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Pakistan’S Nanga Parbat Mountains A saudi man with his horse Pakistan’s Nanga Parbat Mountains. Flickr / Charles Roffey Wikimedia / Tahsin Anwar Ali PAKISTAN Feb. 2020 Table of Contents Chapter 1 | Geography . 7 Introduction . 7 Geographic Regions . 8 Mountains � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Plateaus � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Indus River Plain � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 Deserts � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �10 Coastal Regions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �10 Climate . .. 11 Bodies of Water . 12 Arabian Sea � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Indus River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Jhelum River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Chenab River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Ravi River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Sutlej River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Kabul River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �14 Major Cities . 14 Karachi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �14 Lahore � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �15 Faisalabad � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �16 Islamabad and Rawalpindi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �16 Peshawar � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �17 Multan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �18 Environmental Concerns . 18 Natural Hazards . 19 Chapter 1 | Geography, Assessment . 21 Chapter 1 | Geography, Assessment Answers . .. 22 Countries in Perspective | Pakistan Table of Contents 2 Chapter 2 | History . 23 Overview . 23 Early History . 24 The Indus Valley Civilizations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �24 Crossroads of Empires � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �25 Islamic Empires � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �25 Colonial Era . 26 The British Enter the Indus River Plain � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �26 Colonial Rule � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �27 The Beginnings of the Hindu–Muslim Split � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �27 Independence and Partition � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �28 The Nation of Pakistan . .. 29 Post-Independence � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �29 A Country Divided � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �29 The Bangladesh Independence War � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �30 Bhutto and Zia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �31 Return to Democracy � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �32 Back to Military Control � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �32 The Aftermath of 9/11 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �33 Recent Events . 34 Chapter 2 | History, Assessment . 36 Chapter 2 | History, Assessment Answers . 37 Chapter 3 | Economy . 38 Introduction . 38 Agriculture . 39 Industry . 41 Energy . 41 Natural Resources . 43 Trade . 43 Services . 44 Tourism . 44 Countries in Perspective | Pakistan Table of Contents 3 Banking . 45 Finance . 46 Standard of Living . 47 Employment . 48 Outlook . 49 Chapter 3 | Economy, Assessment . 50 Chapter 3 | Economy, Assessment Answers . 51 Chapter 4 | Society . 52 Introduction . 52 Ethnic Groups . 53 Punjabis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �53 Sindhis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �53 Muhajirs � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �54 Pashtuns � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �54 Baloch � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �56 Saraikis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �56 Languages . 57 Religion . 58 Sunni and Shia Islam� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �58 Cuisine . 59 Main Dishes � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �59 Drinks and Desserts � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �60 Traditional Dress . 60 Gender Issues . 61 Patriarchal Culture � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �61 Violence against Women � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �62 Legal Protection of Women � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �63 Arts and Literature . 63 Literary Traditions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �63 Visual and Performing Arts � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �64 Folklore � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �65 Countries in Perspective | Pakistan Table of Contents 4 Sports and Recreation . .. 65 International Sports � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �65 Traditional Games � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �66 Chapter 4 | Society, Assessment . 67 Chapter 4 | Society, Assessment Answers . 68 Chapter 5 | Security . 69 Introduction . 69 U S. –Pakistan. Relations . 70 Relations with Neighboring Countries . 71 Afghanistan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �71 China � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �72 India � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �73 Iran � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �74 Police ..
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