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Täistekst (9.119Mb) Põllumajandus– ja keskkonnainstituut Margret Jürison Eesti parmlaste (Tabanidae) liigiline koosseis ja nende iseloomustus Bakalaureusetöö loodusturismi erialal Juhendajad: Vanemteadur Olavi Kurina MSc Heli Kirik 2016 Kaitsmisele lubatud "……" ……………… 20…. a EMÜ põllumajandus– ja keskkonnainstituudi õppedirektor/osakonna juhataja: …………………………………………... Bakalaureusetöö juhendaja:…………………………………… Olen koostanud bakalaureusetöö iseseisvalt ja kõik töö koostamisel kasutatud teiste autorite tööd, põhimõttelised seisukohad kirjandusallikatest ja mujalt pärinevad andmed on viidatud. /Eesnimi, perekonnanimi ja allkiri/ Bakalaureusetöö hindamine positiivse hindega ei tähenda, et põllumajandus– ja keskkonnainstituut vastutab töös kasutatud meetodite, saadud tulemuste ja tehtud järelduste eest. 2 Eesti Maaülikool Bakalaureusetöö lühikokkuvõte Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014 Autor: Margret Jürison Õppekava: Loodusturism (80520) Pealkiri: Eesti parmlaste (Tabanidae) liigiline koosseis ja iseloomustus Lehekülgi: 105 Jooniseid: 47 Tabeleid: 3 Lisasid: 1 Osakond: Põllumajandus ja keskkonnainstituut Uurimisvaldkond: B250 Entomoloogia Juhendaja(d): Olavi Kurina, Heli Kirik Kaitsmiskoht ja aasta: Eesti Maaülikool 2016 Eestis on parmlastega tegeletud vähe. Esimene terviklik nimestik parmlastest on koostatud H. Remmi poolt 1953. aastal ning neid andmeid ei ole 63. aasta jooksul uuendatud. Bakalaureusetöö eesmärkideks olid Eestis leidavate parmude liigilise koosseisu väljaselgitamine, nende uurimine ja kirjeldamine, illustreerimine fotodega ning parmude perekondade dihhotoomse ja interaktiivse määraja koostamine. Töö autor viis Eestis siiani kasutusel olevad parmlaste vananenud nimed kooskõlla valiidsete ning kogu maailmas kasutatavate nimedega. Määramiseks ja kirjeldamiseks koguti parmlaste valmikuid 2015. aastal juunist–septembrini ning samuti külastati parmlaste liigilise koosseisu välja selgitamiseks Eesti Maaülikooli ja Tartu Ülikooli zooloogilisi kogusid, kus leidus arvestatavalt siiani määramata materjali, mis määrati liigini. Töö tulemustes selgus, et laialdaselt kasutatava ja autoriteetse andmebaasi Fauna Europaea Eestis esinevate parmlaste nimestikus eksisteeris ainult 19 liiki, kellest kaks puuduvad ülejäänud allikate põhjal Eestist. Eesti Maaülikooli ja Tartu Ülikooli putukakogu lähemal uurimisel selgus aga, et lisaks H. Remmi poolt märgitutele, esineb Eestis veel üheksa liiki parmlasi kuid kogudest puudusid kolm parmlase liiki, kes esinevad Eestis Remmi (1953), Chvála et al. (1972) ja Olsufjevi (1977) andmetel. Kõikide andmete summeerimisel selgus, et Eestis on hetkeseisuga 36 liiki parmlasi. Analoogselt on hästi uuritud Eesti suurliblikate fauna pidevas muutumises: viimase paarikümne aastaga on Eestisse jõudnud üle 30 lõunapoolsema liigi ja kümne liigi puhul on täheldatud nende taandumist. Olukord, kus liikide tõendusmaterjali on vähe, nõuab kindlasti edasisi süvendatud uuringuid ja analüüsi. Selleks, et parmlaste täpsem liigiline koosseis kindlaks teha oleks vaja teostada mitmel järjestikusel aastal püüke Eesti eri paikadest, mis hõlmaksid endas nii saarte kui mandri osa. Samuti leiab autor, et töö edasiarendusena on vajalik koostada ka kõiki liike hõlmav interaktiivne määraja. See aitaks kiiremini ja lihtsamini Eestist leitud parme määrata ning teadvustaks nende olulisust laiemale üldsusele. Märksõnad: määraja; putukakogu; putukad; kahetiivalised; liigirikkus 3 Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract of Bachelor's Thesis Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014 Author: Margret Jürison Specialty: Nature Based Tourism (80520) Title: Estonian horse fly (Tabanidae) Species Diversity and their characterization Pages: 105 Figures: 47 Tables: 3 Appendixes: 1 Department: Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Field of research: B250 Entomology Supervisors: Olavi Kurina, Heli Kirik Place and date: Estonian University of Life Sciences 2016 Horse flies have not been extensively studied in Estonia. The first comprehensive list of flies was compiled by H. Remm in 1953 and this data had not been updated in 63 years. The aims of this Bachelor’s thesis were to identify the horse fly species of Estonia, to examine and characterize the material, illustrate them with photographs and create a dichotomous and an interactive identification key for the genera of horse flies. Outdated horse fly names that were still being used in Estonia were coordinated with valid and globally used ones. The research author collected horse fly adults between June and September of 2015 to determine the species and describe them. The author also visited the zoological collections of the Estonian University of Life Sciences and the University of Tartu to identify the horse fly species therein. There was still a considerable amount of undetermined material at the universities, which was ascertained to species. During this work, it became evident that in Fauna Europaea, in the list of Estonian horse flies, there were only 19 species, two of which were not present in Estonia according to other sources. A closer examination of the zoological collections at the Estonian University of Life Sciences and at the University of Tartu revealed that, in addition to those indicated by H. Remm there are nine more species of horse flies in Estonia. However, there were still three species that were missing from the collections, which should be present in Estonia according to the data of Remm (1953), Chvála et al. (1972) and Olsufjev (1977). The summation of all the data showed that at the moment there are 36 species of horse flies in Estonia. Similarly, the large butterfly fauna, which is well–studied in Estonia, is constantly changing: in the last twenty years, more than 30 southern species have reached Estonia and ten species have started to retreat. The current situation where there is little evidence of species (being present), certainly requires further in–depth research and analysis. In order to identify all the local horse fly species, catches from different parts of Estonia, both on islands and mainland, should be conducted in several consecutive years. The author of the thesis finds that, to streamline the work, it is necessary to develop an interactive identification key which includes all species of horse flies in Estonia. This would help to identify horse fly species faster and more easily and would make the general public more aware of their importance. Keywords: identification key; insect collection; insects; diptera; species diversity 4 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ....................................................................................................................... 6 1. PARMLASTE ÜLDISELOOMUSTUS .............................................................................. 8 1.1. Süstemaatika .................................................................................................................. 8 1.2. Välismorfoloogia ............................................................................................................ 9 1.2.1. Valmikud .................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2. Valmikueelsed arengustaadiumid ........................................................................ 14 1.3 Bioloogia ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.4. Parmlaste poolt edasikantavad haigused ................................................................... 20 2. MATERJAL JA METOODIKA ....................................................................................... 24 2.1. Ettevalmistustööd ......................................................................................................... 24 2.2. Laboratoorsed tööd ...................................................................................................... 25 2.3. Eesti parmude perekondade määraja koostamine ................................................... 26 3. TULEMUSED ..................................................................................................................... 27 3.1. Eestis esinevate parmlaste kaasajastatud süstemaatiline nimestik ......................... 27 3.2. Sugukond parmlased (Tabanidae) perekondade dihhotoomne määramistabel ..... 32 3.3. Eestis esinevad parmlased koos perekondade ja liikide üldiseloomustusega ......... 34 3.3.1. Perekond Chrysops Meigen, 1803 ........................................................................ 34 3.3.2. Perekond Heptatoma Meigen, 1803...................................................................... 43 3.3.3. Perekond Haematopota Meigen, 1803.................................................................. 45 3.3.4. Perekond Atylotus Osten–Sacken, 1876 ............................................................... 50 3.3.5. Perekond Hybomitra Enderlein, 1922 .................................................................. 57 3.3.6. Perekond Tabanus Linnaeus, 1758 ...................................................................... 79 4. ARUTELU ........................................................................................................................... 88 KOKKUVÕTE ....................................................................................................................... 92 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 94 TÄNUAVALDUSED .............................................................................................................
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