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The Role of Language Attitudes and Practices in the Emergence of European Identity

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The Role of Language Attitudes and Practices in the Emergence of European Identity ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output The role of language attitudes and practices in the emergence of European identity https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40069/ Version: Full Version Citation: Comanaru,˘ Ruxandra-Silvia (2014) The role of language atti- tudes and practices in the emergence of European identity. [Thesis] (Unpublished) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email ! ! The Role of Language Attitudes and Practices in the Emergence of European Identity ! ! ! ! ! Ruxandra-Silvia Comănaru# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy# Applied Linguistics and Communication# Birkbeck, University of London# 2013# ! $1 $2 ! ! ! ! I hereby declare that the work presented in this manuscript is my own.# ! $3 Abstract During the past century, Europe has experienced significant political, social and economic changes. The European countries have successfully joined together to form a union aimed at prosperity and peace across the continent. In 2012, the European Union received the Nobel Peace Prize for human rights advancements. The 28 current members are united under common European symbols and institutions, whilst they maintain their national character. It has been posited that national identity is built around language and geographical borders. Yet, the EU’s borders change continually with the accession of new members and the EU recognises all o%cial languages of its members as o%cial languages of the union itself. # In this dissertation I explore the function of positive attitudes and practices of multilingualism as a catalyst for European identity, while investigating the components of European identity and its relationship with national identity. A mixed methodology of questionnaires and interviews is used across three contexts: Romania, Belgium and the United Kingdom. Romania joined the EU in 2007; it presents a novel context for investigating European identity. Belgium, home of the EU, is one of the oldest members. It is symbolically divided by the French-Dutch linguistic border. Finally, the UK & where English, a global lingua franca, is an o%cial language & has traditionally had a reserved stance towards the EU. These studies show that Europeans perceive their national and European identities as compatible, sometimes forming a hybrid identity. I find support for the notion that European identity has two components: civic and cultural & and that positive attitudes towards multilingualism are intrinsically related to and predict European identity. These results vary subtly across contexts and the interviews provide in-depth insights into these di'erences. I conclude by highlighting the role that European multilingualism can have in the development of a stronger union. $4 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I want thank the many people who volunteered to take part in this study, either by filling out the online surveys or agreeing to be interviewed. Their kindness and generosity made this project possible. # I would also like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Jean-Marc Dewaele, who throughout the course of my PhD has o'ered invaluable advice and unconditional support, who encouraged me at every step of the process and who has been an extraordinary mentor, teacher, translator, friend and, at times, therapist. # I would like to acknowledge the Department of Applied Linguistics and Communication at Birkbeck for their financial support, including conference funds, and the University of London Central Research Fund, which provided funds to travel to Cluj and Brussels for data collection. # I am very thankful to Justin Raden and Ana Sofia Carbonell, for patiently proofreading the dissertation, and to Evy Ceuleers, for helping to translate the questionnaire and recruit participants. I would also like to express my gratitude to the professors and PhD colleagues at Birkbeck - they have been incredibly supportive and helpful over the years. And I want to thank my mentors throughout the years, Prof. Paul Finn, my undergraduate advisor, who sparked my interest in research and guided me through the first research project, and Prof. Kimberly Noels, my MA supervisor, who inspired my interest in identity research and openness to various methodological approaches. Many thanks also to Donnamarie Kelly Pignone for her friendship and support. # Last, but not least, I want to thank my family for their support and understanding, for their immense patience and heartfelt encouragement. Alejandro, mami, daddy, v" mul(umesc. $5 Table of contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 4 Table of contents 5 List of tables 11 List of figures 13 Introduction 15 Identity 16 Social identity 18 Self-categorisation in SIT# 18# Salience and centrality of identity# 19# Multiple identities and identity negotiation# 22# Models of identity relations# 23# Individual and collective identity# 30# Social constructivist versus essentialist views on identity# 32# Imagined communities and possible selves# 33# Language identity 35 Motivation and language attitudes# 37# Second language anxiety# 41# Proficiency and frequency of use of L2# 42# National and European identity 44 National identity# 44# Transnational identity# 48# $6 European identity# 51# European Union - historical background and the state of affairs today# 52# Eurobarometers on languages in Europe# 60# Europe and the European Union# 65# Definitions of European identity# 67# The relation between national and European identity# 80# Components of European identity: civic and cultural# 85# Civic, cultural and general European identity - Bruter )2005)# 87# The economic crisis# 95# European identity and multilingualism# 97# Rationale for this study 100 Contexts 101 Romania# 101# Belgium# 103# United Kingdom# 107# Conclusion# 110# Research questions 111 Quantitative studies# 111# Qualitative studies# 112# Quantitative studies 114 Methodology 114 Romanian pilot study# 114# Cross-national study# 115# Instruments# 115# Procedure# 118# Participants# 118# Romania# 118# Belgium - Francophones# 120# $7 Belgium - Dutch speakers# 122# United Kingdom# 125# Results 128 Romania# 129# Reliability# 129# Validity# 129# RQ 1 - BIOS and European identity & language# 129# RQ 2 - Language and European identity# 131# RQ 3 - Linguistic predictors of European identity# 133# RQ 4 - Generational differences# 136# Belgium - Francophones# 137# Reliability# 137# Validity# 138# RQ 1 - BIOS and European identity & language# 138# RQ 2 - Language and European identity# 139# RQ 3 - Linguistic predictors of European identity# 141# RQ 4 - Generational differences# 142# Belgium - Dutch speakers# 143# Reliability# 143# Validity# 143# RQ 1 - BIOS and European identity & language# 144# RQ 2 - Language and European identity# 145# RQ 3 - Linguistic predictors of European identity# 147# RQ 4 - Generational differences# 148# United Kingdom# 149# Reliability# 149# Validity# 149# RQ 1 - BIOS and European identity & language# 150# RQ 2 - Language and European identity# 151# RQ 3 - Linguistic predictors of European identity# 154# RQ 4 - Generational differences# 157# Belgium - Brussels and the rest of Belgium# 158# $8 RQ 5 - Brussels versus RoB - linguistic and European identity # 158# Proficiency and frequency of use of foreign languages# 159# Linguistic variables# 159# European identity variables# 160# Other identity variables# 160# BIOS variables# 160# Conclusion# 160# All contexts - Romanian, English, French and Dutch# 161# RQ 6 - Comparison of contexts# 161# Proficiency and frequency of use of foreign languages# 161# Linguistic variables# 163# European identity variables# 164# Other identity variables# 166# BIOS variables# 167# Conclusion# 170# Qualitative studies 172 Methodology 172 Procedure# 172# Participants# 173# Romania# 173# Belgium# 174# United Kingdom# 175# Results 176 Romania# 176# RQ 7 - Content validity# 176# RQ 8 - Attitudes to multilingualism# 177# RQ 9 - Feeling European and European identity# 180# RQ 10 - Multilingualism and European identity# 185# Belgium# 187# RQ 7 - Content validity# 187# $9 RQ 8 - Attitudes to multilingualism# 188# RQ 9 - Feeling European and European identity# 192# RQ 10 - Multilingualism and European identity# 197# United Kingdom# 199# RQ 7 - Content validity# 199# RQ 8 - Attitudes to multilingualism# 199# RQ 9 - Feeling European and European identity# 203# RQ 10 - Multilingualism and European identity# 211# Conclusion & discussion 217 National & European identity 219 Components of European identity 223 Multilingualism & European identity 226 Future studies 229 National & European identity# 229# Components of European identity# 231# Multilingualism & European identity# 232# Concluding remarks 233 Appendices 235 Appendix A - Belgium - French Questionnaire 235 Appendix B - Belgium - Dutch Questionnaire 247 Appendix C - Romania Questionnaire 260 Appendix D - UK Questionnaire 272 Appendix E - Guiding interview questions 284 $10 Appendix F - Cronbach alpha values for all scales 285 References 286 $11 List of tables Table 1. Number of Romanian participants who declared speaking foreign 120 languages )L1 N=300) Table 2. Means and standard deviations of language proficiency and frequency 121 of use of L1-L4 for the Romanian group Table 3. Number of Belgian Francophone participants who declared speaking 123 foreign languages
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