DOCSLIB.ORG

A Sociocultural Analysis of Asians in Great Britain and a Study of British

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Sociocultural Analysis of Asians in Great Britain and a Study of British Naoroji spent fifty-one years in Britain, most of which were devoted to the Indian cause. Before standing for parliament he was a businessman dealing in cotton, but his life's main aim was always to fight for more rights for his fellow countrymen and women. Among the many achievements that can be attributed to his unflagging efforts was the incorporation of Indians to the Indian Civil Service, which before Naoroji intervened, was virtually closed to them because the entrance examination was held in London. After an extremely long personal campaign, ridden with numerous obstacles, racism being the main one, Naoroji was chosen as Liberal candidate for Central Finsbury. He had promised to represent the constituency first and India second, which he did. Not only was he the sole voice representing 250 million Indians, but he also worked hard for the people of Finsbury and also espoused other causes, Irish Home Rule being the principal one. Many Indian nationalists took great interest in the Irish Home Rule Movement seeing a parallel between their situations and thinking that Indian support for their cause would be corresponded by Irish solidarity for India, but Charles Stewart Parnell and his followers did not respond as expected. (Visram, 1986:77-8) 75 Naoroji became famous *overnight1 owing to a rather unfortunate remark made by the Conservative Prime Minister of the time, Lord Salisbury, who declared that "however great the progress of mankind has been, and however far we have advanced in overcoming prejudices, I doubt if we have yet got to the point of view where a British constituency would elect a black man." (Quoted in Visram & Dewjee, 1984:10) The speech was widely reported in the press and, ironically, helped Naoroji in his political career. The Liberal party made an issue out of the words Ablack man1 bearing in mind the Indian's particularly pale complexion. Even when he was finally elected, by a very narrow majority of three, the sentiment behind Lord Salisbury's words would be revived. St. Stephen's Review declared that "Central Finsbury should be ashamed of itself at having publicly confessed that there was not in the whole of the Division an Englishman, a Scotchman, a Welshman, or an Irishman as worthy of their vote as this fire-worshipper [Naoroji was a Farsee] from Bombay" (ibid.,11) Towards the end of his life, this *Grand Old Man of India'7 gradually moved towards the left in his political views, but he never lost faith in basic British fairness and honour. In his old age he made friends with the British socialist H.M. Hyndman (Fryer, 1989:264) who may have influenced the tone of his denunciations of British 7 This is the title of a biography of Naoroji by R.P.Masani (George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1939) 76 imperialism, which became considerably stronger without ever becoming downright radical. The nearest he would ever reach was in 1904 when, as a guest of honour at the International Socialist Congress in Amsterdam, he denounced the barbaric way the British Government was treating India. He appealed to the British people to remedy the situation. (Chandan, 1986:24) Naoroji had founded the London Indian Society in 1865 together with another moderate Indian, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee. Bonnerjee studied law in Britain and was the second Indian to be called to the Bar, the first being Monmohon Ghose who beat him by a few months in 1868. (Fryer, 1989:265) Unlike Naoroji, Bonnerjee was an unsuccessful parliamentary candidate but deserves to be remembered among the early Indian settlers in Britain for being the first president of the Indian National Congress, which met for the first time in Bombay in December 1885. (Watson, 1979:147) It was believed that the important work of Congress had to be done in England not in India and great efforts were made by leading members to become elected members of the British Parliament. The second Asian, or non-white for that matter, to be elected Member of Parliament was Mancherjee Bhownaggree, who represented Bethnal Green Northeast for the Conservative Party from 1895 to 1906.. Like Naoroji, Bhownaggree was a Parsee but 77 he was definitely pro-British and anti anything which smelled of ^agitation1. He was a rich man staunchly supported by the Tories, who used him to counteract the rising popularity of his fellow Asian but political rival, Naoroji. (Visram, 1986:92-7)8 The political awakening of the Muslims in India was due in part to the work of Syed Ameer Ali, former Judge of the High Court of Calcutta, who retired and settled permanently in England. Ameer Ali, who became the first Indian Privy Councillor in England, (ibid.) may be considered the last of the older generation of Indian nationalists, still very western in their outlook. These first native voices sought reform rather than revolution, as opposed to the new generation, who would not be fobbed off with the excuse that the bulk of the Indian community were still not ready for self-government. The second wave of Asians in Britain would, in their majority, no longer believe in the myth of xoriental stagnation1, which had been cultivated for so long and so carefully by the white 8 A comparison between the obituaries of these two prominent Indians reflects current opinions of British subject peoples. The Times wrote of Naoroji that "the Indian member's lack of mental adaptation and narrowness of view stood in the way of his making any distinct mark." (3 July 1917), whereas Bhownaggree spoke "from the standpoint of a sound imperialist, averse to changes for which he did not believe his country to be ripe." (15 November 1933) 78 man "to ease his own conscience as he enjoyed the perquisites of power." (Metcalf, 1965:326) The students and intellectuals of the early twentieth century did not stop at reform but instead wished to rid India of foreign rule once and for all. 3.2.2. Radicals. The more authoritarian British rule in India became, the more radical Indian nationalists grew. The 1905 partition of Bengal was seen by the Indian National Congress to be a deliberate attack on Indian union. Lord Curzon, the viceroy who had ordered the partition, failed to understand the ardent reaction provoked by what he believed to be a "sensible administrative operation" (Watson, 1979:150)9 Certainly the ill feeling generated by the partition of Bengal, which had been carried out without consulting Indian interests, was the most militant phase of political unrest since the 1857 Uprising. That historic year saw the birth of one of the Anew' Indians, 9 The partition of Bengal was revoked a few years after Curzon1s resignation in October 1905. Ironically, the Indians themselves would divide up Bengal in 1947 in order to separate Hindus (West Bengal) from Muslims (East Pakistan, later Bangladesh) 79 Shyamaji Krishnavarma, a passionate anti-imperialist, who believed that Britain would only quit India by force, the "jewel in the crown" being far too profitable to abandon through choice. Krishnavarma founded the Indian Home Rule Society in 1905. The society's headquarters were a meeting place for young politically-minded Indians, who, among other things, could learn how to make a bomb. (Fryer, 1989:267; Chandan, 1986:24) Krishnavarma was inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1905 and believed in the need for armed struggle against British occupation. He recruited most of his followers from the small student population. In the first decade of the twentieth century there were approximately one hundred Indian students in Britain, half of whom were in London. (Visram,1986:104 & 178) The authorities began to realize that they posed a serious threat to the British Raj both in India as well as in Britain, (ibid., 107; Fryer, 1989:267) Until then, the British government had tolerated any native Indian political movements, such as the National Congress, in the same spirit that a benevolent teacher might smile patronisingly at his/her pupils1 debating society. When the Congress had developed into a great political institution exerting enormous influence on educated sectors of Indian society, it was already too late to quell it. 80 Many of the supporters of the India Home Rule Society became ardent revolutionaries, but perhaps the most outstanding member was Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. This man took over from Krishnavarma as head of India House, the Highgate headquarters of the Society, when the latter abandoned Britain when his presence started to become rather too oppressive for the authorities. Savarkar played an active part in the assassination of Sir William Curzon Wyllie, an official in charge of keeping tracks on the activities of Indian students in Britain. Wyllie was shot dead by a young student called Madan Lai Dhingra during the annual meeting of the National Indian Association. Dhingra was arrested and hanged for his crime on 18 August 1909 (Visram, 1986:108) but he left a written statement explaining the motive for his violent act. Although the police denied the existence of such a statement, Savarkar, who had another copy, had it published in the Daily News (18 August 1909) the same day of Dhingra1s execution. "I attempted to shed English blood as an humble revenge for the inhuman hangings and deportations of patriotic Indian youths... I believe that a nation held down by foreign bayonet is in a perpetual state of war. Since open battle is rendered impossible to a disarmed race I attacked by surprise... As a Hindoo I felt that wrong to my country is an insult to God." (Quoted in Fryer, 1989:269) 81 I The police did not hesitate to close down India House and arrest Savarkar.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ethnic Diversity in Politics and Public Life
    BRIEFING PAPER CBP 01156, 22 October 2020 By Elise Uberoi and Ethnic diversity in politics Rebecca Lees and public life Contents: 1. Ethnicity in the United Kingdom 2. Parliament 3. The Government and Cabinet 4. Other elected bodies in the UK 5. Public sector organisations www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Ethnic diversity in politics and public life Contents Summary 3 1. Ethnicity in the United Kingdom 6 1.1 Categorising ethnicity 6 1.2 The population of the United Kingdom 7 2. Parliament 8 2.1 The House of Commons 8 Since the 1980s 9 Ethnic minority women in the House of Commons 13 2.2 The House of Lords 14 2.3 International comparisons 16 3. The Government and Cabinet 17 4. Other elected bodies in the UK 19 4.1 Devolved legislatures 19 4.2 Local government and the Greater London Authority 19 5. Public sector organisations 21 5.1 Armed forces 21 5.2 Civil Service 23 5.3 National Health Service 24 5.4 Police 26 5.4 Justice 27 5.5 Prison officers 28 5.6 Teachers 29 5.7 Fire and Rescue Service 30 5.8 Social workers 31 5.9 Ministerial and public appointments 33 Annex 1: Standard ethnic classifications used in the UK 34 Cover page image copyright UK Youth Parliament 2015 by UK Parliament. Licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0 / image cropped 3 Commons Library Briefing, 22 October 2020 Summary This report focuses on the proportion of people from ethnic minority backgrounds in a range of public positions across the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Tata History Material
    Bibliography of History of “The House of Tata” By N. Benjamin 934, 9th D Road, Sardarpura, Jodhpur 934 003 [email protected] Primary sources A. Proceedings and Reports of commissions and committees 1. Report of the Indian factory labour commission, 1908. Vol. 2- evidence (Simla, 1908). Oral evidence of N.B. Saklatvala. 2. Indian Tariff Board, Representation submitted to the Tariff Board by the Tata Iron and Steel Company, Limited, regarding the steel industry in India. Jamshedpur, July 1923 (Calcutta, 1923). 3. Indian Tariff Board, Evidence recorded during enquiry into steel industry. Vol. I. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (Calcutta, 1924). Evidence of J. C. K. Peterson representing the Company given before the Indian Fiscal Commission in March 1922. 4. Indian Tariff Board, Evidence recorded during enquiry into the steel industry. Vol. II. Applicants for protection and engineering firms (Calcutta, 1924). Written and oral evidence of Tinplate Company of India, Limited. 5. Indian Tariff Board, Evidence recorded during enquiry into the steel industry. Vol. III. Remaining witnesses (Calcutta, 1924). Written and oral evidence of M. Homi which is critical of the Tisco’s demand for protection. 6. Indian Tariff Board, Evidence recorded during the enquiry regarding the increase of the duties on steel (Bombay, 1925). Written and oral evidence of the Tata Iron and Steel Company, Limited. 7. Indian Tariff Board, Report of the Indian Tariff Board regarding the grant of protection to the steel industry (Calcutta, 1924). Material regarding Tisco and Tinplate Company of India. 8. Indian Tariff Board, Report of the Indian Tariff Board regarding the increase of the duties on steel (Bombay, 1924).
    [Show full text]
  • Leo Amery at the India Office, 1940 – 1945
    AN IMPERIALIST AT BAY: LEO AMERY AT THE INDIA OFFICE, 1940 – 1945 David Whittington A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the University of the West of England, Bristol For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education August 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii GLOSSARY iv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTERS I LITERATURE REVIEW 10 II AMERY’S VIEW OF ATTEMPTS AT INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL 45 REFORM III AMERY FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935 75 UNTIL THE AUGUST OFFER OF 1940 IV FROM SATYAGRAHA TO THE ATLANTIC CHARTER 113 V THE CRIPPS MISSION 155 VI ‘QUIT INDIA’, GANDHI’S FAST AND SOCIAL REFORM 205 IN INDIA VII A SUCCESSOR TO LINLITHGOW, THE STERLING BALANCES 253 AND THE FOOD SHORTAGES VIII FINAL ATTEMPTS AT CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM BEFORE THE 302 LABOUR ELECTION VICTORY CONCLUSION 349 APPENDICES 362 LIST OF SOURCES CONSULTED 370 ABSTRACT Pressure for Indian independence had been building up throughout the early decades of the twentieth century, initially through the efforts of the Indian National Congress, but also later, when matters were complicated by an increasingly vocal Muslim League. When, in May 1940, Leo Amery was appointed by Winston Churchill as Secretary of State for India, an already difficult assignment had been made more challenging by the demands of war. This thesis evaluates the extent to which Amery’s ultimate failure to move India towards self-government was due to factors beyond his control, or derived from his personal shortcomings and errors of judgment. Although there has to be some analysis of politics in wartime India, the study is primarily of Amery’s attempts at managing an increasingly insurgent dependency, entirely from his metropolitan base.
    [Show full text]
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Brah, A. K Title: Inter-generational and inter-ethnic perceptions : A comparative study of South Asian and English adolescents and their parents in Southall General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Inter-Generational and Inter-Ethnic Perceptions: A Comparative Study of South Asian and English Adolescents and Their Parents in Southall Avtar K. Brah, School of Education, University of Bristol July 1979 Memorandum This thesis is submitted to the University of Bristol in support of an application for admission to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Jallianwala Bagh Centenary Committee Leaflet
    Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 Centenary Committee WE DEMAND A FORMAL APOLOGY, TO BE STATED IN PARLIAMENT, BY THE SERVING BRITISH PRIME MINISTER. The time has come when badges of honour make our David Cameron, the former Prime shame glaring in the Minister wrote in the visitors’ book: incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part “This was a deeply shameful act in wish to stand, shorn of all British history, one that Winston special distinctions, by the Churchill rightly described at that time side of those of my country - as “monstrous”. We must never forget men, who, for their so-called what happened here and we must insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for ensure that the UK stands up for the human beings. right of peaceful protests.” Rabindranath Tagore Massacre at Jalianwala Bagh 13 April 1919 British Army General Dyer in command Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 Centenary Committee. initial Sponsors: Indian Workers’ Association GB, Tarksheel Society, South Asia Peoples Forum Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Pre-Jallianwala Bagh The epoch making Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia made its impact on India’s struggle for freedom. The freedom movement broadened its vision with a realisation that without social and economic equalities, freedom will be meaningless. The onward march of the people and the formation of the Ghadar Party in San Francisco in 1913 under the leadership of Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna , the 1914 Komagatamaru episode in Vancouver Canada, and their return to Punjab made the British imperialists nervous and on alert.
    [Show full text]
  • In the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh
    IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA AT CHANDIGARH COCP-1484-2016 (O & M) Date of decision: 21.12.2016 H.C. Arora ….Petitioner V/s Sarvesh Kaushal and anr. ...Respondent(s) CORAM: HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE RAJAN GUPTA Present: Mr. H.C. Arora, petitioner in person. Mr. Puneet Gupta, Advocate, for UOI. Mr. V. Ramswaroop, Addl.A.G., Punjab. **** Rajan Gupta, J. (Oral) CM-19139-CII-2016 Allowed as prayed for. CM-19140-CII-2016 Application for placing on record additional affidavit alongwith its annexures on behalf of respondent-UOI, is allowed as prayed for. Same is taken on record. COCP-1484-2016 Petitioner has sought change of direction in the nature of mandamus for changing of Sunam railway station to Sunam Udham Singh Wala railway station . It has been urged before the court that the town has already been named as “Sunam Udham Singh Wala”. Thus, name of the railway station needs to be changed accordingly. He earlier preferred writ petition COCP-1484-2016 (O & M) ::2:: wherein it was directed that the representation of the petitioner be considered by the appropriate authority. Today, Mr. Gupta, learned counsel representing Union of India, submits that necessary approval has been granted for change of name of the concerned railway station. Mr. Ramswaroop, learned State counsel submits that the Governor of Punjab, has issued a notification dated December 16, 2016, renaming the existing Sunam railway station in District Sangrur, as “Sunam Udham Singh Wala Railway Station”. A copy of the notification has been produced. Same is taken on record. He has also referred to communication dated 24.6.2016 addressed to Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, stating that Shaheed Udham Singh made supreme sacrifice for the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sikh Dilemma: the Partition of Punjab 1947
    The Sikh Dilemma: The Partition of Punjab 1947 Busharat Elahi Jamil Abstract The Partition of India 1947 resulted in the Partition of the Punjab into two, East and West. The 3rd June Plan gave a sense of uneasiness and generated the division of dilemma among the large communities of the British Punjab like Muslims, Hindus and Sikh besetting a holocaust. This situation was beneficial for the British and the Congress. The Sikh community with the support of Congress wanted the proportion of the Punjab according to their own violation by using different modules of deeds. On the other hand, for Muslims the largest populous group of the Punjab, by using the platform of Muslim League showed the resentment because they wanted the decision on the Punjab according to their requirements. Consequently the conflict caused the world’s bloodiest partition and the largest migration of the history. Introduction The Sikhs were the third largest community of the United Punjab before India’s partition. The Sikhs had the historic religious, economic and socio-political roots in the Punjab. Since the annexation of the Punjab, they were faithful with the British rulers and had an influence in the Punjabi society, even enjoying various privileges. But in the 20th century, the Muslims 90 Pakistan Vision Vol. 17 No. 1 Independence Movement in India was not only going to divide the Punjab but also causing the division of the Sikh community between East and West Punjab, which confused the Sikh leadership. So according to the political scenarios in different timings, Sikh leadership changed their demands and started to present different solutions of the Sikh enigma for the geographical transformation of the province.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. SATYAGRAHA LEAFLET NO. 11 May 1, 1919 BROTHERS and SISTERS, Letters Continue to Pour in Containing Complaints About the So- Called Inactivity Regarding Mr
    1. SATYAGRAHA LEAFLET NO. 11 May 1, 1919 BROTHERS AND SISTERS, Letters continue to pour in containing complaints about the so- called inactivity regarding Mr. Horniman’s deportation. Most of these letters are anonymous. One of them states that it does not matter even if violence be the result of our holding large meetings, etc. It adds that we shall gain nothing without violence and that without it we shall not be able to bring Mr. Horniman back to India. It is simple enough to give a reply to the foregoing along the lines of satyagraha: If violence be the condition of Mr. Horniman’s return to India, then satyagrahis have to be content with separation. But there is absolutely no fear of any such result from non-violence. We can certainly bring about his return by satyagraha. Indeed we can hasten it by satyagraha alone—satyagraha consists at times in civil disobedience and other times in civil obedience. It consists at times in declaring hartal, or holding large public meetings or arranging processions and other times in refraining from any one or all of these things. Satyagrahis may not do a single thing that would bring about or encourage violence. At the present moment people are in a ferment, they are angry and it is likely that large meetings, process- ions, hartals may increase excitement and even end in violence. Both the people and the police are liable to err and both may have to suffer for the mistake of either. It is therefore clear that satyagrahis ought to prevent such untoward results by every means at their disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • LOK SABHA ___ SYNOPSIS of DEBATES (Proceedings Other Than
    LOK SABHA ___ SYNOPSIS OF DEBATES* (Proceedings other than Questions & Answers) ______ Friday, August 2, 2019 / Shravana 11, 1941 (Saka) ______ ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE SPEAKER Re: Emphasizing upon Janbhagidari on Food Nutrition Programme and involvement of Members in this regard. HON. SPEAKER: Our Prime Minister has taken a decision that all of us are obliged to associate ourselves with public participation to eradicate malnutrition from the country. This move will not only protect the mother from malnutrition but would ensure fairly healthy posterity. I urge upon all of you to create a mass movement on this count. _______ * Hon. Members may kindly let us know immediately the choice of language (Hindi or English) for obtaining Synopsis of Lok Sabha Debates. THE JALLIANWALA BAGH NATIONAL MEMORIAL (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2019 THE MINISTER OF STATE OF THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND MINISTER OF STATE OF THE MINISTRY OF TOURISM (SHRI PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL) moving the motion for consideration of the Bill, said: Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919. It occurs to me that Sadar Udham Singh was just five at that time and did harbour a kind of revolutionary flame in within which remained suppressed in his heart for a period of 21 years. Thereafter, he could not resist firing at General Dyre. Two days back was marked with death anniversary of martyr Udham Singh Ji and I pay tribute to him. This is the centenary year of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. I express my deep sense of gratitude and feel beholden to the Prime Minister of the country for rolling out a nation-wise celebration in the fond memory of the valiant heros of uprisings martyred in massacre.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidisciplinary Research
    ISSN (Online) : 2455 - 3662 SJIF Impact Factor :4.924 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Monthly Peer Reviewed & Indexed International Online Journal Volume: 4 Issue:10 October 2018 Published By : EPRA Journals CC License Volume: 4 | Issue: 10 | October 2018 SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) EXISTENCE HISTORY OF SPHERE VICTOR UDHAM SINGH ABSTRACT R.Kalidass1 Udham Singh is appropriate for the world to be a leader and warrior throughout the Indian 1 Research Scholar, independence movements. Udham Singh was an Department of History, Indian Ghadar Party, Hindustan Socialist, Republican Alagappa University, Association, innovative and freedom pugilist. He was Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, born on December 26, 1889, in the village of Tsunam in Sangrur district of Punjab. Parents died at the India young age. On April 13, 1919, on the day of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Utham Singh and his Dr. K.Krishnamoorthy2 Ashram friends did the water supply to the meeting. 2Assistant Professor, The massacre of thousands of people disrupted has severely affected him. He vowed in the Golden Department of History & Head i/c, Temple to take revenge on this incident. Dheeran Alagappa University, Utham Singh was shot dead after 21 years after the Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, incident, deputy governor Michael O' Tair, who led India the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. KEYWORDS: Freedom, Udham Singh, Jallianwala Bagh, Socialist, O’Tair. INTRODUCTION 1940, he was hanged in prison at Benton. On that Udham Singh was an Indian Ghadar Party, afternoon his body was buried in prison premises. Hindustan Socialist, Republican Association, PREMATURE LIFE innovative and freedom pugilist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fifth Commandment: a Biography of Shapurji Saklatvala and Memoir by His Daughter by Sehri Saklatvala First Digital Edition, July 2012
    The Fifth Commandment: A Biography of Shapurji Saklatvala and Memoir by his Daughter By Sehri Saklatvala First digital edition, July 2012. Originally published by Miranda Press, July 1991, with ISBNs 0951827405 & 978-0951827406. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 2 Table of Contents Editor's Note 5 Author's Preface 6 Chapter 1 - The Sun Rises in the East 8 Chapter 2 - The Plague Years 20 Chapter 3 - The Quest for Iron 31 Chapter 4 - The Sun Veers to the West 41 Chapter 5 - The Quest for a Political Solution 54 Chapter 6 - The Mind is its Own Place 66 Chapter 7 - Freedom for Me and Mine, Bondage for Thee and Thine 88 Appendix A to Chapter 7: Statement of the Workers’ Welfare League of India, 1919 112 Appendix B to Chapter 7: ‘The Call of the Third International’ 123 Appendix C to Chapter 7: Terms of Comintern Membership 129 Chapter 8 - A Communist in Parliament 135 Appendix A to Chapter 8: Report to the Labour Party Conference, 1922 147 Appendix B to Chapter 8: ‘Explanatory Notes on the Third International’ 151 Appendix C to Chapter 8: Saklatvala’s Election Addresses of 1922 159 Chapter 9 - A New Voice for the People 167 Chapter 10 - Speaking Against Imperialism 201 Chapter 11 - The Deportations to Ireland 212 Chapter 12 - The MP for Battersea and India 240 Chapter 13 - A Narrow Defeat 261 Chapter 14 - Re-election and the Red Scare 274 Chapter 15 - Banned from the USA 296 Chapter 16 - A Subversive in Parliament 314 Chapter 17 - The General Strike and a Term of Imprisonment
    [Show full text]
  • 'One Thousand Six Hundred and Fifty Rounds': Colonial Violence in The
    Indi@logs Vol 1 2014, pp. 38-50, ISSN: 2339-8523 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ‘OE THOUSAD SIX HUDRED AD FIFTY ROUDS ’: C OLOIAL VIOLECE I THE REPRESETATIOS OF THE JALLIAWALA BAGH MASSACRE JOEL KUORTTI University of Turku [email protected] Received: 16-09-2013 Accepted: 23-11-2013 ABSTRACT The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919 paved the way for the independence of India and Pakistan. The paper looks at the narrative strategies of representing the incident in two novels that recount it, Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children and Shauna Singh Baldwin’s What the Body Remembers . How do these texts engage with the colonial political situation? How do the two writers see the repercussions of the incident for the time of their narratives? KEYWORDS : Salman Rushdie; Shauna Singh Baldwin; Jallianwala Bagh massacre; colonial politics; narrative strategies; representation RESUME ‘Mil seiscientas cincuenta balas’. La violencia colonial en las representaciones de la masacre de Jallianwala Bagh La masacre de Jallianwala Bagh en Amritsar en 1919 allanó el camino hacia la independencia de India y Pakistán. Este artículo examina las estrategias narrativas empleadas en la representación de este suceso en dos novelas que lo describen: Midnight’s Children de Salman Rushdie y What the Body Remembers de Shauna Singh Baldwin. ¿Cómo abordan estas novelas la situación política colonial? ¿Cómo perciben estos escritores las repercusiones de este suceso en el contexto histórico de la narrativa? PALABRAS CLAVE : Salman Rushdie; Shauna Singh Baldwin; masacre de Jallianwala Bagh; política colonial; estrategias narrativas; representación The Road to Jallianwala Bagh – The Historical Context After the Great War of 1914–1918, the British faced grave problems in subduing growing resistance in India.
    [Show full text]