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E-Mail:[email protected] Takashi Komeda Is a Teacher of High School at Kitayamato, Uemachi, Ikoma-Shi, Nara 630-O131 Japan

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E-Mail:Kumogish@Tx.Miracle.Ne.Jp Takashi Komeda Is a Teacher of High School at Kitayamato, Uemachi, Ikoma-Shi, Nara 630-O131 Japan The Journal of School Education Research, 2007, Vol.19, pp.53-75 53 Predominance of Female, Slender Leaf and Formation of Adventitious Roots in Riparian Willow Populations toward Downstream Environment in the Southwest Area of Japan ' Yoshio Ishikawa (Teacher of High School at Higashi-Matsayama) Hiromichi Fujino (Teacher of Elementary School at Kanagi) Keiji Komeda (Teacher of High School at Kitayamato) Yumiko Sakaori (Teacher of Elementaiy School at Nishibefu) Osamu Yamaguchi (Environmental Sciences at Hyogo University of Teacher Education) A total of 21691 individuals of riparian willows were examined for species distribution, species diversity, mean of leaf shape (LfW), mean number of filaments of male fiower and sex ratio. Correlation analysis was done between these ecological characters. Rate of vegetative growth was also examined by formation of adventitious roots, using a single whole and halfofleaf. The samples are from a total of 10 main rivers of our country from Hokkaido to Shikoku. A total of 24 species and a single plausible interspecific hybrid appeared. Excluding minor or locally endemic or cultural origin species, they are classified into 3 major groups, The species in the northern group grow in the summer green vegetation zone with WI of less than 85, and those in the southern group grow in the evergreen broad-leaved vegetation zone with WI of more than 85. The third group distribute widely in the above both vegetation zones. The species.diversity was centered in midstream regions in Hokkaido, but it has an elevational gradient in the southem group, and the high H' values are centered in downstream regions, There is a significant correlation between H' and WI. Mean of leaf shape showed a positive correlation with WI especially in the southern area. Slender leaves of such as S. pierotii and S. gilgiana are dominating in downstream regions in the evergreen vegetation zone. Similarly, mean number of filaments has a positive correlation with WI in the evergreen vegetation zone. Systematically old Salix species such as chaenometoides and subLfragilis are also adaptive to the warmer riparian environments, because they have the high frequency of mixed flowers to be O.Oll. The mixture of female and male flowers in a single individual is able to produce fertilized seeds and this seems to be compensatory to difficulty of outcrossing in frequently flooded conditions. Predominance of females was observed to be O.62 in fi;equency as a whole. The frequencies of females are correlated positively with WI values in the evergreen vegetation zone. Salix species, such as S. pierotii or S. eriocarpa, is popular in the downstream regions. These sex ratios are O.84 and 1.00, respectively. They showed a high rate of vegetative growth, and their leaves forrned adventitious roots as frequencies of O.71 and O.64, respectively. These jointed adaptive advantages seem to the strategy of willow poulations to warrner disturbed tt fiparlan . envlronments. ' Key Words: Riverside willow, Sex-ratio, Slender leaf, Rooting from leaf, Environmental education Yoshio Ishikawa is a Teacher of High School at Higashi-Matsuyama, l-6-10 Matsuyama, Higashimatsuyama-Shi, Saitama 355-OO18 Japan, E-mail:[email protected] ' . Hiromichi Fujino is a Teacher of Elementary School at Kanagi, 1541-5 Shimokihara, Kanagi-cho, Hamada-shi, Shimane 697-O121, E-mail:[email protected] Takashi Komeda is a Teacher of High School at Kitayamato, Uemachi, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-O131 Japan . Yumiko Sakaori is a Teacher of Elementary School at Nishibefu, 543-175 Shinobe, Befu-cho, Kakogawa-shi, Hyogo 075-O131, Japan, E-mail: [email protected],ne,jp Osamu Yamaguchi is a Prof. of Environmental Sciences at Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 942-1 Shimokume, Kato-shi, Hyogo 673-1494 Japan, E-mail:[email protected] 54 The Jouimal of School Education Research, 2007, Vol.19 ilgFlj H 7it CD Y'"I E}P!ll JV t \hgeii2g ez 6 6 de 6 (2) thklE}I!ll, kNl3{ts&as';)i>4<i5if.itELfiGEdir/);,k,tuYxÅ}fi-(faptu5E E JII ki K (tiEK.ke[IZtaiLLIfi-g'4E3i) ee ei ws kts (i.IIi.MiIi[!Z=-Å}ISIfJxt:V]!l-isE) >K M diS( ii] (E}R.keVkJk(*nK-eqEiikFx) mb tfi fiee[IF (hu'Ei-mili[IzlzgisiJIfffJxt:y]!:K) da g (as- (#'fi#fiJ]<",i.4) u Jzis a l o•1)Egj l [ 7b> 6 A:-l-2 1 6g l lsi cD 7)Eif R}IS EII -ti ,- \' J }r S(g * a i: . EI (D pt 5> Jift ,l me it JiLk . ff }2j fo' .k as l";ll 7b> E) cD JrN ig tc JII;. ESZ fiE 6ir ne A L k. 1ljIJll cD -k b"t ty ,L Tth ti v(iEioS TII6SN vJ '( Li k. -E 3EL trk -(f ea y)- s y ti -ti h =P'. F" Ei -v Jh iÅíK rt Je ! s' -v v- lt' {) 7lr .x Jt -v f ij rb S' tiIZ( fo' b . ftwLtrk '(fs ea v]V. S' Vt i'. t rf Y f Vt 4X .Yh v -V t 4'. = -h' f -ke Å}\foS EII Gc "1k -( LN k. 9 f kt t ij' L ;k = -V JI- liSeSiAt < tS}Jnt L-(Lifi. LEMf2a) -V d- lthCaptabS)tL < . figL <" liUt5. NCatiFift%< . t5E • fffo>S#me Lme < . tetSk aZ]jftrbiE )b>ok. MFies,tutcl)pt`(f•CtS(t.R,l.ftljal. ec)bsi,kNft<. P]JFIcDtwJfJ.-(f•. NeSntaa<. K• ecb>6g•NSec#tcL. meiSk cD gufthi-it h> o fu. gc,igeatsffn ptifft")a( a) agik-(! is o. tkgca-twE.e • esig • kmec .k 6Esfige.. tz nv:L•N cD keJtrstw.mt ,e isa6. e cD LttyA et. IYf ini igJiy ts it 6 rvaftftt:!itL"Ui AP esUILfliwh ilb' lk oi'il,RlÅ},:aF#fi tx cD )fiah tg vaEXM )5? ee{I!.; L '( L > 6 . t -v- s' : ?ErM\Ek-vt4t', Jt!ktLi6iEem, *Mec, lxMrcJflMZE2, Wxln"thes JfiM aliill tiK.kgllZLRAXLLIM'eg.e}kK•iki'Ag'ii (mpN), +355-OO18 t5il.kMM"AXLLITIiMXLIIEITI-6-IO, E-mail:[email protected] maeq wsLts 'at?MiiiilZ*-axfjxe}:K.XE`"p:rJ, i6g7-O121 UX.LIgk'ctEE]TiiStwEfl]'-Finlpt.1541-5, E-mail:[email protected] )kne ena AR.kMgdkJf<Xafi'{"t]}t'tsE•XEAErJ (vaD, +63o-o131 AR.kStii,sufiLEtr nelfiJts`ce ]r: huilfJllilf[!ZthS[JMvjNpt:r-ESXi • fiErAEe, +67s-o131 #.vak9Duil!iJlliiriS[JINffIIffinyitZLs74-17s, E-mail: [email protected],jp LIJm Ir.ft..-. : ;i.lva#EJ)E<Y • ,k}A"t,i!l"ew.kTXEscas • Wnv, i 673-14g4 ;I.ldikEhafiiliTP<.)l(g42-1, E-mail:[email protected] Predominance of female and slender leaf in riparian willow populations 55 ' INTRODUCTION were found in a single ear, it was described as mixed or herrnaphrodite. Sex ratio is described by a total of females . Willews grow frequently beside ponds and marshes, along among a total of female and male individuals. Mean number rivers, or even on river floodplains, especially in the cool offilaments ofmale flowers was estiniated by the weighted temperate vegetatiop zone. They are faced with frequent mean of the values of constitutive species for each ST disturbances of flood and freshet. In these habitat conditions, (Kimura 1989). For each willow species, the mean length only the restricted tree species are able to survive, such as (L) and width (W) of leaf shape excluding stipe were willows or alders. Therefore, they are called pioneer plants measured using 10 leaves. Mean leaf shape (LfW) was (Ishikawa 1980, 1982, 1988; Niiyama 1987, 1989, 1995). estimated by the weighted mean of the values of constitutive They bloom in early spring, and bear ffuits in early summer, species. Species diversity was described in three ways; in which no other plants proceed their reproductive activities. number of species (S), the evenness index (J') (Pielou They are deciduous, and they distribute popularly in cool 1966), and the general diversity index (H') (Shannon and temperate climate zone in the northern area of our country. Weaver 1949). Willows have a tendency of rapid formation However, willows grow also in the warm temperate zone of adventitious roots (Saito 1994). The frequency of this in which the potential vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved root formation was measured by using more than 30 forest. They seem to be completely dioecious (Kimura, branches. The same experiments were carried out by using 1989), but a biased sex ratio owing to few male trees, such 30 mature whole leaves and 30 half-cut leaves, respectively. as in Salix pierotii, are encountered on estuary floodplains. The experiments were taken in water containing 111000 S, eriocarpa lacks completely male individual (Kimura, diluted Hyponex solution (Hyponex Japan Co.), and in an 1989). Abnoimal sex ratios also have been observed in artificial climate chamber at 25 OC and under 10000 lux willow populations (Grant and Mitton, 1979; Crawford for 12Ll12D (Biotron LPH 200, Nippon medical & and Balfour, 1983; Takehara, 1989). There is a possibility of chemical instrument Co.). Observation was done for up to some mechanisms to compensate this selective disadvantage 30 days. The sarne experiments were done also in 6 control offew or no fertilized seed production. A total of ten main tree species of Alnus 1'aponica, [flmzis pam,ifolia, Clethra rivers have been examined for distribution of sex ratios barvinervis, Camelia J'aponica, Ilex rotunda and Eurya and mean leaf shapes and another adaptive characters in 1'aponica. All the above examinations and experiments willow•populations. Partial hermaphroditism and extensive were done in from 1997 to 1999. ' vegetative growth trait are also reported. From these results, The warrnth and coldness indices (WI and CI) of each an adaptive strategy of riparian willows to warm temperate ST was estimated from the data reported by local climatic condition is discussed.
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