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Descarcă Materialele Международная организация по биологической борьбе с вредными животными и растениями International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants Информационный бюллетень ВПРС МОББ 40 Материалы докладов Международного симпозиума «Защита растений – достижения и перспективы» Кишинев, 19-22 октября 2009 года. Кишинёв 2009 Восточно-Палеарктическая региональная секция (ВПРС) является ассоциацией, которая вхо- дит в Международную организацию по биологической борьбе с вредными животными и растениями (МОББ). Деятельность секции распространяется на восточноевропейские страны, страны Ближнего Востока и Азии, расположенные в пределах зоогеографической зоны Восточной Палеартики. Секретариат. Адрес: Россия, 107282. Москва, Ул. Широкая, д.1, корпус 4, кв.833 Президент – Данута Сосновска (Польша) Вице-президенты – М. Главедекетич (Сербия) - В. Долженко (Россия) Генеральный секретарь – Ю. Гниненко (Россия) Международный ученый совет: Председатель – Г. Дука (Молдова) Члены совета - Д. Сосновска (Польша) - Э. Садомов (Россия) Редакционная коллегия М. Батко (Молдова), В. Тодираш (Молдова), В. Войняк (Молдова), Т. Патрашку (Молдова). Под общей научной редакцией Волощука Л.Ф. УДК 632.937 В материалах Международного симпозиума представлены результаты исследований научных сотрудников Молдовы, России, Украины, Белоруссии, Румынии, Болгарии, Грузии, Азербайджана, пос- вященные биологической и экологизированной защите растений от вредных организмов. Дано научное обоснование и пути практического фитосанитарного оздоровления агроце- нозов Молдовы и стран ближнего зарубежья. Проведена оценка эффективности применения химичес- ких н биологических методов борьбы в фитосанитарном оздоровлении агроэкосистем. Ряд докладов и сообщений посвящены естественной биоценотической регуляции численности организмов в агроценозах, технологии производства и применения биологических средств защиты растений. Приведены системы интегрированной защиты растений, обеспечивающие фитосанитарное оздоровление агроценозов как биобезопасные для производства сельскохозяйственной продукции от вредителей и болезней. Материалы симпозиума представляют научный и практический интерес при изучении и внедрении новых технологий, в том числе с элементами нанотехнологий, в обеспечении биологической и интегрированной зашиты растений на основе энтомофагов, энтомопатогенов, микробов-антагонистов и других альтерна- тивных средств и применении их в агроценозах. Публикации печатаются в авторской редакции. Компьютерная верстка: М. Батко, В. Тодираш, А. Андриуца, А. Тодираш © Институт защиты растений и экологического земледелия (Кишинэу) PREFAŢĂ Pierderile potenţiale de producţie agricolă cauzate de activitatea organismelor dăunătoare constituie 25-30% din roadă, iar în unele cazuri recoltele sunt compromise complet. O subapre- ciere a acestor probleme în fitotehnie duce nu numai la pierderi directe de roadă, dar şi, indirect, la o scădere bruscă a eficienţei tuturor investiţiilor de resurse materiale şi umane, care pe fundalul agravării situaţiei ecologice, provocate de utilizarea pesticidelor, creează grave probleme complexe. Anume aceasta a determinat necesitatea abordării profunde a problemelor de protecţia plantelor orientate spre elaborarea metodelor alternative, nechimice, de combatere a organismelor dăunătoare şi deschiderea unei instituţii specializate în acest domeniu. De pe poziţia celor 40 de ani, devine tot mai clară necesitatea fondării anume în Moldova a celui de-al doilea institut din lume în domeniul metodelor biologice de protecţie a plantelor. Atunci, când prin anii 50 deja fusese înregistrate primele efecte negative ale chimizării în agricultură şi când nu erau clare urmările îndelungate ale aplicării, foarte frecvent iraţionale, ale pesticidelor, era limpede că se cere fondarea unei instituţii chemate să cerceteze profund fenomenele complexe şi să elabo- reze metode alternative de protecţie a plantelor. Printr-o hotărâre specială a consiliului de miniştri din fosta uniune sovietică, în octombrie 1969, la Chişinău, a fost deschis Institutul unional de cercetări ştiinţifice în domeniul metodelor biologice de protecţie a plantelor. Făcând o retrospectivă a dezvoltării lui, luând în consideraţie realizările principale şi modul de aplicare a lor, devine evident că aceasta a fost o perioadă de activitate intensă, foarte fructuoasă şi orientată la soluţionarea diver- selor probleme deosebit de dificile. Amplasarea acestei instituţii, devenite ulterior atât de necesare si prestigioase, pe teritoriul Mol- dovei n-a fost întâmplătoare. Republica Moldova, recunoscută de către toţi o livadă în floare cu câm- pii mănoase şi oameni harnici, înregistra o intensitate deosebită şi succese remarcabile în agricultură. Paralel cu aceasta, în Moldova deja erau evidente efectele negative ale chimizării. Vreau să accentuez că aceasta a fost o demonstraţie a înţelepciunii, deoarece se cereau căi şi metode noi în protecţia plan- telor. Corectitudinea acestei decizii a fost demonstrată în numărate rânduri prin rezultatele ştiinţifice şi practicile valoroase, colaborarea şi recunoaşterea de numeroase organizaţii internaţionale, precum şi soluţionarea diverselor probleme legate de protecţia plantelor. Dintre realizările institutului pot fi enumărate următoarele: • Determinarea componenţei specifice şi a particularităţilor ecologice ale entomofagilor la principalele specii de organisme dăunătoare, alcătuirea cataloagelor şi determinatoarelor, elaborarea procedeelor de păstrare, înmulţire şi activizare a lor; • Stabilirea pragurilor economice de dăunare şi elaborarea metodelor de prognozare a dezvoltării speciilor principale de organisme dăunătoare, precum şi a entomofagilor lor; • Elaborarea tehnologiilor de producere a multor entomofagi, îndeosebi a celor aplicaţi în protecţia culturilor de seră; • Selectarea multor microorganisme de perspectivă în combaterea organismelor dăunătoare şi elaborarea pe baza lor a unor preparate biologice; • Identificarea şi sinteza feromonilor sexuali ai 16 specii de insecte dăunătoare şi elaborarea schemelor de sinteză originală a feromonilor la 72 de specii şi tehnologiilor de utilizare a lor pentru monitorizarea, capturarea în masă, sterilizarea şi dezorientarea unor insecte dăunătoare. • Fundamentarea bazelor teoretice de elaborare şi implementare a sistemelor de protecţie integrată a plantelor de cultură şi silvice. Aflându-ne la distanţa de 40 de ani de la înfiinţare, trecând prin perioada restructurărilor so- cial-politice profunde, tot mai clare devin evenimentele ce au constituit fundamentul institutului Информационный бюллетень ВПРС МОББ 4 ••• ..... ....... vostru. Evident, că institutul n-a apărut pe loc gol. În Moldova şi departe de hotarele ei se cunoşteau succesele înregistrate de către pământenii noştri, cum sunt bunăoară I.I.Mecinicov şi I.M.Crasilişcic, lucrările cărora au devenit crestomatice şi reprezintă fundamentul metodelor microbiologice de protecţie a plantelor. Este cert deasemenea că succesele institutului erau de neconceput fără ajutorul instituţiilor unionale şi din alte republici. Primul director a Institutului a fost V.A.Şapa. Au urmat apoi I.S.Popuşoi, N.A.Filipov, V.I.Voineac, I.S.Lazari, I.N.Boubătrân, L.T.Voloşciuc şi M.G.Batcu. Făcând o analiză profundă a succeselor şi insucceselor institutului, ţin să mă opresc şi la pro- blemele şi dificultăţile cu care se confruntă colectivul institutului. Aceste dificultăţi ţin în special de deficitul financiar şi lipsa materialelor, aparatajului şi reactivelor, care sunt condiţionate de proble- mele economice prin care trece tânărul stat Republica Moldova. Dar, cu regret, mai rămâne dificilă şi starea fitosanitară a culturilor agricole. Întru soluţionarea problemelor înregistrate, printr-o hotărâre a Guvernului Republicii Moldova, institutul a fost resubordonat Academiei de Ştiinţe, atribuindu-se funcţiile de elaborare a sistemelor de protecţie a plantelor şi de implementarea a agriculturii ecolo- gice, ceea ce a sporit cu mult interesul faţă de realizările colaboratorilor. Pornind de la gravitatea pro- blemelor de protecţia plantelor şi în scopul sporirii rolului colaboratorilor în elaborarea sistemelor de obţinere a producţiei fitotehnice calitative, Institutul de Protecţie a Plantelor şi Agricultură Ecologică devine coordonator al tuturor cercetărilor ce ţin de elaborarea sistemelor de protecţie integrată a culturilor agricole şi de implementare a agriculturii ecologice. Actuala culegere reprezintă chintesenţa cercetărilor ştiinţifice efectuate în domeniul protecţiei plantelor în Republica Moldova, în CSI şi în lume. Ea include circa 50 de lucrări efectuate în mai bine de 10 centre de investigaţii din întreaga lume şi peste 100 de teze ale savanţilor autohtoni. Culegerea continuă şirul de rapoarte elaborate sub egida Secţiei Est-palearctice a Organizaţiei internaţionale de protecţie biologică şi include o prezentare a unui tablou clar a problemelor fitosanitare şi a măsurilor de diminuare a impactului negativ al organismelor dăunătoare asupra plantelor de cultură. Recunoscând realizările institutului şi pornind de la atmosfera festivă, care predomină în colec- tiv, vreau să folosesc această ocazie pentru a felicita toţi colaboratorii cu ocazia jubileului de 40 de ani de la fondarea institutului şi cu prilejul organizării Simpozionului internaţional “Protecţia Plantelor - realizări şi perspective”. Îmi exprim încrederea că forul jubiliar şi prezenta lucrare vor fi utile atât în procesul de luare a deciziilor, precum şi pentru implementarea directă de către specialiştii
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