THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION AND ITS POLARIZATION

Edward J. Wollack Inflation Probe Science Interest Group (IPSIG) NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center April 17, 2016 CMB: Past and Present…

Planck (2009-present)

WMAP (2001-2010)

QUaD COBE (1989-1993) SPTpolAPEXSZ COBE MUSTANG2 BICEP2 Python SPIDER POLARBEARMAT SPOrt ACME FIRS CBI SZA BOOMERanG MBIB SK VSA QUIET TopHat PlanckMAXIMA QMASK MSAM AMI ACTPolHACME PIQUE Tenerife BAM EBEX BICEP BEAST ARCADE KECKArray ARGO BIMA TRIS COMPASS ACBAR CG DASI ATCAWMAP APACHE AMiBA QUIJOTE ABS ACTQMAP CLASS Clover CAT Archeops MINT KUPID PIPERSPT POLAR COSMOSOMAS Penzias & Wilson (1965) SuZIE CAPMAP Relikt MUSTANG Polatron Cosmic Microwave Background: Polarization Anisotropies

Inflation Paradigm: Quantum fluctuations in the metric and inflaton expand to astronomical scales. Scalar perturbations create density perturbations. Tensor perturbations create gravity waves that propagate from early to late times.

Comic Microwave Background: Thomson scattering ➙ CMB Polarization • Density perturbations (scalar) – E mode only • Gravity waves (tensor) – E and B modes CMB Status: Temperature & Polarization

• Planck – full sky maps with 4’ resolution available… • Rich cosmological and galactic data sets… • Consistency with 6 parameter cosmological model… • Consistency among numerous experiments…

Planck Planck TE 2015 EE 2015 CMB Status: Temperature & Polarization

~ November 2014 L. Page CMB Status: Temperature & Polarization

~ March 2016 L. Page CMB Status: Temperature & Polarization

• Temperature power spectra characterized over ~ four decades by a variety of experiments…

• No surprises with E-mode power spectra…

• Indirect detections of B-mode via lensing…

• BICEP2/Keck analysis yields r = 0.028 +/- 0.026 and r < 0.09 at 95% confidence

P.A.R. Ade et al., “Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Data” PRL (2015) 114, 101301.

P.A.R. Ade et al., “Improved Constraints on Cosmology and Foregrounds from BICEP2 and Keck Array Cosmic Microwave Background Data with Inclusion of 95 GHz Band” (2016) Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 031302

CMB Coming Soon...

Analyzing available Polarization Data: • Planck (space, intermediate ell) • BICEP2/BICEP3/Keck (ground, low ell) • SPTPol (ground, high ell) • ACTPol (ground, high ell) • POLARBEAR (ground, high ell) • EBEX (balloon, intermediate ell) • ABS (ground, low ell) • SPIDER (balloon, low ell) Launch/Deploy in 2015/2016 • PIPER (balloon, low ell) • CLASS (ground, low ell) Funded extensions to ~20,000 detectors • SPT3G • Advanced ACTPol • POLARBER/Simons Array CMB Polarization Mission Planning

• NASA Inflation Probe to provide high-sensitivity measurements over entire sky enabling extraction of all cosmological information from CMB in polarization. • B-mode polarization tests the physics behind the process of inflation plus tests of neutrino mass, mapping large-scale structure with gravitational lensing, and epoch of reionization science. • Space provides access to the largest spatial scales and entire spectral range of interest – naturally complementing ground- and balloon-based capabilities...

NASA Inflation Probe Response to NASA’s PhysPAG Charge: Inflation ProbeLandscape Mission of Inflation Landscape Probe Space Projects

• US Response to NASA’s PhysPAG Charge: NASA Landscape of Inflation Probe Space ProjectsEPIC-IM • NWNH:• DecadalCase for Panel: Inflation review Probe case for mission Inflation underProbe review by • US Mid-Decadalmission Panel by a mid-decade review panel. EPIC-IM • Cost• • (BEPAC,BEPACDecadal cost Panel:~2008): (~2008): review $1.2B~ 1.2 case - -$1.33B for1.3B$ Inflation Probe • Sciencemission Inflation, by a Lensing,mid-decade Clusters, review panel. Neutrinos, Galactic • PIXIE• - submittedPIXIE - submitted as Explorer as Explorer class class mission mission (2011)(2011) • BEPAC cost (~2008): $1.2B - $1.33B • Low Resolution• low resolution (~1.6 (1.6 deg), deg@150GHz), spectrometer, LEO LEO, FTS COrE+ • Science• ESA• M4PIXIE: Inflation,(Jan. - submitted 15, 2015; Spectral as ~E600M Explorer Distortions, cost class cap) mission Galactic (2011) • Resubmission• low resolution in late (1.6 2016 deg), spectrometer, LEO COrE+ • COrE+Light: $720M; COrE+Extended: $850M • ESA• mediumM4 (Jan. resolution 15, 2015; (5 arcmin), ~E600M L2 cost cap)

ESA M5,• • COrEStrongCOrE+Light: US+ community $720M; backing COrE+Extended: $850M • E550M ESA• medium+ E150M resolution Members (5 arcmin), =L2 E700M • JAXA - ongoing discussions • Submission expected in Spring 2016; Launch = 2028 • Strong US community backing • Medium• LiteBIRD resolution (includes (5.5 arcminUS contribution) @150 GHz), L2 LiteBIRD Science• JAXA•: Inflation,low - ongoingresolution, Lensing/Clusters, discussionsLEO Neutrinos, Galactic • Intense interest in Europe for US contribution • • LessLiteBIRD than $500M (includes US contribution) • Strong European/US community backing LiteBIRD • low resolution, LEO 14 • Less than $500M

14 Response to NASA’s PhysPAG Charge: Landscape of Inflation Probe Space Projects

• US EPIC-IM • Decadal Panel: review case for Inflation Probe mission by a mid-decade review panel.

• BEPAC cost (~2008): $1.2B - $1.33B

• PIXIE - submitted as Explorer class mission (2011) • low resolution (1.6 deg), spectrometer, LEO COrE+

• ESA M4 (Jan. 15, 2015; ~E600M cost cap)

• COrE+Light: $720M; COrE+Extended: $850M Inflation• medium Probe resolution (5 arcmin),Mission L2 Landscape • Strong US community backing

JAXA,• JAXA LiteBIRD - ongoing discussions

• Low• LiteBIRDAngular (includes Resolution, US contribution) Wide Spectral Coverage LiteBIRD Science:• low resolution,Inflation, LEO Galactic

• Includes• Less than US $500Mcontribution (Focal Plane) • Phase A studies funded in Japan (to be concluded in 2017) and in the US (part of 14 MO2014, to be concluded in summer 2016) • Launch (if approved): 2025

ESA/JAXA Collaboration Discussions ongoing between ESA/JAXA and science teams regarding possible collaboration as part of M5: Main discussion point is targeted angular resolution

CMB Community Meetings and Inputs

• Responses to NASA’s PhysPAG Charges: • Flagship Mission Concepts Study for the 2020 Decadal Survey • Whitepaper: “The Inflation Probe: A Probe-Class Astrophysics Mission” • Meeting, “Towards the European Coordination of the CMB Programme”, held August 31-1 September 2015, Villa Finaly. • Report to the Mid-Decadal Review Panel, “CMB Polarization in 2015”, AMiller for IPSIG, December 9, 2015. • AAS Special Session, "The Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background”, San Diego, June 15, 2016. • Workshop Series, “Cosmology with CMB-S4”: • University of Michigan, September 21-22, 2015 • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, March 7-8, 2016 • University of Chicago, September 19-20, 2016 à save the date!

Inflation Probe Science Interest Group:

• Goal: Develop a US community response which articulates a consensus for a Inflation Probe mission priorities. Inputs from all members of the community are welcomed.

• Inflation Probe SIG website and mailing list: http://pcos.gsfc.nasa.gov/sigs/ipsig.php http://pcos.gsfc.nasa.gov/sags/ipsag/ipsag-maillist.php

• Physics of the Cosmos Program Analysis Group (PhysPAG) Inflation Probe Science Interest Group (IPSIG) Community Representatives: Amber Miller & Ed Wollack