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Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi

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Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi THIRD EDITION Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi Preface Mosquitoes of Mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit NorthPress ofAmerica Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2005, and are increasing in frequency and geographic Carpenter, S. and LaCasse, W., distribution. As many as 1,000 people were protected under, University current copyrights. of California Press, exposed recently to dengue fever during an Berkeley, CA, 1955. None of these figures are outbreak in the Florida Keys. “New” mos- quito-borne diseases such as West Nile and Introduction Chikungunya have increased public aware- and Background ness about disease potential from these There has never been a systematic, state- notorious pests. wide study of mosquitoes in Mississippi. This book was written to provide citizens, Various authors have reported mosquito public health workers, school teachers, and collection records as a result of surveys of other interested parties with a hands-on, us- military installations in the state and/or er-friendly guide to Mississippi mosquitoes. The book’s utility may vary with each user published mosquito records from Missis- group, and that’s OK; some will want or need sippipublic resulted health malaria from an inspections. anopheline Thesurvey first more detail than others. Nonetheless, the in- (malaria-related) in 1927 in which the formation provided will allow you to identify authors reported Anopheles crucians, An. mosquitoes found in Mississippi with a fair punctipennis, An. pseudopunctipennis, and degree of accuracy. For more information An. quadrimaculatus (Carley and Balfour about mosquito species occurring in the 1929). Two years later, another malaria state and diseases they may transmit, con- study in the Mississippi Delta reported An. tact the entomology staff at the Mississippi quadrimaculatus, An. punctipennis, and An. State Department of Health or the medical crucians entomologist at Mississippi State University. in 1940 by the State Board of Health dis- Acknowledgements cussed Anopheles (Perez 1930). population A paper densities published in This publication would not have been possi- names (Bradley, Bellamy et al. 1940). During ble without the help and support of several theMississippi 1940s, several but reported military-related no specific studies species individuals and state and federal govern- in Mississippi provided further records of mental funding sources. Dr. Sally Slavinski, mosquitoes (King and Bradley 1941; King, formerly with the Mississippi State Depart- Roth et al. 1943; Middlekauff and Carpenter - 1944; Carpenter, Chamberlain et al. 1945; lish the West Nile virus surveillance program Miles and Rings 1946; Michener 1947; Rings ment of Health (MSDH), helped first estab - and Richmond 1953). Michener’s work was tal Health, MSDH, supported the mosquito the most complete, revealing 47 species in 2001. Tim Darnell, Office of Environmen - from the Camp Shelby (Hattiesburg) vicinity of South Mississippi (Michener 1947). In survey and identification project from incep addition, a study on chemical control of rice tion, as did Dr. Ed Thompson (former state fundinghealth officer, came fromMSDH) a grant and Dr. from Mary the Currier Centers County mentioned Psorophora columbiae (current state health officer, MSDH). Partial (asfield confinnis mosquitoes in 1952 and 1953 in Bolivar Mississippi State Department of Health titled results of these earlier records were sum- for Disease Control and Prevention to the marized and)(Mathis provided et a al.total 1954). of 53 Later, species the Infectious Diseases (West Nile surveillance occurring in Mississippi (King et al. 1960). portion),”“Epidemiology U50\CCU416826-03. and Laboratory CapacityA health for In 1969, the U.S. Department of Agricul- department contract mosquito surveillance ture conducted mosquito surveillance in Hancock County as part of a pest-monitor- thousand specimens from around the state ing program. All collections were made in fromtechnician, 2001 toM’Lee 2003. Hoyt Joe Loe,MacGown, collected Dr. severalBlake February and March and yielded only 10 relatively common species (USDA 1969). In - Layton, and Dr. Scott Willard, Department of published a study to determine the seasonal- University,Biochemistry, provided Molecular helpful Biology, comments Entomolo and itythe of mid-1960s, mosquitoes Harden in Hancock and Poolson County. (1969) During othergy, and support Plant Pathology for publication at Mississippi of this book. State a 4-year collection period (1964–1968), a - total of 33 species was recorded. Almost all sie, R. F. and Ward, R. A., Identification and records from the 1970s, 1980s, and early GeographicalMost figures used Distribution in this book of the are Mosquitoes from Dar 1990s resulted from collections made by U.S. of North America, North of Mexico, University Air Force personnel at installations in 1 USAF 1975; USAF 1977; USAF 1978; USAF Stone, one of the foremost diptera experts in 1979;Harrison USAF and 1980; Lowndes USAF counties 1981; USAF (USAF 1983; 1971; thespecimen country, was so apparently we must accept identified this as by a Alan valid USAF 1984; USAF 1986; USAF 1987; USAF Mississippi record. 1988). Harden et al. (1967) mentioned Ps. pyg- mea from Horn Island, Mississippi. Again, presence of the introduced species Aedes we have no specimen available. Goddard albopictus Records in from Mississippi 1989 show (USAF the 1989). first known A and Harrison (2005) addressed this issue master’s thesis in 1974 by Harry Fulton and determined that since this species is determined the seasonality of mosquitoes restricted to southern Florida and no vouch- er specimen is available, the record must be total of 39 species was collected from March deleted. 1972in Clay, to Lowndes, November and 1973 Oktibbeha during his counties. study. A There is one record of Ae. nigromaculis from Harrison County, Mississippi (USAF survey included Anopheles walkeri, Ortho- 1990). The distribution of Ae. nigromaculis podomyiaSome of the alba most, Culex interesting pilosus, andfindings Cx. peccator in his borders the western edge of Mississippi (Fulton 1974). In 1977 and 1983, Bradshaw published two papers on the pitcher-plant species in Mississippi is certainly possible. mosquito Wyeomyia smithii in Mississippi, Nonetheless,(Darsie and Ward we have 2005), no voucherso finding specimen this with both papers reporting collections from George County. He noted that the mosqui- species from Mississippi. to was found associated with the purple and thus no positive verification of this pitcher-plant, Sarracenia purpurea, and its Mosquito Taxonomy and Bradshaw 1983). In 1982, Nelson conducted Reclassification Issues hybrids (Bradshaw and Lounibos 1977; - sissippi, to determine the relative abundance - anda small species study composition at Mays Lake of inthe Jackson, mosquito Mis asseFor mosquito (1955) and identification/surveillance, the keys of Darsie and Ward we population (Nelson et al. 1985). During the (2005),use the illustrationsSlaff and Apperson in Carpenter (1989), and and LaC Dar- months of March through September 1982, sie and Morris (2000). Although there were changes in Aedes nomenclature by Reinert recorded. In the late 1990s, research was (2000), we do not recognize Ochlerotatus conducteda total of 13 in species northeast from Mississippi five genera to were deter - as a separate genus for certain species that mine arbovirus activity in the adult mosqui- were formerly in the genus Aedes. Abbrevia- to population. Traps were set in a wetland in tions for genera follow Reinert (2001). As for Tishomingo County to collect mosquitoes for species complex, Anopheles quadrimaculatus arboviral testing and to determine species s.l., we have accepted the Reinert et al. diversity. A total of 23 species was collected (Cupp et al. 2004). species in this complex consisting of An. diluvialis(1997) classification, An. inundatus that, An. there maverlius are five, An. Unusual Mosquito quadrimaculatus, and An. smaragdinus. Three of these species (An. maverlius, An. Records from Mississippi quadrimaculatus, and An. smaragdinus) have There are several unusual mosquito collec- been recorded from Mississippi (Reinert et tion records from Mississippi. King et al. al. 1997). (1960) mentioned a record of two Ae. stim- ulans Mississippi. Finding these two specimens Recent Mosquito this far from south Electric is quite Mills strange; in Kemper however, County, the Work in Mississippi In 2000, the Mississippi State Department as a valid Mississippi record (Goddard and of Health received a West Nile surveillance Harrisonrecord has 2005). been confirmedThere are records and accepted of salt grant from the Centers for Disease Control. marsh mosquitoes far inland in Mississippi, This grant provided funding for more in and apparently these are reliable (Howard tensive mosquito collecting and West Nile et al. 1917). testing in selected areas around the state. As There is also a collection record of Ae. a result, several new state records for mos- dorsalis from Como, Mississippi (Miles and quitoes have been found. Rings 1946). Aedes dorsalis is ordinarily only In 2005, Goddard and Harrison (2005) described two of these new state records. though we have no voucher available, the found in the western United States. Even 2 One was Mansonia titillans, which was re- There are two subfamilies in the mos- corded from Madison (2000), Copiah (2000), quito family (Culicidae): Anophelinae and and Rankin counties (2003), and the other Culicinae. Most larvae in the subfamily
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