,99,103,105-13, 132,135-6,156-7 154,156,158-9 Borthwick, Eleazar, 42 Army, English, 27, 45, 48,157-9, bourgeois revolution, 6,118-20 160; plots involving, 48, 160-3 Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, Army, Irish,42,47, 158, 162-3 38-40 Army, parliamentary, 171-3 Boynton, Sir Matthew, 158 Army, Scots, 37,45, 48-9, 159~60; Bramhall, Bishop John, 33 in Ireland, 49, 166 Brenner, Robert, 2,116-18,122 Articles, Lords of, 43 'British problem', 1-5,8, 10-11, Ashe, Simeon, 172 31-4,41-3,45-54, assurance, 100-1 149,172

197 198 Index

Buckeridge,John, 104,107,109 marriage, 154 Bunyan,John,98 'new counsels' of, 29, 85, Burgess, Glenn, 2, 75, 79 87,110-11,149,153 Burton, Henry, 110 personal rule, 23-4,30,83, Butler,James, Earl of 88-9, 156-8 Ormonde, 47, 49 political attitudes, 69, 81-2, Butler, Martin, 81 125,150-5 religious attitudes, 33, 85, Cadiz, 26 92-5,97,105-12,132, Calamy, Edmund, 171 134,135,149,151,153 Calvinism, 59, 74, 91-2, 98-100, Cheshire, 69, 79, 96,132,170 107,109-10,126,131-2; Christianson, Paul, 143 opposition to, 92-5, 97, Cicero, 79, 81 104-7,110,153,159 civil war, second, 162 Cambridge, Clark,]. C. D., 1, 116 University of, 68, 95 Clay, C., 124 Peterhouse College in, 112· Clotworthy, Sir John, 40, 45 Campbells, 34, 42, 49 Cogswell, Thomas, 26-7 . Archibald, Marquis ofArgyll, Coke, Sir Edward, 21,74 35,42,48-9 Coke, John, Secretary of State, Canny, Nicholas, 51 31,76 Carew, Thomas, 80-1 Collinson, Patrick, 86,98-9,136 Carleton, Bishop George, 95, 110 commission of array, 168 Cartwright, Thomas, 100 Con, George, 112,157 Castile, 11, 14,53 Connacht, 40 Catalonia, 11, 13-14,31-2, consensus, 72-4, 76,84 52-4,57 conspiracy, theories of, 77, 84-7, Cecil, Robert, earl of Salisbury, 90-1,112-13,152-3,166 15-18,26,29,30 Convocation (1640), canons of, Charles I, 4-6, 9-10,14-15, 78,159 18,22-5,30-2,40,50,52, Conway, Edward, Viscount, 87 56-7,59,65,76-7,86,91, Cornwall, 51, 139 116,150,168-9 Cosin,John, 107 and army plots, 48, 151, 160-2 Cottington, Sir Francis, 156 and forced loan, 150-1, 153 country, 70-1, 80, 82, 84-5, and Ireland, 34, 38, 42,45-7, 125,141,146,153 49, 165 see also court country and Long parliament, 90, 155, county community, 19-20,54-5 159-63,166-7,170 court, 63, 80, 82, 85-6,136, and Scotland, 33-7, 41,43-4, 145,156 47-9,53,81,89-90,112-13, courtiers, 16-18,61, 151,157-9,162-3,167 84,147 and Strafford, 129, 160-1, 164 Court of Wards, 24,29, 117 as Prince of Wales, 18, 105, court country, 11,70-1,77, 110,132,154 80,83-4,87,148 courtoL30-1,80-2,149,156-7 Covenant, National, 37,41,52 foreign policy of, 28, 105, 112, Covenanters, 34, 37,42-3, 117,150,153,156 47-9,90,157 Index 199

and English opposition, 37, Eliot, Sir John, 21, 151, 155 42-6,48-54,78,158-9 Elizabeth I, 15, 18,22,25-7, see also Scotland 53,81-2,86,95,145,151 Coventry, 156, 170 church settlement of, 91-2, Coventry, Thomas, Lord, 87-8 97,108 Coward, Barry, 114 Elizabeth of Bohemia , 21, 93 Cowell, John, 86 Elphinstone,J ohn, Cranfield, Lionel, Earl of Lord Balmerino, 35 Middlesex, 16-18, 154 Elton, G. R., 7 crown finance, 15-19, 23-30 enclosures, 116, 123, 126, 137 cultural divisions, 8, 81-2, 133-6, protests against, 63 142, 148, 172 episcopacy, defence of, 161, 165, 171 see also court versus country opposition to, 11, 161, 164-5, 169 Cust, Richard, 26, 66, 77, Essex, 22,62, 88, 110, 131-2, 150,152 137, 140-1, 146 customs, 15-16,24,28 Europe, continental, 8,10,25, 27,30-1,52,54,57,63, Darley, Henry, 158 105,128 Davenant, Bishop John, 95, 104 European crisis, 8, 10-14 Davenant, William, 80 Everitt, Alan, 19, 138 Davenport,John,110 'evil counsellors', 28, 68, 76-7, Davies,Julian, 93, 95 151,158,166-7 de Burgh, Ulick, Earl of Clanricard,40 Fairfax family, 171 Derbyshire, 66, 139, 165 farming regions, 55,123-4, Dering, Sir Edward, 164 126-7,136-41,172 Derry, 40 fens, resistance to drainage in, Devereux family, 146 71-2,76,127,138,148 Robert, Earl of Essex, 144, feoffees for impropriations, 90-1 159,169 Fiennes, Devon, 124, 132, 135, 138,140 Nathaniel, 25, 31 Dickson, David, 36 Theophilus, Earl of Lincoln, 147 Digby,John, earl of Bristol, 161 William, Viscount Saye and Dorset, 124, 133-4 Sele,25,37, 105-6, 11, 144, Dort, synod of, 92, 95 146,149,156,159 Dover, Robert, 134-6 Finch, Sir John, 160 Dublin, 38,40,49 Fincham, Kenneth, 94-5 Dudley, 139 'Five Knights case', 88 Dudley, Robert, Earl of 'five members', 90, 129, 162, Leicester, 92 164,166 Dugard, Thomas, 110, 157 Fletcher, Anthony, 5, 27, 77, Dugdale, Sir William, 5, 20,139 152,163,168,170 Durham cathedral, 108 food riots, 63 Durham House group, 107-8 forced loan, 23, 26, 57, 66, 71, 75,84,87-8,150-1,154 Eales, Jacqueline, 98 foreign policy, attitudes to, 27-8, Earle, Sir Walter, 25 81-2,115-16,131-2,156 Edinburgh, 8, 36,43,47-8 forests, risings in, 127, 138-9, 148 200 Index

Fortescue, Sir John, 77 Hastings, Henry, fifth earl of Fox, Adam, 68 Huntingdon, 27, 30 Fox,John, 53, 67,82 Hay,James, Earl of Carlisle, 87 France, 10-11, 13-14,17-18,27-8, Heath, Sir Robert, 89, 52,54-6,125,150,153; 103,156 army of, 12 Henderson, Alexander, 36-7, 45 Estates-general of, 55 Henrietta Maria, 112, Frederick, Elector Palatine, 21 156-7,162 Frondes,11 Henry IV of France, 17,26 'functional breakdown', 8, 14-15, Henry VII, 5, 29 20,26-8,57 Henry VIII, 29,162 Henry, prince of wales, 29 'gallowglasses',34 Herbert, William, third Earl of Galway, 40,45 Pembroke, 21, 84, 87, 106-7 games, 133-6 Herefordshire, 169, 170 Cotswold, 134-6, 141 Herrick, Robert, 135-6 Gardiner, S. R., 91, 95 Herrup, Cynthia, 65 gentry, 66-7, 86, 172 Hexter,J. H., 143 rise of, 118-21, 124, 142, 144 Heylyn, Peter, 94,108 Germany, 11 High Commission, court of, 159 Gloucester, 112, 170 Hill, Christopher, 4, 98, Gloucestershire, 139, 168 117-20,137 'graces', 31-2, 39,40, 45 Hilliard, Nicholas, 80 Graham,James, Marquis of Hirst, Derek, 27, 74 Montrose, 48, 50 Hobsbawm, Eric, 11 Grand Remonstrance, 56, Holies, Denzil, 25, 166 85,91,160,163-5 Holmes, Clive, 76 Great Contract, 18,29-30 Hooker, Richard, 104 Greville, Fulke, first Lord Brooke, Hotham, Sir John, 167 146; Robert, second Lord, 37, Howard family, 104, 144 131,141,146-7,172 Thomas, Earl ofArundel, 112 Grimston, Sir Harbottle, 140 Thomas, Earl of Suffolk, 16 Grindal, Archbishop Edmund, 103 Huguenots, 28, 57 Grosvenor, Sir Richard, 69, 79, Hull, 167-8 82,84 Hunt, William, 128,131-4 Gustavus Adolphus, 89, 150 Hutchinson, Sir Thomas, 170 Hyde, Edward, later Earl of Habsburgs,Austrian, 13,21 Clarendon, 4, 118, 120, 161 Hamilton, James, Marquis of, 33,48-9,52 impositions, 15,22,29 Hampden, 'Incident', 48 Sir Edmund, 88 industrial areas, 123-4, 130, John, 78,156,166 134,137-9,172 Hampshire, 19 inflation, Harley, Sir Robert, 80,169 in England, 15,22,123, Harrington, James, 5,118,143 126,128,144 Harwich, 22 in Europe, 12 Haselrig, Sir Arthur, 166 Ingram, Martin, 97 Index 201 innovations, religious, 161, 163 Laud, archbishop William, 33, Ireland, Irish, 15,26,31,33-4, 36,59,86-7,89,93-5,97, 38-41,49,50,52,54,150 104-9,111-12,160 landholding in, 38-9, 40-1 Laudianism, 33, 93-4, 96-7, Parliament, 33, 39,40-1,45, 47 99,103,108-12,134-6,161 Protestant church, 33, 37-8, 40 law, 53, 64-6, 71-7, 79,102, 1641 rising in, 45-8, 51, 152, 165 138-42 impact on England, 48, 103, lecturers, 5, 91 112,158,163,165-6 Leicestershire, 27,30 and Scotland, 34-5, 38, Levellers, 129 41-2,48-9,53-4,158 Levine, David, 131, 137 see also army Lewkenor, Sir Edmund, 92 Lincolnshire, 22, 66,105, James VI and 1,15-18,21, 108,146-7 25-6,29,30,32-3,35, Lindquist, Eric, 29 53,77,81-2,86,89,145, Lindsell, Augustine, 107 151,154 literacy, 63,67 foreign policy, 21, 26, 28 local government, 23-4, 55-6, religious attitudes, 32, 92, 61,65,80,88-9,98,125-6, 94-5, 97,134-5 131,144-5,156,168 James,~ervyn,145 localism, 3, 9,19-23, Jermyn, Henry, 162 57,170-1 Johnston, Archibald of London, City of, 8,15,24,27, Warriston,37 37,40,56,65-6,81,123, Jones, Inigo, 80-1 127,129-30,138,148,158, Jonson, Ben,81,83, 134-5 160-2,164-7 Judges, 75, 78 Lord mayor of, 168 Juxon, Bishop William, 112 press, 47, 165, 168 St Paul's Cross in, 95 Kent, 20, 156, 165, 169,171 Lunsford, Thomas, 166 Kilkenny, Confederation of, 49,52 ~acdonnells (or ~acdonalds), Kishlansky, ~ark, 3-4, 58, 34-5,42 62-3,69,70,72,90 Randall, Earl of An trim, 34-5, knighthood fines, 24,161 42,46-7,49,52 Knightley, Richard, 157 ~acfarlane, Alan, 116 Knox,John,44 ~acinnes, Allan, 149 ~anchester, 138-9 Lake, Peter, 2-3, 8, 73, ~anning, Brian, 128-33, 93-5,98-9,109 139-40,169 Lancashire, 121, 124,132, ~arcus, Leah, 134 138-9,170 ~arshall, Stephen, 110, 171-2 landed elites, fortunes of, ~arxist interpretations, 6-7, 124-5,128-9; 11,114-18 allegiance of, 120-1, 130-2, ~ary 1,112 140-2 masques, 81, 136 La Rochelle, 56-7 ~aximilian, elector of Bavaria, 30 Laslett, Peter, 8,63,66, 116 ~aynard, William, Lord, 62 202 Index

Maynwaring, Roger, 78,88,151 Notestein, Wallace, 73 Mazarin, Cardinal, 18 Nottingham, 169 Melville, Andrew, 44, 50 Nottinghamshire, 170 Merriman, R. B., 11 metropolitical visitation (1636), O'Donnell, Rory, Earl of 109 Tyrconnell,39 middling sort, 62, 64-6, 97, office-holding, 16-19, 144-6 118,120,123,125-6,128-32, officers of state, great, 134,137,146,172 in England, 44, 167 military revolution, 12-14 in Scotland, 43-4 militia ordinance, 167-8 Olivares, Count-Duke, 11,13,18 Milton, Anthony, 2, 79, 94 O'N eill, Hugh, Earl of Milton,john, 83,135 Tyrone, 34, 39 mining areas, 66, 76,138-9 oral culture, 67-8, 98 Mompesson, Giles, 73 Oxford,171 monarchy, nature of, 54-5, 61, 63-4, university of, 106 73,76,79,86,145-6,153-4 Stjohn's College, 105, 109 monopolies, 17,22,116-17,154 Montagu, Palatinate, 21,27-8 Edward Lord, 71 Parker, David, 57 Edward, Lord Kimbolton, 166 Parliament, 5-6, 29, 55, 70-1, Henry, earl of Manchester, 87 73,76-7,84,88,111,125, Montagu, Bishop james, 104, III 132,149,152-4,158 Montagu, Richard, 94-5,103, and finance, 18-30,78,153 105-8,110-11,155 as representative of the people, Morrill,john, 3, 30, 52,95 129,163,170 Morton, Bishop Thomas, elections or selections of members, 106,111 62-3,69-72,82,84 Mousnier, R., 11 future of, 29-30, Ill, 154 House of Commons, 5, 28, 55, 57, Naples, 11 61,64,73,78,143,147,154 Navigation Act, 117 House of Lords, 5-6,55,61,64, N eile, Archbishop Richard, 147,155 93,105-8 Reformation, 4 neutralism, 168 1610,18,29-30,86 Newcastle, 37,44,48 1621,26,73,154 New England, 101, 110, 1624,17,21,154; House of 11 7, 157, 165 Lords, 91 news, dissemination of, 1625,26,90,154 55-6,66-8,126 1626,23,28,86-7,154 Nicholas, Edward, 5 1628,23,75-6,88,105, Nineteen Propositions, 151,153-5 167,169 1629,88,93,155; House of nonconformity, 92 Commons, 106 Norbrook, David, 134 Short, 5, Ill, 155, 159 Norfolk, 63,171 Parliament, Long, 6, 24, 27, Northampton, 170 42,47-8,56,90,121,151, Northamptonshire, 69, 88, 98,102 155,157,159-70,172-3 Index 203

and Ireland, 45, 47,49,165-6 popularity, 69, 85-6, 89,· and militia, 166-8 125,146,148,152-3 and popular movements, population, 122-4, 126, 138-40,143 128,137-8,144 and Scotland, 42-5, 48-9, Portugal, 11, 14, 31,52-4 52,159-60,169 Poulet,John Lord, 56, 71 House of Commons, 160, preaching, restrictions on, 95, 164,166-7 105-6 House of Lords, 45, 160, prerogative courts, 157,161 162,167 Presbyterianism, 103 exclusion of Bishops Elizabethan, 92,157 from, 129, 166 opposition to, 141 opposition to, 155, 169-70 Preston, John, 105-6 petitions to, 96-9,161,165 Prestwich, Menna, 26, 30 recess committee of, 44, 163 Privy Council, 18,22,33,56, Remonstrance of, 87-9,105-7,145,151, about Hull, 167 154,156,159 sermons to, 110, 170-2 Protestation, of Commons (1629) see also peers 106 parliamentarianism, 54, 119, (May 1641),44,52,90, 121,130-1,133-4,138, 160,162-3,165 140,160,168,170-3 Providence Island Co., 157 parochial festivities, 96-7, 102, Prynne, William, 157 104,109,133-6 Puritan, patronage, 16, 18-19,61,70,147 preaching, 67, 89, 98,100, peers, 105,131,158,171-2 influence of, 6, 61, 63-4, reformation, 97-8,131-3, 119,141,143-8 136,148,159,169,171 petition of(1640), 44,158 Revolution, 91 Pennington, Isaac, 27 Puritans, puritanism, 46-7,56, Percy, Algernon, Earl of 58-9,83,86,95-6,99,100-3, Northumberland, 144 132,134-5,147,156; Perkins, William, 100 and politics, 89, 91-2, 98-9, Perth, articles of, 32, 35 102-3,110-13,153, Petition of Right, 23, 76, 88, 167,171-3 151,155 social appeal, 96-8, 129-31, Phelips, Sir Robert, 21,56, 71 134,136-8 Philip IV of Spain, 4, 11, 13, 52 Purveyance, 29 Pickering, Sir John, 69 Pym,John, 5, 6, 21,24-5, Pocock,]. G. A., 2, 74-5, 40,44-5,61,75,80, 77,143,147 143,146,155,157-8, political nation, 59, 66, 68-72, 164,166 83-4,126,142,152-3,172 poor, 63, 124-8,130-1, 134 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 143 popish plot, 84-5, 90-1,112, Reeve,John,149 152-3,157-8,162-5 Reformation, 91, 95-6 popular movements, 127-31, Henrician, 85-6 138-9,164-6 see also Puritan 204 Index religious radicalism, 99-1 01, Convention of Estates, 49 111,160-1,169 episcopacy, 32, 36; abolition of, Restoration, 11 7, 170 37,43 revisionism, 3, 6-8, 50, 87, 142 opposition to, 37,160-1 revocation, 36 parliament, 32-3, 35,37,43-5 Revolution, French, 1, 128 prayer book, 36-7 'Glorious', 1,6 Privy Council, 33-4, 36 Rhe, Isle de, 26, 68 propaganda from, 42,53,157 Rich, family, 146 settlers in Ulster, 35, 39, 41, Henry, Earl of Holland, 87,151 45,48,54 Sir Nathaniel, 21 support for, 42, 44,53, Robert, Earl of Warwick, 22, 110,157-8 105,117,131,141,143, see also Covenanters; Ireland 146-7,157,159 and Scotland; Parliament; root and branch petition, 161 revocation Rous,john,66 Scott, jonathon, 1,52 royalism, 121, 133-4, 161, 166, Scott, Thomas, 69,82,84 170-2 Sedgewick, Obadiah, 172 as party of order, 130, 140-1, Selden, john, 76 147,167-9 sexual slander, 68 Rudyerd, Sir Benjamin, 5, 21 Seymour, Sir Francis, 21 Russell, Conrad, 2-6, 9-10, 14, Shakespeare, William, 80 19-27,30-2,36,43-4,48,50, Sharp, Buchanan, 139 52-3,58,73,79,93-4,115-16, Sharpe, james, 127 142,146,151-2,162,164,169 Sharpe, Kevin, 2-3, 21, 23, 57-8, Russell family, 146 73,80,88,93-4,149,156 Francis, Earl of Bedford, 6, 21, Sherfield, Henry, 89 24-5,61,143,146,157 ship money, 25, 57, 78,150, Russell, Sir William, 24 156-7,160-1 Rutherford, Samuel, 36 Shrewsbury, 98 Shuger, Debora, 83 St Gregory's Church, London, Sibthorpe, Robert, 78-9, 88 108-9 Sicily, 11 Stjohn, Oliver, 6, 24, 44 Sidney family, 146 Sackville, Edward, Earl of Simpson, Alan, 121 Dorset, 87 Skippon, Philip, 147 Salford hundred, 138 Smith, A. G. R., 26 Salisbury, 89 Smith, Sir Thomas, 59, 64 Sanderson, Robert, 103, 108 Smuts, Malcolm, 80, 82-3, Savile, Sir john, 70-1 86-7,134-5 Scotland, Scots, 2,4, 10,24,30, 31, social change, 113, 116, 41,46,50-3,78,150-2,162 122-8,137,152 Catholics in, 112 and civil war allegiance, 2-3,9, church, 32-3, 35,43,46 114-34,140-2,146-8,172 General Assembly of, 32, social control, 127-8, 131-3 36-7,43 social structure, 59-61,63 commissioners, 27, 44-5 Solemn League and Committee of Estates, 43 Covenant, 49 Index 205

Somerset, 56, 62, 71,120, Triennial Act (1641), 44,161 124,133-4 Tuck, Richard, 83 Somerset, Henry, Earl of Tyacke, Nicholas, 94-5, 98, Worcester, 158 106,109-10 Sommerville, johann, 74-5, 77-9 Spain, Spanish monarchy, 11, Ulster, 2, 34-5, 38-9, 41, 46-7 13,15,18,21,26,31,33, Underdown, David, 2, 8,128, 47,52-6,131,150,153 133-4,136-40,142 Spanish match, 21, 28,66, United Provinces, 11, 13,21, 103,105,132,154 50,86,110,150 Spenser, Edmund, 83 U ssher, Archbishop james, 33 standards ofliving, 126, 128 Stevenson, David, 42, 46, Van Dyck, Anthony, 80 48,52 Venice, 'Duke' of, 37 Stewart, john, Earl of Villiers, George, duke of Traquair, 36 Buckingham, 18,21,25-6, Stone, Laurence, 3-4, 58, 61, 28,35,68,70-1,86-8,95, 114-15,119,128,143-5 105-6,151,154-6 Strode, William, 25,166 'visible church', 99-100, 103-4, subsidies, 21-4, 26-7,29, 57 108-9 Suckling, Sir john, 162 Suffolk, 63, 67, 92, 121, 144 Wales, 2, 31, 51,137,157-8,168 Sully, 26 Walker, George, 158 Sussex, 65 Wallington, Sweden, 11-12, 150 Nehemiah, 67,126,157,164-5 Elizabeth, mother of, 67 'Tables' committees, 37 war, impact of(1620s), 21-3, Taunton, 170 26-7,31,75-6,155-6 Tawney, R. H., 118-20 'Bishops' wars', 24, 30, 112, 156 taxation, 14,27,30,55,78, Ward, Samuel, 95 159,163; Wars of the Roses, 144 see also ship money; Warwick, 110, 141 subsidies, Warwickshire, 132, 140-1, ten propositions, 163 146-7,156,165,172 Terling, 126, 137 Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Thatcher, Margaret, 6 Strafford, 24, 33, 38-42,45, Thirsk,joan, 8,137-8 47-8,52,56,70-1,79,87,159 Thirty Years War, 13-14, execution of, 129, 160-2, 164 20-1,105,153 Weston, Richard, first earl of Thomas, David, 26 Portland, 156 Thomason, George, 165 'Whig Interpretations', 6-7, 11,23,72 Throckmorton, White, Francis, 106-7 Sir Clement, 70 White, Peter, 93 job, 82 Whitgift,john, 93, 99-101, tonnage and poundage, 22, 103,107 25,161 Wiltshire, 133-4 towns, 61-2, 65,89, 91,170 Windebanke, Sir Francis, 156, 160 Trevor-Roper, H. R., 11-12, 119 Winter, Sir john, 139 206 Index

Wirksworth, 139 Yarmouth, Great, 89 Wither, George, 83 yeomen, 64, 123 Wood, Andrew, 66,139 York, 37 Woodford, Robert, 110, 157 York House Conference, 105-7, 109 Worcestershire,168 Yorkshire, 56, 70-1,121, Workman, John, 89 124,132,140,158, Wren, Matthew, 105, III 167-8,170-1 Wrightson, Keith, 131, 134,137 Zagorin, Perez, 80