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Cromwelliana the Journal of the Cromwell Association Cromwelliana The Journal of The Cromwell Association 1997 The Cromwell Association 111nldl•111: Dr JOHN MORRILL, DPhil, FRHistS Vil l' l'1 l!~lllc11tN: Baron FOOT of Buckland Monachorum Right Hon MICHAEL FOOT, PC Professor IV AN ROOTS, MA, FSA, FRHistS CROMWELLIANA 1997 Professor AUSTIN WOOLRYCH, MA, DLitt, FBA Dr GERALD AYLMER, MA, DPhil, FBA, FRHistS edited by Peter Gaunt Miss PAT BARNES Mr TREWIN COPPLESTONE, FRGS Chnirman: Dr PETER GAUNT, PhD, FRHistS ********** 1-lonorury Secretary: Mr Michael Byrd CONTENTS 12 Milton Road, Maldon, Essex, CM9 6BT Cromwell Day 1996. By Dr Gerald Aylmer. 2 Honorary Treasurer: Mr JOHN WESTMACOTT 1 Salisbury Close, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG41 4AJ Battle Plans: The Practical Use of Battlefield Plans in the English Civil War. By Keith Roberts. 4 TllE CROMWELL ASSOCIATION was founded in 1935 by the late Rt Hon Isaac Foot und others to commemorate Oliver Cromwell, the great Puritan statesman, and to Oliver Cromwell: A Personal Biography. encourage the study of the history of his times, his achievements and influence. It is neither political nor sectarian, its aims being essentially historical. The Association By Michael Byrd. 15 seeks to advance its aims in a variety of ways which have included: n. the erection of commemorative tablets (e.g. at Naseby, Dunbar, Worcester, The English Civil War and the American Connection. Preston, etc) (From time to time appeals are made for funds to pay for projects of By Barry Denton. 23 this sort); b. helping to establish the Cromwell Museum in the Old Grammar School at Work in Progress II. The Various Deaths of Huntingdon; John Hewson. By J.P. Barry. 31 c. holding two annual meetings, one the now traditional Memorial Service by the statue outside the Houses of Parliament, the other a business meeting at which the Writings and Sources I. Prynne's Reception in Chester. 34 Council presents a report on its year's work for discussion by members. At both, on Address is given by a distinguished Cromwellian; Further Evidence Concerning the Origin of Cromwell's d, producing an annual publication, Cromwelliana, which is free to members; Title 'Lord Protector': Milton's Pro Se Defensio, 46.3-4. c. uwurding an annual prize for an essay on a Cromwellian theme; f. mnintnining a small reference library for the use of members; By Michele Valerie Ronni ck. 43 ii· NU!1!}01'ling the formation of local groups of paid-up members of the Association lltt:ctlng for study or social purposes; Music: The Legacy of the Commonwealth. Ii, Hl:ling us u "lobby" at both national and _local levels whenever aspects or items of By J.A. Mills. 45 Olli' Crnmwelliun heritage appear to be endangered. Cromwellian.Britain X. Montgomery, Montgomeryshire. 50 All enquiries about the library should be addressed to: Mr M BYRD, 12 Milton Road, Maldon, Essex, CM9 6BT Select Bibliography of Publications. 60 l'l'CSS Liaison Officer: Mr BARRY DENTON, FRHistS Book Reviews. By David Trim, Jane A. Mills I() Melrose Avenue, off Bants Lane, Northampton, NN5 5PB and Professor Ivan Roots. 66 ISBN 0-905729-08-0 CROMWELL DAY 1996 He lacked the ruthlessness of Octavian (later AuguSl\JS) Cnunr, In any case he got to the top too late in life, and did not live loni; cnou.&li by Gerald Aylmer to emulate the Augustan Principate, even had he so wished. Tho comparison w~th ~apoleon is ~uperficially more tempting, but also morn ['Things_ fit to be spoken are not always fit to be printed, and things fit forced and artificial. Both the mtemal and the external circumstances of to be prmted are not always fit to be spoken.' S.R. Gardiner 1897.] France in the years leading up to Bonaparte's assumption of supreme power .wer~ so utte_rly _different - besides what he did with that power. Why do we still celebrate Oliver Cromwell? Few of us share his One h1stonan, reviewmg some recent books on the later nineteenth religious beliefs. We find his record in Ireland shaming and morally century, has recently drawn a parallel between Cromwell and Gladstone if not also politically, indefensible. He suppressed the nascent seeing a similar attempt to impose on their respective parties and on th~ democracy of the Levellers and was unsympathetic to the Diggers. country policies based on religious conviction and moral vision. Another in case a seventeenth-century historian, has recently tried Latt~rly he ~elped to .ruin his own cause by alienating successive th~s. td rehabilitate the 1650s. Except in connection with horse-racing and music sections ~f his own alhes and supporters - in 1653 and again in 1657 Oliver is scarcely mentioned outside the footnotes. If he had been a modei -8. ~e fail~d to compensate for this by widening the basis of support for his regime, at least not on a large scale or in a lasting fashion. His of the modem constitutional monarch (as it is tempting to feel that his death speedily revealed the political bankruptcy of the cause for eldest _son, Richard might have been, if transported forward through the which he had contended. Moreover, it was not only the Cromwellian centuries by an H.G. Wells-style 'time-machine') this might suffice. army which - divided against itself - was defeated virtually without a But Cromwell was not like that. He bestrode his world like a shot being fired in 1659-60; also the cause of republicanism and c?lossus. He. made mistakes. He was responsible for outrages. Some of - nearest of all to Oliver's own heart - that of puritanism too. his worst mistakes .arose from over-optimism about other people: for . So_ was he a crashing failure? That was certainly not the way example, Charles Im 1647; the members of the House of Commons in m which his contemporaries saw him, nor indeed is it how he was seen the Rump Parliament of 1649-53; those assembled for the Nominated by po.sterity until the later twentieth century. Even his enemies, most Parliament of 1653, alias the Barebones; the first Protectorate Parliament especially perhaps the royalists, saw him as bad but great. The most of 1654; even perhaps the Major-Generals of 1655-6. By contrast, in the hostile portraits are in the writings of his republican critics: Edmund case of the Irish and possibly the Spanish he seems to have been more the victim of his own and his party's stereotypes and propaganda. But he was L_udlo~, the Levell~rs, Slingsby Bethel and others. To pass over the historians of the eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries, S .R. not a monster or a tyrant. He desperately wanted to be a constitutional parliamentary ruler. Nor, in the sense of Henry IV or :ijenry VII, was he~ Gard~ner saw hi~ as. great in par~ at least because he was typical of the Enghshmen of his time. C.H. Firth tried to strike a balance between usurper who seized the crown. As for regicide, what are we to make of his failures and his achievements, including the subsequent the fate of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, under her cousin Elizabeth I? consequences of his role in history. Later biographers have chipped That is with~ut rang~ng further back in time or further afield in place. away here and there, heightened the light and shade, or in some cases . Yet, m refusmg ~o allow a battleship to be called Cromwell, the (such as our President) illuminated previously dark comers in his m~tmct of an early _twentieth-century monarch was perhaps sound. For if career: Some have even tried to debunk altogether, to see him at most Ohver Cromwell did not permanently destroy monarchy in England (and as a fumbling instrument of forces which he could not control. To whether he ever wished to do so is at least doubtful), none the less he royalist sympathisers he remains not only the leading actor in the showed up most English monarchs for what they were and have been. !he hist_orian Ill:ay properly speculate on what 'might have been', may re~icide but the great usurper. Clearly Cromwell came to support, ultimately to force through, the trial and execution of the king slowly mdulge m what is nowadays known as counter-factualism. But in the last and reluctantly, failing to see any remaining alternatives and resort (as my own old tutor, Christopher Hill, has more than once eventu.ally_ convinced that these measures were amply justified His reminded us) our main business as students of the past is to describe and repubhcan1sm was by no. means preconceived. Like some of us today, explain what did happen, not what did not. And here the greatness of Oliver Cromwell is bey1 md reasonable doubt. he became. a pragmatic republican faute de mieux, in his case arising from the c1r~umstances of 1647-9. As for his being a usurper, he did not make himself king or emperor, but took the more modest, traditional (and traditionally interim) title of Protector. Indeed it is Dr Gerald Aylmer is a specialist in the political and constitutional history of the very much because of this, as a single-person head of government mid seventeenth century. His books include The King's Servants, The State's and head of state, Oliver the Great provides us witli a moral and Servants, The Interregnum and Rebellion or Revolution? Formally Master of St political measurement for all actual crowned heads, previous and Peter's College, Oxford, he is a Vice Chairman of The Cromwell Association. subsequent. 2 3 DA'l"l'LE PLANS: THE PRACTICAL USE OF achieve this each J:>rigade had to be in the correct order when the army lei\ llA'l'TLEFIELD PLANS IN THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ca~p and each.bngade commander had to know the correct place for his bn&ade.
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