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Claremont Colleges Digital Library Volume XXXIII Winter 2006 ~ Claremont GRADUATE UNIVERSITY 2 + lAC B ULLETIN Cover Illustration THE INSTITUTE Bron ze, prutah FOR ANTIQUITY Hasmonean Alexander Jannaeus, 103-76 BeE AND CHRISTIANITY Obv: anchor, with Hebrew inscription "King Alexander" Rev: star encircled by diadem, with Greek inscription DENNIS MACDONALD "King Alexander" Director Courtesy ofthe Curtis R. Paxman Coin Collection Claremont School ofTheology VOLUME XXXIII Winter 2006 Our coin was minted in the Hasmonean period by Alexander Jannaeus, who ruled Judea from 103-76 BCE. The obverse bears an LESLIE HAYES anchor with the Greek inscription "King Alexander." The anchor is assoc iated with the Editor Seleucids and experts suggest that the use of the anchor intended to communicate continuity SONYA GRAVLEE with Alexander's predecessor, Hyrcanus I, as well as with Antiochus VII and Antiochus VIII, Assistant Editor all of whom used this symbol. It may also represent Alexander's conquest of coastal cities as he expanded and strengthened the territory under his control. The reverse bears an eight­ rayed star (sometimes called a "sun-wheel") inscribed with the words " King Alexander" in The Bulletin ojthe Institute fo r Antiquity and Christianity (ISS N 0739-0459 ) is published paleo-Hebrew letters. Like the anchor, the star was a common symbol on early Jewish coins. semi-annually by the Institute for Antiqu ity Its ubiquitous presence in the ancient Near East makes a precise meaning difficult to and Christianity, 83 1 N. Dartmo uth Ave., ascertain. Claremont,CA 9 1711-6 178. Postmaster: Send One of the characteristic features of the Hasmonean coins is the use of archaizing address changes to Institute for Antiquity and Christiani ty, 831 N. Dartm outh Ave., Hebrew script. The Hasmonean use of paleo-Hebrew finds parallels in the Samaritan texts Claremont, CA 91711-6178. of the Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls. A leading expert in ancient Jewish numismatics has suggested that the variety of paleo-Hebrew script styles found on Hasmonean coins can Telephone: 909.621.8066 be attributed to a practice in which engrave rs consulted ancient manuscripts in order to copy httpr/zlac.cgu.edu letters formed in paleo-Hebrew (Meshorer, 48). Another has suggested that errors found in the Hebrew inscripti ons on Alexander' s coins are likewise the result of scribes and engravers struggling with archaic forms of the Hebrew alphab et (Hendin, 138). Table of Contents Alexander Jannaeus was married to Salome Alexandra, who succeeded Jann aeus in 76 Coin 2 BCE. Alexandra ruled Judea as sole monarch for nine years until her own death in 67 BCE. The last independent monarch of Israel, Alexandra was remembered by Josephu s as a Tov Lecture 3 woman, "who showed none of the weakness of her sex" (Ant. XIII.430). Josephu s vests .4 FOTL Project Update Alexandra with the "ability to carry out her plans" in the manner of an absolute monarch Well-Being Conference 6 who has "no consideration for either justice or decenc y" (Ant. XIII.430). Describing lAC Spring 2006 Lecture Series ..7 Alexandra as possessed by an inordinate lust for the power to rule (to <j> LAaPXOV), Josephus In Memoriam 8 lays the disintegration of the Hasmonean dynasty at Alexandra's feet, not simply because of Tune Memori al Service 9 her uncontrolled desire for power, but because of "her desire for things unbecoming a Book Review 10 woman" (Ant. XIII.4 30), viz. her continued rule "when her sons were in the prime of life" lAC Program at SBL Update 11 (Ant. XIII.41 7). Josephu s's editorializing rhetoric of respectability does not obscure the reality that Alexandra was a capable ruler who governed by skilled diplomacy, decisive force, and persuasion. Insofar as the kingdom under Alexandra's rule " was at peace" (Ant. XIII.430), lAC B ULLETIN + 3 enjoyed stable borders, doubled the size of its military forces, was able to repul se invaders for nine successive years, and had seen the end of Jannaeus's slaughters of his own subjects, Alexandra stands as an effecti ve monarch. After Alexandra's death , her feudin g sons, Hyrcanu s and Aristobulus, managed to lose political and territori al gains achieved by their parent s. According to Josephus, they plunged Judea into civil war, providing Pompe y with convenient entry in Judea, precipitating the end of the Hasmonean dyna sty and the end of an independent Judea (Ant . XlV. 1-78). In contrast to Josephus' s portrayal, contempo raries may have seen Alexandra through a rather differently constructed lens. Modern scholars have noticed that the book of Judith, composed sometime during the Hasmonean period , fits comfortably with Hasmonean propaganda in which the Maccabee s are presented (in the books of the Maccabee s) as divinely guided saviors of Israel in the mold of the biblical jud ges (van Henten, 227, 243-245 ). The fictional character ofJudith and the story of her heroic defense of Israel against an invadin g king would likely recall not only biblical stories of heroic defense and redemption by divinel y guided leaders. The story of Judith also recalls the closer memories of the traumatic incursions by Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the triumphant restoration of the Temple by the Maccabee s, and the consolidation of Judea under the Hasmoneans. It has been suggested that the book of Judith would have been read against the background of Hasmonean rule and that the composition of the character ofJudith may have been influenced by the strong reign of Salome Alexandra (Esler, 107, 121). Like the archai zing script inscribed on the Hasmonean coins, which deliberately recalls historical tradition in order to shape national identity, the archaizing story of Judith inscribes discourses of heroism, liberation , rule by divine will, and nationhood onto Hasmonean rule and, perhaps, remembers its last autonomous queen . - Leslie Hayes Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Books XII-XIV, trans., Ralph Marcus, vol. VII, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943). Encyclopedia Judaica, v, 14 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, LTD, 197 1), 691-693. Philip Esler, "Ludic History in the Book of Judith : The Reinvention of Israelite Identity," Biblical Interpretation (10.2) 107-143. David Henden, Guide to Biblical Coins, 4th ed. (New York: Amphora, 200 1). Ya'akov Meshorer, Jewish Coins ofthe Second Temple Period, trans., I.H. Levine (Tel-Aviv: Am Hassefer and Massada, 1967). Jan Willem van Henten, "Judith as Alternative Leader: A Rereading of Judith 7-13," in ed., Athalya Brenner, The Feminist Companion to the Bible, v. 7 (Sheffield Academic Press, 1995),224-251. EMANUEL TOV LECTURE BY DAVID JACKSON On Tuesday evening, 6 September 2005, the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity (lAC) and the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center (ABMC) co-sponsored a lecture from world-renowned Biblicist Emanuel Tov. Tov is the J. L. Magnes Professor of Bible at Hebrew Univers ity in Jerusalem. He is one of the editors of the Hebrew University Bible Project and the Editor-in-Chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls project. Tov is on sabbatical in Claremont this semester. Speaking to a filled-to-overflowing capacity audience in the Haddon Center on the campus of the Claremont School of Theology, Tov spoke on "The Septuagint and Literary Criticism ." Tov highlighted comparisons between the two largest sources for our understanding of the Hebrew Bible: The Masoretic Text (MT: mostly in Hebrew, but some Tov of it in Aramaic) and the Septuagint (LXX: in Greek, compiled by Hellenistic Jewish scholars in Alexandria, Egypt, during the 2nd_1 st centuries BeE). Tov noted that many of the differences between the LXX and the MT emphasize the Deity's cosmic powers, to establish the power of the divine to help those who are marginalized in society. After making his comparisons, Tov made a rather startling statement. Noting that the common pattern historically in Hebrew Bible studies has been to treat the MT as more origina l than the LXX (thus making the LXX dependent on the MT), Tov instead insists that it is time we deal with the LXX as a source in its own right (much of it could be based on older Hebrew or Aramaic texts no longer extant). By doing so, this would mean that scholars should respect the intentional arrangement the compilers of the LXX made. 4 + lAC BULLETIN Forms of the Old Testament Literature Project Celebrates 40 Years BY LESLIE HAYES Co-Director, RolfKnierim Co-Director, Marvin Sweeney In the Forms oj the Old Testament Literature Project (FOTL), interpretation of the the lAC has seen the continuous operation of one of its first Yahwistic, Elohistic, research and publication Projects. FOTL was conceived as Priestly, Deuterono­ unique commentary series focused specifically on developing mistic and Chronistic the exegetical discipline ofJormg eschichte (form-criticism) and History works." The applying its findings to the books of the Hebrew Bible. FOTL very name of the series was formally chartered in the Spring of 1966 under the underscores the new Rolf Knierim Marvin Sweeney Co-Director Co-Director leadership of Dr. Rolf Knierim and Dr. Gene Tucker and direction taken by the continues through the present day. After the retirement of Dr. series which, at its inception, anticipated the direction of future Tucker, Dr. Knierim was joined by Dr. Marvin Sweeney as co­ form-critical research. FOTL began to treat the biblical texts as editor and co-director of the FOTL Project and its publications literature, seeing each book as an integral whole, where textual in 1997. Currently forty years old, FOTL presents a microcosm meaning was sought not only in genre, structure, and oral of the changes that have taken place in the discipline of Hebrew traditions but in the final, literary form of the text.
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