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Drought and Water Scarcity Drought and Water Scarcity Irrigated Agriculture Development under Drought and Water Scarcity Chief Editor: Dr. Saeed Nairizi INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE Irrigated Agriculture Development under Drought and Water Scarcity TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ...................................... ix Preface ...................................... xi Contributors .................................... xiii Acknowledgements .................................... xiii Chapter 1 - Introduction ....................................... 1 1.1 Rainfall, the source of all freshwater ....................................... 1 1.2 Droughts and water scarcity ....................................... 1 1.3 Irrigated Agriculture ....................................... 2 1.4 Aims and Scope ....................................... 2 Chapter 2 - Water Scarcity and Drought ....................................... 5 2.1 Aridity ....................................... 5 2.2 Water Scarcity ....................................... 5 2.3 Drought ....................................... 6 2.4 Climate Change and Droughts ....................................... 8 Chapter 3 - Drought Monitoring and Early Warning System ....................................... 9 3.1 Drought Risk Management ....................................... 9 3.2 Drought Monitoring .....................................10 3.3 Drought Indices .....................................10 3.3.1 Drought Indices derived from meteorological and soil data .....................................11 3.3.2 Hydrologic drought indices .....................................14 3.3.3 Drought indices derived from Remote Sensing Data .....................................15 3.3.4 Developing Standardized Drought Severity Index .....................................16 3.3.5 Multi-year Drought Characterization .....................................17 3.4 Drought Early Warning and Prediction .....................................17 3.4.1 Climate Monitoring and Prediction .....................................18 3.4.2 The Rainfall Estimation and prediction .....................................18 3.4.3 Hydrological Forecasting .....................................19 3.4.4 Hydrologic Forecast Modules .....................................19 3.4.5 The Hydrological Simulation Models .....................................20 Irrigated Agriculture Development under Drought and Water Scarcity October 2017 3.5 Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System .....................................21 3.6 Triggering Response to Early Warning .....................................22 Chapter 4 - Drought Vulnerability and Agricultural, Economic, Social and Ecologic Impacts Warning System .....................................23 4.1 Moving from crisis management to risk management .....................................23 4.2 Need to evaluate drought impacts .....................................23 4.3 Vulnerability: the common denominators in drought impacts .....................................24 4.3.1 Physical characteristics .....................................25 4.3.2 Societal characteristics .....................................27 4.4 Impacts of drought .....................................28 4.4.1 Economic Impact of droughts .....................................28 4.4.2 Agricultural impacts .....................................29 4.4.3 Social, economic and political impact .....................................30 4.4.4 Ecological impacts .....................................30 Chapter 5 - Drought Management Strategy .....................................31 5.1 Drought Management Plan .....................................31 5.2 Water Policies and Drought Management .....................................32 5.3 Drought mitigation strategies .....................................32 5.3.1 Macro and Micro level strategies .....................................33 5.3.2 Long-term and short term strategies .....................................33 5.4 Approaches for drought mitigation .....................................33 5.4.1 Supply Side Interventions .....................................34 5.4.1.1 Rainwater Harvesting .....................................34 5.4.1.2 Use of non-conventional sources of water .....................................35 5.4.1.3 Precautions in use of non-conventional resources .....................................38 5.4.2 Demand Side Management .....................................40 5.4.2.1 Deficit Irrigation Approach .....................................41 5.4.2.2 Improving Irrigation Techniques: Drip and Sprinkler Systems .....................................41 5.4.2.3 Improving Water Use Efficiency .....................................42 5.4.2.4 Crop water productivity .....................................43 5.4.3 Reservoir operations under drought conditions .....................................44 | iv | Irrigated Agriculture Development under Drought and Water Scarcity October 2017 Chapter 6 - Framework for Drought and Water Scarcity Management .....................................45 6.1 Water resources management .....................................45 6.2 Framework for managing water scarcity and drought .....................................46 6.2.1 Aligning water, agriculture and food policies .....................................46 6.2.2 Adopting risk based approach .....................................47 6.2.3 Integrated water resources management approach .....................................48 6.2.4 Increasing storages .....................................48 6.2.5 Reducing Demand .....................................49 6.3 Drought policy and preparedness plans .....................................49 6.3.1 Drought policy .....................................49 6.3.2 Response based on preparedness plans .....................................50 6.4 Enabling Environment .....................................50 6.4.1 Knowledge base strategies .....................................50 6.4.2 Institutional arrangements .....................................51 6.4.3 Water governance and institutional capacity .....................................51 6.4.4 Community participation .....................................52 Appendices Appendix I Water Scarcity and Drought Situation in Different Countries .....................................53 A.I.1 Middle East and North Africa .....................................53 A.I.2 Egypt .....................................53 A.I.3 Jordan .....................................54 A.I.4 Libya .....................................54 A.I.5 Southern Africa .....................................55 A.I.6 Ethiopia .....................................55 A.I.7 Iran .....................................56 A.I.8 Pakistan .....................................58 A.I.9 India .....................................60 A.I.10 Australia - Drought Policy of Queensland .....................................63 A.I.11 France .....................................63 | v | Irrigated Agriculture Development under Drought and Water Scarcity October 2017 Appendix II The Nile Water Forecasting System .....................................65 A.II.1 Introduction .....................................65 A.II.2 Nile Forecast Centre of Egypt .....................................65 A.II.3 Basic Components of the Nile Forecast System .....................................67 A.II.3.1 METEOSAT Reception Unit .....................................67 A.II.3.2 Statistical Models for Forecasting .....................................67 A.II.3.3 Rainfall Estimation .....................................69 A.II.4 The MESO-ETA Model Application .....................................69 A.II.5 Decision Support System for the Aswan High Dam .....................................70 A.II.6 Nile Basin Hydro-meteorological Information System (NBHIS) .....................................71 A.II.7 Hydrological Simulation Models .....................................71 A.II.8 Forecast Modules .....................................72 A.II.9 Aswan High Dam Decision and Control System .....................................73 A.II.10 GIS Database .....................................74 A.II.11 Operational Outputs .....................................75 A.II.12 Conclusion .....................................75 Appendix III Drought Damage Assessment: A Case Study from Iran .....................................77 A.III.1 Water Resources .....................................77 A.III.2 Agriculture and Livestock Impacts .....................................77 A.III.3 Environmental impacts .....................................80 A.III.4 Social aspects .....................................81 A.III.5 Economic impact .....................................81 Appendix IV Rainwater Harvesting Techniques .....................................83 A.IV.1 Rainwater harvesting methods .....................................83 A.IV.2 Watershed management approach .....................................83 A.IV.3 On farm water storage .....................................85 A.IV.4 Adopting water harvesting .....................................86 A.IV.5 Ground Water recharging .....................................86 A.IV.6 In-field rainwater harvesting .....................................87 A.IV.7 Socio economic considerations .....................................88 A.IV.8 Examples of water harvesting .....................................89 | vi | Irrigated Agriculture Development under Drought and Water Scarcity October 2017 Appendix V Water Quality and Use of Saline Water in Irrigation .....................................93
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