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Title of Thesis Or Dissertation: Simple Format with Endnotes and Typed Bibliography Hydrometeorological Variability over Pakistan Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Bashir, Furrukh Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 16:28:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626357 1 HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL VARIABILITY OVER PAKISTAN by Furrukh Bashir __________________________ Copyright © Furrukh Bashir 2017 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN HYDROMETEOROLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2017 2 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Furrukh Bashir 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully acknowledge efforts made by Senator James William Fulbright that culminated as establishment of an international exchange program that allowed me to pursue education and research at Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, that would help me to perform as a better scientist in field of hydrometeorology. I acknowledge the efforts made by United States Education Foundation Pakistan (USEFP), and its head Rita Akhtar, who are trying to educate Pakistani youth and building the capacity of the professional, tirelessly for past several years. I am grateful to Hoshin V. Gupta, Xubin Zeng, James Shuttleworth, Francina Dominguez, Aveline F. Arellano, Paul Sheppard, Elizabeth Ritchie, Christopher Castro, Chuck Weidman, Pieter Hazenberg, Thomas J. Galarneau and Eric A. Betterton, who spent a lot of their personal time with me and kept me motivated throughout this period and never gave up on me. I would say thank you to my fellow students and to administrative and supporting staff of Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, especially, to Sandy Holford, Lupe Romero, Sarah Warren, Mike Eklund and Matthew Jones for caring attitude and continuous support. I would say special thanks to Sarah McCormick, Stephanie Sasz, Betsy Barringer and Brian Diffley at Institute of International Education (IIE), and to Joanne Lagasse- Long at International Student Services who were always available, to me in time of need. I am thankful to colleagues at Pakistan Meteorological Department who kept on supporting me, throughout my career. Finally, I am grateful to my mother and wife who endured my prolonged absence from the country and managed chores on my proxy, and I would say thanks to Abeera and Adil for being part of my life. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 15 1.1 THE KARAKORAM ANOMALY ....................................................................... 15 1.2 AVAILABILITY OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA ............................. 17 1.3 ASSESSMENT OF DROUGHTS IN PAKISTAN ............................................... 17 1.4 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2: PRESENT STUDY ................................................................................................. 20 2.1 A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE KARAKORAM ANOMALY USING UNIQUE VALLEY-BASED SYNOPTIC WEATHER OBSERVATIONS ....................................................... 20 2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH RESOLUTION DAILY PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE DATA PRODUCT FOR PAKISTAN ........................... 20 2.3 RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORY OF METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHTS IN PAKISTAN USING HIGH RESOLUTION IN SITU GRIDDED DATA SETS ............................................. 21 2.4 FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ................................................................. 21 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 23 APPENDIX A: A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE KARAKORAM ANOMALY USING UNIQUE VALLEY-BASED SYNOPTIC WEATHER OBSERVATIONS ............................................................................................................ 29 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 30 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 30 2. DATA AND METHODS ...................................................................................... 32 3. RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 34 3.1 SEASONAL AND ANNUAL HYDROLOGIC BUDGET........................... 34 3.2 HUMIDITY AND CLOUD COVER ............................................................ 35 3.3 WIND SPEED ............................................................................................... 36 3.4 NET RADIATION ........................................................................................ 37 6 3.5 POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CLIMATE MOISTURE INDEX (CMI) .......................................................................... 38 4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 38 5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 40 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, SAMPLES, AND DATA ................................................ 40 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 41 SUPPORTING INFORMATION ................................................................................ 52 APPENDIX B: DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH RESOLUTION DAILY PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE DATA PRODUCT FOR PAKISTAN ................................................ 78 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 79 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 79 2. STUDY AREA AND CLIMATOLOGY .............................................................. 82 2.1 STUDY AREA .............................................................................................. 82 2.2 CLIMATOLOGY OF PAKISTAN ............................................................... 83 3. GENERATION OF A GRIDDED DATA PRODUCT FOR PAKISTAN ........... 84 3.1 PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE DATA ...................................... 84 3.2 ACCOUNTING FOR MISSING DATA ....................................................... 85 3.3 CROSS-VALIDATION OF ICDWM IMPUTATION.................................. 86 3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRIDDED CLIMATOLOGY AND DAILY GRIDDED DATA PRODUCT ........................................................ 87 3.5 SENSITIVITY OF THE INTERPOLATION ALGORITHM TO OBSERVATION DENSITY ......................................................................... 88 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................... 89 4.1 MISSING DATA IMPUTATION ................................................................. 89 4.2 COMPARISON OF PAK-HYM-1.0 WITH OTHER PRODUCTS .............. 92 4.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE INTERPOLATION ALGORITHM ................. 94 5. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 96 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, SAMPLES, AND DATA ................................................ 98 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 98 7 SUPPORTING INFORMATION .............................................................................. 113 APPENDIX C: AN INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHTS IN PAKISTAN USING HIGH RESOLUTION IN SITU GRIDDED DATA SET ........................................................................................ 126 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 127 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................
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