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Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe Author: John Hewitt Project Gutenberg's Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe, by John Hewitt This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe From the Iron Period of the Northern Nations to the End of the Thirteenth Century Author: John Hewitt Release Date: July 21, 2014 [EBook #46342] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT ARMOUR AND WEAPONS *** Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) [Illustration: GREAT SEALS OF KING RICHARD THE FIRST.] ANCIENT ARMOUR AND WEAPONS IN EUROPE: FROM THE IRON PERIOD OF THE NORTHERN NATIONS TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY: WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM COTEMPORARY MONUMENTS. BY JOHN HEWITT, MEMBER OF THE ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN. OXFORD AND LONDON: JOHN HENRY AND JAMES PARKER. MDCCCLV. PRINTED BY MESSRS. PARKER, CORN-MARKET, OXFORD. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVINGS. 1. (_Frontispiece._) Great Seals of King Richard Cœur-de-Lion. The first of these (with the rounded helmet) has been drawn from impressions appended to Harleian Charters, 43, C. 27; 43, C. 29; and 43, C. 30; and Carlton Ride Seals, i. 19. In this, as in other cases, more seals have been examined, but it seems unnecessary to supply references to any but the best examples. The king wears the hauberk of chain-mail with continuous coif, over a tunic of unusual length. The chausses are also of chain-mail, and there is an appearance of a chausson at the knee, but the prominence of the seal at this part has caused so much obliteration, that the existence of this garment may be doubted. The helmet is rounded at the top, and appears to be strengthened by bands passing round the brow and over the crown. The shield is bowed, and the portion in sight ensigned with a Lion: it is armed with a spike in front, and suspended over the shoulders by the usual _guige_. Other points of this figure will be noticed at a later page. Second Great Seal of Richard I. Drawn from impressions in the British Museum: Harl. Charter, 43, C. 31, and Select Seals, XVI. 1; and Carlton Ride Seals, H. 17. The armour, though differently expressed from that of the first seal, is probably intended to represent the same fabric; namely, interlinked chain-mail. The tunic is still of a length which seems curiously ill-adapted to the adroit movements of a nimble warrior. The shield of the monarch is one of the most striking monuments of the Herald's art: the vague ornament of Richard's earlier shield has given place to the Three Lions Passant Gardant so familiar to us all in the royal arms of the present day. The king wears the plain goad spur, and is armed with the great double-edged sword, characteristic of the period. The helmet is described at page 141. The saddle is an excellent example of the War-saddle of this date. VIGNETTE.--Knightly monument combined with an Altar-drain, in the Church of Long Wittenham, Berkshire: of the close of the thirteenth century. The whole is of small proportions, the statue of the knight not exceeding two feet and a quarter. xxv 2. SPEAR-HEADS OF IRON.--Fig. 1. From the Faussett collection: found in the parish of Ash, near Sandwich: length, 18 inches. Figs. 2 and 3. In Mr. Rolfe's collection at Sandwich, found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Ozingell, near Ramsgate. Fig. 4. In the Faussett collection, found at Ash, near Sandwich. Figs. 5, 6 and 7. From Ozingell: No. 6 has the bronze ferule which bound the spear-head to the shaft. Fig. 8. From Mr. Wylie's collection: found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Fairford, Gloucestershire. Figs. 9 to 12. From the Faussett collection: fig. 11 was found on Kingston Down, Kent; the others at Ash-by-Sandwich: fig. 10 is two feet long. 22 3. SPEAR-HEADS OF IRON.--Fig. 13. In the British Museum: found in an Anglo-Saxon grave at Battle Edge, Oxfordshire. Fig. 14. Found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Fairford. Figs. 15 and 16. Found near Bredon Hill, Worcestershire, and preserved in the Museum of the Worcestershire Society of Natural History. Fig. 17. Barbed spear, or _Angon_, found in a grave on Sibertswold Down, Kent: eleven inches long. In the Faussett collection. Fig. 18. Four-sided spear-head, found by Mr. Wylie, in the "Fairford Graves:" length, 16-1/2 inches. Figs. 19, 20, 21. Found in Ireland: from Mr. Wakeman's paper in the third volume of the _Collectanea Antiqua_. Fig. 22. A Livonian example, from Dr. Bähr's collection. The original is in the British Museum. Fig. 23. A barbed spear, found in a tumulus in Norway: from Mr. Wylie's paper in the thirty-fifth vol. of the _Archæologia_. 23 4. SWORDS.--Fig. 1. Found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Fairford. It measures upwards of 2 ft. 11 inches, and is one of the finest examples extant. Fig. 2. In the Hon. Mr. Neville's collection: found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire. Length of _blade_, 2 ft. 7 in. It retains the bronze mountings of the sheath, which have been gilt. Fig. 3. Same collection and find: a specimen remarkable for the cross-piece at the hilt. Fig. 4. Ancient-Irish Sword of the same period: length, 30 inches. From Mr. Wakeman's paper in vol. iii. of _Collectanea Antiqua_. Fig. 5. Danish sword with engraved runes: in the Copenhagen Museum. Fig. 6. Danish: from the _Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed_. Remarkable for the form of its cross-piece. 32 5. SWORDS.--Fig. 7. Norwegian Sword. The pommel and cross-piece are of iron. Figs. 8 to 11. From Livonian graves: the originals are in the British Museum. Fig. 10 is single-edged: its pommel and the chape of the scabbard are of bronze. Fig. 11 has its pommel and guard ornamented with silver. 33 6. Bronze Sheath containing the remains of an iron Sword: found near Flasby, in the West Riding of Yorkshire: exhibited in the temporary Museum at York, formed by the Archæological Institute in 1846. 44 7. AXE-HEADS OR IRON.--Figs. 1 and 2. From the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Ozingell: now in Mr. Rolfe's Museum. Figs. 3 and 4. Ancient-Irish examples: from Mr. Wakeman's paper in the _Collectanea Antiqua_. Figs. 5 and 6. German specimens: from the cemetery at Selzen, in Rhenish Hesse; described by the brothers Lindenschmit. Figs. 7 to 10. From Livonian graves explored by Dr. Bähr: all four are in the British Museum. 46 8. Anglo-Saxon figures contending with the war-knife and barbed spear: from a Latin and Anglo-Saxon Psalter, formerly belonging to the Duc de Berri, in the Imperial Library at Paris. 51 9. WAR-KNIVES.--Fig. 1. From the Ozingell cemetery: pommel and cross-piece of iron: length, 16 inches. Fig. 2. From the Faussett collection: found at Ash, near Sandwich. Figs. 3 and 4. Ancient-Irish: from Mr. Wakeman's paper. Fig. 3. is 16 inches long: the other, of which the blade is broken, is remarkable for retaining its handle, which is of carved wood. Fig. 5 is from the Selzen cemetery, and curious from the ring at the end of the tang. Length, 2 feet. 52 10. ARROW-HEADS.--Figs. 1 and 2. From the Faussett collection: the first, 3 inches in length, was found in the parish of Ash-by-Sandwich, the second on Kingston Down: both have tangs. Figs. 3 and 4. Arrow-heads with sockets: found on Chatham Lines. From Douglas's "Nenia." Figs. 5 and 6. From the German graves at Selzen. Figs. 7 and 8. From Livonian tombs: they are now in the British Museum. 56 11. Sprinkle or Hand-flail of bronze: from the Museum of Mitau in Courland. Given in Dr. Bähr's work, _Die Gräber der Liven_. 58 12. Anglo-Saxon Slinger: from an Anglo-Saxon Psalter of the tenth or eleventh century at Boulogne. The figure is that of David. 59 13. Group from Cottonian MS., Claudius, B. iv., folio 24: Ælfric's Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase of the Pentateuch, &c. Date about 1000. The crowned figure in the centre appears to be armed in a coat of chain-mail. 60 14. Figure of an Anglo-Saxon warrior, from Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. viii.; a copy of the _Psychomachia_ of Prudentius. Date, early in the eleventh century. The body-armour appears to be of hide, with the fur turned outwards. The characteristic leg-bands of the Anglo-Saxons are carefully expressed. 64 15. Anglo-Saxon spearmen, from the fine manuscript of Prudentius in the Tenison Library. Date, the beginning of the eleventh century. The drawings are in pen-and-ink only, but very carefully executed: the later subjects by a fresh hand, but all Anglo-Saxon work. 65 16. Another group from Cotton MS., Claudius, B. iv. This volume contains a great number of drawings, many of which illustrate the subject on which we are engaged. 66 17. Figure of Goliath, from a Latin Psalter of the tenth century in the British Museum: Additional MS., No.
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  • A Reconstruction of the Greek–Roman Repeating Catapult

    A Reconstruction of the Greek–Roman Repeating Catapult

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio della ricerca - Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II Mechanism and Machine Theory 45 (2010) 36–45 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Mechanism and Machine Theory journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mechmt A reconstruction of the Greek–Roman repeating catapult Cesare Rossi *, Flavio Russo Department of Mechanical Engineering for Energetics (DIME), University of Naples ‘‘Federico II”, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy article info abstract Article history: An ‘‘automatic” repeating weapon used by the Roman army is presented. Firstly a short Received 21 February 2009 description is shown of the working principle of the torsion motor that powered the Received in revised form 17 July 2009 Greek–Roman catapults. This is followed by the description of the reconstructions of these Accepted 29 July 2009 ancient weapons made by those scientists who studied repeating catapults. The authors Available online 4 September 2009 then propose their own reconstruction. The latter differs from the previous ones because it proposes a different working cycle that is almost automatic and much safer for the oper- Keywords: ators. The authors based their reconstruction of the weapon starting from the work of pre- History of Engineering vious scientists and on their own translation of the original text (in ancient Greek) by Ancient automatic weapons Mechanism reconstruction Philon of Byzantium. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Among the designers of automata and automatic devices in ancient times Heron of Alexandria (10 B.C.–70 A.D.) was probably the best known.