Prevalencia De Enfermedades De Etiología Infecciosa Y Parasitaria En Caballos De La Comunidad Valenciana

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Prevalencia De Enfermedades De Etiología Infecciosa Y Parasitaria En Caballos De La Comunidad Valenciana Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal PREVALENCIA DE ENFERMEDADES DE ETIOLOGÍA INFECCIOSA Y PARASITARIA EN CABALLOS DE LA COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: D. Miguel Fábregas Dittmann Dirigida por: Dr. D. Santiago Vega García Dra. Dña. Rosana Domingo Ortiz VALENCIA 2017 AGRADECIMIENTOS Me gustaría agradecer a toda la gente que me ha ayudado en el largo proceso de elaboración de este trabajo. Mi agradecimiento, de todas formas, no sólo va dirigido a las personas responsables de que este estudio se haya realizado, sino que me gustaría extenderlo a todas las personas que, de algún modo, han sido y son importantes en mi vida. Para comenzar, gracias a Rosana Domingo y Santiago Vega, mis directores, porque sin su conocimiento, paciencia y ayuda no hubiera sido posible llevar a cabo este trabajo. Gracias también a Jaume Jordá por su gran ayuda, sus consejos y sugerencias en la elaboración de esta tesis. Gracias a mis amigos y compañeros veterinarios, Mercedes Montejo, Francisco Pérez, Rebeca Martínez, Guillermo Arnal, Vicente Orts, Gonzalo Cerdá, Ana Baonza, por su colaboración y gran ayuda en la recogida de muchas de las muestras analizadas en este estudio. A los propietarios de los caballos y, en muchos casos, amigos también, por permitirme tomar muestras de sus ejemplares, y a ellos mismos, los caballos, ya que son, sin duda, los grandes protagonistas de este trabajo. A los equipos humanos y profesionales de los distintos laboratorios, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria de Algete, Laboratorio de la Unidad de Análisis de Sanidad Animal de Valencia y Laboratorio de Microbiología de la Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU de Moncada, por su ayuda en el análisis de tantas muestras recopiladas para este estudio. Sería imperdonable que no me acordara de mi madre. A ella le podría dedicar miles de páginas de agradecimiento. Mujer maravillosa, luchadora, íntegra y siempre dedicada y pendiente de su familia. A ella le debo todo y la quiero de una manera indescriptible. Por supuesto, gracias a mi padre que, aunque faltó hace ya más de 10 años, siempre está presente en mi día a día y nunca dejará de ser un referente en mi vida y en mi profesión. Gracias a mis tíos, Ventura y Teresa, que siempre me mostraron mucha atención y cariño, y que, cuando yo era un crío, me regalaron un libro de Gerald Durrell que originó una vocación que aún sigo disfrutando. A mi hermana, Rosa, por su apoyo y cariño en muchos momentos de mi vida. A mi hermano, Marcos, por ser un gran ejemplo de lo que es un profesional y un referente en mi vida. A mis primos, que, a pesar de la distancia, siempre estáis ahí. Y a mis sobrinas, Sibylle, Eugenia, Merute y Adriana, porque son todo alegría y me hacen disfrutar de momentos inolvidables. Gracias a mis amigos, Franc, Mer, Rut, Alberto, Amador, Sandra, Ricardo, Laura, Almudena, Javi y muchos otros más, con los que espero seguir compartiendo y disfrutando de muchos buenos momentos que, de un modo u otro, han marcado mi vida. Gracias por vuestros ánimos en los momentos adversos. Gracias a todos los animales que comparten y han compartido mi vida, sin ellos todo hubiera sido más difícil. Son el gran motivo de mi vocación por la Veterinaria y a ellos también va dedicado este trabajo. Y, por último, gracias a ti, Victoria, tu nombre ya hace referencia al mayor éxito de mi vida. Siempre has sido un apoyo muy importante para mí en estos últimos años y siempre te estaré especialmente agradecido por tu amor y comprensión. Esto es tuyo también. RESUMEN La población equina de la Comunidad Valenciana (CV) la conforman unos 24.500 caballos de distintas razas. La industria del caballo tiene una gran importancia, con un impacto considerable a nivel económico en todos los países, tanto en España y en Europa, como en el resto del mundo. Las enfermedades que pueden afectar a los équidos suponen una amenaza para la salud de los mismos y, consecuentemente, para todo el sector ecuestre y sus diferentes ámbitos, incluso, pudiendo afectar a otras especies y repercutir en otros sectores. En muchas ocasiones, se tratan de zoonosis que pueden ser transmitidas al hombre y suponer un riesgo para la salud pública. Las enfermedades objeto de estudio en esta tesis han sido la leptospirosis, la salmonelosis, la piroplasmosis, la fiebre del Nilo Occidental (FNO) y la arteritis vírica equina (AVE), que son cinco enfermedades características de los caballos, de etiología bacteriana, parasitaria o vírica, con distintas características epidemiológicas, patogénicas y clínicas, cuyos estudios seroepidemiológicos nos ofrecen un panorama global del estado de salud de la población equina de la CV. Los objetivos de la presente tesis son, en primer lugar, realizar un estudio descriptivo y exponer por primera vez en algunos casos, o actualizar en otros, la situación sanitaria a la que está expuesta la población equina en referencia a las patologías estudiadas. En segundo lugar, determinar la posible relación, dentro de cada enfermedad, entre las prevalencias registradas y factores, como el sexo y la edad, y aportar nuevos datos sobre las cinco enfermedades que ayuden y orienten a las autoridades competentes en su labor epidemiológica. En el presente trabajo, se analizaron muestras de suero de los caballos, a excepción de la salmonelosis, en la que se analizaron muestras de heces extraídas directamente del recto. En total, se tomaron 965 muestras para los distintos análisis, todas ellas procedentes de distintas explotaciones de las 3 provincias de la CV. Para todas las muestras sanguíneas se emplearon técnicas diagnósticas serológicas; en concreto, el MAT para la leptospirosis, técnicas de ELISA para la piroplasmosis y la FNO, y de seromicroneutralización para la AVE, mientras que, para el diagnóstico de salmonelosis, se recurrió al cultivo bacteriológico con posterior identificación bioquímica. En el caso de la leptospirosis se registró un porcentaje de seropositividad del 65,04%, la más alta de las 5 enfermedades, seguida por la AVE y por la piroplasmosis, con un 12,24% y un 7,29%, respectivamente. La FNO y la salmonelosis sólo mostraron unos porcentajess del 3,41% y del 2,02%, respectivamente. Todos los valores obtenidos para las distintas enfermedades, a excepción de la salmonelosis, se convierten en una nueva referencia para caballos PRE de España y del resto del mundo. La seropositividad de leptospirosis equina es muy elevada en la CV y superior a la de países europeos cercanos. En España, no existen otros estudios de prevalencia de esta enfermedad en équidos. La seropositividad de AVE es menor a la detectada en otros estudios en otras zonas de España. En cuanto a la piroplasmosis, la seropositividad registrada es inferior a la obtenida en otros estudios a nivel nacional y en países europeos de la cuenca mediterránea. La infección por B. caballi es nula en este estudio. La seropositividad de FNO en la CV es baja, similar a otras zonas estudiadas de España e inferior a las registradas en Andalucía, en países europeos cercanos y de la cuenca mediterránea. El número de infectados por salmonelosis es muy bajo, sin poder compararlo con otras poblaciones equinas aparentemente sanas del país. En el caso de Europa y el resto del mundo, las prevalencias en poblaciones supuestamente sanas, en relación a esta enfermedad, son muy similares o inferiores a la de la CV. En el caso de la piroplasmosis, FNO y leptospirosis, la seropositividad es menor en los animales más jóvenes e, incluso, nula en las dos primeras enfermedades. En la AVE y en la piroplasmosis, la seropositividad más elevada aparece en grupos de mayor edad. En la salmonelosis, todos los resultados positivos correspondieron a machos, mientras que, en la AVE, la mayoría de seropositivos correspondió a las yeguas. El hecho de que las enfermedades estudiadas sean zoonosis, a excepción de la AVE, reemergentes, en ciertos casos, y presentes a nivel mundial, y de que se haya demostrado su presencia, en mayor o menor grado, en la población equina de la CV, nos reclama iniciar o continuar, en ciertos casos, con las medidas preventivas y de control, tanto de sus agentes causales como de sus vectores, para evitar posibles brotes epidémicos y riesgos para la salud pública. En el caso de la AVE, la seropositividad registrada nos aporta más datos sobre el estado de salud de la cabaña equina y del PRE, y nos invita a controlar y erradicar el virus para mejorar la calidad de la raza, y reducir pérdidas y gastos. SUMMARY The equine population of the Valencian Community (VC) is composed by 24.500 horses of different breeds. The horse industry plays an important role with a considerable economical impact in every country, both in Spain and in Europe as in the rest of the world. Diseases that may affect equines represent a threat to their health and consequently to the whole equestrian sector and its different fields, and they could also affect other species and have repercussions in other areas. In many cases, they are zoonoses that can be transmitted to humans and pose a risk to Public Health. The diseases under study that have been included in this thesis are Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Piroplasmosis, West Nile Fever (WNF) and Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA), which are five characteristic diseases of horses, with bacterial, parasitic or viral etiology, with different epidemiological, pathogenic and clinical features, whose seroepidemiological studies give us an overview of the health status of the equine population of the VC. The objectives of this thesis are, firstly, to perform a descriptive study and to expose for the first time, in some cases, or to update, in others, the health status to which the equine population is subjected in reference to the pathologies studied.
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