Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with Focus on the Subfamily Entedoninae
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Cladistics Cladistics 27 (2011) 1–25 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00358.x Combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with focus on the subfamily Entedoninae Roger A. Burksa,*, John M. Heratya, Marco Gebiolab and Christer Hanssonc aDepartment of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; bDipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia agraria ‘‘F. Silvestri’’ Universita` degli Studi di Napoli ‘‘Federico II’’, Italy; cDepartment of Biology, Zoology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Accepted 9 March 2011 Abstract A new combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of the Eulophidae is presented with special reference to the subfamily Entedoninae. We examined 28S D2–D5 and CO1 gene regions with parsimony and partitioned Bayesian analyses, and examined the impact of a small set of historically recognized morphological characters on combined analyses. Eulophidae was strongly supported as monophyletic only after exclusion of the enigmatic genus Trisecodes. The subfamilies Eulophinae, Entiinae (=Euderinae) and Tetrastichinae were consistently supported as monophyletic, but Entedoninae was monophyletic only in combined analyses. Six contiguous bases in the 3e¢ subregion of the 28S D2 rDNA contributed to placement of nominal subgenus of Closterocerus outside Entedoninae. In all cases, Euderomphalini was excluded from Entiinae, and we suggest that it be retained in Entedoninae. Opheliminae n. stat. is raised from tribe to subfamily status. Trisecodes is removed from Entedoninae but retained as incertae sedis in Eulophidae until its family placement can be determined new placement. The genera Neochrysocharis stat. rev. and Asecodes stat. rev. are removed from synonymy with Closterocerus because strong molecular differences corroborate their morphological differences. Closterocerus (Achrysocharis) germanicus is transferred to the genus Chrysonotomyia n. comb. based on molecular and morphological characters. Ó The Willi Hennig Society 2011. Eulophidae is one of the largest families of Chalci- subgroups of eulophids, including many genera, have doidea, with over 4400 described species in four very broad host ranges that may include several orders subfamilies (Noyes, 2003). It is also one of the most of insects or other taxa as well. A notable exception is diverse and economically important chalcidoid families, the tribe Euderomphalini, which apparently contains with many species important for biological control of only parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). agricultural pests, especially of leaf-mining Diptera Geographic distribution is similarly broad for most (Clausen, 1978). Other species are gall-formers on a eulophid groups, with new continental distribution variety of plants, including Eucalyptus (Boucˇ ek, 1988; records of genera being discovered on a regular basis La Salle, 2005), but the range of diversity in life-history (Boucˇ ek, 1988; LaSalle, 1994; Schauff et al., 1997; traits of eulophids is comparable with that of Chalci- Burks, 2003). It seems likely that most genera with a doidea itself, with several unique examples. Hosts significant number of species occur in most continents. include species from most insect orders, and some However, there is another notable exception in this case eulophids are even predators in spider egg sacs or in as well, as the unplaced tribe Anselmellini is strictly galls of mites or nematodes (LaSalle, 1994). Most Australasian (Boucˇ ek, 1988). Although Eulophidae and most of its major sub- *Corresponding author: groups cannot be characterized succinctly in terms of life E-mail address: [email protected] history or distribution, the family can be defined by a Ó The Willi Hennig Society 2011 2 R.A. Burks et al. / Cladistics 27(2011) 1–25 combination of morphological characters that is itself and complete notauli (Boucˇ ek, 1988; Coote, 1994). not unique within Chalcidoidea. All eulophids have 12 or Gumovsky (2002) transferred Euderomphalini from fewer antennal segments, a small and straight protibial Entedoninae to Entiinae, based in part on a reinterpre- spur, and four or fewer tarsal segments (Gibson et al., tation of the morphology of some Euderomphalini, 1999). The unplaced chalcidoid genus Cales Howard and stating that the grooves previously considered to be the family Trichogrammatidae possess all the above axillar grooves were actually notauli. features, but both these groups are distinguished from Entedoninae, prior to GumovskyÕs (2002) new inter- Eulophidae in having a broad petiole allowing the pretation, contained two tribes, Entedonini and Euder- mesophragma to extend through the petiole into the omphalini. Entedonini was revised and redefined by gaster (Burks, 2003). The petiole in all Eulophidae, as in Schauff (1991), while Euderomphalini was revised by most other chalcidoids, is very narrow and does not LaSalle and Schauff (1994) and Hansson and LaSalle permit the mesophragma to extend through it. Many (2002). Although entedonines have highly diverse life other chalcidoids have a reduced antenna and four or histories, all host records of Euderomphalini indicate fewer tarsomeres, but differ in having a more strongly that they are parasitoids of whiteflies (LaSalle and developed protibial spur (Gibson et al., 1999). However, Schauff, 1994; Hansson and LaSalle, 2002). Platytetra- the protibial spur is apparently not uniform in either campini was described in Entedoninae by Boucˇ ek Eulophidae or other chalcidoids (LaSalle et al., 1997). (1988), but was changed to incertae sedis within Eulo- Because the defining morphological characters of phidae by Gauthier et al. (2000) because 28S D2 data Eulophidae are shared with so many other chalcidoids placed it near Anselmellini. and are reductions from the usual chalcidoid states, they While Entedonini is usually characterized as having have come under suspicion of being potentially conver- only one pair of scutellar setae and a single dorsal gent (LaSalle et al., 1997; Gauthier et al., 2000). How- submarginal vein seta (Schauff, 1991; Schauff et al., ever, a core monophyletic group of eulophids is present in 1997), this definition does not hold true for all members. recent molecular analyses (Campbell et al., 2000; Some species in several different genera that clearly J.B. Munro, J.M. Heraty, R.A. Burks, unpublished). belong to Entedonini have several setae in one of these The more controversial issues remaining in eulophid locations, and a few even have several setae in both taxonomy involve definition of its subfamilies and genera. locations. Additional characters provided by LaSalle The subfamily Eulophinae has historically contained and Schauff (1994) and further discussed by Gibson a diverse set of smaller tribes in addition to the more et al. (1999), such as pores on the male scape restricted characteristic genera near Eulophus Geoffroy (Boucˇ ek, to a ridge along the ventral edge, mesoscutal midlobe 1988). Gauthier et al. (2000) removed the primarily with two pairs of bristles, transverse facial sutures Australasian tribes Anselmellini, Keryini, and Opheli- separated from the median ocellus, and tubercle present mini from Eulophinae, based on 28S D2 molecular data behind the propodeal spiracle, also do not occur in all and morphological differences. They transferred Keryini Entedonini. Gumovsky (2002) proposed a new character to Pteromalidae because of its gestalt morphological for the definition of Entedonini, mentioning that the similarity to the subfamily Ormocerinae. Anselmellini mesothoracic spiracle is hidden in all species of that and Ophelimini were left as incertae sedis in Eulophidae tribe, but the spiracle is exposed in the controversially because no clear indication of their relationships was placed Euderomphalini. A hidden spiracle also occurs in supported by the molecular data. They also transferred various other families of chalcidoids, but it may be Elasmus Westwood into Eulophinae as the sole member locally informative within Eulophidae. of the tribe Elasmini. Finally, Gauthier et al. (2000) The problems of ambiguous morphological data and proposed the new tribe Cirrospilini, and synonymized lack of other definitive grouping evidence apply to all the previously recognized tribes Elachertini and Euplec- four currently recognized subfamilies of Eulophidae and trini under Eulophini. to most current tribes within these subfamilies (Burks, Tetrastichinae is potentially the most diverse subfam- 2003). It has been difficult to decide in which subfamily ily of Eulophidae in terms of species and life history the more problematic groups, such as Anselmellini, traits (LaSalle, 1994), but it contains a large number of Euderomphalini, Ophelimini, and Platytetracampini, morphologically similar genera (Schauff et al., 1997). could belong. Uncertain homology in morphological Tetrastichinae cannot be succinctly defined morpholog- characters presents a situation where molecular data ically (LaSalle, 1994), but it has been strongly supported could be helpful in determining the position of these molecularly (Gauthier et al., 2000; J.B. Munro, J.M. groups and in addressing these questions of homology. Heraty, R.A. Borks, unpublished data). For some of these groups, the broader context of a Entiinae (formerly Euderinae, see Hansson and combined morphological and molecular phylogeny of Straka, 2009) has been considered primitive because Chalcidoidea will be needed (J.B. Munro, J.M. Heraty, most of its species retain putatively plesiomorphic R.A. Burks, unpublished data; J.M.H. et al., unpub- characters,